Articoli di riviste: "Virus diseases – Chemotherapy"

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Talib Al-Nafakh, Rana. "Epstein–Barr Virus and Rheumatoid Arthritis in Cancer Patients Undergoing Chemotherapy in Al-Najaf Province, Iraq". Journal of Communicable Diseases 55, n. 04 (13 marzo 2024): 119–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.24321/0019.5138.202364.

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Rollinson, E. A. "Prospects for Antiviral Chemotherapy in Veterinary Medicine: 1. Feline Virus Diseases". Antiviral Chemistry and Chemotherapy 3, n. 5 (ottobre 1992): 249–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/095632029200300501.

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This paper, which is published in two parts, reviews the literature pertaining to antiviral chemotherapy of viruses of veterinary importance. While early reports in the 1970s referred to the chemotherapy of a number of different RNA and DNA viruses, there was considerable focus in the 1980s, initially on herpesviruses and latterly on retroviruses, particularly in cats. Details are given of the successful treatments of FeLV and FIV, which have been used as animal models for HIV therapy. The high costs of developing and registering a new chemical entity, especially for food species, in which extensive toxicity/residue data are required, is the main reason why specific antiviral compounds are not currently available for veterinary use, although some non-specific immune modulators are now emerging. Concurrent availability of appropriate diagnostic tools is a prerequisite for successful veterinary antiviral chemotherapy, as is a greater understanding of the pathogenesis of virus infections in animals and the development of more sophisticated means of drug delivery, appropriate to both food animal species and companion animals. Additionally, antiviral agents are valuable as research tools per se, as opposed to solely as chemotherapeutic agents.

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Snoeck, R., G. Andrei e E. De Clercq. "Chemotherapy of varicella zoster virus infections". International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents 4, n. 3 (agosto 1994): 211–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0924-8579(94)90011-6.

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Polsky, Bruce. "Antiviral Chemotherapy for Infection with Human Immunodeficiency Virus". Clinical Infectious Diseases 11, Supplement_7 (1 novembre 1989): S1648—S1663. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/clinids/11.supplement_7.s1648.

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Rice, W. G., e J. A. Turpin. "Virus-encoded Zinc Fingers as Targets for Antiviral Chemotherapy". Reviews in Medical Virology 6, n. 4 (dicembre 1996): 187–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1099-1654(199612)6:4<187::aid-rmv176>3.0.co;2-f.

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FIELD, HUGH J. "The impact of drug resistance upon virus chemotherapy". Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 24, n. 1 (1989): 4–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jac/24.1.4.

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Han, Seung Beom, Hye Jo Shin, Eui Soo Lee, Jae Wook Lee, Nack-Gyun Chung, Bin Cho e Jin Han Kang. "SEROLOGICAL CHANGES AGAINST HEPATITIS B SURFACE ANTIGEN IN CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS RECEIVING CHEMOTHERAPY FOR ACUTE LEUKEMIA". Mediterranean Journal of Hematology and Infectious Diseases 11, n. 1 (29 agosto 2019): e2019052. http://dx.doi.org/10.4084/mjhid.2019.052.

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Background: Vaccination for hepatitis B virus (HBV) after chemotherapy among pediatric patients with acute leukemia is still a debated issue. We investigated HBV immunity before and after chemotherapy and assessed immune response to re-vaccination after chemotherapy. Methods: We retrospectively analyzed data of children and adolescents aged <19 years requested for vaccination after chemotherapy for acute leukemia to evaluate hepatitis B surface antibody (HBsAb) status before and after chemotherapy and to identify factors related to HBsAb positivity after chemotherapy. Results: Of 89 enrolled patients, 61 (68.5%) with acute leukemia were HBsAb positive before chemotherapy. Of these 61 patients, 48 (78.7%) seroconverted to HBsAb negative status after chemotherapy; there were 76 (85.4%) HBsAb negative patients after chemotherapy. HBsAb positive patients when compared to HBsAb negative patients after chemotherapy had a significantly higher HBsAb positive rate (100.0% vs. 63.2%, p=0.008) before chemotherapy. Following HBsAb testing after one dose of the HBV vaccination, 33 (43.4%) of the 76 HBsAb negative patients seroconverted to a HBsAb positive status. HBsAb positive patients after a single dose of HBV vaccination had a significantly higher HBsAb positive rate at the time of diagnosis compared to HBsAb negative patients (84.8% vs. 48.8%, p=0.001). Conclusions: Based on these results, HBV re-vaccination after chemotherapy is recommended for all children and adolescents with acute leukemia. In addition, further investigation is required to improve the immunogenicity of HBV re-vaccination. Keywords: Acute Leukemia; Chemotherapy; Hepatitis B vaccine; Hepatitis B virus; Child.

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Wainberg, Mark A., Andre Dascal e Jack Mendelson. "Anti-Retroviral Strategies for AIDS and Related Diseases". Canadian Journal of Infectious Diseases 2, n. 3 (1991): 121–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/1991/487657.

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The replication cycle of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and other retroviruses consists of four stages: attachment of the virus to specific receptors on the cell surface; uncoating of the viral nucleic acid and conversion to DNA; production of viral RNA and proteins; and assembly and liberation of progeny virus from the cell. Each of these steps represents a potential target for antiviral chemotherapy. Combinations of drugs which act against different steps in the viral replication cycle might be expected to have synergistic potential. Zidovudine (AZT) is the most widely used drug to date for impeding the replication of HIV-1. Although AZT therapy has been reasonably successful, it has not been free from toxicity. In addition, there have been several reports of isolation of AZT-resistant variants of HIV-1.

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Benke, Ashwini Prashant, Ram Krishna, Kiran Khandagale, Suresh Gawande, Poonam Shelke, Somnath Dukare, Sweta Dhumal, Major Singh e Vijay Mahajan. "Efficient Elimination of Viruses from Garlic Using a Combination of Shoot Meristem Culture, Thermotherapy, and Chemical Treatment". Pathogens 12, n. 1 (12 gennaio 2023): 129. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens12010129.

