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1

Devèze, Geneviève. "Viol conjugal : Rompre le silence !" Cahiers du féminisme 43, n. 1 (1987): 19–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/cafem.1987.3710.

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Boucher, S., J. Lemelin e L. McNicoll. "Viol conjugal et trauma relationnel". Sexologies 18, n. 2 (aprile 2009): 141–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sexol.2009.01.005.

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Leriche, Aline. "Petite histoire du viol conjugal et de la honte". Le sociographe 27, n. 3 (2008): 85. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/graph.027.0085.

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Mercader, Patricia, Annik Houel e Helga Sobota. "Le crime dit passionnel : le paradoxe d’une violence supposée normale". Psychiatrie et violence 10, n. 1 (1 settembre 2011): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1005712ar.

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Contrairement à d’autres crimes commis au sein du cercle familial, le crime passionnel, pourtant très visible socialement, n’a jamais fait l’objet d’une critique sociale ou psychologique efficace comme c’est le cas pour l’infanticide depuis longtemps déjà, ou plus récemment pour les abus sexuels ou le viol conjugal. Sur la base d’un corpus de 337 crimes et d’outils d’analyse variés, nous soulignerons trois aspects :
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Brown, Geraldine, Thierry Delessert e Marta Roca i Escoda. "Du devoir marital au viol conjugal. Étude sur l’évolution du droit pénal suisse". Droit et société N° 97, n. 3 (2017): 595. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/drs.097.0595.

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Schlegel, Agnès, François Fourment, Jean-Louis Senon, Vincent Camus e Robert Courtois. "Évolution de la notion de viol conjugal du point de vue légal et sociétal en France et aux États-Unis". La Presse Médicale 48, n. 9 (settembre 2019): 892–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.lpm.2019.08.014.

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Vásquez Rodríguez, Jorge Alberto. "Ausencia de un modelo de calidad de obra vial en Costa Rica que considere la voz del cliente-ciudadano". Revista Nacional de Administración 6, n. 2 (18 dicembre 2015): 77–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.22458/rna.v6i2.809.

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En Costa Rica no se ha establecido un modelo de calidad de la carretera. En varios países, como España y México, existe un modelo, que permite juzgar la calidad de la obra vial, e identifi car puntualmente oportunidades de mejora.Los modelos de la calidad de la infraestructura vial en el mundo conjugan el criterio del tecnócrata y el criterio del cliente-ciudadano, al considerar la carretera como servicio, y no solo como obra. La ausencia de un modelo en Costa Ricahace invisible la “voz del cliente-ciudadano”, alfa y omega, de la calidad de la obra vial, y realza la “voz del tecnócrata”, que se establece como la única voz autorizada para juzgar la calidad.
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Zaccour, Suzanne. "Pourquoi les féministes ne mangent pas les animaux". Revue Possibles 48, n. 1 (1 giugno 2024): 61–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.62212/revuepossibles.v48i1.756.

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Peut-on être féministe et manger des animaux ? Si cette question parait saugrenue, c’est que nous n’avons pas l’habitude de voir l’élevage comme une industrie qui exploite le corps des individu·es, qui contrôle leur sexualité et leur reproduction, et qui passe outre leur consentement. En creusant un peu, on s’aperçoit que la consommation de viande est associée à la virilité et que les justifications à l’exploitation animale font écho à la culture du viol. Lorsqu’on exploite une vache sous prétexte qu’elle y consent, lorsqu’on sexualise les truies pour mieux se les approprier, lorsqu’on enferme les poules pour les prétendre « en liberté », on bafoue le consentement et l’intégrité corporelle qui sont si chèr·es au féminisme. De même, à prétendre que manger des animaux n’est qu’un choix personnel, on oublie que le privé est politique – le slogan le plus iconique de la pensée féministe. Et que dire de l’affirmation selon laquelle l’éleveur exploite « par amour », un refrain bien connu des victimes de violence conjugale ? Ce texte présente une critique féministe de l’exploitation animale. Il est composé d’extraits adaptés du livre que l’autrice fera bientôt paraitre.
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SHALEV, ANER. "Mixing, Communication Complexity and Conjectures of Gowers and Viola". Combinatorics, Probability and Computing 26, n. 4 (7 giugno 2016): 628–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s096354831600016x.

