Letteratura scientifica selezionata sul tema "Wa 105 w367 2011"

ObjectiveThis study aimed to examine trends in number of CT scans requested by tertiary emergency department (ED) physicians in Western Australia (WA) from 2003 to 2015 across broad demographic and presentation characteristics, anatomical areas and presented symptoms.DesignAn observational cross-sectional study over study period from 2003 to 2015.SettingLinked administrative health service data at individual level from WA.ParticipantsA total of 1 666 884 tertiary hospital ED presentations of people aged 18 years or older were included in this studyMain outcome measureNumber of CT scans requested by tertiary ED physicians in an ED presentation.MethodsPoisson regression models were used to assess variation and trends in number of CT scans requested by ED physicians across demographic characteristics, clinical presentation characteristics and anatomical areas.ResultsOver the entire study duration, 71 per 1000 ED episodes had a CT requested by tertiary ED physicians. Between 2003 and 2015, the rate of CT scanning almost doubled from 58 to 105 per 1000 ED presentations. After adjusted for all observed characteristics, the rate of CT scans showed a downward trend from 2009 to 2011 and subsequent increase. Males, older individuals, those attending ED as a result of pain, those with neurological symptoms or injury or with higher priority triage code were the most likely to have CT requested by tertiary ED physicians.ConclusionsNoticeable changes in the number of CTs requested by tertiary ED physicians corresponded to the time frame of major health reforms happening within WA and nationally.

Leaf-streak symptoms were observed on rice (Oryza sativa L.) starting at the booting stage through harvest in Zhejiang Province, China, in 2012. Based on Fuyang County, only 15% of the rice fields were estimated to show these symptoms. However, incidence could be 40 to 80% when the rice got infected. Typical symptoms started as green water-soaked streaks from the tip or edge of leaf blades, similar to bacterial leaf blight caused by Xanthomonas oryzae. Infected leaves turned yellow, then eventually became wilted and dry. No bacterial streaming was observed and no bacteria were isolated. Pieces of infected leaf tissue were surface sterilized using 0.1% (v/v) mercuric chloride, rinsed with sterilized water, then placed on water agar (WA). After 2 or 3 days on WA at 28°C, only fungal growth was observed from surface sterilized tissues. Fungi were isolated, purified by single spore separation process, and subcultured to potato dextrose agar (PDA) plates. Growing on PDA, the surface of the colony was circular, fluffy, and shiny velvety-black, whereas the under surface was dark Prussian blue. Conidiophores were single or fascicled, brown to dark brown, rarely branched, multiseptate, and straight or often geniculate near the apex. Conidia were brown, smooth, fusiform, geniculate or hook-shaped, 17.5 to 28.5 × 8.5 to 14.0 μm, and 3-septate, with the third cell from the base larger and darker than the others. Molecular identification was performed by analysis of the rDNA internal transcribed spacer region (ITS1-5.8S-ITS2). The rDNA-ITS region was amplified with primer pair ITS1 and ITS4 (5), sequenced, and deposited in GenBank (Accession No. KC462186). The sequence of rDNA-ITS (KC462186) showed 100% identity with Cochliobolus lunatus R.R. Nelson & Haasis (JN943422) after BLAST. Based on the results of morphological and molecular analyses, the fungus isolated from infected leaves was identified as C. lunatus (anamorph: Curvularia lunata (Wakk.) Boedijn) (3). Pathogenicity tests were conducted three times by spraying a conidial suspension (1 × 105 spores/ml) with 0.1% (v/v) Tween 20 on 12 healthy rice plants at late tillering stage. The same number of the healthy rice plants sprayed with sterilized water with 0.1% (v/v) Tween 20 were used as control. All plants were kept at 30°C and 75 to 85% relative humidity (RH) under a 12-h light/dark rotation. About 5 to 7 days after inoculation, green water-soaked streaks began to appear on inoculated plants. From 7 to 14 days after inoculation, the lesions developed quickly and the leaves began to wilt. After 14 days, inoculated plants showed symptoms similar to those originally observed in the field, while control plants (sprayed with sterilized water) remained healthy. C. lunatus was re-isolated from all inoculated plants, and re-identified by the same methods (morphological and molecular methods) as described above, thereby satisfying Koch's postulates, and confirming C. lunatus as the cause of the disease. C. lunatus is a pathogen of a wide range of plants and is common in paddy environments. It was reported as one of the causal agents of black kernel of rice (4) and rice spikelet rot disease (SRD) (1,2). The level of incidence observed in the affected fields suggest that this disease could potentially cause major losses under favorable weather conditions if susceptible cultivars are grown. To our knowledge, this is the first report of C. lunatus causing leaf blight of rice in China. References: (1) S. W. Huang et al. Crop Prot. 30:1, 2011. (2) S. W. Huang et al. Crop Prot. 30:10, 2011. (3) D. S. Manamgoda et al. Fungal Divers. 51:3. (4) S. H. Ou. Rice diseases [M]. CABI, 1985. (5) T. J. White et al. PCR Protocols: a Guide to Methods and Application. Academic Press, San Diego, CA, 1990.

Tomato pith necrosis was observed on 2.7% of tomatoes grown in rows covered with black polyethylene, various biodegradable plastics, and an experimental spunbond poly(lactic) acid agricultural mulch in high tunnel and open field experimental plots, in western Washington in 2011. Symptoms developed on 3-month-old plants and progressed acropetally until night temperatures dropped to 10°C. Affected plants had chlorotic leaves, produced adventitious roots, and pith tissue was brown and either corrugated or rotted. Similar symptoms were observed again in 2012 on 2.0% of plants, but only in experimental plots with black polyethylene mulch. Diseased stem tissue was homogenized with a mortar and pestle in sterile water and the extract was streaked onto King's medium B (KMB) agar. Colonies were white and smooth initially, and after 5 days had an irregular surface and margin and produced a tan diffuse pigment. One isolate, Pc.Sl.2011, was gram-negative, grew at 37°C on nutrient broth yeast (NBY) agar, did not fluoresce on KMB (3), and was arginine dihydrolase positive. A partial 16S fragment, 1,387 bp, was obtained via PCR with universal 27f and 1492f primers. The resulting sequence exhibited 99% identity to Pseudomonas corrugata Roberts & Scarlett, and has been assigned GenBank Accession KC812729. Pathogenicity of Pc.Sl.2011 was tested in two greenhouse trials with five replications of one tomato plant per treatment. Seeds of ‘Celebrity’ were surface sterilized by soaking in 70% EtOH for 30 s and then 10% NaOCl for 30 s, then rinsed with sterile water and sown into 14 cm diameter pots filled with non-sterile Sunshine Mix #1 (SunGro Horticulture Distribution Inc., Bellevue, WA). Seedlings were inoculated at the four leaf stage using 5 ml NBY broth cultures of Pc.Sl.2011 grown at 28°C for 12 h with agitation. A sterile needle was used to inject 10 μl of either sterile water or a bacterial suspension of 1.0 × 1010 CFU/ml into the axil of the second true leaf. Inoculum concentration was confirmed by NBY dilution plate counts. The plants were incubated in clear polyethylene bags for 4 days and placed in a greenhouse at 21.1 ± 1.2°C with a 14-h photoperiod. The first and second trials were sampled at 8 and 9 weeks after inoculation, respectively. Plants inoculated with sterile water had green pith tissue. However, 60 and 40% of inoculated plants had brown pith tissue around the inoculation site in the first and second trial, respectively, but wilting and adventitious roots were not observed. Stem tissue from the inoculation site of symptomatic plants was homogenized as above, and the extract streaked onto NBY agar plates. Three isolates recovered from inoculated plants from both trials had the same characteristics as the original isolate, including similar colony morphology, ability to grow on NBY at 37°C, and lack of fluorescence on KMB. To our knowledge, this is the first documented report of tomato pith necrosis in Washington. Pith necrosis has been reported previously in high tunnel tomato production (4), where excess nitrogen fertilization occurs with cool evening temperatures (3), and when plastic mulch is utilized (2). In the cool climate of western Washington, successful tomato production requires the use of agricultural mulches and covers that trap heat. Since P. corrugata has been isolated from soil and the tomato seeds of inoculated plants (1), local growers attempting to manage pith necrosis need to select tomato seed lots carefully and avoid applying excess nitrogen, especially when using plastic mulch. References: (1) V. Catara. Mol. Plant Pathol. 8:233, 2007. (2) E. J. Sikora and W. S. Gazaway. Online. ACES.edu ANR-0797, 2009. (3) C. M. Scarlett and J. T. Fletcher. Ann. Appl. Biol. 88:105, 1978. (4) X. Xu et al. Plant Dis. 97:988, 2013.