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Garlic (Allium sativum L.) is a clonally propagated bulbous crop and can be infected by several viruses under field conditions. A virus complex reduces garlic yield and deteriorates the quality of the produce. In the present study, we aimed to eliminate Onion yellow dwarf virus (OYDV), Garlic common latent virus (GCLV), Shallot latent virus (SLV), and Allexiviruses from the infected crop using combination of meristem culture, thermotherapy, and chemotherapy. In this study, seven different treatments, namely shoot meristem culture, thermotherapy direct culture, chemotherapy direct culture, chemotherapy + meristem culture, thermotherapy + meristem culture, thermotherapy + chemotherapy direct culture, and thermotherapy + chemotherapy + meristem culture (TCMC), were used. Multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was employed to detect virus elimination, which revealed the percentage of virus-free plants was between 65 and 100%, 55 and 100%, and 13 and 100% in the case of GCLV, SLV, and OYDV, respectively. The in vitro regeneration efficiency was between 66.06 and 98.98%. However, the elimination of Allexiviruses could not be achieved. TCMC was the most effective treatment for eliminating GCLV, SLV, and OYDV from garlic, with 66.06% plant regeneration efficiency. The viral titre of the Allexivirus under all the treatments was monitored using real-time PCR, and the lowest viral load was observed in the TCMC treatment. The present study is the first to report the complete removal of GCLV, SLV, and OYDV from Indian red garlic with the application of thermotherapy coupled with chemotherapy and shoot meristem culture.

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Dorobantu, Cristina M., Christian Harak, Rahel Klein, Lonneke van der Linden, Jeroen R. P. M. Strating, Hilde M. van der Schaar, Volker Lohmann e Frank J. M. van Kuppeveld. "Tyrphostin AG1478 Inhibits Encephalomyocarditis Virus and Hepatitis C Virus by Targeting Phosphatidylinositol 4-Kinase IIIα". Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 60, n. 10 (1 agosto 2016): 6402–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.01331-16.

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ABSTRACTEncephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV), like hepatitis C virus (HCV), requires phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase IIIα (PI4KA) for genome replication. Here, we demonstrate that tyrphostin AG1478, a known epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) inhibitor, also inhibits PI4KA activity, bothin vitroand in cells. AG1478 impaired replication of EMCV and HCV but not that of an EMCV mutant previously shown to escape PI4KA inhibition. This work uncovers novel cellular and antiviral properties of AG1478, a compound previously regarded only as a cancer chemotherapy agent.

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Patel, R., e S. E. Barton. "Antiviral Chemotherapy in Genital Herpes Simplex Virus Infections". International Journal of STD & AIDS 6, n. 5 (settembre 1995): 320–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/095646249500600503.

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Roy, Biswajit G. "Potential of small-molecule fungal metabolites in antiviral chemotherapy". Antiviral Chemistry and Chemotherapy 25, n. 2 (23 luglio 2017): 20–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2040206617705500.

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Various viral diseases, such as acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, influenza, and hepatitis, have emerged as leading causes of human death worldwide. Scientific endeavor since invention of DNA-dependent RNA polymerase of pox virus in 1967 resulted in better understanding of virus replication and development of various novel therapeutic strategies. Despite considerable advancement in every facet of drug discovery process, development of commercially viable, safe, and effective drugs for these viruses still remains a big challenge. Decades of intense research yielded a handful of natural and synthetic therapeutic options. But emergence of new viruses and drug-resistant viral strains had made new drug development process a never-ending battle. Small-molecule fungal metabolites due to their vast diversity, stereochemical complexity, and preapproved biocompatibility always remain an attractive source for new drug discovery. Though, exploration of therapeutic importance of fungal metabolites has started early with discovery of penicillin, recent prediction asserted that only a small percentage (5–10%) of fungal species have been identified and much less have been scientifically investigated. Therefore, exploration of new fungal metabolites, their bioassay, and subsequent mechanistic study bears huge importance in new drug discovery endeavors. Though no fungal metabolites so far approved for antiviral treatment, many of these exhibited high potential against various viral diseases. This review comprehensively discussed about antiviral activities of fungal metabolites of diverse origin against some important viral diseases. This also highlighted the mechanistic details of inhibition of viral replication along with structure–activity relationship of some common and important classes of fungal metabolites.

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De Clercq, Erik. "Acyclic Nucleoside Phosphonates in the Chemotherapy of DNA Virus and Retrovirus Infections". Intervirology 40, n. 5-6 (1997): 295–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000150563.

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Yeo, Winnie, Joyce L. Steinberg, John S. Tam, Paul K. S. Chan, Nancy W. Y. Leung, Kwok C. Lam, Tony S. K. Mok e Philip J. Johnson. "Lamivudine in the treatment of hepatitis B virus reactivation during cytotoxic chemotherapy". Journal of Medical Virology 59, n. 3 (novembre 1999): 263–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1096-9071(199911)59:3<263::aid-jmv1>3.0.co;2-x.

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Rollinson, E. A. "Prospects for Antiviral Chemotherapy in Veterinary Medicine: 2. Avian, Piscine, Canine, Porcine, Bovine and Equine Virus Diseases". Antiviral Chemistry and Chemotherapy 3, n. 6 (dicembre 1992): 311–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/095632029200300601.

