Tesi sul tema "Wages - Australia"
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1
Chand, Jatin Economics Australian School of Business UNSW. "Tests of the Solow efficiency wage model using Australian aggregate industry and macro economic time series data". Awarded by:University of New South Wales. School of Economics, 2006. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/24289.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
This thesis assesses the efficiency wage hypothesis using Australian industry and macro economic time series data by focussing on two questions: whether paying an above market clearing wage called the efficiency wage raises industry output and productivity, and if such a payment causes unemployment at the macro economic level. The wageproductivity or wage-output nexus is investigated using three techniques; namely a decomposition procedure used by Huang, Halam, Orazem, and Paterno (1998), an instrumental variable estimation method, and the Solow residuals approach. Further, an examination of macro economic unemployment involves developing an aggregate unemployment equation, where the Solow (1979) model is used to derive a testable hypothesis. The Solow model argues that effort, which is a function of the wage, enters the production function when the real wage is rigid. By introducing profit maximising behaviour and making further economic assumptions, the Solow condition that the effort elasticity with respect to the wage is one can be derived. The theoretical framework of Solow is useful as specifying a production function allows the possibility of aggregate data being used to assess the wage-productivity prediction. The Solow condition is also useful because it provides the basis for constructing a testable hypothesis using an unemployment equation. Solow???s theoretical framework and the Solow condition does not rely on the economic assumptions of the shirking, labour turnover, sociological and adverse selection [micro economic] efficiency wage models. Therefore, the innovation of this thesis is to treat the efficiency wage hypothesis as an imperfectly competitive model of the labour market using applied macro economic methods. Previous Australian macro economic literature in the 1970s and 1980s have argued that the wage is either harmful to employment prospects (ie unemployment is classical), or that factors such as consumption and investment are more important (ie unemployment is Keynesian). One of the aims of the thesis is to use the empirical analysis to suggest that neither of these propositions is entirely correct. Rather, an intermediate position is arrived at by arguing that there is some empirical evidence in Australian industry and macro economic time series data to suggest that the wage plays a dual function: both as a small source of productivity and also a minor cause of involuntary unemployment.
2
Scutt, Jocelynne A. History & Philosophy Faculty of Arts & Social Sciences UNSW. "Wage rage: the struggle for equal pay and pay equity in Australia". Awarded by:University of New South Wales. History & Philosophy, 2007. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/40563.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
This is an interdisciplinary thesis in women's and gender studies combining legal analysis with archival research. It traverses Australian women's struggle for equal pay and pay equity from the end of the nineteenth century to the beginnings of the twenty-first. It recounts and analyses women's activism through campaigns targeting state and federal politicians, prime ministers, premiers and state and federal ministers for labour and industrial relations; engagement in the industrial arena; and through women's organisations and work with the trade union movement. The thesis analyses achievements and setbacks through the federal industrial arena, and references, too, major state industrial cases and legislation. It analyses women's intervention and impact in the Equal Pay, Minimum Wage, Basic Wage and National Wage Cases. Through archives, original letters, articles, pamphlets, books, interviews and other sources, the thesis recounts women's agreements and disagreements on how the struggle would be won, and the solid campaigning in which women engaged from the late years of the nineteenth century, through every decade of the twentieth, and in the first years of the first decade of the twenty-first century. It covers a span of over one hundred years, during which the claim was characterised as one for equal pay, the rate for the job and, more recently, pay equity. Looking at the past and the present, the thesis concludes that women's direct engagement with the industrial system and parallel working within women's organisations and trade unions has been central to gains in equal pay and pay equity. Apart from women's and men's earnings in Scandinavia, relativities between women's and men's wages and salaries in Australia have been -- despite the disparity - the most approximate of all OECD countries. The thesis posits that it is only with a return to centralised wage fixing, with women's organisations intervening and bringing their own experts to educate industrial commissions, employers and unions, that the value of women's work will be recognised as equal to the value of men's work, and equal pay, the rate for the job, or pay equity will be achieved.
3
Stendal, Grant. "The politics of productivity bargaining : the two-tier wage system case /". Title page, contents and abstract only, 1994. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09phs825.pdf.
Testo completo
4
Siminski, Peter Economics Australian School of Business UNSW. "Essays on the distributional impacts of government". Publisher:University of New South Wales. Economics, 2008. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/41238.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
This thesis consists of three independent essays, unified by the common theme of the distributional impacts of government. The first paper estimates the price elasticity of demand for pharmaceuticals amongst high-income older people in Australia. It exploits a natural experiment by which some people gained entitlement to a price reduction through the Commonwealth Seniors Health Card (CSHC). The preferred model is a nonlinear Instrumental Variable (IV) difference-in-difference regression, estimated on repeated cross sectional survey data using the Generalised Method of Moments. No significant evidence is found for endogenous card take-up, and so cross-sectional estimates are also considered. Taking all of the results and possible sources of bias into account, the ??headline?? estimate is -0.1, implying that quantity demanded is not highly responsive to price. The elasticity estimate is a key input into the second paper which analyses the distributional impact of the CSHC. I consider the trade-off between moral hazard and risk pooling. There have been few previous attempts internationally to address this trade-off empirically for any health insurance scheme. The utility gain through risk-pooling is found to be negligible. However, the deadweight loss through moral hazard may be considerable. I also use an illustrative model to demonstrate the possible effects of the CSHC on inter-temporal savings behaviour. While the CSHC may induce some people to save, it may have the opposite effect on others. The net impact was not determined. The third paper estimates the Australian public sector wage premium. It includes a detailed critical review of the methods available to address this issue. The chosen approach is a quasi-differenced panel data model, estimated by nonlinear IV, which has many advantages over other methods and has not been used before for this topic. I find a positive average public sector wage premium for both sexes. The best estimates are 10.0% for men and 7.1% for women. The estimate for men is statistically significant (p < 0.04) and borders on significance for women (p < 0.07). No evidence is found to suggest that the public sector has an equalising effect on the wages of its workers.
5
Thomson, Lisa, e FRANCISandLISA@bigpond com. "Clerical Workers, Enterprise Bargaining and Preference Theory: Choice & Constraint". La Trobe University. School of Social Sciences, 2004. http://www.lib.latrobe.edu.au./thesis/public/adt-LTU20050801.172053.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
This thesis is a case study about the choices and constraints faced by women clerical workers in a labour market where they have very little autonomy in negotiating their pay and conditions of employment. On the one hand, clerical work has developed as a feminised occupation with a history of being low in status and low paid. On the other hand, it is an ideal occupation for women wanting to combine work and family across their life cycle. How these two phenomena impact upon women clerical workers ability to negotiate enterprise agreements is the subject of this thesis.
From a theoretical perspective this thesis builds upon Catherine Hakim�s preference theory which explores the choices women clerical workers� make in relation to their work and family lives. Where Hakim�s preference theory focuses on the way in which women use their agency to determine their work and life style choices, this thesis gives equal weighting to the impact of agency and the constraints imposed by external structures such as the availability of part-time work and childcare, as well as the impact of organisational culture.
The research data presented was based on face-to-face interviews with forty female clerical workers. The clerical workers ranged in age from 21 to 59 years of age. The respondents were made up of single or partnered women without family responsibilities, women juggling work and family, and women who no longer had dependent children and were approaching retirement. This thesis contends that these clerical workers are ill placed to optimise their conditions of employment under the new industrial regime of enterprise bargaining and individual contracts. Very few of the women were union members and generally they were uninformed about their rights and entitlements.
6
Taylor, Anthea School of English UNSW. "Stones, ripples, waves: refiguring The first stone media event". Awarded by:University of New South Wales. School of English, 2005. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/22506.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
This interdisciplinary study critically revisits the Australian print media???s engagement with Helen Garner???s controversial work of ???non-fiction???, The First Stone (1995). Print news media engagement with the book, marked by intense discursive contestation over feminism, has been constituted both by feminists and other critics as a significant cultural signpost. However, the highly visible print media event following the book???s publication raised a plethora of critical questions and dilemmas that remain unsatisfactorily addressed. Building upon John Fiske???s work on media events as sites of maximum visibility and discursive turbulence (Fiske: 1996), this study re-theorises the public dialogue following The First Stone???s publication in terms of four constitutive elements: narrative, celebrity, audience, and history and conflict. Through an analysis of these four diverse yet interconnected aspects of the media event, I create a critical space not only for its limitations to emerge but also the frequently overlooked possibilities it offers in terms of the wider feminism and print media culture relationship. As part of its central aim to refigure The First Stone media event, this thesis argues against prior characterisations of the debate as constitutive of either a monologic articulation of conservative, antifeminist voices or an unmitigated attack on its author by a homogenous feminism. In particular, I use this media event as indicative of the sophistication and complexity of media engagement with contemporary feminism, despite both continued derision and overly simplistic celebration of this relationship. Texts subject to analysis here include: The First Stone, various ???mainstream??? media representations and self-representations of three ???celebrity feminists??? (Helen Garner, Anne Summers and Jenna Mead), letters to the editor of newspapers and magazines, ???popular??? feminist books by Kathy Bail and Virginia Trioli, and a number of media texts in which those claiming a feminist subject position and those sympathetic to feminism act as either news sources or columnists/commentators. Although Garner???s narrative is throughout identified to be deeply problematic, I argue that the media event it precipitated provides valuable insights into both the opportunities and the constraints of the print media-feminism nexus in 1990s Australia.