In 2012 and 2013, foliar symptoms were observed in certified organic, 2- to 4-ha crops of Echinacea angustifolia and E. purpurea in Grant and Klickitat counties, WA. White pustules were predominant on the abaxial leaf surface, increased in number, and coalesced on E. angustifolia, with 100% infection by the end of the season; in contrast, symptoms remained sparse on E. purpurea. Symptomatic leaves of each species were collected in May 2013 in Grant Co. Sori and sporangia were typical of those of white rust on Asteraceae caused by Pustula obtusata (1), originally named Albugo tragopogonis, then P. tragopogonis (4). Hyaline sporangia (n = 50) averaged 21 ± 2 × 20 ± 2 μm (16 to 25 × 16 to 24 μm) with a 2.6 ± 0.8 μm (1.0 to 4.0 μm) thick wall. Honey-colored to dark brown oospores were embedded in the abaxial leaf surface surrounding sori on older leaves. Oospores (n = 50) averaged 75 ± 7 × 63 ± 6 μm (60 to 96 × 52 to 76 μm) and 52 ± 4 × 51 ± 4 μm (44 to 65 × 44 to 60 μm) with (including protruberances) and without the hyaline outer wall, respectively. Sori were excised and shaken in 100 ml cold (4°C), deionized water at 400 rpm for 15 min on a gyrotory shaker. DNA extracted from the resulting spore suspension was subjected to a PCR assay using oomycete specific primers (2) to amplify the cytochrome oxidase subunit II (cox2) region of mtDNA (3). The 511-nt consensus sequence of the PCR product (GenBank Accession No. KF981439) was 98% identical to a cox2 sequence of A. tragopogonis from sunflower (Helianthus annuus) (AY286221.1), and 96% identical to cox2 sequences of P. tragopogonis (GU292167.1 and GU292168.1) (= P. obtusata) (1,2,4). Pathogenicity of the white rust isolate was confirmed by inoculating 49-day-old plants of E. angustifolia and E. purpurea with a spore suspension prepared as described above. One plant/species was placed in each of six clear plastic bags in a growth chamber at 18°C with a 12-h day/12-h night cycle for 48 h. Five replicate sets of one plant/species were each inoculated with 2.2 × 105 spores/ml on the adaxial and abaxial leaf surfaces using an airbrush (8 psi). One plant/species was sprayed with water as a control treatment. The plants were resealed in the bags for 48 h. After 7 days, white pustules were observed on at least one plant species. The plants were placed in plastic bags again overnight, and re-inoculated with 2.9 × 105 spores/ml. In addition, two sunflower plants at the 4-true-leaf stage were incubated in each of two plastic bags overnight, and inoculated with the spore suspension. Two additional sunflower plants were treated with water as control plants. All plants were removed from the bags after 48 h. White rust sori with sporangia developed on all inoculated Echinacea plants within 10 days, but not on control plants of either species, nor inoculated and non-inoculated sunflower plants, verifying that the pathogen was not P. helianthicola (1,2). Since the cox2 sequence was closest to that of a sunflower white rust isolate, the pathogen appears to be closer to P. helianthicola than P. obtusata, and may be a new Pustula species. To our knowledge, this is the first documentation of white rust on E. angustifolia and E. purpurea in North America. The severity of white rust on E. angustifolia highlights the need for effective management practices. References: (1) C. Rost and M. Thines. Mycol. Progress 11:351, 2012. (2) O. Spring et al. Eur. J. Plant Pathol 131:519, 2011. (3) S. Telle and M. Thines. PloS ONE 3(10):e3584, 2008. (4) M. Thines and O. Spring. Mycotaxon 92:443, 2005.

Latar Belakang: Perlu pengembangan modifikasi makanan tambahan dengan komposisi bahan berbasis F100.Tujuan: Mengetahui perbedaan kadar energi, protein dan lemak serta uji daya terima cookies berbasis F100 dengan substitusi tepung labu kuning dan tepung pisang.Metode: Jenis penelitian ini adalah penelitian eksperimen rancangan acak lengkap 1 faktorial. Konsentrasi substitusi tepung labu kuning dan tepung pisang 10%, 20%, 30% dan 0% sebagai kontrol dengan 3 kali ulangan. Kadar energi dengan menggunakan DKBM, kadar protein diuji dengan metode micro Kjeldahl dan kadar lemak dengan metode soxlet. Uji daya terima pada 25 panelis agak terlatih dan 20 balita usia 2-5 tahun. Perbedaan kadar protein dan lemak diuji dengan ANOVA dan uji lanjut LSD, Tukey HSD. Uji daya terima panelis agak terlatih diuji dengan Friedman. Perbedaan kadar energi dan uji daya terima pada balita dianalisis secara deskriptif.. Hasil: Kadar energi paling tinggi pada cookies dengan subtitusi tepung labu kuning konsentrasi 10% (100,73 kkal/100 gram) dan tepung pisang konsentrasi 10% (101,23/100 gram). Ada perbedaan kadar protein dan lemak cookies dengan substitusi tepung labu kuning (p=0,000) dan substitusi tepung pisang (p=0,000). Ada perbedaan daya terima panelis terhadap rasa (p=0,046), warna (p=0,000), tekstur (p=0,007) dan tidak ada perbedaan aroma (p=0,126) cookies substitusi tepung labu kuning. Tidak perbedaan terhadap rasa (p=0,984), warna (p=0,352), tekstur (p=0,758), aroma (p=0,680) cookies substitusi tepung pisang. Lebih dari 50% balita menghabiskan cookies substitusi tepung labu kuning konsentrasi 10%, 20% dan tepung pisang konsentrasi 30%.Kesimpulan: Konsentrasi substitusi tepung labu kuning 10%, 20% dan substitusi tepung pisang 30% dapat direkomendasikan sebagai alternatif makanan tambahan.1. Nency Y, Arifin MT. Gizi Buruk, ancaman generasi yang hilang. Inovasi, 2005;5(XVII):1-4.2. Kemenkes RI.Riset Kesehatan Dasar 2013. Jakarta: Kemenkes RI; 2013.3. Dinas Kesehatan Kota Semarang. Laporan Program Penanganan Komprehensif Gizi Buruk di Kota Semarang Tahun 2015. Semarang: Dinas Kesehatan Kota Semarang ;2015.4. Departemen Kesehatan RI. Pedoman pelayanan gizi buruk. Jakarta: Departemen Kesehatan RI; 2011. 5. Departemen Kesehatan RI. Pedoman penatalaksanaan gizi buruk secara rawat jalan untuk Puskesmas. Jakarta: Departemen Kesehatan RI: 2003. 6. Dinas Kesehatan Kota Semarang. Laporan Program Penanganan Komprehensif Gizi Buruk di Kota Semarang. Semarang: Dinas Kesehatan Kota Semarang; 2016.7. Jannah EW, Sulaeman A, Fitria M, Gumilar M, Salsabila ST. Cookies tepung ubi jalar oranye, tepung kedelai, dan puree pisang sebagai pmt balita gizi kurang. Jurnal Riset Kesehatan, 2019;11(1):105–12. 8. Faridah A, Pada KS, Yulastri A, Yusuf L. PatiseriJilid 1. Jakarta: Direktorat Pembinaan Sekolah Menengah Kejuruan; 2008.p 496–515.9. Sutomo BD. Sukses Wirausaha Kue Kering. Cetakan V. Jakarta: Kriya Pustaka; 2012. p.18. 10. Hendrasty, Krissetiana H. Tepung Labu Kuning Pembuatan dan Pemanfaatannya. Yogyakarta: Kanisius; 2003. p. 9. 11. Azhariati R. Pengaruh metode pengeringan terhadap kerusakan betakaroten mi ubi kayu yang diperkaya tepung labu kuning. Agritech. 2008;22(4):153–7. 12. Masli R. Studi pembuatan tepung pisang kepok (musa paradisiaca forma typical) sebagai bahan substitusi pembuatan roti tawar (kajian tingkat kematangan pisang kepok dan suhu pengeringan). Departemen Agroindustri Universitas Muhammadiyah Malang. Skripsi. 2010; 13. Karlin R, Rahayuni A. Potensi Yogurt Tanpa Lemak Dengan Penambahan Tepung Pisang Dan Tepung Gembili Sebagai Alternatif Menurunkan Kolesterol. Journal of Nutrition College. 2014;3(2):293–302. 14. Soekarto ST. Penelitian Organoleptik untuk Industri Pangan dan Hasil Pertanian. Jakarta: Bhatara Karya Aksara; 1985. p. 1–121.15. Persatuan Ahli Gizi Indonesia. Daftar Komposisi Bahan Makanan. Jakarta. Persatuan Ahli GiziIndonesia; 2005. 16. Persatuan Ahli Gizi Indonesia. Tabel Komposisi Pangan Indonesia. Jakarta: Elex Media Komputindo; 2009. 17. Riganakos KA, Kontominas MG. Effect of heat treatment on moisture sorption behavior of wheat flours using a hygrometric tehnique. Developments in Food Science. 1995;37:995–1005. 18. See EF, Wan Nadiah WA, Noor Aziah AA. Physico-chemical and sensory evaluation of breads supplemented with pumpkin flour. ASEAN Food Journal. 2007;14(2):123–30. 19. Asmaraningtyas D. Kekerasan, warna dan daya terima biskuit yang disubstitusi tepung labu kuning. Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta. Skripsi. 2014.20. Winarno F. Kimia Pangan dan Gizi. Jakarta: Gramedia Pustaka Utama; 2004. p 41–43.21. Utomo LIVA, Nurali E, Ludong M. Pengaruh Penambahan maizena pada Pembuatan Biskuit Gluten Free casein Berbahan Baku Tepung Pisang Goroho (Musa Acuminate). Cocos, 2017;1(2).22. Subandoro RH, Basito, Atmaka W. Pemanfaatan tepung millet kuning dan tepung ubi jalar kuning sebagai subtitusitepung terigu dalam pembuatan cookies terhadap karakteristik organoleptik dan fisikokimia. Jurnal Teknosains Pangan. 2013;2(4):68–74. 23. Yasinta UNA, Dwiloka B. Nurwantoro N. Pengaruh subtitusi tepung terigu dengan tepung pisang terhadap sifat fisikokima dan organoleptik cookies. Jurnal Aplikasi Teknologi Pangan. 2017;6(3):119–21. 24. Sitohang KAK, Lubis Z, Lubis LM. Pengaruh perbandingan jumlah tepung terigu dan tepung sukun dengan jenis penstabil terhadap mutu cookies sukun. Jurnal Rekayasa Pangan dan Pertanian. 2015;3(3):308–15. 25. Lolodatu ES. Purwijatingngsih LME, Pranata F. Kualitas non flaky crackers coklat dengan variasi substitusi tepung pisang kepok kuning (musa paradisiaca forma typica). Jurnal Teknobiologi. Jurnal Teknobiologi. 2015;1–14. 26. Setyadi DA, Cahyadi W, Surahman DN. Pengaruh jenis Tepung pisang (Musa paradisiaca) dan waktu pemanggangan terhadap karakteristik banana flakes. Universitas Pasundan. Skripsi. 2017.27. Mennella JA, Bobowski NK. The sweetness and bitterness of childhood: Insights from basic research on taste preferences. Physiol Behav. 2015;152:502–7. 28. Widya FC, Anjani G. Syauqy A. Analisis kadar protein, asam amino, dan daya terima pemberian makanan tambahan (PMT) pemulihan berbasis labu kuning (cucurbita moshata) untuk batita gizi kurang. Journal of Nutrition College, 2019;8(4):207–18. 29. Boulanger AM, Vernet M. Introduction of new food textures during complementary feeding: observations in France. Arch Pediatr. 2018;25(1):6–12.