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Abstract (sommario):

This paper, which is published in two parts, reviews the literature pertaining to antiviral chemotherapy of viruses of veterinary importance. While early reports in the 1970s referred to the chemotherapy of a number of different RNA and DNA viruses, there was considerable focus in the 1980s, initially on herpesviruses and latterly on retroviruses, and particularly in cats. Details are given of the successful treatments of FeLV and FIV, which have been used as animal models for HIV therapy. Therapy of equine, canine, bovine, porcine, avian, and fish diseases is also considered. The high costs of developing and registering a new chemical entity, especially for food species in which extensive toxicity/residue data are required, is the main reason why specific antiviral compounds are not currently available for veterinary use, although some non-specific immune modulators are now emerging. Concurrent availability of appropriate diagnostic tools is a prerequisite for successful veterinary antiviral chemotherapy, as is a greater understanding of the pathogenesis of virus infections in animals and the development of more sophisticated means of drug delivery, appropriate to both food animal species and companion animals (dogs, cats, and horses). Additionally, antiviral agents are valuable as research tools per se, as opposed to solely as chemotherapeutic agents. Part 1 covers the feline virus diseases, while part 2 includes the other viruses of veterinary importance, in dogs, horses, cattle, pigs, birds, and fish.

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Hirsch, M. S. "Chemotherapy of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infections: Current Practice and Future Prospects". Journal of Infectious Diseases 161, n. 5 (1 maggio 1990): 845–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/infdis/161.5.845.

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Dylewski, J., e L. Thibert. "Failure of Tuberculosis Chemotherapy in a Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Patient". Journal of Infectious Diseases 162, n. 3 (1 settembre 1990): 778–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/infdis/162.3.778.

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Henrich, Timothy J., Kristen S. Hobbs, Emily Hanhauser, Eileen Scully, Louise E. Hogan, Yvonne P. Robles, Kaitlyn S. Leadabrand et al. "Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Persistence Following Systemic Chemotherapy for Malignancy". Journal of Infectious Diseases 216, n. 2 (3 giugno 2017): 254–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jix265.

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Thackray, Alana M., e Hugh J. Field. "Persistence of Infectious Herpes Simplex Virus Type 2 in the Nervous System in Mice after Antiviral Chemotherapy". Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 44, n. 1 (1 gennaio 2000): 97–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.44.1.97-102.2000.

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ABSTRACT Young adult mice were inoculated with herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) in the ear pinna. A relatively severe infection resulted, and 45% of the mice died by 11 days postinfection. Therapy at 1 mg/ml by means of the drinking water with either famciclovir for periods of 5 or 10 days or valaciclovir for 5, 10, 15, or 20 days decreased clinical signs and reduced mortality to 15% or less. Throughout a period of 27 days, mice were tested daily for the presence of infectious virus in the ear pinna, brain stem, and ipsilateral trigeminal ganglia. Virus was cleared from these tissues in surviving, untreated animals by 12 days postinfection, and no infectious virus was detected subsequently in any tissue. Furthermore, no infectious virus was detected after day 9 in mice that had been treated with famciclovir. In mice that had received valaciclovir therapy, however, infectious virus was repeatedly detected in the trigeminal ganglia and brain stem tissue samples up to 7 days after treatment was discontinued. To date, no specific mechanism to account for these results has been discovered; however, possible mechanisms for the persistence of potentially infectious virus in neural tissue of treated mice are discussed.

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Idilman, R., M. Arat, E. Soydan, M. Toruner, I. Soykan, H. Akbulut, O. Arslan et al. "Lamivudine prophylaxis for prevention of chemotherapy-induced hepatitis B virus reactivation in hepatitis B virus carriers with malignancies". Journal of Viral Hepatitis 11, n. 2 (marzo 2004): 141–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2893.2003.00479.x.

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Tien Phat, Do, Pham Bich Ngoc e Chu Hoang Ha. "Methods to manage, protect and improve plant virus resistance". Vietnam Journal of Biotechnology 19, n. 4 (3 maggio 2022): 607–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.15625/1811-4989/15584.

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Viral diseases caused severe damage for plant growth and development. Penetration and spread of viruses in the host plants dramatically reduce crop yield and quality. Due to the critical damages of viral diseases to agricultural production, different approaches and methods have been developed and utilized to manage, protect and improve plant virus resistance. Of which, conventional methods such as meristem culture, thermotherapy, cryotherapy as well as chemotherapy have been widely used and conducted effective results. Moreover, cross protection and gene pyramiding approaches have performed the broad and stable spectrum resistance potential in different plant species. Recently, advanced methods like plant transformation, gene silencing as well as genome editing have shown great successes in plant virus resistant improvement. In this review, we will briefly introduce the principle, advantages and limitations of different methods used for plant viral diseases management and viral resistant improvements. In addition, we will also discuss the challenges and future aspects in utilizing advanced technologies for plant virus resistant enhancement and breeding.

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Oketani, Makoto, Akio Ido, Hirofumi Uto e Hirohito Tsubouchi. "Prevention of hepatitis B virus reactivation in patients receiving immunosuppressive therapy or chemotherapy". Hepatology Research 42, n. 7 (12 giugno 2012): 627–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1872-034x.2012.00998.x.

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Locasciulli, A., M. Santamaria, G. Masera, E. Schiavon, A. Alberti e G. Realdi. "Hepatitis B virus markers in children with acute leukemia: The effect of chemotherapy". Journal of Medical Virology 15, n. 1 (gennaio 1985): 29–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmv.1890150105.

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Yeo, Winnie, Paul K. S. Chan, Henry L. Y. Chan, Frankie K. F. Mo e Philip J. Johnson. "Hepatitis B virus reactivation during cytotoxic chemotherapy-enhanced viral replication precedes overt hepatitis". Journal of Medical Virology 65, n. 3 (2001): 473–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmv.2060.

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De Clercq, Erik. "Perspectives for the chemotherapy of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infections". International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents 7, n. 3 (agosto 1996): 193–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-8579(96)00319-6.

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Ishii, T., M. Hosoya, S. Mori, S. Shigeta e H. Suzuki. "Effective ribavirin concentration in hamster brains for antiviral chemotherapy for subacute sclerosing panencephalitis." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 40, n. 1 (gennaio 1996): 241–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.40.1.241.