7
Everett, Kristina Lyn. "Impossible realities the emergence of traditional Aboriginal cultural practices in Sydney's western suburbs /". Phd thesis, Australia : Macquarie University, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1959.14/84406.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
"22nd November, 2006".Thesis (PhD)--Macquarie University, Division of Society, Culture, Media & Philosophy, Dept. of Anthropology, 2007.
Bibliography: leaves 301-330.
Introduction -- Between ourselves -- Two (or three) for the price of one -- Community -- Bits and pieces -- Space painting or painting space -- Talkin' the talk. Bunda bunya miumba (Thundering kangaroos): dancing up a storm -- Welcome to Country: talkin' the talk -- Messing with ceremony -- 'Ethnogenesis' and the emergence of 'darug custodians' -- Conclusion.
The thesis concerns an Aboriginal community, members of which inhabit the western suburbs of Sydney at the beginning of the twenty-first century. This particular group of people has emerged as a cultural group over the last twenty-five years. In other words, the community did not exist before the advent of Aboriginal land rights in Australia. It might be right to suggest that without land rights, native title and state celebrations and inclusions of Aboriginal peoples as multicufturalism, this particular urban community would not and could not exist at all. That, however, would be a simplistic analysis of a complex phenomenon. Land rights and native title provide the beginning of this story. It becomes much more interesting when the people concerned take it up themselves. -- The main foci in the thesis are the cultural forms that this particular community overtly and intentionally produce as articulations of their identity, namely public speaking, dancing, painting and ceremony. I argue that it is only through these yery deliberate collective practices of identity-making that community identity can be produced. This is because the place that the group claims as its own - Sydney - is always already inhabited by 'us' (the dominant society). Analysis of these cultural forms reveals that even if the existence of the group depends on land rights and, attempts to attract the ultimate 'authenticity' bestowed by native title, members of this group are not conforming to native title rules pertinent to what constitutes 'genuine' 'Aboriginality' for the purposes of winning land claims. Their revived traditions are pot what the state prescribes as representative of 'authentic' urban Aboriginal culture. -- The thesis analyses the ways in which urban Aboriginal peoples are makipg themselves in the era and context of native title. It considers the consequences of being themselves.
Mode of access: World Wide Web.
xii, 330, [8] leaves ill., maps
8
Reif, Alison. "Waves of change : economic development and social wellbeing in Cardwell, North Queensland, Australia". University of Western Australia. School of Social and Cultural Studies, 2008. http://theses.library.uwa.edu.au/adt-WU2009.0184.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
This thesis is an anthropological study of local understandings of economic development in a small regional town in far North Queensland, Australia. How do preferences regarding lifestyle and social wellbeing impact on those living in the community? The study takes a particular interest in the aspirations, values and choices of the residents and their desires for the future and the future of their town. Throughout this thesis I argue that social wellbeing and lifestyle are important factors in Cardwell residents' choices and feature predominantly in their approaches to economic development. I contextualise this study through a comparative analysis of the effects of economic development on the wellbeing and lifestyle of Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal people in the Cardwell region of north Australia. This comparison arises firstly from an anthropological interest in the circumstances of Australian Aboriginal people as a significant minority in regional towns. Explicit attention is directed toward the Aboriginal people of the Cardwell region as they constitute a socially and culturally distinct sector of the local population. Secondly, my study explores ways in which comparative work of this kind may be instructive on cultural issues relevant to economic development. This is a study of Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal people, who live in similar circumstances, and who, I propose, regard factors other than economic development as important. It is argued that while the Cardwell region does not provide ample nor a variety of economic opportunities, outward migration remains undesirable to many residents.
9
Liu, Qian. "An ethnopharmacological study of medicinal plants of the Kamilaroi and Muruwari aboriginal communities in northern New South Wales". Electronic version, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1959.14/416.
Testo completo
10
Rutland, Suzanne D. "The Jewish Community In New South Wales 1914-1939". University of Sydney, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/6536.
Testo completo
11
Lattas, Andrew. "The new panopticon : newspaper discourse and the rationalisation of society and culture in New South Wales, 1803-1830 /". Title page, contents and abstract only, 1985. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09phl364.pdf.
Testo completo
12
Gibson, Lorraine Douglas. "Articulating culture(s) being black in Wilcannia /". Phd thesis, Australia : Macquarie University, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1959.14/70724.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Thesis (PhD)--Macquarie University, Division of Society, Culture, Media & Philosophy, Department of Anthropology, 2006.Bibliography: p. 257-276.
Introduction: coming to Wilcannia -- Wilcannia: plenty of Aborigines, but no culture -- Who you is? -- Cultural values: ambivalences and ambiguities -- Praise, success and opportunity -- "Art an' culture: the two main things, right?" -- Big Murray Butcher: "We still doin' it" -- Granny Moisey's baby: the art of Badger Bates -- Epilogue.
Dominant society discourses and images have long depicted the Aboriginal people of the town of Wilcannia in far Western New South Wales as having no 'culture'. In asking what this means and how this situation might have come about, the thesis seeks to respond through an ethnographic exploration of these discourses and images. The work explores problematic and polemic dominant society assumptions regarding 'culture' and 'Aboriginal culture', their synonyms and their effects. The work offers Aboriginal counter-discourses to the claim of most white locals and dominant culture that the Aboriginal people of Wilcannia have no culture. In so doing the work presents reflexive notions about 'culture' as verbalised and practiced, as well as providing an ethnography of how culture is more tacitly lived. -- Broadly, the thesis looks at what it is to be Aboriginal in Wilcannia from both white and black perspectives. The overarching concern of this thesis is a desire to unpack what it means to be black in Wilcannia. The thesis is primarily about the competing values and points of view within and between cultures, the ways in which Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal people tacitly and reflexively express and interpret difference, and the ambivalence and ambiguity that come to bear in these interactions and experiences. This thesis demonstrates how ideas and actions pertaining to 'race' and 'culture' operate in tandem through an exploration of values and practices relating to 'work', 'productivity', 'success', 'opportunity' and the domain of 'art'. These themes are used as vehicles to understanding the 'on the ground' effects and affects of cultural perceptions and difference. They serve also to demonstrate the ambiguity and ambivalence that is experienced as well as being brought to bear upon relationships which implicitly and explicitly are concerned with, and concern themselves with difference.
Mode of access: World Wide Web.
xii, 276 p. ill
13
Steele, Jeremy Macdonald. "The aboriginal language of Sydney a partial reconstruction of the indigenous language of Sydney based on the notebooks of William Dawes of 1790-91, informed by other records of the Sydney and surrounding languages to c.1905 /". Master's thesis, Electronic version, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1959.14/738.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Thesis (MA)--Macquarie University (Division of Society, Culture, Media & Philosophy. Warawara - Dept. of Indigenous Studies), 2005.Bibliography: p. 327-333.
Introduction -- Sources and literature -- The notebooks -- Manuscripts and databases -- Neighbouring languages -- Phonology -- Pronouns -- Verbs -- Nouns -- Other word classes -- Retrospect and prospect.
'Wara wara!" - 'go away' - the first indigenous words heard by Europeans at the time of the social upheaval that began in 1788, were part of the language spoken by the inhabitants around the shores of Port Jackson from time immemorial. Traces of this language, funtionally lost in two generations, remain in words such as 'dingo' and 'woomera' that entered the English language, and in placenames such as 'Cammeray' and 'Parramatta'. Various First Fleeters, and others, compiled limited wordlists in the vicinity of the harbour and further afield, and in the early 1900s the surveyor R.H. Mathews documented the remnants of the Dharug language. Only as recently as 1972 were the language notebooks of William Dawes, who was noted by Watkin Tench as having advanced his studies 'beyond the reach of competition', uncovered in a London university library. The jottings made by Dawes, who was learning as he went along, are incomplete and parts defy analysis. Nevertheless much of his work has been confirmed, clarified and corrected by reference to records of the surrounding languages, which have similar grammatical forms and substantial cognate vocabulary, and his verbatim sentences and model verbs have permitted a limited attempt at reconstructing the grammar.
Mode of access: World Wide Web.
xxi, 333 p. ill. (some col.), maps (some col.), ports
14
Dore, David William Biological Earth & Environmental Sciences (BEES) UNSW. "Application of simple physiological growth models to coastal eucalypt regrowth forests in New South Wales". Awarded by:University of New South Wales. Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences (BEES), 2006. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/26200.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
This thesis explores issues relating to the application of physiological-process models (???process models???) of forest growth to mixed species, mixed age forests, in particular the coastal blackbutt forests of New South Wales. Using a dataset provided by State Forests of New South Wales (Carter 1994 unpubl.) a numeric description of the forest was developed and stand-level parameters of interest were derived, in particular the plot by plot stemwood volume growth from 1975 to 1999. The amounts of harvested volume, volume that died and volume that grew into the measurement population were identified separately, and several different means of accounting for volume change over time were investigated. A method for quantifying the impact of harvesting and other silvicultural practices on the growth of the forest was developed and programs were written to convert the stand-level summary of the harvest impact into a semi-random selection of trees that would be ???harvested??? from the database under the set of silvicultural assumptions (Dore et al. 1999). A number of process models were investigated and reviewed before selecting one particular model, SUSTAIN (Dewar 1997) for adaption to these forests. This model is a relatively simple process model with a small number of input parameters. The model was adapted so that it could be used to compare the SUSTAIN estimate of growth with the growth of an individual stand of trees in the Kendall Forest Management Area, between Wauchope and Taree on the mid-north coast of NSW. To improve the accuracy of the prediction of growth by SUSTAIN, a method of re-setting the state of the stand to the actual condition at the time of remeasurement was developed. In addition, the SUSTAIN model was extended to enable two separate levels of canopy to be described and grown separately. Ultimately the model was only partially successful in mirroring the growth predicted by the empirical data. Its partial success is attributed primarily to the difficulties associated with correctly determining the allocation parameters used by the model to assign net photosynthate to the roots, foliage and stemwood. The nature of the change in allocation parameters when the forest stand is disturbed by harvest or fire needs further investigation.