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We study the distribution of products of conjugacy classes in finite simple groups, obtaining effective two-step mixing results, which give rise to an approximation to a conjecture of Thompson.Our results, combined with work of Gowers and Viola, also lead to the solution of recent conjectures they posed on interleaved products and related complexity lower bounds, extending their work on the groups SL(2,q) to all (non-abelian) finite simple groups.In particular it follows that, ifGis a finite simple group, andA,B⊆Gtfort⩾ 2 are subsets of fixed positive densities, then, asa= (a1, . . .,at) ∈Aandb= (b1, . . .,bt) ∈Bare chosen uniformly, the interleaved producta•b:=a1b1. . .atbtis almost uniform onG(with quantitative estimates) with respect to the ℓ∞-norm.It also follows that the communication complexity of an old decision problem related to interleaved products ofa,b∈Gtis at least Ω(tlog |G|) whenGis a finite simple group of Lie type of bounded rank, and at least Ω(tlog log |G|) whenGis any finite simple group. Both these bounds are best possible.
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Bautista Vargas, Andrés Felipe, e Flor Ángela Cerquera Escobar. "Procesos espaciales asociados a la construcción de la doble calzada BTS en los municipios de Tunja, Cómbita y Oicatá (2005-2012)". Perspectiva Geográfica 19, n. 2 (19 gennaio 2016): 219. http://dx.doi.org/10.19053/01233769.4092.

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Se aborda el estudio de los procesos espaciales asociados a la construcción de la infraestructura vial de la doble calzada Briceño-Tunja-Sogamoso BTS, en los municipios de Tunja, Cómbita y Oicatá, en Colombia, a través de la fotointerpretación de imágenes Spot 2005 y Google Map Tiff 2012, aplicando la lectura de la leyenda nacional de coberturas de la tierra metodología Corine Land Cover (CLC) adaptación para Colombia escala 1:100.000 (Ministerio de Ambiente y Desarrollo Sostenible, 2010). Se advirtieron diferentes procesos espaciotemporales no lineales, que obedecen a la incidencia de la infraestructura vial en la localización de nuevo tejido urbano discontinuo, fragmentación predial, y cambio de coberturas en su área de influencia. Como resultado se obtuvo un análisis espaciotemporal 2005-2012, conjugado con la estimación de la valorización predial, el cual resulta adecuado para apreciar la incidencia en el área de influencia, como evidenciar cambios transicionales en el uso del suelo.
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Burton, Deron C., Godfrey M. Bigogo, Allan O. Audi, John Williamson, Kenneth Munge, Jackline Wafula, Dominic Ouma et al. "Risk of Injection-Site Abscess among Infants Receiving a Preservative-Free, Two-Dose Vial Formulation of Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine in Kenya". PLOS ONE 10, n. 10 (28 ottobre 2015): e0141896. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0141896.

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Goldblatt, D., B. D. Plikaytis, M. Akkoyunlu, J. Antonello, L. Ashton, M. Blake, R. Burton et al. "Establishment of a New Human Pneumococcal Standard Reference Serum, 007sp". Clinical and Vaccine Immunology 18, n. 10 (18 agosto 2011): 1728–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cvi.05252-11.

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ABSTRACTLot 89SF has been the reference standard serum pool used in pneumococcal enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) since 1990. In 2005, it was estimated that there remained between 2 and 5 years' supply of lot 89SF. Since lot 89SF was the reference standard used in the evaluation of the seven-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine Prevnar (PCV7), the link to clinical efficacy would be severed if stocks became completely depleted. Furthermore, demonstration of immune responses comparable to those elicited by PCV7 is a licensure approach used for new pneumococcal conjugate vaccines, so a replacement reference standard was required. A total of 278 volunteers were immunized with the 23-valent unconjugated polysaccharide vaccine Pneumovax II, and a unit of blood was obtained twice within 120 days following immunization. Plasma was prepared, pooled, and confirmed to be free from hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), and HIV. The pooled serum was poured at 6 ml per vial into 15,333 vials and lyophilized. Immunological bridging of 007sp to 89SF was used to establish equivalent reference values for 13 pneumococcal capsular serotypes (1, 3, 4, 5, 6A, 6B, 7F, 9V, 14, 18C, 19A, 19F and 23F) by five independent laboratories. Antibody concentrations in 007sp were established relative to the lot 89SF reference preparation using the WHO reference ELISA. Subsequently, 12 existing WHO calibration sera had concentrations reassigned for 13 pneumococcal serotypes using new serum 007sp as the reference, and these were compared to concentrations relative to the original reference serum. Agreement was excellent for the 12 WHO calibration sera. The 007sp preparation has replaced 89SF as the pneumococcal reference standard. Sufficient quantity of this new preparation is available such that, with judicious use, it should be available for at least 25 years.
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Tarquinio, C., A. Schmitt, P. Tarquinio, J. A. Rydberg e E. Spitz. "Intérêt de la psychothérapie « eye movement desensitization reprocessing » dans le cadre de la prise en charge de femmes victimes de viols conjugaux". Sexologies 21, n. 2 (aprile 2012): 92–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sexol.2011.05.001.

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Fialho, Sara, Marcelo Leles Romarco De Oliveira e Alair Ferreira De Freitas. "ESTADO E INJUSTIÇA AMBIENTAL: UMA REFLEXÃO SOBRE A FLEXIBILIZAÇÃO DA POLÍTICA AMBIENTAL BRASILEIRA". Caminhos de Geografia 23, n. 90 (8 dicembre 2022): 367–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.14393/rcg239061495.