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The ribavirin concentration in hamster brains was measured by a high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) system and a bioassay system. When ribavirin was administered intracranially at a dosage of 10 mg/kg of body weight per day for 10 days, a dosage which results in 100% survival of hamsters infected with subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) virus and which inhibits the replication of SSPE virus in hamster brains, the ribavirin concentration in the brains estimated by HPLC and bioassay was kept higher than 50 micrograms/g for 10 days. The effective concentration in vivo corresponds to the concentration at which ribavirin completely inhibits the replication of SSPE virus in vitro. The maximal tolerable ribavirin concentration for hamsters was calculated to be 150 micrograms/g. Although ribavirin shows toxicity to the animals at a relatively low concentration (250 to 400 micrograms/g), intrathecal or intraventricular administration of ribavirin should be explored for potential use in the treatment of patients with SSPE, while the ribavirin concentration in cerebrospinal fluid or brain tissue should be monitored.

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Cingarlini, Sara. "Unusual Presentations for EBV and HHV8 Co-Infections: A Case Report and Review of Literature". Journal of Clinical Case Studies Reviews & Reports 5, n. 9 (30 settembre 2023): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.47363/jccsr/2023(5)258.

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HHV-8 is known to be related to Kaposi sarcomas but can be responsible for other diseases such as Castleman’s disease (MCD) and primary effusion lymphoma (PEL). Epstein-Barr virus, on the other hand, is generally responsible for B-lineage lymphoproliferative diseases (LPD). In this case report we describe the case of a co-infection with HHV-8 and EBV with an unusual presentation. It is in fact a Kaposi sarcoma diagnosed in a heterosexual, immunocompetent and HIV-negative patient who initially presented with nodal disease only and a severe hemolytic anaemia. The same patient was also diagnosed with a T-lineage LPD with only bone marrow localization. The overall clinical presentation evolved favorably until complete resolution with the use of chemotherapy including drugs active in both histotypes. These data are contextualized with the evidence available in the current literature regarding the most common clinical manifestations of these infections. Categories: Infectious Disease, Oncology, Hematology Keywords: t cell lymphoproliferative disorder, autoimmune hemolytic anemia (aiha), cytotoxic chemotherapy, hiv negative kaposi sarcoma, epstein barr virus (EBV), hhv 8

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Zumla, A., e S. L. Croft. "Chemotherapy and immunity in opportunistic parasitic infections in AIDS". Parasitology 105, S1 (gennaio 1992): S93—S101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182000075405.

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SUMMARYParasitic diseases are endemic in parts of the tropics, but there is no convincing evidence that their prevalence or incidence is increasing due to the HIV epidemic. Available scientific data on parasitic infections in patients with the Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) suggests a predominance of Pneumocystis carinii, Toxoplasma gondii and Cryptosporidium spp. For reasons which are unclear, parasitic infections such as Plasmodium falciparum, Strongyloides stercoralis and Entamoeba histolytica, where cell-mediated immune responses are also thought to be significant, do not appear to be opportunists of importance. It is being increasingly recognized that chemotherapy for parasitic diseases has a host-dependent component, although scientific data on this subject remain scanty. The management of opportunistic parasitic infections in patients infected with HIV is dogged by failures and relapses, aptly illustrating the notion of the relationship between chemotherapy and the immune response. This review discusses the immunity and chemotherapy of opportunistic parasite infections in patients infected with the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV).

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Ilyushina, Natalia A., Erich Hoffmann, Rachelle Salomon, Robert G. Webster e Elena A. Govorkova. "Amantadine-Oseltamivir Combination therapy for H5N1 Influenza Virus Infection in Mice". Antiviral Therapy 12, n. 3 (1 aprile 2006): 363–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/135965350701200302.

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Background The clinical management of H5N1 influenza virus infection in humans remains unclear. Combination chemotherapy with drugs that target different viral proteins might be more effective than monotherapy. Methods BALB/c mice were treated by oral gavage for 5 days with amantadine (1.5, 15 or 30 mg/kg/day) and oseltamivir (1 or 10 mg/kg/day) separately or in combination. Mice were challenged 24 h after initiation of treatment with 10 mouse 50% lethal doses of either amantadine-sensitive (having S31 in the M2 protein) or amantadine-resistant (having N31 in the M2 protein) recombinant A/Vietnam/1203/04 (H5N1) virus. Results Combination treatment with amantadine (15 or 30 mg/kg/day) and oseltamivir (10 mg/kg/day) provided greater protection (60% and 90%, respectively) against lethal infection with amantadine-sensitive H5N1 virus than did monotherapy. Moreover, spread of the virus to the brain was prevented by both combination regimens. The efficacy of the drug combinations against amantadine-resistant H5N1 virus was comparable to that of oseltamivir alone. Oseltamivir produced a dose-dependent effect against both recombinant H5N1 viruses ( P<0.05) but did not provide complete protection against lethal infection. Importantly, no mutations in the HA, NA and M2 proteins were detected when the two drugs were used in combination. Conclusions Combination chemotherapy provided a survival advantage over single-agent treatment of mice inoculated with neurotropic H5N1 influenza virus. This strategy might be an option for the control of pandemic influenza viruses that are sensitive to amantadine. Combinations that include other drugs should be explored.

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Sjöberg, Anita Herrström, Liya Wang e Staffan Eriksson. "Antiviral Guanosine Analogs as Substrates for Deoxyguanosine Kinase: Implications for Chemotherapy". Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 45, n. 3 (1 marzo 2001): 739–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.45.3.739-742.2001.

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ABSTRACT A highly active form of human recombinant deoxyguanosine kinase (dGK) phosphorylated purine nucleoside analogs active against cytomegalovirus, hepatitis B virus, and human immunodeficiency virus, such as penciclovir, 2′,3′-dideoxyguanosine and 3′-fluoro-2′,3′-dideoxyguanosine. The antiherpesvirus drug ganciclovir, which is also used in gene therapy, was a substrate for dGK, but with low efficiency. ATP and UTP were both good phosphate donors, with apparent Km values of 6 and 4 μM andV max values of 34 and 90 nmol of dGMP/mg of dGK/min, respectively. With a mixture of 5 mM ATP and 0.05 mM UTP, which represent physiologically relevant concentrations, the activities of dGK with ganciclovir and penciclovir was 1% and approximately 10%, respectively, of that with dGuo. The levels of dGK in different tissues were determined with a selective enzyme assay and the total activities per gram of tissues were similar in liver, brain, heart, and thymus extracts. The fact that the cellular dGK enzyme can phosphorylate antiviral guanosine analogs may help to explain the efficacies and side effects of several forms of chemotherapy.