15
Maxey, Julian Dale. "Kooris adapting : an anthropological case study of the maintenance and reconstruction of the cultural identity of Aboriginal Australians in New South Wales, Australia /". The Ohio State University, 1991. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1487694702785088.
Testo completo
16
Reiman, Cornelis Adriaan, e n/a. "Has enterprise bargaining affected the gender wage gap in Australia?" University of Canberra. Management & Technology, 2000. http://erl.canberra.edu.au./public/adt-AUC20061107.102527.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
With the introduction of enterprise bargaining in 1991, decentralised wage
determination in Australia was generally expected to widen the gender wage gap (see
Chapter 3). However, as discussed in Chapter 4, the research that underlies this
expectation is typically based upon aggregated data and suffers from a number of
deficiencies. In contrast, this dissertation utilises unit record data from the extensive
1995 Australian Workplace Industrial Relations Survey (AWIRS95) commissioned by
the former Department of Workplace Relations and Small Business to test the
hypothesis that enterprise bargaining has affected the gender wage gap in Australia.
Whilst the passing of four years between 1991 and the time of data collection may not
have allowed for the landmark industrial relations change to have worked itself through
the labour market, a noteworthy and major feature of AWIRS95 is that it identifies
workers and workplaces operating under enterprise bargaining agreements, as well as
containing a female/male split of the enterprise bargaining status (see Chapter 5).
Along with hourly earnings data derived from AWIRS95, a clear assessment can be
made of gender wage gaps for employees under enterprise bargaining and those not
employed under enterprise bargaining. The thesis uses OLS earnings regressions to
identify the part of any gender wag gap that can be justified by the difference in
measured characteristics between males and females, as well as identifying the part that
remains unexplained (see Chapter 7). Given the potential that workplace characteristics
can affect the integrity of OLS results, a random effects model is also used (see Chapter
8). Interestingly, the OLS and random effects results are virtually identical (see
Chapter 9).
It needs to be noted that the component of the gender wage gap that is unable to be
justified by direct statistical reference to the regression model has been attributed to
discrimination in the labour market. However, this is something of a misnomer as the
unjustified component also captures the impact of:
� model misspecification, including excluded variables;
� mismeasurement; and
� errors of calculation.
111
Every effort has been made to reduce these effects. Nevertheless, there may be an
element of discrimination in the regression model utilised in this thesis that is not
discernible through the observable and measurable variables (see Chapter 3).
Results of analysis undertaken in this thesis indicate that the gender gap, as well as the
unexplained component thereof, are larger for employee data associated with enterprise
bargaining than is the case for workers not so employed. Even so, the result is not
deemed to be statistically significant, as is further supported by extensive sensitivity
testing (see Chapters 7 and 8).
Further research is needed to support the posed hypothesis. Nevertheless, the thesis still
provides a wide range of interesting outcomes in providing a greater understanding of
an observable gender wage gap in Australia, as well as the associated and contributing
characteristics of employees and employers. It is in this capacity that the research work
recorded in this thesis provides a new level of knowledge and understanding,
particularly given the thorough use made of recent microdata and the observed earnings
effects of selected variables. As a consequence, the results of this thesis will form a
solid foundation upon which further gender wage gap debate, policy formulation and
labour economics research can stand.
17
Burston, Joanna. "Stochastic model of extreme coastal water levels, New South Wales, Australia". Connect to full text, 2008. http://ses.library.usyd.edu.au/handle/2123/4033.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Sydney, 2008.Title from title screen (viewed February 12, 2009). Includes graphs and tables. Submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy to the School of Geosciences, Faculty of Science. Includes bibliographical references. Also available in print form.
18
Webb, Garry Anthony. "The effects of logging on populations of small ground-dwelling vertebrates in montane eucalypt forest in South-Eastern New South Wales". Thesis, Canberra, ACT : The Australian National University, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/140692.
Testo completo
19
Kariminia, Azar Public Health & Community Medicine Faculty of Medicine UNSW. "Death among a cohort of prisoners in New South Wales Australia ??? a data linkage study". Awarded by:University of New South Wales. School of Public Health and Community Medicine, 2007. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/32476.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
This thesis examines mortality rates among adults who experienced full-time imprisonment in New South Wales between January 1988 and December 2002, by record linkage to the Australian National Death Index. The cohort included 76383 men and 8820 women. Over a mean follow-up of 7.7 years, 5137 deaths (4724 men, 423 women) were identified. Three hundred and three deaths (295 men, eight women) occurred in custody. The median age at death was 36.6 years for men and 32.7 years for women. The prominent causes of death were drug overdose, suicide, accidental and cardiovascular disease. The crude mortality rate was 797 per 100000 person-years for men and 685 per 100000 person-years for women. Risk of mortality was 3.7 times greater in male and 7.8 times greater in female prisoners than the standard population. The excess mortality was substantially raised following release from prison in both men (standardised mortality ratio 4.0 vs 1.7) and women (standardised mortality ratio 8.2 vs 2.1). The period of highest risk of death was the first two weeks after release. Drug overdose was the main cause of death, responsible for 68% of the deaths in the first two weeks for men and for 90% of the deaths in this period for women. In men, there was also a clustering of suicide directly after release. Prisoners admitted to prison psychiatric hospital, repeat offenders and those in the early stage of followup were at increased risk of mortality. Violent offenders were overrepresented in suicide figures and property offenders in death from overdose. Minority groups, in particular men, had a lower risk of death than white people. The above findings reinforce how disadvantaged prisoners are, measured by mortality as the most fundamental scale of human wellbeing. Prison represents a potential opportunity for treatment and public health intervention to address some of the health problems underlying the high mortality found in this study. The key challenge is, however, to provide a continuum of care between the prison and community.
20
Fanning, Patricia C. "Beyond the divide: a new geoarchaeology of Aboriginal stone artefact scatters in Western NSW, Australia". Australia : Macquarie University, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/1959.14/45010.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Thesis (PhD)--Macquarie University, Division of Environmental & Life Sciences, Graduate School of the Environment, 2002.Includes bibliographical references: p. 228-232.
Geomorphology, archaeology and geoarchaeology: introduction and background -- Surface stone artefact scatters: why can we see them? -- Geomorphic controls on spatial patterning of the surface stone artefact record -- A temporal framework for interpreting surface artefact scatters in Western NSW -- Synthesis: stone artefact scatters in a dynamic landscape.
Surface scatters of stone artefacts are the most ubiquitous feature of the Australian Aboriginal archaeological record, yet the most underutilized by archaeologists in developing models of Aboriginal prehistory. Among the many reasons for this are the lack of understanding of geomorphic processes that have exposed them, and the lack of a suitable chronological framework for investigating Aboriginal 'use of place'. This thesis addresses both of these issues. -- In arid western NSW, erosion and deposition accelerated as a result of the introduction of sheep grazing in the mid 1800s has resulted in exposure of artefact scatters in some areas, burial in others, and complete removal in those parts of the landscape subject to concentrated flood flows. The result is a patchwork of artefact scatters exhibiting various degrees of preservation, exposure and visibility. My research at Stud Creek, in Sturt National Park in far western NSW, develops artefact and landscape survey protocols to accommodate this dynamic geomorphic setting. A sampling strategy stratified on the basis of landscape morphodynamics is presented that allows archaeologists to target areas of maximum artefact exposure and minimum post-discard disturbance. Differential artefact visibility at the time of the survey is accommodated by incorporating measures of surface cover which quantify the effects of various ephemeral environmental processes, such as deposition of sediments, vegetation growth, and bioturbation, on artefact count. -- While surface stone artefact scatters lack the stratigraphy usually considered necessary for establishing the timing of Aboriginal occupation, a combination of radiocarbon determinations on associated heat-retainer ovens, and stratigraphic analysis and dating of the valley fills which underlie the scatters, allows a two-stage chronology for huntergatherer activity to be developed. In the Stud Creek study area, dating of the valley fill by OSL established a maximum age of 2,040±100 y for surface artefact scatters. The heatretainer ovens ranged in age from 1630±30 y BP to 220±55 y BP. Bayesian statistical analysis of the sample of 28 radiocarbon determinations supported the notion, already established from analysis of the artefacts, that the Stud Creek valley was occupied intermittently for short durations over a relatively long period of time, rather than intensively occupied at any one time. Furthermore, a gap in oven building between about 800 and 1100 years ago was evident. Environmental explanations for this gap are explored, but the paiaeoenvironmental record for this part of the Australian arid zone is too sparse and too coarse to provide explanations of human behaviour on time scales of just a few hundred years. -- Having established a model for Stud Creek of episodic landscape change throughout the late Pleistocene and Holocene, right up to European contact, its veracity was evaluated in a pilot study at another location within the region. The length of the archaeological record preserved in three geomorphically distinct locations at Fowlers Gap, 250 km south of Stud Creek, is a function of geomorphic dynamics, with a record of a few hundred years from sites located on channel margins and low terraces, and the longest record thus far of around 5,000 years from high terrace surfaces more remote from active channel incision. But even here, the record is not continuous, and like Stud Creek, the gaps are interpreted to indicate that Aboriginal people moved into and out of these places intermittently throughout the mid to late Holocene. -- I conclude that episodic nonequilibrium characterizes the geomorphic history of these arid landscapes, with impacts on the preservation of the archaeological record. Dating of both archaeological and landform features shows that the landscape, and the archaeological record it preserves, are both spatially and temporally disjointed. Models of Aboriginal hunter-gatherer behaviour and settlement patterns must take account of these discontinuities in an archaeological record that is controlled by geomorphic activity. -- I propose a new geoarchaeological framework for landscape-based studies of surface artefact scatters that incorporates geomorphic analysis and dating of landscapes, as well as tool typology, into the interpretation of spatial and temporal patterns of Aboriginal huntergatherer 'use of place'.