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O artigo propõe-se a empreender uma reflexão acerca do papel desempenhado pelo Estado na garantia constitucional a um meio ambiente ecologicamente equilibrado, o que conduzirá a um estudo dos rumos aos quais vem trilhando a política ambiental brasileira. Assim, tem-se por objetivo compreender como a adesão a uma política ambiental mais flexível e maleável viola as garantias de proteção existentes em detrimento da vedação ao retrocesso ecológico, bem como de que forma o caminho ao qual indica trilhar o Estado brasileiro na temática ambiental pode implicar na construção de cenários de injustiça ambiental. Aliado a um breve estudo da Teoria Geral do Estado, outra categoria conceitual a ser explorada ao longo do artigo é o neoextrativismo, que afigura-se como um novo olhar sobre a agenda pública ambiental. A metodologia utilizada encontra-se alicerçada em uma revisão de literatura, com uma abordagem qualitativa das categorias conceituais articuladas, conjugada com uma análise documental pautada em alguns instrumentos jurídico-administrativos (leis, projetos de leis, deliberações) que simbolizam o momento de desmonte ambiental brasileiro. Desse modo, foi possível compreender a atual política ambiental e o papel do Estado na (des)proteção do aparato erigido em torno do direito constitucionalmente assegurado a um meio ambiente ecologicamente equilibrado.
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Bera, Kalisankar, e Irishi N. N. Namboothiri. "Enantioselective synthesis of γ-tetrasubstituted nitrosulfonyl carboxylates and amides vial-tert-leucine-derived-squaramide catalyzed conjugate addition of nitrosulfones to acrylates and acrylamides". Org. Biomol. Chem. 12, n. 33 (2014): 6425–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4ob00344f.

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A t-leucine-derived squaramide catalyzed reaction of α-nitrosulfones with acrylates/acrylamides provides γ-tetrasubstituted γ-nitro-γ-sulfonyl carboxylates/amides in excellent yield and enantioselectivity.
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Nica-Badea, Delia, Manole Cojocaru e Aurelian Udristioiu. "Role of the Isoform p-53 Protein in Failed Cases of Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia". Blood 136, Supplement 1 (5 novembre 2020): 18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2020-137364.

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Introduction It was discovered in the last few years that the production of some percentage of mutant p-53 proteins, with the increased stability in type B lymphocytes, leads to the carcinogenesis process. This discovery led to the identification and quantification of the p-53 protein by different methods such as immuno-histochemistry (IHC), polymerase chain reaction (PCR), single-stranded peptide microarray, (SSPMa), next-generation sequencing (NGS), and the sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (sandwich ELISA). Method Using the ELISA technique, the frequency of p-53 protein expression in 20 representative patients diagnosed with CLL-B was analyzed, in order to investigate the relationship of the p-53 protein at the different stages of the disease and the impact on patient survival. ELISA Kit Component: Coated 96-well, Strip Plate 1, Standard (Lyophilized) 2 vials Assay, Diluent (5x) 1 vial x 15 ml, Biotinylated Detection Antibody 2 vials, HRP-Streptavidin Conjugate (800x) 1 vial x 200 µl, Wash Buffer (20x) 1 vial x 25 ml, TMB Substrate 1 vial x 12 ml, Stop Solution H2SO4 1 vial x 8 ml, Plate Sealers 4. Molecular biology technology used in the method The monoclonal p-53 antibody, PAb 240, used in the ELISA method recognizes both mutant and wild-type p-53 under denaturing conditions. Species reactivity is for human or rhesus monkey in conformity with the prospect. The monoclonal antibody PAb 240 recognizes an epitope that is structurally hidden in the wild-type conformation of p-53 and becomes exposed by denaturing the p-53 protein or the mutant conformations of p-53, where point mutations in the P-53 gene alter the terminal structure of the p-53 protein. This ELISA kit is recommended for use in serum, plasma or tissue homogenates. Using other types of sample is not supported. The sample collection protocols below were adapted from the references. 1. Full physical examination of patients diagnosed with CLL All patients were admitted to hospital with symptoms and clinical features of CLL, such as cough, night sweating, and retrosternal pain. Clinical examination and ultrasounds revealed adenopathy and/or splenomegaly, with spleen enlargement of 3 cm above the normal diameter. 2.Immunophenotyping using monoclonal antibodies (Flow Cytometry) CLL-B diagnosis was confirmed by immunophenotyping: monoclonal antibodies in CD5⁺, CD19⁺, CD20⁺, CD23⁺, CD28⁺ receptors, and with B lymphocytes expressing IgM or IgG heavy chains with kappa or lambda light chains. 3.Laboratory Exams: For each of the cases, a 5 Diff Hematology Analyzer was used to perform a haemogram, and blood smear cytology exams on peripheral blood and medullary bone marrow were carried out by May-Grunwald Giemsa staining. The leukemia cells found in the peripheral blood smear had characteristic microscopic morphology, with the small nuclei having mature lymphocytes with full or partially aggregated chromatin and lacking nucleoli. Results Of the 20 patients studied, 14 men have aged 55-85 years and 6 women aged 39-85 years. Patients were treated at the time of these investigations with cytostatic and immunotherapy specific for CLL. Male results: Protein concentration p-53 / µg / dl: 20, 15, 18, 40, 10, 12, 14, 60, 30, 10, 13, 13, 5, 10, 15, 12. Women's results; Protein concentration p-53 / µg / dl: 140, 30, 13, 10, [Graphic 1]. Statistical interpretations: The probability index (NORMDIST) p, was calculated in the value of p = 0.034. The reference interval was established between the values 10-40µg / dl, (m = 24.5 µg / dl. The pathological values in the 3 cases of highly elevated p-53, reflecting the concentration of p-53 protein mutant, were calculated in 2 men in the amount of 60 µg / dl, respectively in 50 µg / dl, and in the female case, it was calculated in the amount of 140 µg / dl, the frequency of chronic lymphocytic leukemia with mutant p-53 protein being higher in men than in women, in ratio 2/1, in accordance with the data from the specialized literature. Conclusions In the context of a heterogeneous malignant disease, such as CLL-B, a simple and inexpensive ELISA method, such as employed in this study, proves useful for identifying patients to be considered as candidates for personalized therapeutic strategies, based on the mutation of the TP- 53 gene and the presence of p-53 isoform protein. Figure Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
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Zaman, Khalequ, Sheikh Farzana Zaman, Farzana Zaman, Asma Aziz, Sayeed-Bin Faisal, Magali Traskine, Md Ahsan Habib, Javier Ruiz-Guiñazú e Dorota Borys. "Immunologic non-inferiority and safety of the investigational pneumococcal non-typeable Haemophilus influenzae protein D-conjugate vaccine (PHiD-CV) 4-dose vial presentation compared to the licensed PHiD-CV 1-dose vial presentation in infants: A phase III randomized study". Vaccine 36, n. 5 (gennaio 2018): 698–706. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.12.034.