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Yeo, Winnie, Paul K. S. Chan, Pun Hui, Wing M. Ho, Kwok C. Lam, Wing H. Kwan, Sheng Zhong e Philip J. Johnson. "Hepatitis B virus reactivation in breast cancer patients receiving cytotoxic chemotherapy: A prospective study". Journal of Medical Virology 70, n. 4 (2 giugno 2003): 553–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmv.10430.

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Chen, Jungang, Samantha Kendrick e Zhiqiang Qin. "Mechanistic Insights into Chemoresistance Mediated by Oncogenic Viruses in Lymphomas". Viruses 11, n. 12 (16 dicembre 2019): 1161. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v11121161.

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Viral lymphomagenesis induced by infection with oncogenic viruses, such as Kaposi’s sarcoma associated herpesvirus (KSHV), Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) and human T-cell leukemia virus (HTLV-1), represents a group of aggressive malignancies with a diverse range of pathological features. Combined chemotherapy remains the standard of care for these virus-associated lymphomas; however, frequent chemoresistance is a barrier to achieving successful long-term disease-free survival. There is increasing evidence that indicates virus-associated lymphomas display more resistance to cytotoxic chemotherapeutic agents than that observed in solid tumors. Although the tumor microenvironment and genetic changes, such as key oncogene mutations, are closely related to chemoresistance, some studies demonstrate that the components of oncogenic viruses themselves play pivotal roles in the multidrug chemoresistance of lymphoma cells. In this review, we summarize recent advances in the understanding of the mechanisms through which oncogenic viruses mediate lymphoma cell chemoresistance, with a particular focus on KSHV and EBV, two major oncogenic viruses. We also discuss the current challenges to overcome these obstacles in the treatment of virus-associated lymphomas.

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Zon, Robin T., e Michael N. Neuss. "ASCO Provisional Clinical Opinion: Chronic Hepatitis B Virus Infection in Patients Receiving Cytotoxic Chemotherapy for Treatment of Malignant Diseases". Journal of Oncology Practice 6, n. 4 (luglio 2010): 193–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jop.777007.

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Uchiyama, Michihiro, Yotaro Tamai e Takashi Ikeda. "Entecavir as prophylaxis against hepatitis B virus reactivation following chemotherapy for lymphoma". International Journal of Infectious Diseases 14, n. 3 (marzo 2010): e265-e266. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2009.04.014.

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Korzh, Elena V. "Interstitial lung diseases in persons infected with human immunodeficiency virus". PULMONOLOGIYA 33, n. 6 (13 dicembre 2023): 841–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.18093/0869-0189-2023-33-6-841-848.

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Diagnosis of interstitial lung diseases (ILD) in individuals infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) remains poorly understood.The purpose of the work was to demonstrate approaches to the diagnosis of ILD in HIV-infected patients with different levels of CD4 lymphocytes. An analysis of literature data and clinical observations of ILD in HIV-infected individuals (n = 2) whose CD4 lymphocyte count was 677 (37.5%) and 1 (0.21%) cells/μl are presented. The patients were observed and treated for a long time by pulmonology specialists, including anti-tuberculosis chemotherapy. The patient with CD4 lymphocyte count of 677 cells/μl in the absence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in the sputum had an established diagnosis of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis with the progressive development of respiratory failure and progression of the computed tomographic pattern from large areas of “ground glass” to the formation of reticular changes and “honeycomb” lung within 2 years. The patient with CD4 count of 1 cell/μl was diagnosed with nonspecific interstitial pneumonia based on characteristic clinical manifestations of increasing respiratory failure against the background of diffuse interstitial pneumofibrosis in the absence of bacterial excretion, the effects of antimycobacterial, antibacterial and antifungal treatment for 7 months, and excluding other causes of lung damage.Conclusion. The development of interstitial fibrosing pulmonary process of non-infectious etiology in HIV-infected patients with different states of T-helper immunity has been demonstrated. After excluding opportunistic infections, the influence of other factors, and concomitant diseases, these patients were diagnosed with various forms of idiopathic interstitial pneumonia. However, existing reports of the direct damaging effects of the virus on the pulmonary parenchyma also suggest the possibility of HIV-associated interstitial pulmonary fibrosis.

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Greiner, Timothy, James O. Armitage e Thomas G. Gross. "Atypical Lymphoproliferative Diseases". Hematology 2000, n. 1 (1 gennaio 2000): 133–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/asheducation.v2000.1.133.133.

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Abstract This review addresses the clinical presentation, pathology, and therapy of several uncommon lymphoid proliferations. Because these lymphoproliferations span the characteristics of reactive polymorphous proliferations to clonal malignant neoplasms, they are often difficult to diagnose and treat effectively. In Section I, Dr. Greiner describes the pathology of the spectrum of atypical lymphoid disorders including Castleman's disease, angioimmunoblastic lymphadenopathy, lymphadenopathy in autoimmune diseases, posttransplant lymphoproliferative disorders, and X-linked lymphoproliferative disorder. The relationship to Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and human herpsesvirus-8 (HHV-8) is discussed, and molecular diagnostic assays and principles for obtaining proper diagnostic evaluation are emphasized. In Section II, Dr. Armitage presents a practical approach to the management of Castleman's disease. The discussion includes the importance of confirmation of the histological diagnosis and careful staging evaluation, therapeutic options, and the increased risks for infection and lymphoma. The appropriate roles of surgical excision, corticosteroids, and combination chemotherapy are addressed along with alternative strategies such as anti-interleukin-6 and bone marrow transplantation. In Section III, Dr. Gross reviews the treatment of EBV-associated lymphoproliferative disorders in primary immunodeficiencies and in post-transplant patients. He gives an update on the recent molecular discoveries in X-linked lymphoproliferative disorder. Preliminary results of a phase II trial of low-dose cyclophosphamide in posttransplant lymphoproliferative disorders and the use of GM-CSF as preemptive therapy are presented.