Mode of access: World Wide Web.
vii, 232 p. ill., maps
21
Mitakakis, Teresa Zinovia. "Prevalence and distribution of Alternaria allergens in rural New South Wales, Australia". University of Sydney. Science, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/370.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
In rural inland, south-eastern Australia, allergy to the fungus Alternaria is prevalent and an important risk factor for asthma. The aim of the thesis was to investigate the distribution and factors influencing allergens of Alternaria in the air. As airborne allergenic spores were thought to arise from harvesting of nearby crops, two towns with different agricultural practices were studied. Moree has two crop harvesting periods in summer and autumn whilst Wagga Wagga has one harvesting period in summer. Over two years, air was sampled daily in Wagga Wagga and Moree using Burkard traps. The reliability of measurements from a single site to represent the distribution of airborne concentrations of spores across each town was examined using data from three traps simultaneously, sited 2.0 to 4.9 km apart, over four weeks. Substantial intra-class correlation coefficients (ICC) were observed between the three sampling sites across both towns (ICC=0.52, 95% CI 0.30-0.71 to 0.76, 95% CI 0.61-0.87) when counts of Alternaria spores were relatively high. The correlation was poor when counts were low. Of more than 365 trap tapes examined, the two microscopic traverses strongly correlated for counts of Alternaria spores (ICC=0.95, 95% CI 0.94-0.96). Alternaria was detected in both towns throughout the two year period with peaks in spore concentrations reflecting the season of crop harvesting in each region. Individual exposure to spores was examined. Thirty three subjects (adults and children from nine families) wore nasal air samplers and personal air samplers both inside and outside their homes. The effects of activity, location, age on the inhalation of Alternaria spores and variation between individuals in the same environment were determined. Every subject inhaled Alternaria spores. Personal exposure to Alternaria in the home environment varied substantially between subjects. Levels of fungal spores inhaled were higher during periods of activity than during rest, and higher while subjects were outdoors than indoors. During outdoor activity, the number of Alternaria spores inhaled ranged from 4 to 794 (median 11) spores/hr. Sources of airborne spores was investigated by sampling air above wheat and cotton crops near the towns during harvesting and non-harvesting periods, in a grain and cotton seed storage shed, and a cotton gin. Substantially higher concentrations were detected above crops during harvesting periods compared to non-harvesting periods. Peaks were associated with harvesting and other activities where plants were manipulated. By regression analysis spore concentrations in both towns were modelled against those detected above crops and with weather variables. Only one crop sampling period (cotton harvest) independently correlated with concentrations in town. Analysis combining all data showed concentrations of spores above crops correlated with spore concentrations in the town when lagged by one day. Variables of rainfall and maximum temperature influenced concentrations in both towns, and wind direction in Wagga Wagga alone. Parents of asthmatic children were asked by questionnaire in which locations symptoms were provoked. Asthma was reported to be exacerbated at grain farms and with disturbance of local vegetation in town and home gardens. Nasal sampling confirmed that activities that disturbed dust or vegetation increased the inhalation of spores. The factors that release allergen from spores were determined in a modified Halogen immunoassay. Approximately 60% of spores released allergen, and the proportion was influenced by isolate, nutrient availability, viability, and not influenced by sunlight or culture age up to 21 days. Germinating the spores significantly increased the proportion that released total allergen and Alt a 1 (p<0.0001). Alt a 1 appears to be a minor contributor to the total allergen released from spores except when spores have germinated. Conclusions: People living in inland rural regions of Australia are exposed to substantial quantities of allergenic spores of Alternaria. Exposure is a highly personal event and is largely determined by disturbance of local vegetation releasing spores such as from nearby crops by wind, harvesting, slashing, transport and processing of produce, and from within town and home gardens. Most spores inhaled are likely to be allergenic, with potency potentially increasing with viability.
22
Qu, Wenchuan. "Studies on nitrogen cycling processes in Lake Illawarra, New South Wales, Australia". Access electronically, 2004. http://www.library.uow.edu.au/adt-NWU/public/adt-NWU20050302.161641/index.html.
Testo completo
23
Elliott, Malcolm Gordon, of Western Sydney Hawkesbury University e Faculty of Environmental Management and Agriculture. "Grass tetany of cattle in New South Wales". THESIS_FEMA_xxx_Elliott_M.xml, 2000. http://handle.uws.edu.au:8081/1959.7/7.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Over the last 60 years, grass tetany has been recognised as a significant lethal condition in sheep and cattle.Outcomes from this study include documentation of the likely precursors to grass tetany, ways to recognise these precursors, and long term practices that will enable producers to minimise livestock deaths. The benefit of this research to beef producers is that the environmental circumstances thought to be associated with outbreaks of grass tetany have been identified, along with remedial action that can be taken to prevent deaths occurring.Recommendations to industry on best practice to be adopted by leading producers to minimise outbreaks of grass tetany are made.This study provides an alternate strategy for the management of grass tetany in beef cattle, to the more clinical approaches previously recommended. It is suggested that losses from this economically important metabolic disease can be minimised if management practices of beef cattle producers in eastern Australia can incorporate a more holistic approach to farm management, which takes account of the soil/plant/animal/climate inter-relationships.Master of Science (Hons)
24
Elliott, Jane E. "The colonies clothed : a survey of consumer interests in New South Wales and Victoria, 1787-1887 /". Title page, contents and introduction only, 1988. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09phe462.pdf.
Testo completo
25
Jiggens, John Lawrence. "Marijuana Australiana: Cannabis use, popular culture and the Americanisation of drugs policy in Australia, 1938-1988". Queensland University of Technology, 2004. http://eprints.qut.edu.au/15949/.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The word 'marijuana' was introduced to Australia by the US Bureau of Narcotics via the Diggers newspaper, Smith's Weekly, in 1938. Marijuana was said to be 'a new drug that maddens victims' and it was sensationally described as an 'evil sex drug'. The resulting tabloid furore saw the plant cannabis sativa banned in Australia, even though cannabis had been a well-known and widely used drug in Australia for many decades. In 1964, a massive infestation of wild cannabis was found growing along a stretch of the Hunter River between Singleton and Maitland in New South Wales. The explosion in Australian marijuana use began there. It was fuelled after 1967 by US soldiers on rest and recreation leave from Vietnam. It was the Baby-Boomer young who were turning on. Pot smoking was overwhelmingly associated with the generation born in the decade after the Second World War. As the conflict over the Vietnam War raged in Australia, it provoked intense generational conflict between the Baby-Boomers and older generations. Just as in the US, pot was adopted by Australian Baby-Boomers as their symbol; and, as in the US, the attack on pot users served as code for an attack on the young, the Left, and the alternative. In 1976, the 'War on Drugs' began in earnest in Australia with paramilitary attacks on the hippie colonies at Cedar Bay in Queensland and Tuntable Falls in New South Wales. It was a time of increasing US style prohibition characterised by 'tough-on-drugs' right-wing rhetoric, police crackdowns, numerous murders, and a marijuana drought followed quickly by a heroin plague; in short by a massive worsening of 'the drug problem'. During this decade, organised crime moved into the pot scene and the price of pot skyrocketed, reaching $450 an ounce in 1988. Thanks to the Americanisation of drugs policy, the black market made 'a killing'. In Marijuana Australiana I argue that the 'War on Drugs' developed -- not for health reasons -- but for reasons of social control; as a domestic counter-revolution against the Whitlamite, Baby-Boomer generation by older Nixonite Drug War warriors like Queensland Premier, Bjelke-Petersen. It was a misuse of drugs policy which greatly worsened drug problems, bringing with it American-style organised crime. As the subtitle suggests, Marijuana Australiana relies significantly on 'alternative' sources, and I trawl the waters of popular culture, looking for songs, posters, comics and underground magazines to produce an 'underground' history of cannabis in Australia. This 'pop' approach is balanced with a hard-edged, quantitative analysis of the size of the marijuana market, the movement of price, and the seizure figures in the section called 'History By Numbers'. As Alfred McCoy notes, we need to understand drugs as commodities. It is only through a detailed understanding of the drug trade that the deeper secrets of this underground world can be revealed. In this section, I present an economic history of the cannabis market and formulate three laws of the market.