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Borrego Higueras, Elena, e Juan Manuel Gines Dorado. "Estudio tecnofarmacéutico de los Anticuerpos Conjugados a Fármacos comercializados en España". Ars Pharmaceutica (Internet) 65, n. 2 (20 marzo 2024): 146–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.30827/ars.v65i2.29301.

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Introducción: el tratamiento del cáncer supone uno de los grandes desafíos a los que se enfrenta la sociedad científica actual. En esta lucha sanitaria, se desarrollan los anticuerpos conjugados a fármacos, capaces de lograr la muerte celular mediante el transporte y liberación de compuestos citotóxicos selectivamente sobre células tumorales. Se componen de un anticuerpo monoclonal (de naturaleza proteica) unido a un fármaco citotóxico (de carácter lipófilo) mediante un enlazador. Las formulaciones se han de diseñar para mantener dicha unión durante su almacenamiento y administración. Objetivo: identificar los medicamentos comercializados en España cuyo principio activo es un anticuerpo conjugado a fármaco, estudiando diferentes aspectos tecnofarmacéuticos, en especial los componentes de sus formulaciones. Método: dado que este tipo de medicamento pertenece al grupo ATC L01F, han sido identificados a través del buscador de la Agencia Española de Medicamentos y Productos Sanitarios. La consulta de sus fichas técnicas, artículos de revisión e investigación relacionados con el tema así como el Handbook of Pharmaceuticals Excipients, ha permitido realizar el estudio tecnofarmacéutico. Resultados: se han analizado distintos aspectos tecnofarmacéuticos: forma farmacéutica, vía de administración, conservación y, en especial, sus formulaciones. Se ha estudiado en profundidad la naturaleza del principio activo y los requisitos de las formulaciones en base a sus características. Conclusiones: los ocho anticuerpos conjugados a fármacos aprobados en España se presentan en forma de polvo liofilizado en vial que se deben almacenar entre 2-8 ºC. Para su administración, se reconstituyen obteniéndose inicialmente un concentrado, que posteriormente se diluye y administra en forma de perfusión intravenosa o goteo. Su formulación tipo incluye un lioprotector, un antiagregante, un regulador del pH y eventualmente antioxidantes o reductores de la viscosidad.
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Polakowski, Sergiusz, Alan H. Davis, Andre L. Albert e Brendan Gow. "QuickTox™ Kit for QuickScan DON3 (Vomitoxin) Method Modification". Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 98, n. 1 (1 gennaio 2015): 85–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.5740/jaoacint.14-152.