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37

Greiner, Timothy, James O. Armitage e Thomas G. Gross. "Atypical Lymphoproliferative Diseases". Hematology 2000, n. 1 (1 gennaio 2000): 133–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/asheducation.v2000.1.133.20000133.

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Abstract (sommario):

This review addresses the clinical presentation, pathology, and therapy of several uncommon lymphoid proliferations. Because these lymphoproliferations span the characteristics of reactive polymorphous proliferations to clonal malignant neoplasms, they are often difficult to diagnose and treat effectively.In Section I, Dr. Greiner describes the pathology of the spectrum of atypical lymphoid disorders including Castleman's disease, angioimmunoblastic lymphadenopathy, lymphadenopathy in autoimmune diseases, posttransplant lymphoproliferative disorders, and X-linked lymphoproliferative disorder. The relationship to Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and human herpsesvirus-8 (HHV-8) is discussed, and molecular diagnostic assays and principles for obtaining proper diagnostic evaluation are emphasized.In Section II, Dr. Armitage presents a practical approach to the management of Castleman's disease. The discussion includes the importance of confirmation of the histological diagnosis and careful staging evaluation, therapeutic options, and the increased risks for infection and lymphoma. The appropriate roles of surgical excision, corticosteroids, and combination chemotherapy are addressed along with alternative strategies such as anti-interleukin-6 and bone marrow transplantation.In Section III, Dr. Gross reviews the treatment of EBV-associated lymphoproliferative disorders in primary immunodeficiencies and in post-transplant patients. He gives an update on the recent molecular discoveries in X-linked lymphoproliferative disorder. Preliminary results of a phase II trial of low-dose cyclophosphamide in posttransplant lymphoproliferative disorders and the use of GM-CSF as preemptive therapy are presented.

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38

KOTLYAR, V. K., S. V. FEDOROVICH e O. L. SEGET. "IMPROVEMENT OF GRAPE CUTTINGS BY THERMOTHERAPY AGAINST GLRAV-3 VIRUS". Scientific Works of North Caucasian Federal Scientific Center of Horticulture Viticulture Wine-making 37 (settembre 2023): 107–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.30679/2587-9847-2023-37-107-110.

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GLRaV-3 is a systemic phloem virus, has been detected in almost all wine regions of the world and is responsible for significant economic damage. The use of healthy breeding material is crucial for the control of vine diseases caused by viruses, due to the lack of established treatment for viral diseases in the field conditions. In this study, we conducted a series of experiments on thermotherapy on grape cuttings that had passed the dormant period in order to determine the most effective mode of healing of grape cuttings from the GLRaV-3 virus. The data obtained by us in the course of this study give an idea that the most effective for the release of planting material from the curlytop virus of grapes-3 are thermotherapy regimes with a high duration in combination with high temperature. This method is a good alternative to chemotherapy or can be used together with it to increase the effectiveness of the rehabilitation process.

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Nowak, J. S., e D. Januszkiewicz. "CHEMOTHERAPY OF CHILDREN WITH LYMPHOPROLIFERATIVE DISEASES AS A RISK FACTOR FOR HEPATITIS C VIRUS INFECTION. 127". Pediatric Research 41, n. 5 (maggio 1997): 770. http://dx.doi.org/10.1203/00006450-199705000-00146.

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40

Ramphal, Raveena, Ronald M. Grant, Biljana Dzolganovski, Julie Constantin, Raymond Tellier, Upton Allen, Sheila Weitzman, Anne Matlow, Martin Petric e Lillian Sung. "Herpes Simplex Virus in Febrile Neutropenic Children Undergoing Chemotherapy for Cancer". Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal 26, n. 8 (agosto 2007): 700–704. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/inf.0b013e31805cdc11.

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41

Nishida, Tsutomu, Naoki Hiramatsu, Masao Mizuki, Izumi Nagatomo, Hiroshi Kida, Keiko Tazumi, Shinichiro Shinzaki et al. "Managing hepatitis B virus carriers with systemic chemotherapy or biologic therapy in the outpatient clinic". Hepatology Research 43, n. 4 (6 agosto 2012): 339–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1872-034x.2012.01073.x.

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42

Shahgolzari, Mehdi, Srividhya Venkataraman, Anne Osano, Paul Achile Akpa e Kathleen Hefferon. "Plant Virus Nanoparticles Combat Cancer". Vaccines 11, n. 8 (25 luglio 2023): 1278. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines11081278.

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Abstract (sommario):

Plant virus nanoparticles (PVNPs) have garnered considerable interest as a promising nanotechnology approach to combat cancer. Owing to their biocompatibility, stability, and adjustable surface functionality, PVNPs hold tremendous potential for both therapeutic and imaging applications. The versatility of PVNPs is evident from their ability to be tailored to transport a range of therapeutic agents, including chemotherapy drugs, siRNA, and immunomodulators, thereby facilitating targeted delivery to the tumor microenvironment (TME). Furthermore, PVNPs may be customized with targeting ligands to selectively bind to cancer cell receptors, reducing off-target effects. Additionally, PVNPs possess immunogenic properties and can be engineered to exhibit tumor-associated antigens, thereby stimulating anti-tumor immune responses. In conclusion, the potential of PVNPs as a versatile platform for fighting cancer is immense, and further research is required to fully explore their potential and translate them into clinical applications.