26
Duong, Lien Thi Hong. "Australian takeover waves : a re-examination of patterns, causes and consequences". UWA Business School, 2009. http://theses.library.uwa.edu.au/adt-WU2009.0201.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
This thesis provides more precise characterisation of patterns, causes and consequences of takeover activity in Australia over three decades spanning from 1972 to 2004. The first contribution of the thesis is to characterise the time series behaviour of takeover activity. It is found that linear models do not adequately capture the structure of merger activity; a non-linear two-state Markov switching model works better. A key contribution of the thesis is, therefore, to propose an approach of combining a State-Space model with the Markov switching regime model in describing takeover activity. Experimental results based on our approach show an improvement over other existing approaches. We find four waves, one in the 1980s, two in the 1990s, and one in the 2000s, with an expected duration of each wave state of approximately two years. The second contribution is an investigation of the extent to which financial and macro-economic factors predict takeover activity after controlling for the probability of takeover waves. A main finding is that while stock market boom periods are empirically associated with takeover waves, the underlying driver is interest rate level. A low interest rate environment is associated with higher aggregate takeover activity. This relationship is consistent with Shleifer and Vishny (1992)'s liquidity argument that takeover waves are symptoms of lower cost of capital. Replicating the analysis to the biggest takeover market in the world, the US, reveals a remarkable consistency of results. In short, the Australian findings are not idiosyncratic. Finally, the implications for target and bidder firm shareholders are explored via investigation of takeover bid premiums and long-term abnormal returns separately between the wave and non-wave periods. This represents the third contribution to the literature of takeover waves. Findings reveal that target shareholders earn abnormally positive returns in takeover bids and bid premiums are slightly lower in the wave periods. Analysis of the returns to bidding firm shareholders suggests that the lower premiums earned by target shareholders in the wave periods may simply reflect lower total economic gains, at the margin, to takeovers made in the wave periods. It is found that bidding firms earn normal post-takeover returns (relative to a portfolio of firms matched in size and survival) if their bids are made in the non-wave periods. However, bidders who announce their takeover bids during the wave periods exhibit significant under-performance. For mergers that took place within waves, there is no difference in bid premiums and nor is there a difference in the long-run returns of bidders involved in the first half and second half of the waves. We find that none of theories of merger waves (managerial, mis-valuation and neoclassical) can fully account for the Australian takeover waves and their effects. Instead, our results suggest that a combination of these theories may provide better explanation. Given that normal returns are observed for acquiring firms, taken as a whole, we are more likely to uphold the neoclassical argument for merger activity. However, the evidence is not entirely consistent with neo-classical rational models, the under-performance effect during the wave states is consistent with the herding behaviour by firms.
27
Jayawickrema, Jacintha, University of Western Sydney, of Science Technology and Environment College e School of Environment and Agriculture. "A reconstruction of the ecological history of Longneck Lagoon New South Wales, Australia". THESIS_CSTE_EAG_Jayawickrema_J.xml, 2000. http://handle.uws.edu.au:8081/1959.7/702.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The environmental history of Longneck Lagoon was reconstructed by analysing 15 sediment cores collected between 22 April, 1992 and 29 August, 1995. Longneck Lagoon is a shallow, man-modified lake situated in the north-western part of Sydney in New South Wales, Australia, in the Hawkesbury River floodplain. It has undergone a considerable change over recent years and at the end of the study was reported to have turbid water and no floating leaved plants or submerged aquatic plants. The hypothesis of this study was that vertical patterns in sediment characteristics can be related to biological, physical or chemical changes that have taken place within Longneck Lagoon and its catchment area. Assessment of inter-core variation within one area of the lagoon and between different areas was carried out and is highly recommended to others who may wish to conduct similar studies elsewhere. Restoration/regeneration of the previous diverse aquatic plant flora, associated with variable water depth in the pre-weir condition, would require the removal/modification of the weir, possibly reduction in the nutrient income to the lake, and, potentially, addressing mobilisation and internal cycling of accumulated nutrients which have accreted within the system.Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
28
Safari, Benjamin. "New immigrants in the Australian labour market : a comprehensive analysis of employment, entry wages, wage mobility and occupational transition". Thesis, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/2440/69459.
Testo completo
29
Cohen, Bruce Martin. "Wage dispersion and information disclosure". Phd thesis, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/148747.
Testo completo
30
Daly, Anne. "The labour market in three countries : an international comparison of relative earnings in Australia, Great Britain and the United States". Phd thesis, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/123261.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
This thesis investigates the relationship between age and earnings for men
and women in Australia, Great Britain and the United States. The facts for fulltime
workers in the three countries can be summarised in the following way:
1. There was greater variation in earnings with age in the US than in either of the
other countries. This was particularly apparent for men. In the US, 45 year old
men earned on average, 42 per cent more than 25 year old men while in Great
Britain, they earned 21 per cent more and in Australia, 13 per cent more.
2. Women’s earnings varied less with age than did men's in each country and
peaked much earlier than male earnings. At their peak in their early 30s, American
women's earnings were about 20 per cent above those of a 25 year old, in Great
Britain they were 8 per cent above a 25 year old’s and in Australia they were about
the same.
3. In each country, women's earnings varied less with age than did male earnings.
If we take the proportionate difference between male and female earnings at each
age between 16 and 64, the largest gap, relative to the gap at age 25, was between
men and women in Australia in their late 30s. The relative difference between men
and women in Australia was twice as large as in the other countries. There are a number of theories which have been put forward to explain why
earnings vary with age. This thesis considers some of the factors suggested as
being important; sex, experience in the workforce, education, industry of
employment, the level of unionisation in an industry and cohort size. Our results
show that within each country for both men and women, education, experience
and industry of employment are important determinants of earnings. The evidence
presented here is consistent, at least for men, with the hypothesis that higher levels
of unionisation in an industry are associated with flatter age earnings profiles than
in the less unionised industries. Our results on the effect of cohort size on earnings were less conclusive.
The earnings regressions for each country were used to decompose the
differences in the relative earnings by age into that part which can be attributed, at
least in an accounting sense, to endowments and that part which can be attributed
to coefficients or the rewards to these endowments. We found that differences in
both the stocks and the rewards to the basic human capital variables, education and
experience, were the major sources of differences between the countries in the
shapes of the age earnings profiles for both men and women. The evidence
presented here suggests that at least with respect to age earnings profiles for men,
the centralised system of wage determination in Australia has not led to very
different results than those found in Great Britain. However, the results for
women are consistent with the hypothesis that the Australian system has produced
flatter profiles than found in the other countries.
31
Paice, Cushla. "The role of employer size in wage determination : distinguishing between the workplace and the company". Phd thesis, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/123352.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
In recent years there has been increasing interest in the role of small business in the
economy and in the labour market. The thesis asks a number of key questions about the
role of both workplace size and company size as determinants of individual wages. Is
current research on individual wage determination compromised by ignoring variation
by employer size? Do both workplace size and company size influence wages? Findings
suggest that the process of wage determination is quite different between the Small
Business sector, an Extensive sector with small workplaces operated by large companies
and an Intensive sector with large workplaces. In part higher wages in large workplaces
are associated with the structure of product markets as well as tenure with the current
employer. Within the Small Business sector low income groups are more disadvantaged
than their counterparts in large companies and/or workplaces.
32
Hawke, Anne. "Full- and part-time work and wages : an application to two countries". Phd thesis, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/123363.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
This thesis investigates the extent of the wage differentials between
females working full- and part-time in Australia and the United States, the
causes of these differentials and the effect these differentials have on the
aggregate ratio of female to male wages in both countries.
The thesis contributes to existing knowledge in three ways. Firstly, it
documents the magnitude and sign of the male/female wage ratio and the
full/part-time wage ratio for countries which include Australia and the United
States. For both Australia and the United States, the average male wage per
hour was estimated to exceed the average female wage per hour. For the
United States, consistent with evidence from other international evidence,
wages of full-time workers were estimated to exceed those of part-time
workers. However, for Australia, part-time hourly wages were estimated to
exceed full-time hourly wages by around 20 percent.
Secondly, this thesis draws upon the theories of human capital,
segmented labour markets and efficiency wage to develop a model which
explains individual's wages. From this model, the roles of human capital
endowments, sample selection, occupations and institutions in determining the
wage differential between full- and part-time workers was estimated. For
Australia, differences in the endowments were not found to be an important
factor in determining the causes of the wage differential between full- and
part-time workers. For the United States, however, differences in the level of
endowments were estimated to be important in explaining the wage
differential between females working full- and part-time. Sample selection
effects were estimated to be important in explaining the wage differential
between females working full- and part-time in both countries. This effect was interpreted as indicating that in Australia, higher hourly wages are
inducing ’better' quality workers into the part-time labour market.
Unexplained differences (such as discrimination and productivity differences)
were also found to be important in explaining the wage differential between
females working full- and part-time in the United States, but not in Australia.
This finding lead us to examine the role of occupations and institutions in
explaining the full- and part-time wage differential.
Thirdly, an estimate of the effect of part-time work and wages on the
overall wage ratio between males and females was undertaken. For Australia,
including part-time workers explicitly into the gender wage analysis decreased
the gender wage differential estimate derived for full-time workers by 5
percentage points to 19 percent. For the United States, explicitly including
part-time workers into an estimate of the gender wage differential increased
the estimate from the full-time gender wage analysis by 4 percentage points to
40 percent.
33
Hagan, James Russell. "Aggregate demand and wage effects on manufacturing employment in Australia 1954-55 to 1984-85". Phd thesis, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/130855.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Interest in the relative roles of wages and demand in determining employment can be
traced to Keynes' General Theory. This gave rise to research into the cyclic relationship
between employment and wages, and also into the role of wages and demand variables
as determinants of the demand for labour. This thesis pursues the second line of inquiry
which can be categorised as a comparison of neoclassical and Keynesian explanations
of the demand for labour in which the former stresses the role of wages and the latter
the role of demand variables. There is no consensus in the literature about the relative
imponance of wage and aggregate demand variables in labour demand models.
The Australian manufacturing sector forms the data for this study. The demand
for labour in Australian manufacturing rose from the mid-1950s to 1973-74. During this
time employment in manufacturing behaved in much the same way as it did in the rest
of the economy. From the mid 1970s employment in manufacturing began a sustained
decline while that of the rest of the economy grew.