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Abstract Lateral flow technology and a reader-based systemare used for quantitative determination of deoxynivalenol (DON), also known as vomitoxin, residues in cereal grain commodities by the QuickTox Kit for QuickScan DON (Vomitoxin). The assay has been modified, and a study was conducted in support of a Performance Tested MethodSM (PTM) Modification. The modified assay employs identical biologic reagents as used previously (PTM No. 121202).Compared to the PTM certified product, the new assayuses modified device architecture. Multiple kits andcatalog numbers were required in the original kit reflecting the necessity for matrix specific calibration curves affixed to assay strips. A single calibration curve and kit are utilized in the new product; extraction volumes used in sample preparation are varied to accommodate multiple sample types. Extracts are clarified by filtration or settling depending onthe sample type. Filtration was used for matrixes examined in these studies. With the original product, the extract was mixed 1:1 with DB1 buffer followed by the addition of the strip which was developed for 10 min. The new product dilutes extracts five-fold offline in DB6 buffer; an aliquot of the dilution is moved to a reaction vial followed by strip development time for 3 min. The new assay performance was evaluated for linearity, robustness, selectivity (inclusivity), lot-to-lot consistency, and both internal and third party matrix studies. All DON positive samples yielded results within previously defined acceptable ranges with dose-dependent correlation values of R2 greater than 0.97 in linearity and internal and external matrix studies. Inclusivity data indicated detection of DON along with acetyl derivatives, glucoside-conjugate, and Nivalenol. Robustness studies showed within range results upon co-variation of multiple user interface parameters, and lot-to-lot consistency challenges demonstrated acceptable results across five manufactured lots.
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Lalwani, Sanjay Kewalchand, Padmasani Venkat Ramanan, Amita Sapru, Balasubramanian Sundaram, Bela Hasmukh Shah, Dinesh Kaul, N. Karthik Nagesh et al. "Safety and immunogenicity of a multidose vial formulation of 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine administered with routine pediatric vaccines in healthy infants in India: A phase 4, randomized, open-label study". Vaccine 39, n. 46 (novembre 2021): 6787–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2021.09.029.

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Díez-Domingo, Javier, Corinne Vandermeulen, Tauseefullah Akhund, Marco Costantini, Puneet Vir Singh, Venere Basile, Elena Fragapane, Maria Lattanzi e Michele Pellegrini. "632. Clinical Experience with a New Fully Liquid Presentation of the MenACWY-CRM Vaccine. Results from Two Multicenter, Randomized, Controlled, Observer-Blind, Phase 2b Studies". Open Forum Infectious Diseases 8, Supplement_1 (1 novembre 2021): S419—S420. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ofid/ofab466.830.

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Abstract Background Currently, licensed MenACWY-CRM conjugate vaccine presentation (Lyo/Liq) consists of two vials (lyophilized MenA, liquid MenCWY) to be reconstituted before injection. A new, fully liquid, single vial formulation has been developed and evaluated in two clinical studies in adolescents and adults aimed at demonstrating immunological non-inferiority of the liquid presentation for MenA. Methods Overall, 1337 subjects, 10 to 40 years of age (y), were exposed to a single 0.5 mL intramuscular dose of MenACWY Liquid and 1332 to MenACWY-CRM(Lyo/Liq). MenACWY-CRM Liquid was aged before administration, to test the vaccine immunogenicity at the end of the intended shelf-life and establish release and end of shelf life specifications. MenACWY-CRM(Lyo/Liq) was used as comparator and was not aged. In study 1 (NCT03652610), the Liquid vaccine underwent an ageing process under controlled conditions to reach ~30% MenA free saccharide (FS). In study 2 (NCT03433482), the Liquid vaccine was naturally aged at 2–8°C for approximately 24 and 30 months. Primary immunogenicity objective in both studies was non-inferiority of MenACWY-CRM liquid to licensed vaccine, as measured by human serum bactericidal assay (hSBA) geometric mean titers (GMTs) against MenA, 1-month post-vaccination. Results In both studies, for each between-group ratio of MenA hSBA GMTs, lower limits of the 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were greater than the prespecified non-inferiority margin (0.5), thus meeting the non-inferiority immunogenicity objective. Irrespectively of the vaccine presentation tested, over 82% of participants achieved MenA hSBA titers ≥ 8 in study 1 and at least 92% in study 2. The immunogenicity of MenACWY-CRM Liquid was similar to that of MenACWY-CRM(Lyo/Liq) when analyzed by serogroup, overall. No related serious adverse events were reported for both presentations. Conclusion After ageing, the new MenACWY-CRM Liquid demonstrated the ability to elicit non-inferior bactericidal responses against MenA compared to licensed formulation. The new full-liquid presentation is expected to increase the user-friendliness of the vaccine as well as to reduce reconstitution errors in the future, with a similar safety profile to that of the licensed vaccine presentation. Disclosures Javier Díez-Domingo, MD, PhD, GSK (Grant/Research Support)Sanofi (Grant/Research Support) Corinne Vandermeulen, MD PhD, GSK (Grant/Research Support)MSD (Grant/Research Support)Pfizer (Grant/Research Support) Tauseefullah Akhund, MD, MSc, MPH, GSK (Employee, Shareholder) Marco Costantini, MSc, MBA, EMPHA, GSK (Employee) Puneet Vir Singh, MBBS, PGDCD, GSK (Employee, Shareholder) Venere Basile, MSc, GSK (Employee, Shareholder) Elena Fragapane, MD, GSK (Employee, Shareholder) Maria Lattanzi, MD, PhD, GSK (Employee, Shareholder) Michele Pellegrini, MD, PhD, Michele Pellegrini (Employee, Shareholder)
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Viola, M., A. Benitez, C. Garbarino, G. Rodriguez, F. Benavidez, C. Peon, E. S. Blanco et al. "FRI0607-HPR FREQUENCY AND PATIENTS BELIEFS ON VACCINATION IN RHEUMATIC DISEASES". Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 79, Suppl 1 (giugno 2020): 909.1–909. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/annrheumdis-2020-eular.4986.