This study aims to determine the suitability of the application of the istishna’ buying and selling system on Public Housing Credit through developers in Griya Wahid Asri Batang with Fatwa DSN MUI NO: 06 / DSN-MUI / IV / 2000 concerning buying and selling istishna'. This research uses a qualitative approach. The data collection technique uses observation and interviews. The data analysis used in this study used qualitative descriptive methods. The research findings focus on the financing of home ownership supported by developers using an istishna' contract, in accordance with the rules provided in the DSN MUI Fatwa NO: 06/DSN-MUI/IV/2000. The primary objective of this study is to analyze the implementation of the contract in Developer Griya Wahid Asri Batang, with a particular emphasis on the examination of different provisions outlined in the aforementioned fatwa. These regulations address several issues pertaining to payment, commodities, and default. The application of the istishna' procurement and trade mechanism is consistent with the DSN MUI Fatwa NO: 06/DSN-MUI/IV/2000, which applies to the practice of istishna' buying and selling. REFERENSI A’yun, Q. Q. (2021). Implementasi Fatwa Nomor 06/DSN-MUI/IV/2000 Tentang Jual Beli Istis {na>’Terhadap Pembiayaan Kepemilikan Rumah Syariah Di PT. Sabab Podho Moro Desa Sumberejo Kecamatan Geger Kabupaten Madiun. IAIN Ponorogo. Amri, M. A. (2019). Faktor-Faktor yang Mempengaruhi Keputusan Nasabah Bank OCBC NISP Medan Dalam Pemilihan KPR Konvensional dan Syariah. Universitas Islam Negeri Sumatera Utara. Antoni, A. (2019). ANALISIS PEMBIAYAAN PERUMAHAN SYARIAH NON BANK DI KOTA PALEMBANG. UIN Raden Fatah Palembang. Ariesto, H. S., & Arief, A. (2010). Terampil Mengolah data kualitatif dengan NVIVO. Jakarta: Prenada Media Group. Asiyah, B. (2015). Nur. Manajemen Pembiayaan Bank Syariah. Depok Sleman Yogyakarta: Penerbit Kalimedia. Az-Zuhaili, W. (2007). Fiqh al-islam wa adillatuhu, jilid V, Cet. X, Damaskus, Dar al-fikr. Bimantara, D., & Asari, A. (2022). Akad Analisis Akad Istishna Perspektif Fikih Muamalah dan Hukum Perdata. Mabsya: Jurnal Manajemen Bisnis Syariah, 4(2), 143–155. Chrisna, H., Karin, A., & Hasibuan, H. A. (2020). Analisis Sistem Dan Prosedur Kredit Kepemilikan Rumah (KPR) Dengan Akad Pembiayaan Murabahah Pada PT. BANK BRI Syariah Cabang Medan. Jurnal Akuntansi Bisnis dan Publik, 11(1), 156–166. Dewi, A. N. R., & Suryaningsih, S. A. (2020). PEMBIAYAAN KREDIT PEMILIKAN RUMAH SYARIAH NON-BANK DI TAHFIDZ RESIDENCE. Jurnal Ekonomika dan Bisnis Islam, 3(3), 221–233. Dr, P. (2008). Sugiyono, Metode Penelitian Kuantitatif Kualitatif dan R&D. CV. Alfabeta, Bandung, 25. Firmansyah, E. A., & Indika, D. R. (2017). Kredit pemilikan rumah syariah tanpa bank: studi di Jawa Barat. Jurnal Manajemen Teori dan Terapan, 10(3), 223–230. Haisyi, N. (2019). Analisis Terhadap Dalil Hukum dalam Fatwa Dewan Syariah Nasional Majelis Ulama Indonesia Nomor 6 Tahun 2000 Tentang Istishna. At-Taradhi: Jurnal Studi Ekonomi, XI, 1, 25–36. Hardani, S. (2019). Pengembangan Sistem Informasi KPR Syariah dengan Metode Scrum. JITK (Jurnal Ilmu Pengetahuan Dan Teknologi Komputer), 4(2), 223–230. Heykal, M. (2014). Analisis Tingkat Pemahaman KPR Syariah pada Bank Syariah di Indonesia: Studi Pendahuluan. Binus Business Review, 5(2), 519–526. Hidayah, M. R., Nawawi, K., & Arif, S. (2018). Analisis Implementasi Akad Istishna Pembiayaan Rumah (Studi Kasus Developer Property Syariah Bogor). Jurnal Ekonomi Islam, 9(1), 1–12. Iswandi, I. (2022). IMPLEMENTASI AKAD ISTISHNA’PADA JUAL BELI RUMAH PERSPEKTIF FATWA MUI NO. 06/DSN-MUI/IV/2000: Studi Kasus di PT. Azzura Griya Utama Bekasi. Jurnal Penelitian Multidisiplin Ilmu, 1(4), 723–732. Moleong, L. J. (2014). Metode penelitian kualitatif edisi revisi. Bandung: PT Remaja Rosdakarya. Musbarina, M. (2021). Minat Nasabah Terhadap Kredit Pemilik Rumah di Bank Tabungan Negara Kantor Cabang Pembantu Syariah Parepare. IAIN Parepare. Paramansyah, A., Abdillah, I., & Damayanthi, D. (2021). Implementasi akad ba’i istishna dan ba’i taqsith pada pembiayaan kepemilikan rumah (non bank) di perumahan islami Indonesia. Al-Kharaj: Jurnal Ekonomi, Keuangan & Bisnis Syariah, 3(1), 72–87. Rhosyidy, M. D. (2019). “Implementasi Akad Istishna’Dalam Kredit Pemilikan Rumah (Kpr) Syariah (Studi Kasus Pada Amany Residence Jember). Al-tsaman: Jurnal Ekonomi dan Keuangan Islam, 1(1), 40–60. Rifai, M. (2021). Konsep perbankan syariah. Rivai, V., & Arifin, A. (2010). Islamic banking: sebuah teori, konsep, dan aplikasi. PT Bumi Aksar. Sari, E. D. (2017). Tinjauan Ekonomi Islam Terhadap Kredit Pemilikan Rumah Syariah di PT. Hiba Mitra Devinda Kota Bengkulu. IAIN Bengkulu. Satria, M. R., & Setiani, T. (2018). Analisis Perbandingan Pemberian Kredit Pemilikan Rumah (KPR) Pada Bank Konvensional Dengan Pembiayaan Murabahah (KPR) Pada Bank Syariah (Studi Kasus Pada Bank BJB Dengan Bank BJB Syariah). Amwaluna: jurnal Ekonomi dan Keuangan syariah, 2(1), 105–118. Setiawan, A. (2016). Pemilihan Pembiayaan KPR (Kredit Pemilikan Rumah) dengan Akad Murabahah (Studi Kasus di Bank Muamalat Tbk Cabang Pembantu Samarinda Seberang). Al-Tijary, 17–24. Sundari, S., & Zuana, M. M. M. (2018). Analisis Implementsi Akad Istishna’Pembiayaan Rumah. Indonesian Interdisciplinary Journal of Sharia Economics (IIJSE), 1(1), 49–59. Syah, J. R., & Harun, M. H. (2019). Jual Beli Istishna’Dalam Bisnis Kredit Pemilikan Rumah Syariah Griya Safa Perspektif Fatwa Dewan Syariah Nasional. Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta. Ubaidillah, M., Masnidar, M., & Muhammad, F. (2022). JUAL BELI ISTISHNA PERSPEKTIF FATWA DEWAN SYARIAH NASIONAL MAJELIS ULAMA INDONESIA (STUDI PT. HUQY PROPERTI SYARIAH). UIN Sulthan Thaha Saifuddin Jambi. Wardhana, A., Kharisma, B., & Noven, S. A. (2020). Dinamika Penduduk Dan Pertumbuhan Ekonomi Di Indonesia. Buletin Studi Ekonomi. Vol, 25(1). Wiroso, W. (2011). Produk Perbankan Syariah. LPFE Usakti. Risgiyanti, R., & Hidayah, R. (2020). The role of workplace spirituality in reducing the negative impact of organizational cynicism on job performance. Jurnal Aplikasi Manajemen, 18(4), 692-703. Riswan, R., & Suyono, E. (2016). Corporate diversification: Destroying or increasing firm value? Empirical evidence from Indonesia. Corporate Ownership & Control. 14 (4). Usamah, U. (2022). THE MODERATION ROLE OF GENDER ON THE FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE OF BAITUT TAMWIL MUHAMMADIYAH IN INDONESIA. Jurnal Ekonomi & Bisnis Islam, 8(1). Rosanti, C. (2020). Faktor-Faktor yang Mempengaruhi Inovasi Produk Koperasi Jasa Keuangan Syariah Pada KJKS BTM Se Jawa Tengah. Jurnal Ilmiah Ekonomi Islam, 6(1), 8-13. Susanti, L., & Triatmaja, M. F. (2023). Pengaruh Religiusitas Dan Green Consciousness Terhadap Keputusan Pembelian Sabun Cuci Green Wash. Media Ekonomi, 23(1), 1-12.