There are four main features of the thesis. The first is that it analyses the demand
for labour in Australian manufacturing over a long time period (30 years). Second,
alternative specifications of the demand for labour are systematically compared, which
includes testing the importance of appropriately modelling the capital stock and
technical progress. Third, the role of aggregation in identifying an appropriate labour
demand function is investigated. An integrated approach to investigating the relative
importance of wage and demand variables, which includes testing the robustness of the
specifications, forms the fourth feature of the thesis.
The conclusions derived from a systematic study of the Australian
manufacturing sector using a long time series of disaggregated data are that: - if technical progress and investment are jointly modelled as time trends, then
the real wage is a highly significant determinant of labour demand (this result is
very sensitive to the specification chosen);
- the importance of the demand effects in the labour demand function are
sensitive to the level of aggregation chosen: and,
- if the method of modelling MFP and investment is accepted and the level of
aggregation chosen appropriate, then both real wages and aggregate demand
have significant effects on labour demand over the period studied.
34
Rummery, Sarah Louise. "Mobility, human capital acquisition and gender wage growth differences in the Australian youth labour market". Phd thesis, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/130303.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
This thesis uses data from the Australian Longitudinal Survey of Youth,
(1985-1988), to analyse the relationships that exist between wages, labour
mobility and human capital acquisition. Conventional theory informs us that
there are strong causal relationships between these factors, and that the
expectation of intermittent participation will result in the accumulation of less
human capital. The high job mobility rates of women have been cited as one
explanation for their lower investment in human capital and their lower wages.
The panel nature of the data set allows us to introduce a new dimension to the
study of gender wage differences in Australia, namely to directly quantify the
impact of labour mobility on wages. By 1988 the average wage level of 15-29
year old males is significantly higher than that of women in the same age
group. We find that the size of the components of the wage gap differ
according to whether or not mobility is accounted for. When mobility is
accounted for the explained component of the gap increases whilst the
unexplained (discriminatory) component simultaneously decreases. This has
implications for existing literature.
The wage differential is also found to vary considerably by mobility category
and amongst those who have remained continuously employed between 1985
and 1988 it is highest amongst men and women who have stayed in the same
job (as opposed to changing jobs). We find that job changing is similar in
incidence between men and women but that women exhibit greater risk
aversion to job changing than men. On the other hand, even amongst youth,
women are twice as likely to experience discontinuous employment than men.
Job changing is important in determining the wage levels of women, but not men, this is an interesting gender difference. A common outcome irrespective
of gender is that discontinuous employment for what we define as "non-market"
reasons such as pregnancy, child care or travel (as distinct from education or
job search) has a negative impact on wages.
The ALS data show that young women who leave employment to study earn
significantly higher wages in 1988 than other groups of men and women, in
fact by 1988 they represent the highest paid group.
Of particular importance is our fmding that mobility is important in
determining an individuals position in the relative wage distribution. For
example, in 1985 women who subsequently remained in the same job were the
top female income earners. By 1988 they had lost their relative position and
were in the middle of the female income distribution. Their earnings had been
over-taken by those of two groups of women, job changers and women who
left employment to study. Both of these latter groups of women had improved
their position in the relative wage distribution.
However this was not true of men who remained in the same job between
1985 and 1988. They were the top male income earners in 1985 and the
second highest income earner (second by a very small margin) in 1988.
Our analysis also shows a significant decline in the relative income of both
men and women who experience discontinuous employment for "non-market"
reasons. In 1985 women who subsequently left employment for these reasons
earned more than four of the five groups of males and three of the five groups
of women. By 1988 they had completely reversed this to earn less than four of
the five groups of men and less than each of the other groups of women. This
obviously represented a very large fall in their position in the relative wage distribution.
Men in tiiis same category do not experience such a significant decline in
position,
falling by one position from the middle income earners in 1985 (third highest
out of five) to the second lowest (fourth highest out of five) in 1988. We can
partially explain the larger reduction in the relative earnings of women in this
category by looking at their unobserved ability and aptitude for paid
employment and their lower (on average) completed education than other
women. We will show that women in the youth labour market who experience
discontinuous employment for non-market reasons, have completed less
education than other women.
Korosi et al (1993) suggest that ".. explanations of the gender pay gap for the
whole population rely on career interruptions, family formation and work
experience as reasons for women's relatively lower pay. Among the ALS
respondents less than a quarter had married by 1988 and fewer were parents.
Thus it is unclear that such life cycle factors would dominate any gender based
pay differences."
Contrary to these sentiments we find that such factors are of crucial
importance in establishing an individuals place in the labour market, even
amongst the youngest of our work force.
35
Mumford, Karen. "Wage determination and strike activity in the New South Wales coal industry : trade union and employer bargaining". Phd thesis, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/131457.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The New South Wales (NSW) coal industry has been one of the most strike torn industries in the world, with violent and bitter battles between trade union and employer. This thesis seeks a greater understanding of the determination of wages and strike activity in this industry.
The thesis is presented in two parts. Part one considers difficulties encountered when modelling the objectives of a trade union, and the outcome of bargaining between a trade union and firm. Part two applies models of the objectives of trade unions, and bargaining, to issues of wage determination, and strike activity in the NSW coal industry.
The process of wage determination in the NSW coal industry is investigated using the reduced form of Svejnar's (1986) model. The major prediction of Svejnar's model, that there is a positive relationship between the industry surplus and the industry wage, is strongly supported. The results are improved upon by adapting Svejnar's model. A first-order dynamic adjustment model is used to allow for a more complicated dynamic structure than that assumed in the theoretical model. Furthermore, by taking into account some of the aspects of the bi-sectoral (open cut and underground) structure of the coal industry and the heterogeneity of its labour force, Svejnar's model is generalised from its specific reduced form.
The thesis also provides a survey of the major, and more influential, models of strike activity. Some of these models are then applied to data from the NSW coal industry, resulting in three major conclusions: (i) with the exception of the Hayes' (1984) model, the theories considered do not provide acceptable explanations of strike activity in the NSW coal industry; (ii) there are common empirical relationships that are predicted by authors of very different theories; and (iii) there is a need to treat measures of strike activity as potentially different, rather than alternative, indicators of strike. An eclectic model of strikes is then developed. This eclectic model is based on Tracy's (1986) world-wise approach and was greatly influenced by: the theoretical survey of strike models; the empirical application of these models to the NSW coal industry; and familiarity with the NSW coal industry. Each of the different measures of strike activity is modelled using a common set of explanatory variables in an attempt to ascertain the commonality, or uniqueness, of the relationships determining strike activity.
The results suggested that the explanations for strike frequency, the size of strike, strike intensity, and the average duration of strikes are not the same. Indeed, the only variable which was found to have a significant effect on all four of these measures of strike activity is the level of market concentration in the NSW coal industry. (This variable also had the highest elasticity, at the sample mean, of all the significant variables in the regressions for strike frequency, average duration, or strike incidence in the NSW coal industry.) The explanation for this dominance of market concentration on the results is unclear. From both empirical and theoretical perspectives, there appears to be a need to consider the role of industrial relations more fully. Despite this common theme that runs through the regressions for strike frequency, average duration, and strike intensity, it should be stressed that each of these regressions also exhibits combinations of significant empirical relationships which are unique to itself. This result rejects the use of these measures of strike activity as simple alternatives for each other.
36
Tan, Michelle. "An analysis of economic problems related to social policy issues in Australia". Phd thesis, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/150111.
Testo completo
37
Singleton, Gwynneth. "The Labour movement and incomes policy : origins and development of the accord". Phd thesis, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/129771.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The Hawke Labor government was elected for its third term of office in 1987. It owes
much of this success to its Accord with the Australian Council of Trade Unions. The
purpose of this thesis is to elucidate what consolidates and sustains the bargained
bipartite relationship that is the core of the Accord and central to its viability as a cooperative
incomes strategy for the industrial and political wings of the Australian labour
movement.
The thesis begins with an examination of what the Federal Parliamentary Labor Party
and the ACTU each sought to achieve from a co-operative incomes policy. The following
chapters trace the origins and development of the Accord, beginning with the difficulties
that arose between the Whitlam Labor government and the ACTU that prevented any
similar agreement. The post-Whitlam period brought about a change in attitude by both
the unions and the FPLP that made the Accord possible. The thesis examines the reasons
why Australian unions changed their approach from maintaining living standards
primarily through nominal increases to the industrial wage to embrace a collective
centralised incomes strategy that included the industrial wage, employment and the
social wage. The effective point of wage negotiation then lay with the ACTU. This thesis
examines the basis of ACTU wages policy and the reasons why the strategies that were
pursued to gain its implementation failed. This failure led directly to the Accord with
the FPLP. The following two chapters examine the reasons why and how the FPLP
reached similar conclusions about the necessity for a collective incomes policy with the
unions in 1979 and the subsequent negotiations that brought them to formal agreement
on the Accord with the ACTU in 1983.
The Accord has proved to be a flexible process that remains relevant nearly six years
after its inception. The operations and renegotiations of the Accord that have occurred
over this period are examined to determine why this has been possible. A discussion
about the relevance of corporatism to the Accord follows. This concludes that, while
there may be some aspects of corporatism that can be related to the Accord process, the
imprecise nature of corporatist theory raises doubts about its utility as an explanation
for the bargained bipartite relationship that is the essence of the Accord. It is suggested
that it is more satisfactory to regard the Accord as a contemporary embodiment of
traditional Australian labourism; that is, the balancing of economic, electoral and social
objectives by the trade union movement and the ALP to achieve what is politically and
economically possible through Labor in government.