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Background:Infectious diseases are increased in patients with rheumatic disorders; vaccination improves morbidity and mortalityObjectives:The aim of this study was to describe the frequency of vaccination in patients with rheumatic disorders and to compare the results with those obtained in 2009 and 2013 in a similar population. We also identified factors leading to lack of vaccination and patients beliefs on vaccines.Methods:Multicentric cross sectional study in patients with autoinmune diseases from external rheumatology offices. Evaluation of vaccination status and patients´ knowledge about vaccines were studied. A comparative analysis was carried out with the series registered in 2009 and 2013 in a similar population.Results:179 patients (158 female, 88.3% and 21 male, 11.7%) were evaluated. Median age was 52 years. Main pathologies were: Rheumatoid Arthritis 65.9% (n:118), Systemic Lupus Erythematosus 11.7% (n:21), Systemic Sclerosis 3.9% (7), Sjogren Syndrome n = 3.4% (n:6), other diseases 15% (n: 27). Median disease duration: 8.87 years. Ninety three percent of patients (n:167) were taking inmunomodulators and 36.8% (n: 66) were using oral corticosteroids (20mg/day or less); 26,8% patients (n: 48) were receiving biological therapies. Vaccination frequency in the population was: Influenza 82% (147); 13-valent conjugate pneumococcal 69.3% (124), 23-valent pneumococcal 64.2% (115) and hepatitis B 62% (111). Comparative with 2009 and 2013 series there was an increase in the rate of vaccinated patients: influenza (82% vs. 39,1% and 74,2% respectively), antineumococcal (64% vs. 17% and 29%) and hepatitis B (62% vs. 6,7% and 26,7%).Reasons for non-vaccination were absence of medical indication (41% of patients for hepatitis B; 32% for 23-valent pneumococcal; 38% for 13-valent pneumococcal and 34% for influenza).139 patients (77, 7%) knew the benefits of vaccines, 164 (91, 6%) thought vaccines are useful; 134 (74,9%) reported that vaccines may decrease dying probability, 155 (86,5%) thought that vaccines are effective to prevent diseases and 149 patients (83,2%) believed that they prevent serious infections. 71 patients (39%) believed that vaccines can lead to serious consequences and 99 (55,3%) that they are more likely to acquire infections than the rest of the population.Conclusion:Frequency of vaccination has increased since 2009 but there is still misinformation regarding vaccines risks and benefits. Promotion and information is essential to improve adherence.References:[1]2019 update of EULAR recommendations for vaccination in adult patients with autoimmune inflammatory rheumatic diseases. Furer V, et al. Ann Rheum Dis 2020;79:39–52[2] Vaccines and Disease-Modifying Antirheumatic Drugs: Practical Implications for the Rheumatologist. Friedman MA et al. Rheum Dis Clin North Am. 2017 Feb; 43 (1):1-13.[3] Recommendations and barriers to vaccination in systemic lupus erythematosus. Garg M et al. Autoimmun Rev. 2018 Oct; 17 (10):990-1001.[4] Comparison of national clinical practice guidelines and recommendations on vaccination of adult patients with autoimmune rheumatic diseases. Papadopoulou D. et al. Rheumatol Int. 2014 Feb;34 (2):151-63.[5] Guías de recomendaciones de prevención de infecciones en pacientes que reciben modificadores de la respuesta biológica. Jordán R. Et al. Rev Arg Reumatol. 2014; 25 (2): 08-26.Disclosure of Interests:Malena Viola: None declared, Alejandro Benitez: None declared, Cecilia Garbarino: None declared, Gonzalo Rodriguez: None declared, Federico Benavidez: None declared, Claudia Peon: None declared, Eliana Soledad Blanco: None declared, Hernan Molina: None declared, Gimena Gómez: None declared, griselda redondo: None declared, Maria DeLaVega: None declared, Dario Mata: None declared, Augusto Riopedre: None declared, Osvaldo Messina Speakers bureau: Amgen; Americas Health Foundation; Pfizer
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Poumeaud, François, Mathilde Morisseau, Luc Cabel, Anthony Gonçalves, Charlène Rivier, Olivier Trédan, Elsa Volant et al. "Abstract PS08-02: Efficacy of Sacituzumab-Govitecan (SG) post Trastuzumab-deruxtecan (T-DXd) and vice versa for HER2low advanced or metastatic breast cancer (MBC): a French multicentre retrospective study". Cancer Research 84, n. 9_Supplement (2 maggio 2024): PS08–02—PS08–02. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1538-7445.sabcs23-ps08-02.