STEAM-based learning is a global issue in early-childhood education practice. STEAM content becomes an integrative thematic approach as the main pillar of learning in kindergarten. This study aims to develop a conceptual and practical approach in the implementation of children's education by applying a modification from STEAM Learning to R-SLAMET. The research used a qualitative case study method with data collection through focus group discussions (FGD), involving early-childhood educator's research participants (n = 35), interviews, observation, document analysis such as videos, photos and portfolios. The study found several ideal categories through the use of narrative data analysis techniques. The findings show that educators gain an understanding of the change in learning orientation from competency indicators to play-based learning. Developing thematic play activities into continuum playing scenarios. STEAM learning content modification (Science, Technology, Engineering, Art and Math) to R-SLAMETS content (Religion, Science, Literacy, Art, Math, Engineering, Technology and Social study) in daily class activity. Children activities with R-SLAMETS content can be developed based on an integrative learning flow that empowers loose part media with local materials learning resources. Keyword: STEAM to R-SLAMETS, Early Childhood Education, Integrative Thematic Learning References Ali, E., Kaitlyn M, C., Hussain, A., & Akhtar, Z. (2018). the Effects of Play-Based Learning on Early Childhood Education and Development. Journal of Evolution of Medical and Dental Sciences, 7(43), 4682–4685. https://doi.org/10.14260/jemds/2018/1044 Ata Aktürk, A., & Demircan, O. (2017). A Review of Studies on STEM and STEAM Education in Early Childhood. Journal of Kırşehir Education Faculty, 18(2), 757–776. Azizah, W. A., Sarwi, S., & Ellianawati, E. (2020). Implementation of Project -Based Learning Model (PjBL) Using STREAM-Based Approach in Elementary Schools. Journal of Primary Education, 9(3), 238–247. https://doi.org/10.15294/jpe.v9i3.39950 Badmus, O. (2018). Evolution of STEM, STEAM and STREAM Education in Africa: The Implication of the Knowledge Gap. In Contemporary Issues in Science, Technology, Engineering, Arts and Mathematics Teacher Education in Nigeria. Björklund, C., & Ahlskog-Björkman, E. (2017). Approaches to teaching in thematic work: early childhood teachers’ integration of mathematics and art. International Journal of Early Years Education, 25(2), 98–111. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669760.2017.1287061 Broadhead, P. (2003). Early Years Play and Learning. In Early Years Play and Learning. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203465257 Canning, N. (2010). The influence of the outdoor environment: Den-making in three different contexts. European Early Childhood Education Research Journal, 18(4), 555–566. https://doi.org/10.1080/1350293X.2010.525961 Clapp, E. P., Solis, S. L., Ho, C. K. N., & Sachdeva, A. R. (2019). Complicating STEAM: A Critical Look at the Arts in the STEAM Agenda. Encyclopedia of Educational Innovation, 1–4. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-2262-4_54-1 Colucci, L., Burnard, P., Cooke, C., Davies, R., Gray, D., & Trowsdale, J. (2017). Reviewing the potential and challenges of developing STEAM education through creative pedagogies for 21st learning: how can school curricula be broadened towards a more responsive, dynamic, and inclusive form of education? BERA Research Commission, August, 1–105. https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.22452.76161 Conradty, C., & Bogner, F. X. (2018). From STEM to STEAM: How to Monitor Creativity. Creativity Research Journal, 30(3), 233–240. https://doi.org/10.1080/10400419.2018.1488195 Conradty, C., & Bogner, F. X. (2019). From STEM to STEAM: Cracking the Code? How Creativity & Motivation Interacts with Inquiry-based Learning. Creativity Research Journal, 31(3), 284–295. https://doi.org/10.1080/10400419.2019.1641678 Cook, K. L., & Bush, S. B. (2018). Design thinking in integrated STEAM learning: Surveying the landscape and exploring exemplars in elementary grades. School Science and Mathematics, 118(3–4), 93–103. https://doi.org/10.1111/ssm.12268 Costantino, T. (2018). STEAM by another name: Transdisciplinary practice in art and design education. Arts Education Policy Review, 119(2), 100–106. https://doi.org/10.1080/10632913.2017.1292973 Danniels, E., & Pyle, A. (2018). Defining Play-based Learning. In Encyclopedia on Early Childhood Development (Play-Based, Issue February, pp. 1–5). OISE University of Toronto. DeJarnette, N. K. (2018). Implementing STEAM in the Early Childhood Classroom. European Journal of STEM Education, 3(3), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.20897/ejsteme/3878 Dell’Erba, M. (2019). Policy Considerations for STEAM Education. Policy Brief, 1–10. Doyle, K. (2019). The languages and literacies of the STEAM content areas. Literacy Learning: The Middle Years, 27(1), 38–50. http://proxy.libraries.smu.edu/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=eue&AN=133954204&site=ehost-live&scope=site Edwards, S. (2017). Play-based learning and intentional teaching: Forever different? Australasian Journal of Early Childhood, 42(2), 4–11. https://doi.org/10.23965/ajec.42.2.01 Faas, S., Wu, S.-C., & Geiger, S. (2017). The Importance of Play in Early Childhood Education: A Critical Perspective on Current Policies and Practices in Germany and Hong Kong. Global Education Review, 4(2), 75–91. Fesseha, E., & Pyle, A. (2016). Conceptualising play-based learning from kindergarten teachers’ perspectives. International Journal of Early Years Education, 24(3), 361–377. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669760.2016.1174105 Finch, C. R., Frantz, N. R., Mooney, M., & Aneke, N. O. (1997). Designing the Thematic Curriculum: An All Aspects Approach MDS-956. 97. Gess, A. H. (2019). STEAM Education. STEAM Education, November, 2011–2014. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-04003-1 Gronlund, G. (n.d.). “ Addressing Standards through Play-Based Learning in Preschool and Kindergarten .” Gronlund, G. (2015). Planning for Play-Based Curriculum Based on Individualized Goals to Help Each Child Thrive in Preschool and Kindergarten Gaye Gronlund. Gull, C., Bogunovich, J., Goldstein, S. L., & Rosengarten, T. (2019). Definitions of Loose Parts in Early Childhood Outdoor Classrooms: A Scoping Review. The International Journal of Early Childhood Education, 6(3), 37–52. Hapidin, Pujianti, Y., Hartati, S., Nurani, Y., & Dhieni, N. (2020). The continuous professional development for early childhood teachers through lesson study in implementing play based curriculum (case study in Jakarta, Indonesia). International Journal of Innovation, Creativity and Change, 12(10), 17–25. Hennessey, P. (2016). Full – Day Kindergarten Play-Based Learning : Promoting a Common Understanding. Education and Early Childhood Development, April, 1–76. gov.nl.ca/edu Henriksen, D. (2017). Creating STEAM with Design Thinking: Beyond STEM and Arts Integration. Steam, 3(1), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.5642/steam.20170301.11 Inglese, P., Barbera, G., La Mantia, T., On, P., Presentation, T., Reid, R., Vasa, S. F., Maag, J. W., Wright, G., Irsyadi, F. Y. Al, Nugroho, Y. S., Cutter-Mackenzie, A., Edwards, S., Moore, D., Boyd, W., Miller, E., Almon, J., Cramer, S. C., Wilkes-Gillan, S., … Halperin, J. M. (2014). Young Children’s Play and Environmental Education in Early Childhood Education. PLoS ONE, 2(3), 9–25. https://doi.org/10.1586/ern.12.106 Jacman, H. (2012). Early Education Curriculum. Pedagogical Development Unit, FEBRUARY 2011, 163. https://www.eursc.eu/Syllabuses/2011-01-D-15-en-4.pdf Jay, J. A., & Knaus, M. (2018). Embedding play-based learning into junior primary (Year 1 and 2) Curriculum in WA. Australian Journal of Teacher Education, 43(1), 112–126. https://doi.org/10.14221/ajte.2018v43n1.7 Kennedy, A., & Barblett, L. (2010). Supporting the Early Years Learning Framework. Research in Practise Series, 17(3), 1–12. Keung, C. P. C., & Cheung, A. C. K. (2019). Towards Holistic Supporting of Play-Based Learning Implementation in Kindergartens: A Mixed Method Study. Early Childhood Education Journal, 47(5), 627–640. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10643-019-00956-2 Keung, C. P. C., & Fung, C. K. H. (2020). Exploring kindergarten teachers’ pedagogical content knowledge in the development of play-based learning. Journal of Education for Teaching, 46(2), 244–247. https://doi.org/10.1080/02607476.2020.1724656 Krogh, S., & Morehouse, P. (2014). The Early Childhood Curriculum : Inquiry Learning Through Integration. Liao, C. (2016). From Interdisciplinary to Transdisciplinary: An Arts-Integrated Approach to STEAM Education. Art Education, 69(6), 44–49. https://doi.org/10.1080/00043125.2016.1224873 Lillard, A. S., Lerner, M. D., Hopkins, E. J., Dore, R. A., Smith, E. D., & Palmquist, C. M. (2013). The impact of pretend play on children’s development: A review of the evidence. Psychological Bulletin, 139(1), 1–34. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0029321 Maxwell, L. E., Mitchell, M. R., & Evans, G. W. (2008). Effects of Play Equipment and Loose Parts on Preschool Children’s Outdoor Play Behavior: An Observational Study and Design Intervention. Children, Youth and Environments, 18(2), 37–63. McLaughlin, T., & Cherrington, S. (2018). Creating a rich curriculum through intentional teaching. Early Childhood Folio, 22(1), 33. https://doi.org/10.18296/ecf.0050 Mengmeng, Z., Xiantong, Y., & Xinghua, W. (2019). Construction of STEAM Curriculum Model and Case Design in Kindergarten. American Journal of Educational Research, 7(7), 485–490. https://doi.org/10.12691/education-7-7-8 Milara, I. S., Pitkänen, K., Laru, J., Iwata, M., Orduña, M. C., & Riekki, J. (2020). STEAM in Oulu: Scaffolding the development of a Community of Practice for local educators around STEAM and digital fabrication. International Journal of Child-Computer Interaction, 26, 100197. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcci.2020.100197 Moomaw, S. (2012). STEM Begins in the Early Years. School Science and Mathematics, 112(2), 57–58. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1949-8594.2011.00119.x Peng, Q. (2017). Study on Three Positions Framing Kindergarten Play-Based Curriculum in China: Through Analyses of the Attitudes of Teachers to Early Linguistic Education. Studies in English Language Teaching, 5(3), 543. https://doi.org/10.22158/selt.v5n3p543 Pyle, A., & Bigelow, A. (2015). Play in Kindergarten: An Interview and Observational Study in Three Canadian Classrooms. Early Childhood Education Journal, 43(5), 385–393. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10643-014-0666-1 Pyle, A., & Danniels, E. (2017). A Continuum of Play-Based Learning: The Role of the Teacher in Play-Based Pedagogy and the Fear of Hijacking Play. Early Education and Development, 28(3), 274–289. https://doi.org/10.1080/10409289.2016.1220771 Quigley, C. F., Herro, D., & Jamil, F. M. (2017). Developing a Conceptual Model of STEAM Teaching Practices. School Science and Mathematics, 117(1–2), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1111/ssm.12201 Ridgers, N. D., Knowles, Z. R., & Sayers, J. (2012). Encouraging play in the natural environment: A child-focused case study of Forest School. Children’s Geographies, 10(1), 49–65. https://doi.org/10.1080/14733285.2011.638176 Ridwan, A., Rahmawati, Y., & Hadinugrahaningsih, T. (2017). Steam Integration in Chemistry Learning for Developing 21st Century Skills. MIER Journail of Educational Studies, Trends & Practices, 7(2), 184–194. Rolling, J. H. (2016). Reinventing the STEAM Engine for Art + Design Education. Art Education, 69(4), 4–7. https://doi.org/10.1080/00043125.2016.1176848 Sancar-Tokmak, H. (2015). The effect of curriculum-generated play instruction on the mathematics teaching efficacies of early childhood education pre-service teachers. European Early Childhood Education Research Journal, 23(1), 5–20. https://doi.org/10.1080/1350293X.2013.788315 Sawangmek, S. (2019). Trends and Issues on STEM and STEAM Education in Early Childhood. Képzés És Gyakorlat, 17(2019/3-4), 97–106. https://doi.org/10.17165/tp.2019.3-4.8 Science, A. I. (n.d.). STEM Project-Based Learning. Spencer, R., Joshi, N., Branje, K., Lee McIsaac, J., Cawley, J., Rehman, L., FL Kirk, S., & Stone, M. (2019). Educator perceptions on the benefits and challenges of loose parts play in the outdoor environments of childcare centres. AIMS Public Health, 6(4), 461–476. https://doi.org/10.3934/publichealth.2019.4.461 Taylor, J., Bond, E., & Woods, M. (2018). A Multidisciplinary and Holistic Introduction. Varun A. (2014). Thematic Approach for Effective Communication in Early Childhood Education Thematic Approach for effective communication in ECCE. International Journal of Education and Psychological Research (IJEPR), 3(3), 49–51. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/289868193 Wang, X., Xu, W., & Guo, L. (2018). The status quo and ways of STEAM education promoting China’s future social sustainable development. Sustainability (Switzerland), 10(12). https://doi.org/10.3390/su10124417 Whitebread, D. D. (2012). The Importance of Play. Toy Industries of Europe, April, 1–55. https://doi.org/10.5455/msm.2015.27.438-441 Wong, S. M., Wang, Z., & Cheng, D. (2011). A play-based curriculum: Hong Kong children’s perception of play and non-play. International Journal of Learning, 17(10), 165–180. https://doi.org/10.18848/1447-9494/cgp/v17i10/47298 Zosh, J. M., Hopkins, E. J., Jensen, H., Liu, C., Neale, D., Hirsh-Pasek, K., Whitebread, Solis, S. L., & David. (2017). Learning through play : a review of the evidence (Issue November). The LEGO Foundation.