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43

Polyakov, Yu Yu, E. A. Baryakh, E. N. Misyurina, E. I. Zhelnova, M. A. Mingalimov, S. A. Kardovskaya, M. Ya Smolyarchuk et al. "Persistence of a new coronavirus infection in a patient with primary central nervous system large B-cell lymphoma with assessment of the humoral immune response against SARS-CoV-2". Oncohematology 19, n. 2 (2 aprile 2024): 101–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.17650/1818-8346-2024-19-2-101-108.

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Treatment of immunocompromised patients with novel coronavirus infection (COVID-19) presents significant challenges. Currently, there are no unified approaches to the treatment of persistent COVID-19 in hematological malignancies. There is a need to develop recommendations for the management of such patients, chemotherapy protocols, as well as therapy for COVID-19 in case of SARS-CoV-2 virus persistence. Doctors are faced with cases of virus persistence, clinical manifestations during a long course of the infectious process and are not provided with methodological recommendations for patient supervision. As scientific data on the persistent COVID-19 course in patients with lymphoproliferative diseases accumulates, it is planned to create recommendations for the treatment of COVID-19 for patients in this group. This article describes a clinical case of persistent COVID-19 course in a comorbid patient with primary central nervous system large B-cell lymphoma during chemotherapy.

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Islas-Muñoz, B., B. Méndez-Sotelo, J. Reyes-Pérez, M. Jiménez-de los Santos, R. Herrera-Goepfert e P. Volkow-Fernández. "Obstructive cholangiopathy patient caused by cytomegalovirus and Kaposi sarcoma in a person living with HIV and hepatitis C". International Journal of STD & AIDS 31, n. 11 (4 agosto 2020): 1110–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0956462420943027.

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We present the case of a 28-year-old man with recently-diagnosed human immunodeficiency virus and hepatitis C virus infection. He developed obstructive cholangiopathy secondary to cytomegalovirus and Kaposi sarcoma, both diagnosed by endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography and biopsies. He received antiretroviral therapy, chemotherapy and valganciclovir with full recovery.

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Li, Shu, Xiao-Yu Liu, Qiu Pan, Jian Wu, Zhi-Hao Liu, Yong Wang, Min Liu e Xiao-Lian Zhang. "Hepatitis C Virus-Induced FUT8 Causes 5-FU Drug Resistance in Human Hepatoma Huh7.5.1 Cells". Viruses 11, n. 4 (24 aprile 2019): 378. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v11040378.

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Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a major cause of human chronic liver disease and hepatocellular carcinoma. Our recent studies showed that α1,6-fucosyltransferase (FUT8), a key glycosyltransferase, was the most up-regulated glycosyltransferase after the HCV infection of human hepatocellular carcinoma Huh7.5.1 cells. Here, we further studied the effects and possible mechanism of FUT8 on the proliferation of HCV and chemotherapy-resistance of HCV-infected Huh7.5.1 cells. The effects of FUT8 on the proliferation and drug resistance of HCV-infected Huh7.5.1 cells were analyzed by flow cytometry analysis (FCM), quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), Western blot analysis and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release assay. Results: We found that FUT8 not only promoted Huh7.5.1 proliferation by activating PI3K-AKT-NF-κB signaling, but also stimulated the expression of the drug-resistant proteins P-glycoprotein (P-gp) and multidrug resistance related protein 1 (MRP1) and enhanced the 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) chemo-resistance of Huh7.5.1 cells. Silencing of FUT8 reduced the cell proliferation and increased the 5-FU sensitivity of HCV-infected Huh7.5.1 cells. Inhibition of P-gp and MRP1 increased the 5-FU drug sensitivity in HCV infected Huh7.5.1 cells. HCV-induced FUT8 promotes proliferation and 5-FU resistance of Huh7.5.1 cells. FUT8 may serve as a therapeutic target to reverse chemotherapy resistance in HCV-infected Huh7.5.1 cells.

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46

Castelli, Roberto, Riccardo Schiavon, Carlo Preti e Laurenzia Ferraris. "HIV-Related Lymphoproliferative Diseases in the Era of Combination Antiretroviral Therapy". Cardiovascular & Hematological Disorders-Drug Targets 20, n. 3 (26 novembre 2020): 175–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1871529x20666200415121009.

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HIV-positive patients have a 60- to 200-fold increased incidence of Non-Hodgkin Lymphomas (NHL) because of their impaired cellular immunity. Some NHL are considered Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) defining conditions. Diffuse large B-cell Lymphoma (DLBC) and Burkitt Lymphoma (BL) are the most commonly observed, whereas Primary Effusion Lymphoma (PEL), Central Nervous System Lymphomas (PCNSL), Plasmablastic Lymphoma (PBL) and classic Hodgkin Lymphoma (HL) are far less frequent. Multicentric Castleman disease (MCD) is an aggressive lymphoproliferative disorder highly prevalent in HIV-positive patients and strongly associated with HHV-8 virus infection. In the pre-Combination Antiretroviral Therapy (CART) era, patients with HIV-associated lymphoma had poor outcomes with median survival of 5 to 6 months. By improving the immunological status, CART extended the therapeutic options for HIV positive patients with lymphomas, allowing them to tolerate standard chemotherapies regimen with similar outcomes to those of the general population. The combination of CART and chemotherapy/ immuno-chemotherapy treatment has resulted in a remarkable prolongation of survival among HIVinfected patients with lymphomas. In this short communication, we briefly review the problems linked with the treatment of lymphoproliferative diseases in HIV patients. Combination Antiretroviral Therapy (CART) not only reduces HIV replication and restores the immunological status improving immune function of the HIV-related lymphomas patients but allows patients to deal with standard doses of chemotherapies. The association of CART and chemotherapy allowed to obtain better results in terms of overall survival and complete responses. In the setting of HIVassociated lymphomas, many issues remain open and their treatment is complicated by the patient’s immunocompromised status and the need to treat HIV concurrently.

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Pham, Hoang. "Mathematical Modeling the Time-Delay Interactions between Tumor Viruses and the Immune System with the Effects of Chemotherapy and Autoimmune Diseases". Mathematics 10, n. 5 (27 febbraio 2022): 756. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/math10050756.