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Abstract Background: Based on ASCENT, TROPICS-02 and DESTINY-Breast04 trials, SG and T-DXd recently became approved for HER2low MBC. Since the payloads of both SG and T-DXd belong to the same cytotoxic class (topoisomerase-1 inhibitor), cross-resistance is a potential concern. However, no data is available on the efficacy of one antibody drug conjugate (ADC) after another and the best therapeutic sequence has not been evaluated yet. Methods: We conducted a retrospective study in 19 French comprehensive cancer centres. All patients (pts) with HR+ or HR- and HER2low MBC treated with SG followed, immediately or not, by T-DXd (or vice versa) were included. HR expression was defined on the last available tumor sample. The study primary objective was to report the second ADC (ADC2) progression-free survival (PFS) in the whole population. Secondary objectives included first ADC (ADC1) progression-free interval (PFI) and overall survival (OS) in the whole population and subgroup analyses by HR status. Results: The individual data of 126 eligible women were obtained from 19 participating centres. Median age was 54.5 years (range: 30-80y). N=110 (87.3%) pts had invasive carcinoma of not special type, N=12 (9.5%) invasive lobular carcinoma and 4 (3.2%) other histological subtype. N=87 (69%) and 39 (31%) had HR+/HER2low and HR-/HER2low MBC, respectively. N=16 patients were germline mutation carriers (BRCA1 N=7; BRCA2 N=6; other genes on HBOC panel N=3). ADC1 was given as a median of third (range: 1-10) line of chemotherapy and ADC2 as fifth (range: 2-12) line. A large majority (N=94, 74.6%) of pts received SG as ADC1 (N=82 with HR- and N=12 with HR+ MBC) while N=32 (25.4%) received T-DXd as ADC1 (N=27 with HR+ and n=5 with HR- MBC). 53.2% (N=67) received ADC1 immediately followed by ADC2 while 46.8% (N=59) received ADC2 after 1 (N=40) or 2 (N=12) or ≥ 3 (N=6) other lines of chemotherapy. N=19 (15.07%) and N=26 (20.63%) had a meningeal and/or cerebral metastasis at the time of the initiation of ADC1 and ADC2 respectively. After a median follow-up of 3 months, ADC2 was discontinued in 63 pts of which 51 (82.3%) for progression disease and 4 (6.5%) for toxicity due to T-DXd. Importantly, 50% of pts (N=63) were still under ADC2 at the time of this first analysis. The observed median PFS for ADC2 and median PFI for ADC1 are presented in the Table below: Median OS was not reached independently of the sub-populations of pts. Population and sequential regimen Median (mo) PFI ADC1 Median (mo) PFS ADC2 Whole population (N=126) SG → T-DXd (N=94) T-DXd→SG (N=32) 4.5 (95%CI [3.4-5.1]) 2.7 (95%CI [2.1-3.3] HR-/HER2low (N=82) having received SG as ADC1 then T-DXd as ADC2 4.8 (95%CI [3.8-5.1]) 3.3 (95%CI [2.5-3.7]) HR+/HER2low (n=27) having received T-DXd as ADC1 then SG as ADC2 2.7 (95%CI [2.0-3.2]) 2.0 (95%CI [1.6-NR]) Conclusion: To the best of our knowledge, this is the largest cohort evaluating the efficacy of subsequent ADCs administration in HER2low MBC. In these heavily pre-treated pts, subsequent use of ADCs seem to be associated with shortened PFS in both HR+/HR- subgroups, independently of their administration order. Data will be updated and completed for the meeting. Moreover, the number of eligible pts will be increased. Table 1: median TPP and PFS2 in whole population and HR subgroups Citation Format: François Poumeaud, Mathilde Morisseau, Luc Cabel, Anthony Gonçalves, Charlène Rivier, Olivier Trédan, Elsa Volant, Jean Sebastien FRENEL, Sylvain Ladoire, William Jacot, Mathieu Jamelot, Hervé Fokatichoue, Luis Teixeira, Francois-Clement Bidard, Delphine Loirat, Christelle Levy, Bastien Cabarrou, Antoine Deleuze, Elise Deluche, Thomas Grellety, Frédéric Fiteni, Hervé Bischoff, Roman Vion, Stéphanie Becourt, Thibaut Reverdy, Alexandre de Nonneville, Florence Dalenc. Efficacy of Sacituzumab-Govitecan (SG) post Trastuzumab-deruxtecan (T-DXd) and vice versa for HER2low advanced or metastatic breast cancer (MBC): a French multicentre retrospective study [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2023 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2023 Dec 5-9; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2024;84(9 Suppl):Abstract nr PS08-02.
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Swaminathan, Mahesh, Amanda Przespolewski, Elizabeth A. Griffiths, James E. Thompson, Amro Elshoury, Wendy Walinski, Meriem Said et al. "Phase 1b Trial of Talazoparib and Gemtuzumab Ozogamicin in Adult Patients with CD33+ Relapsed or Refractory Acute Myeloid Leukemia". Blood 138, Supplement 1 (5 novembre 2021): 4435. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2021-151636.