BackgroundThe experience of art offers an emerging field in healthcare staff development, much of which is appropriate to the practice of palliative care. The workings of aesthetic learning interventions such as interactive theatre in relation to palliative and end of-life care staff development programmes are widely uncharted.AimTo investigate the use of aesthetic learning interventions used in palliative and end-of-life care staff development programmes.DesignScoping review.Data sourcesPublished literature from 1997 to 2015, MEDLINE, CINAHL and Applied Social Sciences Index and Abstracts, key journals and citation tracking.ResultsThe review included 138 studies containing 60 types of art. Studies explored palliative care scenarios from a safe distance. Learning from art as experience involved the amalgamation of action, emotion and meaning. Art forms were used to transport healthcare professionals into an aesthetic learning experience that could be reflected in the lived experience of healthcare practice. The proposed learning included the development of practical and technical skills; empathy and compassion; awareness of self; awareness of others and the wider narrative of illness; and personal development.ConclusionAesthetic learning interventions might be helpful in the delivery of palliative care staff development programmes by offering another dimension to the learning experience. As researchers continue to find solutions to understanding the efficacy of such interventions, we argue that evaluating the contextual factors, including the interplay between the experience of the programme and its impact on the healthcare professional, will help identify how the programmes work and thus how they can contribute to improvements in palliative care.References. Economist Intelligence Unit. 2015Quality of Death Index Ranking palliative care across the world. https://www.eiuperspectives.economist.com/healthcare/2015-quality-death-index, (2013 accessed 09/01/2017). World Health Organisation.WHO Definition of Palliative Care. Geneva: WHO. 2009.. Department of Health.Equity and excellence: Liberating the NHS. London: The Stationery Office Ltd. 2010.. Neuberger J.More care, less pathway: a review of the Liverpool care pathwayhttps://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/212450/Liverpool_Care_Pathway.pdf,(2013, accessed 09/12/2015). The National Council for Palliative Care. Commissioning Guidance for Specialist Palliative Care: Helping to deliver commissioning objectives.http://www.ncpc.org.uk/sites/default/files/CommissioningGuidanceforSpecialistPalliativeCare.pdf, (2012, accessed 15/12/2015). Leadership Alliance for the Care of Dying People.One Chance to get it Right.https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/323188/One_chance_to_get_it_right.pdf, (2014accessed 15/12/2015). Cavaye J and Watts J. An Integrated Literature Review of Death Education in Pre-Registration Nursing Curricula: Key Themes, International Journal of Palliative Care, 2014, Article ID 564619, 19 pages. Gibbins J, McCoubrie R. Forbes K. Why are newly qualified doctors unprepared to care for patients at the end of life?Medical Education2011; 45(4): 389–399.. Gillan PC, van der Riet PJ and Jeong S. End of life care education, past and present: A review of the literature.Nurse Education Today2014; 34(3): 331–342.. Holms N, Milligan S and Kydd A. ‘A study of the lived experiences of registered nurses who have provided end-of-life care within an intensive care unit’,International Journal Of Palliative Nursing2014; 20(11): 549-556.. Levack P. Palliation and the caring hospital – filling the gap.Journal of the Royal College of Physicians Edinburgh2014; 44: 98–102.. Parliamentary and Health Service Ombudsman.Dying without dignity.http://www.ombudsman.org.uk/reports-and-consultations/reports/health/dying-without-dignity#_ftn1, (2015, accessed 15/12/2015).. NHS England.Actions for End of Life Care: 2014-16. https://www.england.nhs.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/actions-eolc.pdf, (2014, accessed 15/12/2015).. Thun MJ, DeLancey JO, Centre MM, Jemal A, and Ward E M. The global burden of cancer: priorities for prevention.Carcinogenesis2010;31(1), 100–110.. Crawford P, Brown B, Baker, C, Tishler, V and Abrams B.Health Humanities. London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2015.. Tolstoy N. 1897.What is Art? [Qu est-ce que l' art?]. Paris: Gallimard, 1971.. Chinn PL, Maeve MK, and Bostick C. Aesthetic inquiry and the art of nursing.Scholarly Inquiry for Nursing Practice1997; 11: 83–96.. Goldenberg G. Sarah Sheets Cook: the invisible nurse.The Academic Nurse1999; 16(1): 26–28.. Buckley J. Massage and aromatherapy massage: nursing art and science.International Journal of Palliative Nursing2002; 8: 276–280.. Gramling KL. Ice chips and hope: the coach’s story of caring art.International Journal for Human Caring2004; 8(2): 62–64.. Gramling KL. Sarah’s story of nursing artistry: they do it with joy.Journal of Holistic Nursing2006; 24: 140–142.. Ryan J. Aesthetic physical caring: valuing the visible.Nursing in Critical Care2004; 9: 181–187.. Mendes IAC. Cultivating the art of service.Revista Latino Americana de Enfermagem2005; 13(2): 135.. Wyngaarden JB and Smith LH.Cecil textbook of medicine.Philadelphia: WB Saunders, 1985.. Saunders, J. The practice of clinical medicine as an art and as a science.Med Humanities2000; 26:18-22.. Egnew, T. The Art of Medicine: Seven Skills That Promote Mastery.FamilyPractice Management.2014; 21(4): 25-30.. Funch BS. The psychology of art appreciation. Copenhagen: Museum Tusculanum Press, 1997.Perry M, Maffulli N, Willson S and Morrissey D. The effectiveness of arts-based interventions in medical education: a literature review. Medical Education2011; 45(2): 141-148.. Wilson C, Bungay H, Munn-Giddings, C and Boyce M. Healthcare professionals’ perceptions of the value and impact of the arts in healthcare settings: A critical review of the literature.International Journal of Nursing Studies2016; 56: 90-101.. Ousager J and Johannessen H. Humanities in undergraduate Medical Education: A Literature Review. Academic Medicine2010; 85(6): 988-98.. Fairbrother G, Cashin A, Mekki TE, Graham I and McCormack B. Is it possible to bring the emancipatory practice development and evidence-based practice agendas together in nursing and midwifery?FoNS 2015 International Practice Development Journal2015; 5(1) [4].. Levac D, Colquhoun H and O’Brien KK. Scoping studies: advancing the methodology. Implementation Science2010; 5: 1–9.. Arksey H and O’Malley L. Scoping studies: towards a methodological framework.International Journal of Social Research Methodology: Theory & Practice2005; 8: 19-32.. Rumrill P, Fitzgerald S and Merchant W. Using scoping literature reviews as a means of understanding and interpreting existing literature.Work2010; 35: 399-404.. Grant M and Booth A: A typology of reviews: an analysis of 14 review types and associated methodologies.Health Info Libr J2009, 26: 91-108.. Brien S, Lorenzetti D, Lewis S, Kennedy J and Ghali W: Overview of a formal scoping review on health system report cards.Implement Sci2010, 5:2.. Armstrong R, Hall BJ, Doyle J and Waters E. Scoping the scope of a cochrane review.Journal of Public Health2011; 33: 147–150.. Daudt HM, Van Mossel C and Scott SJ. Enhancing the scoping study methodology: a large, inter-professional team’s experience with Arksey and O’Malley’s framework.BMC Medical Research Methodology2013; 13: 48.. Braun, V. and Clarke, V. Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology 2006; 3 (2): 77–101.. RefWorks.RefWorks your online research management, writing and collaboration tool,2009.. Bettany-Saltikov J.How to do a systematic literature review in nursing: a step-by-step guide. Maidenhead: McGraw-Hill/Open University Press, 2012.. Davis K. Drey N. and Gould D. What are scoping studies? A review of the nursing literature.Int J Nurs Stud2009; 46(10): 1386-400.. Pawson R. Evidence-based policy: in search of a method.Evaluation2002; 8(2): 157-181.. Duffin C. “Raising Awareness to Support People with Dementia in Hospital”,Nursing Older People2013; 25(5): 14–17.. Skye EP, Wagenschutz H, Steiger JA and Kumagai AK. Use of interactive theatre and role play to develop medical students’ skills in breaking bad news,Journal of Cancer Education2014; 29(4): 704–708.. Baer AN, Freer, JP, Milling DA, Potter, WR, Ruchlin H and Zinnerstrom KH Breaking bad news: use of cancer survivors in role-playing exercises,Journal of palliative medicine 200811(6): 885–892.. Tait GR and Hodges BD Residents learning from a narrative experience with dying patients: a qualitative study.Advances in Health Sciences Education2013; 18(4): 727–743.. Jones A. Death, poetry, psychotherapy and clinical supervision (the contribution of psychodynamic psychotherapy to palliative care nursing),Journal of advanced nursing1997; 25(2): 238–244.. Shapiro J, Hunt L. All the world’s a stage: the use of theatrical performance in medical education.Med Educ2003; 37(10): 922–7. Robinson S. Holistic health promotion: Putting the art into nurse education.Nurse Education in Practice2007; 7(3): 173--180.. Shapiro J, and Cho B. Medical Readers’ Theatre: Relevance to Geriatrics Medical Education,Gerontology & Geriatrics Education2011; 32(4): 350--366.. Durgahee T. Reflective practice: nursing ethics through story telling”,Nursing ethics1997; 4(2): 135–146.. Reilly J, Trial J, Piver D and Schaff P. Using Theatre to Increase Empathy Training in Medical Students,Journal for Learning through the Arts2012; 8(1).. Inske ep S and Lisco S. Alternative Clinical Nursing Experience in an Art Gallery.Nurse Educator2001; 26(3): 117--119.. Thompson T, van de Klee D, Lamont-Robinson, C and Duffin W. Out of Our Heads! Four perspectives on the curation of an on-line exhibition of medically themed artwork by UK medical undergraduates”,Medical Education Online 2010; 15.. Hickey D, Doyle C, Quinn S, O’Driscoll P, Patience D, Chittick K and Cliverd A. Catching’ the concept of spiritual care: implementation of an education programme”,International journal of palliative nursing2008; 14(8): 396–400.. Deloney LA and Graham CJ. Wit: using drama to teach first-year medical students about empathy and compassion,Teaching & Learning in MedicineCatching’ the concept of spiritual care: implementation of an education 15(4): 247–251.. Hodges HF, Keeley AC and Grier EC. Masterworks of art and chronic illness experiences in the elderly,Journal of advanced nursing2001; 36(3) 389–398.. Marchand L and Kushner K. Death pronouncements: using the