38
Keaney, Benedict. "An exploration of the Bogong moth, Agrotis infusa, as a palaeo-environmental and ecosystem measure in montane areas of the Australian Capital Territory and adjacent areas of New South Wales". Master's thesis, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/147108.
Testo completo
39
Issac-Toua, Geethanjali. "Samples of urban and rural methadone clients : comparing health outcomes, Blood Borne Virus transmission risk, and validity of Hepatitis C self-report". Phd thesis, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/147103.
Testo completo
40
Dibden, Julie Ann. "Drawing in the land : rock-art in the upper Nepean, Sydney basin, New South Wales : Vol.1 & 2". Phd thesis, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/150760.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The Upper Nepean River catchment in the Sydney Basin has a rich repertoire of visual imagery - rock-art, and a variety of other types of marks on stone. This thesis examines the diversity and spatial distribution across the land of these rock markings and change over time. The theoretical focus is on materiality, practice and performance. In previous research conducted in the Sydney Basin, rock-art located in shelters has been considered, at least implicitly, to be functionally equivalent across both space and time. The research in this thesis, by comparison, has been developed to explore both synchronic and diachronic variability in sheltered rock-art and to give consideration to the occupational and contextual diversity this represents. The rock-art corpus is analysed in accordance with its material diversity in order to explore the qualitatively different forms of behavioural expression that this variation may embody. A fundamental distinction is made between graphically structured, imposed form on the one hand, and gestural marks on the other. The material relationship between the rock-art and the rock on and within which it is set, is also examined. The different data sets are explored dialectically and in accordance with their geographic and environmental location in order to gain an appreciation of the experience and engagement between Aboriginal people and the land in this part of the Sydney Basin. The analysis employs both quantitative and explicitly narrative approaches to examine the spatial and temporal dimensions of occupation. While this research has been conducted without the support of any direct dating or archaeological context, the methodology has, nevertheless allowed for the discrimination of temporal diversity in spatial patterns, and concomitantly, the manner in which the land has been occupied and created as landscape, over time. In order to achieve this, it has been crucial to analyse the rock markings not only in respect of their behaviour correlates, but also their material locations within geographic, environmental and micro-topographic space. The analysis of the Upper Nepean rock-art reveals a pattern of diachronic change in which the marking of the land with imagery became increasingly diverse in a number of formal and material ways, and geographically and environmentally common and widespread. The results suggests that regional bodies of rock-art are likely to have been produced in accordance with a diversity of motivations and functional purposes and that significant temporal change in the impetus to mark the land, and the choice of how and where to do so, can occur over relatively short time frames. It is argued that the practice of marking the land in the Upper Nepean was a dynamic dialectic, both constitutive and transformative, of being and place. Over time, people drew the land into an object world which became, with ever increasing inscription and embellishment, a marked and painted landscape, both productive of and reflecting, a complex history.
41
Mattar, Shaikh Yasser Bin Shaikh Idris. "Public policy and replicating the business environment of Silicon valley : a survival analysis of internet / World Wide Web consultancies in New South Wales and The Australian Capital Territory, Australia, 1996 - 2003". Phd thesis, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/151368.
Testo completo
42
Stephan, Mary. "The Australian gender wage gap". Phd thesis, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/112054.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
In the Australian labour market, men earn higher wages than women
and this difference is persistent. The purpose of this thesis is
to examine the gender wage gap and its determinants over time, to
measure the gap using different methods compared to prior
Australian research, and to measure the gap by sector of
employment. The gender wage gap is estimated using the real
hourly wages (in 2012 dollars) of men and women in the Australian
labour market.
The thesis begins with a review of Australian and international
studies that have measured the gender wage gap and of possible
explanations for its existence. The literature review provides a
survey of the empirical methods that have been used to measure
the gender wage gap and of empirical issues that arise when
measuring the gap. Further, the literature review provides a
discussion of labour supply and demand side factors that could
influence the gap.
The analysis in this thesis begins by measuring and comparing the
male and female mean and distributional labour market
characteristics and the returns to characteristics in 2001 and
2012. The results show that women’s labour market
characteristics have improved compared to men’s
characteristics; however, women’s relative returns to
characteristics have not increased.
Next, the gender wage gap is estimated at the mean and along the
wage distribution, decomposed, and compared over time. The
results show that the mean and distributional gender wage gap has
increased over time and the gap is increasingly unexplained by
differences in labour market characteristics. The comparison over
time extends prior static estimates of the gender wage gap.
The gender wage gap is then estimated using panel data and fixed
effects methods to account for time-invariant unobserved
individual heterogeneity. This is the first time that the
Australian gender wage gap has been measured by taking into
account individual fixed effects. The fixed effects results are
compared with the results of traditional estimation methods and
prior research.
The comparison shows that time-invariant unobserved individual
heterogeneity constitutes 62 per cent of the gender wage gap and
that the Australian gender wage gap has previously been
overestimated by approximately 7 percentage points. The inclusion
of time-invariant unobserved individual heterogeneity in the
estimation provides a clearer measure of gender based earnings
differentials.
The gender wage gap is measured by sector of employment – the
Australian private and public sector – using panel data and
time-invariant individual fixed effects methods. The results are
compared with findings from traditional methods and prior
research. This is the first time that the Australian
sector-specific gender wage gap has been estimated by
incorporating time-invariant unobserved individual
heterogeneity.
The results show that traditional estimation methods overestimate
the gender wage gap by 6 percentage points in the private sector
and 4 percentage points in the public sector. Time-invariant
unobserved individual heterogeneity explains 42 per cent of the
gender wage gap in the private sector and 41 per cent of the
gender wage gap in the public sector.
Further, the distributional sector-specific gender wage gap is
larger and increases faster in the private sector compared to the
public sector. The sector-specific gender wage gap is
increasingly unexplained by differences in labour market
characteristics along the wage distribution.
To the knowledge of the author, this is the first time that very
detailed estimates of the Australian gender wage gap have been
compared over time. This is also the first time that the
Australian gender wage gap has been measured by taking into
account time-invariant individual fixed effects. The results
highlight that the gender wage gap has increased over time and
that unobserved individual heterogeneity need to be incorporated
in the estimation of the Australian gender wage gap as
traditional estimation methods tend to overestimate the gap.
Keywords: Gender wage gap; fixed effects; Australian public and
private sectors; wage distributions; decompositions.
43
Taylor, Louise Westall. "Recovering lives : 15 convicts in New South Wales". Phd thesis, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/110682.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
While individual biographies of convict lives have appeared in the literature of Australian colonial history - albeit in truncated form - an aggregate study of convicts selected from a homogeneous group has appeared less often. Thus an opportunity has been missed to examine the commonalities as well as differences of such individuals over time - both before and after their punishment. My thesis examines the lives of 15 convicts who had worked during their bondage at the Australian Agricultural Company in New South Wales. Although the primary purpose is to use the method of micro-prosopography to seek the commonalities, differences and idiosyncrasies of these convicts' experiences, as well as their aggregate, the biographies are important in themselves. By compiling portraits of their lives I have sought to rescue them from what E.P. Thompson famously called 'the enormous condescension of posterity'. Although gaps in the biographies inevitably appear, and more information about some than others has been found, all biographies reveal enough information to highlight broader themes in colonial history - criminality and punishment, alcohol, and economic outcomes - which have been explored extensively. By tracing, where possible, the trajectory of the lives of their families I have also examined the legacy of convicts in the later history of Australia.
44
Nash, Daphne. "Transforming knowledge : Indigenous knowledge and culture workers on the south coast of New South Wales". Phd thesis, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/150645.
Testo completo
45
Parry, Naomi School of History UNSW. "'Such a longing': black and white children in welfare in New South Wales and Tasmania, 1880-1940". 2007. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/40786.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
When the Human Rights and Equal Opportunities Commission tabled Bringing them home, its report into the separation of indigenous children from their families, it was criticised for failing to consider Indigenous child welfare within the context of contemporary standards. Non-Indigenous people who had experienced out-of-home care also questioned why their stories were not recognised. This thesis addresses those concerns, examining the origins and history of the welfare systems of NSW and Tasmania between 1880 and 1940. Tasmania, which had no specific policies on race or Indigenous children, provides fruitful ground for comparison with NSW, which had separate welfare systems for children defined as Indigenous and non-Indigenous. This thesis draws on the records of these systems to examine the gaps between ideology and policy and practice. The development of welfare systems was uneven, but there are clear trends. In the years 1880 to 1940 non-Indigenous welfare systems placed their faith in boarding-out (fostering) as the most humane method of caring for neglected and destitute children, although institutions and juvenile apprenticeship were never supplanted by fostering. Concepts of child welfare shifted from charity to welfare; that is, from simple removal to social interventions that would assist children's reform. These included education, and techniques to enlist the support of the child's family in its reform. The numbers of non-Indigenous children taken into care were reduced by economic and environmental measures, such as payments to single mothers. The NSW Aborigines Protection Board dismissed boarding-out as an option for Indigenous children and applied older methods, of institutionalisation and apprenticeship, to children it removed from reserves. As non-Indigenous welfare systems in both states were refined, the Protection Board clung to its original methods. It focussed on older children, whilst allowing reserves to deteriorate, and reducing the rights of Aboriginal people. This cannot simply be explained by race, for Tasmania did not adopt the same response. This study shows that the policies of the Aborigines Protection Board were not consonant with wider standards in child welfare of the time. However, the common thread between Indigenous and non-Indigenous child removal was the longing of children and their families for each other.