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The immune system is the body’s defense against pathogens, which are complex living organisms found in many parts in the body including organs, tissues, cells, molecules, and proteins. When the immune system works properly, it can recognize and kill the abnormal cells and the infected cells. Otherwise, it can attack the body’s healthy cells even if there is no invader. Many researchers have developed immunotherapy (or cancer vaccines) and have used chemotherapy for cancer treatment that can kill fast-growing cancer cells or at least slow down tumor growth. However, chemotherapy drugs travel throughout the body and tend to kill both healthy cells and cancer cells. In this study, we consider the fact that chemotherapy can kill tumor cells and that the loss of the immune cells may at the same time stir up cancer growth. We present a dynamic time-delay tumor-immune model with the effects of chemotherapy drugs and autoimmune disease. The modeling results can be used to determine the progression of tumor cells in the human body with the effect of chemotherapy, autoimmune diseases, and time delays based on partial differential equations. It can also be used to predict when the tumor viruses’ free state can be reached as time progresses, as well as the state of the body’s healthy cells as time progresses. We also present a few numerical cases that illustrate that the model can be used to monitor the effects of chemotherapy drug treatment and the growth rate of tumor virus-infected cells and the autoimmune disease.

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Puig-Basagoiti, Francesc, Tia S. Deas, Ping Ren, Mark Tilgner, David M. Ferguson e Pei-Yong Shi. "High-Throughput Assays Using a Luciferase-Expressing Replicon, Virus-Like Particles, and Full-Length Virus for West Nile Virus Drug Discovery". Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 49, n. 12 (dicembre 2005): 4980–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.49.12.4980-4988.2005.

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ABSTRACT Many flaviviruses cause significant human disease worldwide. The development of flavivirus chemotherapy requires reliable high-throughput screening (HTS) assays. Although genetic systems have been developed for many flaviviruses, their usage in antiviral HTS assays has not been well explored. Here we compare three cell-based HTS assays for West Nile virus (WNV) drug discovery: (i) an assay that uses a cell line harboring a persistently replicating subgenomic replicon (containing a deletion of viral structural genes), (ii) an assay that uses packaged virus-like particles containing replicon RNA, and (iii) an assay that uses a full-length reporting virus. A Renilla luciferase gene was engineered into the replicon or into the full-length viral genome to monitor viral replication. Potential inhibitors could be identified through suppression of luciferase signals upon compound incubation. The antiviral assays were optimized in a 96-well format, validated with known WNV inhibitors, and proved useful in identifying a new inhibitor(s) through HTS of a compound library. In addition, because each assay encompasses multiple but discrete steps of the viral life cycle, the three systems could potentially be used to discriminate the mode of action of any inhibitor among viral entry (detected by assays ii and iii but not by assay i), replication (including viral translation and RNA synthesis; detected by assays i to iii), and virion assembly (detected by assay iii but not by assays i and ii). The approaches described in this study should be applicable to the development of cell-based assays for other flaviviruses.

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Beck, Sungjun, Zhe Zhu, Michelli F. Oliveira, Davey M. Smith, Jeremy N. Rich, Jean A. Bernatchez e Jair L. Siqueira-Neto. "Mechanism of Action of Methotrexate Against Zika Virus". Viruses 11, n. 4 (10 aprile 2019): 338. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v11040338.

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Zika virus (ZIKV), which is associated with microcephaly in infants and Guillain-Barré syndrome, reemerged as a serious public health threat in Latin America in recent years. Previous high-throughput screening (HTS) campaigns have revealed several potential hit molecules against ZIKV, including methotrexate (MTX), which is clinically used as an anti-cancer chemotherapy and anti-rheumatoid agent. We studied the mechanism of action of MTX against ZIKV in relation to its inhibition of dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) in vitro using Vero and human neural stem cells (hNSCs). As expected, an antiviral effect for MTX against ZIKV was observed, showing up to 10-fold decrease in virus titer during MTX treatment. We also observed that addition of leucovorin (a downstream metabolite of DHFR pathway) rescued the ZIKV replication impaired by MTX treatment in ZIKV-infected cells, explaining the antiviral effect of MTX through inhibition of DHFR. We also found that addition of adenosine to ZIKV-infected cells was able to rescue ZIKV replication inhibited by MTX, suggesting that restriction of de novo synthesis adenosine triphosphate (ATP) pools suppresses viral replication. These results confirm that the DHFR pathway can be targeted to inhibit replication of ZIKV, similar to other published results showing this effect in related flaviviruses.

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Loginova, S. Ya, V. N. Schukina, S. V. Savenko, R. V. Sakharov e S. V. Borisevich. "Study of the Activity of Antiviral Drugs Against the Causative Agent of Chikungunya Fever in Cell Culture". Antibiotics and Chemotherapy 67, n. 11-12 (11 febbraio 2023): 10–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.37489/0235-2990-2022-67-11-12-10-15.

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Abstract (sommario):

Сhikungunya virus (CHIKV) is a member of the Flavivirus genus, Flaviviridae family. It belongs to the zoonotic arbovirus infections transmitted by mosquitoes of the genus Aedes. In humans, this ﬂavivirus causes a disease known as Сhikungunya fever, etymologically related to yellow fever, dengue, West Nile, and Zika. There is no speciﬁc treatment for Сhikungunya fever, as there is no vaccine or preventive measures to date. A comparative analysis of the eﬀectiveness of chemotherapy drugs, interferon inducers and two classes of interferon α-, β-, and γ-showed that interferon drugs eﬀectively inhibit the reproduction of CHIKV in the Vero cell culture in a wide range of concentrations. Chemotherapy drugs Triazavirin® and Ingavirin® did not aﬀect the reproduction of CHIKV strain FN198/66 in Vero cell culture. Ribavirin® at a concentration of 100 µg/ml almost completely suppressed the reproduction of the CHIKV virus when the drug was introduced into the culture medium both before and after infection.

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