teachable moment in end-of-life care residency training,Journal of palliative medicine2004; 7(1) 80–84.. Beach WA, Buller MK, Dozier DM, Bulle DB and Gutzmer K. The Conversations About Cancer (CAC) Project: Assessing Feasibility and Audience Impacts From Viewing The Cancer Play,Health communication2014; 29(5): 462–472.. Begley A, Glackin M and Henry R. Tolstoy, stories, and facilitating insight in end of life care: Exploring ethics through vicarious experience,Nurse Education today2011; 31(5): 516–520.. Kumagai AK. Perspective: Acts of Interpretation: A Philosophical Approach to Using Creative Arts in Medical Education,Academic Medicine2012; 87(8): 1138--1134.. Özcan NK, Bilgin H and Eracar N. The Use of Expressive Methods for Developing Empathic Skills,Issues in Mental Health Nursing2011; 32(2): 131–136.. Tuxbury J, McCauley P and Lement W. Nursing and Theatre Collaborate: An End-of-Life Simulation Using Forum Theatre,Journal of Nursing Education,2012; 51(8) 462–5.. Yalden J, McCormack B, O’Connor, M and Hardy S, Transforming end of life care using practice development: an arts-informed approach in residential aged care,International Practice Development Journal2013; 3(2).. Sklar DP, Doezema D, McLaughlin S and Helitzer D. Teaching communications and professionalism through writing and humanities: reflections of ten years of experience,Academic Emergency Medicine2002; 9(11): 1360–1364.. Sperlazza E and Cangelosi PR. The Power of Pretend: Using Simulation to Teach End-of-Life Care,Nurse Educator2009; 34(6): 276--280.. Gillis C. “Seeing the difference”: An interdisciplinary approach to death, dying, humanities, and medicine.Journal of Medical Humanities2006;27(2): 105–115.. Donovan T and Mercer D. Onward in my journey: preparing nurses for a new age of cancer care,Cancer nursing2003; 26(5) 400–404.. Fogarty CT. Fifty-five word stories: “small jewels” for personal reflection and teaching,Family medicine2010; 42(6): 400–402.. Foster W and Freeman E. Poetry in general practice education: perceptions of learners,Family Practice2008;25(4) 294–303.. Lillyman S, Gutteridge R and Berridge P. Using a storyboarding technique in the classroom to address end of life experiences in practice and engage student nurses in deeper reflection,Nurse Education in Practice2011; 11(3): 179–185.. Frei J, Alvarez S and Alexander M. Ways of Seeing: Using the Visual Arts in Nursing Education,Journal of Nursing Education2010; 49(12): 672--676.. Sherman DW, Matzo ML, Pitorak E, Ferrell BR and Malloy P. Preparation and care at the time of death: content of the ELNEC curriculum and teaching strategies,Journal for Nurses in Staff Development2005; 21(3): 93–102.. Franklin M. Acting on dilemmas in palliative care,Nursing times2001; 97(49): 37–38.. Epner DE and Baile WF. Difficult conversations: teaching medical oncology trainees communication skills one hour at a time,Academic Medicine2014; 89(4): 578–584.. Shannon SE, Long-Sutehall T and Coombs M. Conversations in end-of-life care: communication tools for critical care practitioners,Nursing in critical care.2011; 16(3): 124–130.. Deci EL and Ryan RM.Intrinsic motivation and self-determination in human behaviour. New York: Plenum Press, 1985.. Wee B, Hillier R, Coles C, Mountford B, Sheldon F and Turner P. Palliative care: a suitable setting for undergraduate interprofessional education,Palliative Medicine2001; 15: 187–492.. Meng AL and Sullivan J. Interactive theatre: an innovative conflict resolution teaching methodology,Journal for Nurses in Staff Development2011; 27(2): 65–68.. Salas R, Steele K, Lin A, Loe C, Gauna L and Jafar-Nejad P. Playback Theatre as a tool to enhance communication in medical education.Medical Education Online2013; 18(10).. Jonas-Simpson CF, Pilkington B, MacDonald C and McMahon E. Experiences of Grieving When There Is a Perinatal Death,Sage open2013.. Razavi D, Delvaux N, Marchal S, Durieux JF, Farvacques C, Dubus L and Hogenraad R. Does training increase the use of more emotionally laden words by nurses when talking with cancer patients? A randomised study,Br J Cancer2002; 87(1): 1–7.. Twigg R and Lynn M, Teaching End-of-Life Care Via a Hybrid Simulation Approach Simulation Approac,Journal of Hospice & Palliative Nursing2012; 14(5): 374–379.. Baile WF, Kudelka AP, Beale EA, Glober GA, Myers EG, Greisinger AJ, Bast RC, Goldstein MG, Novack D and Lenzi R. Communication skills training in oncology. Description and preliminary outcomes of workshops on breaking bad news and managing patient reactions to illness,Cancer1999; 86(5): 887–897.. Wilkinson S, Perry BK and Linsell L. Effectiveness of a three-day communication skills course in changing nurses’ communication skills with cancer/palliative care patients: randomised controlled trial,Palliative medicine2008; 22: 365–75.

Special Care Notice This article contains images of deceased people that might cause sadness or distress to Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander readers. Introduction Like many cities, Perth was founded on wetlands that have been integral to its history and culture (Seddon 226–32). However, in order to promote a settlement agenda, early mapmakers sought to erase the city’s wetlands from cartographic depictions (Giblett, Cities). Since the colonial era, inner-Perth’s swamps and lakes have been drained, filled, significantly reduced in size, or otherwise reclaimed for urban expansion (Bekle). Not only have the swamps and lakes physically disappeared, the memories of their presence and influence on the city’s development over time are also largely forgotten. What was the site of Perth, specifically its wetlands, like before British settlement? In 2014, an interdisciplinary team at Edith Cowan University developed a digital visualisation process to re-imagine Perth prior to colonisation. This was based on early maps of the Swan River Colony and a range of archival information. The images depicted the city’s topography, hydrology, and vegetation and became the centerpiece of a physical exhibition entitled Re-imagining Perth’s Lost Wetlands and a virtual exhibition hosted by the Western Australian Museum. Alongside historic maps, paintings, photographs, and writings, the visual reconstruction of Perth aimed to foster appreciation of the pre-settlement environment—the homeland of the Whadjuck Nyoongar, or Bibbulmun, people (Carter and Nutter). The exhibition included the narrative of Fanny Balbuk, a Nyoongar woman who voiced her indignation over the “usurping of her beloved home ground” (Bates, The Passing 69) by flouting property lines and walking through private residences to reach places of cultural significance. Beginning with Balbuk’s story and the digital tracing of her walking route through colonial Perth, this article discusses the project in the context of contemporary pressures on the city’s extant wetlands. The re-imagining of Perth through historically, culturally, and geographically-grounded digital visualisation approaches can inspire the conservation of its wetlands heritage. Balbuk’s Walk through the City For many who grew up in Perth, Fanny Balbuk’s perambulations have achieved legendary status in the collective cultural imagination. In his memoir, David Whish-Wilson mentions Balbuk’s defiant walks and the lighting up of the city for astronaut John Glenn in 1962 as the two stories that had the most impact on his Perth childhood. From Gordon Stephenson House, Whish-Wilson visualises her journey in his mind’s eye, past Government House on St Georges Terrace (the main thoroughfare through the city centre), then north on Barrack Street towards the railway station, the site of Lake Kingsford where Balbuk once gathered bush tucker (4). He considers the footpaths “beneath the geometric frame of the modern city […] worn smooth over millennia that snake up through the sheoak and marri woodland and into the city’s heart” (Whish-Wilson 4). Balbuk’s story embodies the intertwined culture and nature of Perth—a city of wetlands. Born in 1840 on Heirisson Island, Balbuk (also known as Yooreel) (Figure 1) had ancestral bonds to the urban landscape. According to Daisy Bates, writing in the early 1900s, the Nyoongar term Matagarup, or “leg deep,” denotes the passage of shallow water near Heirisson Island where Balbuk would have forded the Swan River (“Oldest” 16). Yoonderup was recorded as the Nyoongar name for Heirisson Island (Bates, “Oldest” 16) and the birthplace of Balbuk’s mother (Bates, “Aboriginal”). In the suburb of Shenton Park near present-day Lake Jualbup, her father bequeathed to her a red ochre (or wilgi) pit that she guarded fervently throughout her life (Bates, “Aboriginal”).Figure 1. Group of Aboriginal Women at Perth, including Fanny Balbuk (far right) (c. 1900). Image Credit: State Library of Western Australia (Image Number: 44c). Balbuk’s grandparents were culturally linked to the site. At his favourite camp beside the freshwater spring near Kings Park on Mounts Bay Road, her grandfather witnessed the arrival of Lieutenant-Colonel Frederick Irwin, cousin of James Stirling (Bates, “Fanny”). In 1879, colonial entrepreneurs established the Swan Brewery at this significant locale (Welborn). Her grandmother’s gravesite later became Government House (Bates, “Fanny”) and she protested vociferously outside “the stone gates guarded by a sentry [that] enclosed her grandmother’s burial ground” (Bates, The Passing 70). Balbuk’s other grandmother was buried beneath Bishop’s Grove, the residence of the city’s first archibishop, now Terrace Hotel (Bates, “Aboriginal”). Historian Bob Reece observes that Balbuk was “the last full-descent woman of Kar’gatta (Karrakatta), the Bibbulmun name for the Mount Eliza [Kings Park] area of Perth” (134). According to accounts drawn from Bates, her home ground traversed the area between Heirisson Island and Perth’s north-western limits. In Kings Park, one of her relatives was buried near a large, hollow tree used by Nyoongar people like a cistern to capture water and which later became the site of the Queen Victoria Statue (Bates, “Aboriginal”). On the slopes of Mount Eliza, the highest point of Kings Park, at the western end of St Georges Terrace, she harvested plant foods, including zamia fruits (Macrozamia riedlei) (Bates, “Fanny”). Fanny Balbuk’s knowledge contributed to the native title claim lodged by Nyoongar people in 2006 as Bennell v. State of Western Australia—the first of its kind to acknowledge Aboriginal land rights in a capital city and part of the larger Single Nyoongar Claim (South West Aboriginal Land and Sea Council et al.). Perth’s colonial administration