46
Citraningtyas, Theresia. ""Riding the waves" : dealing with disasters :a study of lived experiences of the 2003 Canberra bushfire and the 2004 tsunami in Aceh". Phd thesis, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/151405.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The aim of this thesis is to explore how adults affected by the 2003 Canberra bushfires and adults affected by the 2004 tsunami in Aceh perceived and made meaning of their live experiences of dealing with the respective disasters, 5 to 6 years following the acute disaster impact. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 25 and 29 participants in Canberra and Aceh respectively. The transcripts were analysed using an iterative process of constant comparison that built upon grounded theory method to identify core concepts across the two settings and developed an overarching framework. The research emphasises a dynamic interplay between people's circumstances and how their responses, which is presented using the metaphor of "riding the waves". Reflecting upon central elements expressed by participants, the "waves" pertained to the ebb and flow of threat and support, challenges and opportunities. The framework depicts external aspects as simultaneously demanding and moving a person to do things they may never otherwise see themselves doing. The study identified the following core concepts across the two disasters under the overarching metaphor of "riding the waves": the experience of being propelled (or struck) by extraordinary circumstances, which may result in extraordinary responses, referred to as "rising with the waves"; the experience of "just keep going" and "go with the flow" in order to "stay afloat" in such circumstances; the experience of "going into the depths" due to the gravity of the situation, where people feel the loss and letting reality "sink in" as well as try to uplift themselves by finding aspects of life that give them comfort and finding or creating a deeper sense of meaning. In addition, all of these were experienced in relation to, and together with, other people, through complex and dynamic interactions and connectedness. This thesis contributes by identifying core concepts and conceptualising a cohesive overarching framework that connects two very different socio-cultural and disaster contexts. The use of embodied metaphor allows a common language to convey experiences in a way that transcends linguistic and cultural conceptualisations and creates a mutual understanding based on our shared human nature. This research extends current conceptualisations of what happens to people affected by disasters. Some conceptual metaphors that have been used to describe people's experiences include "trauma", "resilience", and "growth". The concept of "riding the waves" spans from people's reactions during the acute incoming threat through to subsequent years. The image of the "waves" portrayed the size and the dynamic unpredictability of the external circumstances of disaster, while at the same time placed agency in people who navigate their circumstances. Without denying the adverse impacts of disasters, this research study highlights people's potential agency and capacity to respond in the face of uncontrollable forces.
47
McComas, Magers Robyn, University of Western Sydney, of Arts Education and Social Sciences College e School of Contemporary Arts. "Interactions in the space of one tree". 2002. http://handle.uws.edu.au:8081/1959.7/25847.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
This exegesis forms part of a cycle in the author's ongoing journey into the space of one tree, Eucalyptus gummifera. Many previously unchartered zones of experience give rise to experiences which are perceived slowly, with an open mind, in order to communicate an assemblage of experiences, objects and data which have come together to represent a reading of elements of the landscape of the Sydney Basin, one place where Eucalyptus gummifera grows. Each element has a niche within a specific grid of interaction that takes place in this lived environment. The work surveys fields of physical objects and relationships, inspiring new readings and translations of the landscape of one's own discoveries. Here the world acquires perspective and significance which enables fresh understandings and the deeper accquisition of knowledge. Thus the interactions in this sequence of the author's journeys into the space of one tree reveal further elements of the spatial landscape of Eucalyptus gummifera.Master of Arts (Hons)(Contemporary Arts)
48
May, Sarah Anne. "Aspects of the ecology of the cat, fox and dog in the south-east forests of NSW : their potential impact on native species in forests managed for the production of timber". Phd thesis, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/110244.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The principle objective of this study was to examine the potential impact of the Cat,
Fox and dog on native species, in particular those that are prey of these predators, in
native forests that are principally managed for the production of timber in south-east
NSW. This was examined initially by investigating the relative effectiveness of four
techniques for surveying the Cat, Fox and dog, viz:- (i) spotlighting, (ii) scat surveys,
(iii) scent-station surveys; and (iv) hair-tube surveys. The results from the surveys
provided information on: (i) the distribution of the Cat, Fox and dog in relation to
roads, forest edges and remote forest environments; and (ii) the relative abundance of
the Fox and dog in the region. The results from the surveys were also used to
investigate habitat attributes that potentially influence the abundance of the Fox and
dog in the region. The extent that the Cat, Fox and dog used habitat in the vicinity of
roads and habitat away from roads also was investigated using hair-tubes and radiotracking
techniques.
Scat surveys provided information on the diet of the Fox and dog. Results from diet
analyses and spotlight surveys were used to explore whether the Fox and dog were
opportunistic or selective in their choice of prey. The relative risk of prey species to
predation by the Fox and dog also was assessed. Finally, the data collected in this
study provided an opportunity to explore the efficacy of poison-baiting for reducing
the abundance of the Fox and dog in the region during the period of the study.
v
The study region was stratified using environmental domains (Richards et al. 1990) to
place it in a broader environmental context and to identify the environmental variation
within it. To provide a comparative basis for field research, the environmental
domains were grouped into two areas, viz:- the coastal and escarpment area. Within
each of the two areas 15 sites were identified for survey purposes.
Spotlighting, scat collection, scent-stations and hair-tubes were found not to be equally
effective for surveying the Cat, Fox and dog in the region. Spotlighting was found to be
the least effective method for detecting these species. Scat surveys provided
information on the distribution and relative abundance of the Fox and dog, but was
ineffective for detecting the Cat. Hair-tubes detected the Cat and dog, but not the Fox,
despite observations of the Fox close to hair-tubes. With the exception of data
collected from scat surveys, statistical analyses were limited due to small sample
sizes. As a consequence, some of the analyses are descriptive and should be
considered as an exploratory investigation only.
The dog was found to be equally abundant both in the coastal and the escarpment
areas, and significantly more abundant and widespread than the Fox. The Fox was significantly more abundant in the coastal area. The abundance of the Fox and dog
varied significantly between survey periods and there was significant variation in their
abundance within each area.
Following poison-baiting, the abundance of the Fox and dog decreased at sites where
poison-baiting occurred. However, this was not statistically significant.
Hair-tube surveys detected the Cat and dog on roads, in edge habitat (areas within
500 m of a road) and in areas more than 1.5 km from roads (or remote areas). The Fox
was also detected in all three habitat types from scats and by observation. In
addition, radio-tracking found that one Cat preferred habitat more than 500 m from
roads.
The remains of 29 mammal species were found in the scats of the Fox and dog during
the study. Large mammal species (i.e., those with an adult body weight greater than
10 kg), and in particular the Swamp Wallaby, were the most common prey of the dog.
Large mammals formed more than 50% of its diet. Correspondingly, these species
were also found to be most at risk from predation by the dog. Medium-sized marrunal
species (i.e., those with an adult body weight between 0.75-10 kg) formed
approximately one-third of the diet of the dog. The remainder of the diet consisted of
small mammal species (i.e., those with an adult body weight less than 0.75 kg).
Small mammals were the most common prey of the Fox. The Dusky Antechinus,
Brown Antechinus, Bush Rat and Black Rat each formed more than 5% of the diet of
the Fox. These species were also found to be more at risk from predation by the Fox
than large and medium-sized mammals. Approximately one-third of the diet of the
Fox consisted of medium-sized mammals, in particular the Rabbit, closely followed by
the Common Ringtail Possum.
The extent to which the Fox and the dog were opportunistic or selective predators was
not clear from this study. Overall, the most common large and medium-sized species
in the diet<> of the dog and Fox also were relatively more abundant (e.g., the Swamp
Wallaby, brushtail possums and Common Ringtail Possum). This suggested that the
dog and Fox hunted these species in proportion to their abundance (i.e.,
opportunistically). However, this relationship was not always consistent. The abundance of the dog, rainfall, and time since logging were found to be
significantly correlated with the abundance of the Fox in the region. A number of
factors, such as resource partitioning of prey by the dog and Fox, potentially greater
abundances of small mammals in drier forests, and relative ease of foraging by the Fox
in recently logged and perhaps unlogged forests, may have partially explained these results. No habitat attributes were found to explain significantly the abundance of the
dog in the region.
The results from this study clearly indicate that the Cat, Fox and dog are widespread
in the region and the Fox and dog are relatively abundant. The evidence from this
study and other studies suggest that in forest environments most mammal species,
with the exception of bats and some arboreal species, are potential prey for these
predators. This may have consequences for the survival of native species, particularly
Critical Weight Range (CWR) species (i.e., those with an adult body weight between
35-5500 g) and ground-dwelling mammals that are rare and/ or endangered, in these
forests. As small mammals were found to be most at risk from predation by the Fox,
it may be a greater threat to CWR species and species that are rare and/ or
endangered. It is possible that high levels of predation by feral predators can suppress
small populations to the extent that they cannot recover (i.e., predator-pit) and thus
are more prone to extinction from stochastic events. In the absence of knowledge, such
as the range of prey densities over which feral predators exert a regulatory role,
endangered and naturally rare prey species may be able to persist in the presence of
the Cat, Fox and dog provided that: (i) relatively dense understorey vegetation (i.e.,
their habitat) is maintained to provide refugia; and (ii) feral predator populations are
effectively controlled to minimise their potential impact.
49
Kwok, Natalie. "'Owning' a marginal identity : shame and resistance in an Aboriginal community". Phd thesis, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/147079.
Testo completo
50
Hill, Leanne Jodie. "Geochemical and biogeochemical dispersion and residence in landscapes of western New South Wales". Phd thesis, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/148590.
Testo completo