perceived the city’s wetlands as impediments to progress and as insalubrious environments to be eradicated through reclamation practices. For Balbuk and other Nyoongar people, however, wetlands were “nourishing terrains” (Rose) that afforded sustenance seasonally and meaning perpetually (O’Connor, Quartermaine, and Bodney). Mary Graham, a Kombu-merri elder from Queensland, articulates the connection between land and culture, “because land is sacred and must be looked after, the relation between people and land becomes the template for society and social relations. Therefore all meaning comes from land.” Traditional, embodied reliance on Perth’s wetlands is evident in Bates’ documentation. For instance, Boojoormeup was a “big swamp full of all kinds of food, now turned into Palmerston and Lake streets” (Bates, “Aboriginal”). Considering her cultural values, Balbuk’s determination to maintain pathways through the increasingly colonial Perth environment is unsurprising (Figure 2). From Heirisson Island: a straight track had led to the place where once she had gathered jilgies [crayfish] and vegetable food with the women, in the swamp where Perth railway station now stands. Through fences and over them, Balbuk took the straight track to the end. When a house was built in the way, she broke its fence-palings with her digging stick and charged up the steps and through the rooms. (Bates, The Passing 70) One obstacle was Hooper’s Fence, which Balbuk broke repeatedly on her trips to areas between Kings Park and the railway station (Bates, “Hooper’s”). Her tenacious commitment to walking ancestral routes signifies the friction between settlement infrastructure and traditional Nyoongar livelihood during an era of rapid change. Figure 2. Determination of Fanny Balbuk’s Journey between Yoonderup (Heirisson Island) and Lake Kingsford, traversing what is now the central business district of Perth on the Swan River (2014). Image background prepared by Dimitri Fotev. Track interpolation by Jeff Murray. Project Background and Approach Inspired by Fanny Balbuk’s story, Re-imagining Perth’s Lost Wetlands began as an Australian response to the Mannahatta Project. Founded in 1999, that project used spatial analysis techniques and mapping software to visualise New York’s urbanised Manhattan Island—or Mannahatta as it was called by indigenous people—in the early 1600s (Sanderson). Based on research into the island’s original biogeography and the ecological practices of Native Americans, Mannahatta enabled the public to “peel back” the city’s strata, revealing the original composition of the New York site. The layers of visuals included rich details about the island’s landforms, water systems, and vegetation. Mannahatta compelled Rod Giblett, a cultural researcher at Edith Cowan University, to develop an analogous model for visualising Perth circa 1829. The idea attracted support from the City of Perth, Landgate, and the University. Using stories, artefacts, and maps, the team—comprising a cartographer, designer, three-dimensional modelling expert, and historical researchers—set out to generate visualisations of the landscape at the time of British colonisation. Nyoongar elder Noel Nannup approved culturally sensitive material and contributed his perspective on Aboriginal content to include in the exhibition. The initiative’s context remains pressing. In many ways, Perth has become a template for development in the metropolitan area (Weller). While not unusual for a capital, the rate of transformation is perhaps unexpected in a city less than 200 years old (Forster). There also remains a persistent view of existing wetlands as obstructions to progress that, once removed, are soon forgotten (Urban Bushland Council). Digital visualisation can contribute to appreciating environments prior to colonisation but also to re-imagining possibilities for future human interactions with land, water, and space. Despite the rapid pace of change, many Perth area residents have memories of wetlands lost during their lifetimes (for example, Giblett, Forrestdale). However, as the clearing and drainage of the inner city occurred early in settlement, recollections of urban wetlands exist exclusively in historical records. In 1935, a local correspondent using the name “Sandgroper” reminisced about swamps, connecting them to Perth’s colonial heritage: But the Swamps were very real in fact, and in name in the [eighteen-] Nineties, and the Perth of my youth cannot be visualised without them. They were, of course, drying up apace, but they were swamps for all that, and they linked us directly with the earliest days of the Colony when our great-grandparents had founded this City of Perth on a sort of hog's-back, of which Hay-street was the ridge, and from which a succession of streamlets ran down its southern slope to the river, while land locked to the north of it lay a series of lakes which have long since been filled to and built over so that the only evidence that they have ever existed lies in the original street plans of Perth prepared by Roe and Hillman in the early eighteen-thirties. A salient consequence of the loss of ecological memory is the tendency to repeat the miscues of the past, especially the blatant disregard for natural and cultural heritage, as suburbanisation engulfs the area. While the swamps of inner Perth remain only in the names of streets, existing wetlands in the metropolitan area are still being threatened, as the Roe Highway (Roe 8) Campaign demonstrates. To re-imagine Perth’s lost landscape, we used several colonial survey maps to plot the location of the original lakes and swamps. At this time, a series of interconnecting waterbodies, known as the Perth Great Lakes, spread across the north of the city (Bekle and Gentilli). This phase required the earliest cartographic sources (Figure 3) because, by 1855, city maps no longer depicted wetlands. We synthesised contextual information, such as well depths, geological and botanical maps, settlers’ accounts, Nyoongar oral histories, and colonial-era artists’ impressions, to produce renderings of Perth. This diverse collection of primary and secondary materials served as the basis for creating new images of the city. Team member Jeff Murray interpolated Balbuk’s route using historical mappings and accounts, topographical data, court records, and cartographic common sense. He determined that Balbuk would have camped on the high ground of the southern part of Lake Kingsford rather than the more inundated northern part (Figure 2). Furthermore, she would have followed a reasonably direct course north of St Georges Terrace (contrary to David Whish-Wilson’s imaginings) because she was barred from Government House for protesting. This easier route would have also avoided the springs and gullies that appear on early maps of Perth. Figure 3. Townsite of Perth in Western Australia by Colonial Draftsman A. Hillman and John Septimus Roe (1838). This map of Perth depicts the wetlands that existed overlaid by the geomentric grid of the new city. Image Credit: State Library of Western Australia (Image Number: BA1961/14). Additionally, we produced an animated display based on aerial photographs to show the historical extent of change. Prompted by the build up to World War II, the earliest aerial photography of Perth dates from the late 1930s (Dixon 148–54). As “Sandgroper” noted, by this time, most of the urban wetlands had been drained or substantially modified. The animation revealed considerable alterations to the formerly swampy Swan River shoreline. Most prominent was the transformation of the Matagarup shallows across the Swan River, originally consisting of small islands. Now traversed by a causeway, this area was transformed into a single island, Heirisson—the general site of Balbuk’s birth. The animation and accompanying materials (maps, images, and writings) enabled viewers to apprehend the changes in real time and to imagine what the city was once like. Re-imagining Perth’s Urban Heart The physical environment of inner Perth includes virtually no trace of its wetland origins. Consequently, we considered whether a representation of Perth, as it existed previously, could enhance public understanding of natural heritage and thereby increase its value. For this reason, interpretive materials were exhibited centrally at Perth Town Hall. Built partly by convicts between 1867 and 1870, the venue is close to the site of the 1829 Foundation of Perth, depicted in George Pitt Morrison’s painting. Balbuk’s grandfather “camped somewhere in the city of Perth, not far from the Town Hall” (Bates, “Fanny”). The building lies one block from the site of the railway station on the site of Lake Kingsford, the subsistence grounds of Balbuk and her forebears: The old swamp which is now the Perth railway yards had been a favourite jilgi ground; a spring near the Town Hall had been a camping place of Maiago […] and others of her fathers' folk; and all around and about city and suburbs she had gathered roots and fished for crayfish in the days gone by. (Bates, “Derelicts” 55) Beginning in 1848, the draining of Lake Kingsford reached completion during the construction of the Town Hall. While the swamps of the city were not appreciated by many residents, some organisations, such as the Perth Town Trust, vigorously opposed the reclamation of the lake, alluding to its hydrological role: That, the soil being sand, it is not to be supposed that Lake Kingsford has in itself any material effect on the wells of Perth; but that, from this same reason of the sandy soil, it would be impossible to keep the lake dry without, by so doing, withdrawing the water from at least the adjacent parts of the townsite to the same depth. (Independent Journal of Politics and News 3) At the time of our exhibition, the Lake Kingsford site was again being reworked to sink the railway line and build Yagan Square, a public space named after a colonial-era Nyoongar leader. The project required specialised construction techniques due to the high water table—the remnants of the lake. People travelling to the exhibition by train in October 2014 could have seen the lake reasserting itself in partly-filled depressions, flush with winter rain (Figure 4).Figure 4. Rise of the Repressed (2014). Water Rising in the former site of Lake Kingsford/Irwin during construction, corner of Roe and Fitzgerald Streets, Northbridge, WA. Image Credit: Nandi Chinna (2014). The exhibition was situated in the Town Hall’s enclosed undercroft designed for markets and more recently for shops. While some visited after peering curiously through the glass walls of the undercroft, others hailed from local and state government organisations. Guest comments applauded the alternative view of Perth we presented. The content invited the public to re-imagine Perth as a city of wetlands that were both environmentally and culturally important. A display panel described how the city’s infrastructure presented a hindrance for Balbuk as she attempted to negotiate the once-familiar route between Yoonderup and Lake Kingsford (Figure 2). Perth’s growth “restricted Balbuk’s wanderings; towns, trains, and farms came through her ‘line of march’; old landmarks were thus swept away, and year after year saw her less confident of the locality of one-time familiar spots” (Bates, “Fanny”). Conserving Wetlands: From Re-Claiming to Re-Valuing? Imagination, for philosopher Roger Scruton, involves “thinking of, and attending to, a present object (by thinking of it, or perceiving it, in terms of something absent)” (155). According to Scruton, the feelings aroused through imagination can prompt creative, transformative experiences. While environmental conservation tends to rely on data-driven empirical approaches, it appeals to imagination less commonly. We have found, however, that attending to the present object (the city) in terms of something absent (its wetlands) through evocative visual material can complement traditional conservation agendas focused on habitats and species. The actual extent of wetlands loss in the Swan Coastal Plain—the flat and sandy region extending from Jurien Bay south to Cape Naturaliste, including Perth—is contested. However, estimates suggest that 80 per cent of wetlands have been lost, with remaining habitats threatened by climate change, suburban development, agriculture, and industry (Department of Environment and Conservation). As with the swamps and lakes of the inner city, many regional wetlands were cleared, drained, or filled before they could be properly documented. Additionally, the seasonal fluctuations of swampy places have never been easily translatable to two-dimensional records. As Giblett notes, the creation of cartographic representations and the assignment of English names were attempts to fix the dynamic boundaries of wetlands, at least in the minds of settlers and administrators (Postmodern 72–73). Moreover, European colonists found the Western Australian landscape, including its wetlands, generally discomfiting. In a letter from 1833, metaphors failed George Fletcher Moore, the effusive colonial commentator, “I cannot compare these swamps to any marshes with which you are familiar” (220). The intermediate nature of wetlands—as neither land nor lake—is perhaps one reason for their cultural marginalisation (Giblett, Postmodern 39). The conviction that unsanitary, miasmic wetlands should be converted to more useful purposes largely prevailed (Giblett, Black 105–22). Felicity Morel-EdnieBrown’s research into land ownership records in colonial Perth demonstrated that town lots on swampland were often preferred. By layering records using geographic information systems (GIS), she revealed modifications to town plans to accommodate swampland frontages. The decline of wetlands in the region appears to have been driven initially by their exploitation for water and later for fertile soil. Northern market gardens supplied the needs of the early city. It is likely that the depletion of Nyoongar bush foods predated the flourishing of these gardens (Carter and Nutter). Engaging with the history of Perth’s swamps raises questions about the appreciation of wetlands today. In an era where numerous conservation strategies and alternatives have been developed (for example, Bobbink et al. 93–220), the exploitation of wetlands in service to population growth persists. On Perth’s north side, wetlands have long been subdued by controlling their water levels and landscaping their boundaries, as the suburban examples of Lake Monger and Hyde Park (formerly Third Swamp Reserve) reveal. Largely unmodified wetlands, such as Forrestdale Lake, exist south of Perth, but they too are in danger (Giblett, Black Swan). The Beeliar Wetlands near the suburb of Bibra Lake comprise an interconnected series of lakes and swamps that are vulnerable to a highway extension project first proposed in the 1950s. Just as the Perth Town Trust debated Lake Kingsford’s draining, local councils and the public are fiercely contesting the construction of the Roe Highway, which will bisect Beeliar Wetlands, destroying Roe Swamp (Chinna). The conservation value of wetlands still struggles to compete with traffic planning underpinned by a modernist ideology that associates cars and freeways with progress (Gregory). Outside of archives, the debate about Lake Kingsford is almost entirely forgotten and its physical presence has been erased. Despite the magnitude of loss, re-imagining the city’s swamplands, in the way that we have, calls attention to past indiscretions while invigorating future possibilities. We hope that the re-imagining of Perth’s wetlands stimulates public respect for ancestral tracks and songlines like Balbuk’s. Despite the accretions of settler history and colonial discourse, songlines endure as a fundamental cultural heritage. Nyoongar elder Noel Nannup states, “as people, if we can get out there on our songlines, even though there may be farms or roads overlaying them, fences, whatever it is that might impede us from travelling directly upon them, if we can get close proximity, we can still keep our culture alive. That is why it is so important for us to have our songlines.” Just as Fanny Balbuk plied her songlines between Yoonderup and Lake Kingsford, the traditional custodians of Beeliar and other wetlands around Perth walk the landscape as an act of resistance and solidarity, keeping the stories of place alive. Acknowledgments The authors wish to acknowledge Rod Giblett (ECU), Nandi Chinna (ECU), Susanna Iuliano (ECU), Jeff Murray (Kareff Consulting), Dimitri Fotev (City of Perth), and Brendan McAtee (Landgate) for their contributions to this project. The authors also acknowledge the traditional custodians of the lands upon which this paper was researched and written. References Bates, Daisy. “Fanny Balbuk-Yooreel: The Last Swan River (Female) Native.” The Western Mail 1 Jun. 1907: 45.———. “Oldest Perth: The Days before the White Men Won.” The Western Mail 25 Dec. 1909: 16–17.———. “Derelicts: The Passing of the Bibbulmun.” The Western Mail 25 Dec. 1924: 55–56. ———. “Aboriginal Perth.” The Western Mail 4 Jul. 1929: 70.———. “Hooper’s Fence: A Query.” The Western Mail 18 Apr. 1935: 9.———. The Passing of the Aborigines: A Lifetime Spent among the Natives of Australia. London: John Murray, 1966.Bekle, Hugo. “The Wetlands Lost: Drainage of the Perth Lake Systems.” Western Geographer 5.1–2 (1981): 21–41.Bekle, Hugo, and Joseph Gentilli. “History of the Perth Lakes.” Early Days 10.5 (1993): 442–60.Bobbink, Roland, Boudewijn Beltman, Jos Verhoeven, and Dennis Whigham, eds. Wetlands: Functioning, Biodiversity Conservation, and Restoration. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 2006. Carter, Bevan, and Lynda Nutter. Nyungah Land: Records of Invasion and Theft of Aboriginal Land on the Swan River 1829–1850. Guildford: Swan Valley Nyungah Community, 2005.Chinna, Nandi. “Swamp.” Griffith Review 47 (2015). 29 Sep. 2015 ‹https://griffithreview.com/articles/swamp›.Department of Environment and Conservation. Geomorphic Wetlands Swan Coastal Plain Dataset. Perth: Department of Environment and Conservation, 2008.Dixon, Robert. Photography, Early Cinema, and Colonial Modernity: Frank Hurley’s Synchronized Lecture Entertainments. London: Anthem Press, 2011. Forster, Clive. Australian Cities: Continuity and Change. Oxford: Oxford UP, 2004.Giblett, Rod. Postmodern Wetlands: Culture, History, Ecology. Edinburgh: Edinburgh UP, 1996. ———. Forrestdale: People and Place. Bassendean: Access Press, 2006.———. Black Swan Lake: Life of a Wetland. Bristol: Intellect, 2013.———. Cities and Wetlands: The Return of the Repressed in Nature and Culture. London: Bloomsbury, 2016. Chapter 2.Graham, Mary. “Some Thoughts about the Philosophical Underpinnings of Aboriginal Worldviews.” Australian Humanities Review 45 (2008). 29 Sep. 2015 ‹http://www.australianhumanitiesreview.org/archive/Issue-November-2008/graham.html›.Gregory, Jenny. “Remembering Mounts Bay: The Narrows Scheme and the Internationalization of Perth Planning.” Studies in Western Australian History 27 (2011): 145–66.Independent Journal of Politics and News. “Perth Town Trust.” The Perth Gazette and Independent Journal of Politics and News 8 Jul. 1848: 2–3.Moore, George Fletcher. Extracts from the Letters of George Fletcher Moore. Ed. Martin Doyle. London: Orr and Smith, 1834.Morel-EdnieBrown, Felicity. “Layered Landscape: The Swamps of Colonial Northbridge.” Social Science Computer Review 27 (2009): 390–419. Nannup, Noel. Songlines with Dr Noel Nannup. Dir. Faculty of Regional Professional Studies, Edith Cowan University (2015). 29 Sep. 2015 ‹https://vimeo.com/129198094›. (Quoted material transcribed from 3.08–3.39 of the video.) O’Connor, Rory, Gary Quartermaine, and Corrie Bodney. Report on an Investigation into Aboriginal Significance of Wetlands and Rivers in the Perth-Bunbury Region. Perth: Western Australian Water Resources Council, 1989.Reece, Bob. “‘Killing with Kindness’: Daisy Bates and New Norcia.” Aboriginal History 32 (2008): 128–45.Rose, Deborah Bird. Nourishing Terrains: Australian Aboriginal Views of Landscape and Wilderness. Canberra: Australian Heritage Commission, 1996.Sanderson, Eric. Mannahatta: A Natural History of New York City. New York: Harry N. Abrams, 2009.Sandgroper. “Gilgies: The Swamps of Perth.” The West Australian 4 May 1935: 7.Scruton, Roger. Art and Imagination. London: Methuen, 1974.Seddon, George. Sense of Place: A Response to an Environment, the Swan Coastal Plain, Western Australia. Melbourne: Bloomings Books, 2004.South West Aboriginal Land and Sea Council and John Host with Chris Owen. “It’s Still in My Heart, This is My Country:” The Single Noongar Claim History. Crawley: U of Western Australia P, 2009.Urban Bushland Council. “Bushland Issues.” 2015. 29 Sep. 2015 ‹http://www.bushlandperth.org.au/bushland-issues›.Welborn, Suzanne. Swan: The History of a Brewery. Crawley: U of Western Australia P, 1987.Weller, Richard. Boomtown 2050: Scenarios for a Rapidly Growing City. Crawley: U of Western Australia P, 2009. Whish-Wilson, David. Perth. Sydney: NewSouth Publishing, 2013.