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Abstract Background: Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) enzymes are involved in repair of single-strand DNA breaks through base excision repair pathways. Inhibitors of PARP are approved for the treatment of BRCA1/2-mutant malignancies. We have previously demonstrated (Portwood et al, ASH 2019 abstract) that PARP inhibitors can synergistically enhance the activity of DNA-damaging agents in preclinical models of human acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Talazoparib (Tala) is a selective PARP inhibitor which exhibits potent inhibitory effects against multiple human AML cell lines. Gemtuzumab ozogamicin (GO) is an CD33 antibody drug conjugate approved for treatment of patients (pts) with AML. We hypothesized that the combination of Tala + GO would result in improved efficacy as compared with the historical response of GO monotherapy in pts with relapsed or refractory (R/R) AML. Study Design: This open-label multi-center phase 1b study evaluated the safety, tolerability, and preliminary response rates for Tala + GO in adult pts with CD33+ R/R AML. In the dose escalation portion, pts will be treated with Tala (dosed at 0.5, 0.75, or 1 mg orally daily) in combination with fixed dose GO (3 mg/m 2/day on days 1, 4, and 7, capped at one 4.5 mg vial) using a standard 3+3 design. The dose limiting toxicity (DLT) window is 28 days. After determination of DLTs and establishment of a recommended phase 2 dose, additional pts are planned for an expansion cohort. Results: This trial was activated in July 2020 and is registered at ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT04207190). As of August 2021, 6 pts have been enrolled, 3 each at Tala dose levels of 0.5 and 0.75 mg daily, respectively. Median age is 77 (range, 53-84) years with 3 (50%) women (Table 1). Median prior lines of therapy were 3 (range, 1-7), and 2 pts had received prior allogeneic transplant. Four pts had intermediate European LeukemiaNet risk disease at diagnosis. Five pts had next-generation sequencing at diagnosis (Table 1). One pt had p53 mutant AML (1/5, 20%), and two pts had FLT3 mutations (2/6,33%). To date, there have been no DLTs. The most common adverse events (AEs) of any grade included elevated alanine transaminase, hyperbilirubinemia, hypocalcemia, diarrhea, and oral thrush (83% each) (Table 2). Grade ³3 hematological AEs were common and related to Tala + GO. These consisted of neutropenia (n=4, 67%), anemia (n=1, 17%), and thrombocytopenia (n=1, 17%). The most frequent non-hematological grade ³3 AEs were bacteremia (67%), sepsis (67%), febrile neutropenia (50%), and pneumonia (50%). All were considered unrelated to Tala (Table 2). Three pts (50%) achieved a best response of complete response with incomplete count recovery (CRi) after 2 cycles. Two of these 3 pts were dosed at Tala 0.5 mg oral daily. All 6 pts are currently off protocol. Two had no response after 2 cycles, 1 died from persistent diease, 1 had persistently elevated AST, 1 was pt choice, and 1 died of pneumonia/respiratory failure. To date, a protocol defined maximally tolerated dose (MTD) has not been identified. Conclusion: This open-label multi-center phase 1b study is evaluating the safety, tolerability, and preliminary response rates of Tala + GO in adult pts with relapsed/refractory CD33+ AML. To date, 6 pts have been enrolled at the first two dose levels (Tala 0.5 mg po daily + GO, Tala 0.75 mg po daily +GO). No DLTs or MTD have been identified. The overall response rate after 2 cycles of therapy was 50% (n=3, CRi). A recent protocol amendment was enacted to shorten the duration of Tala treatment from continuous (28 out of 28 day) dosing to 21 out of 28 day dosing per cycle. Accrual is ongoing with plans to open this trial at two other centers in 2022. Figure 1 Figure 1. Disclosures Przespolewski: Jazz: Research Funding. Griffiths: Taiho Oncology: Consultancy, Honoraria; Boston Biomedical: Consultancy; Apellis Pharmaceuticals: Research Funding; Celgene/Bristol-Myers Squibb: Consultancy, Honoraria, Research Funding; Genentech: Research Funding; Abbvie: Consultancy, Honoraria; Novartis: Honoraria; Alexion Pharmaceuticals: Consultancy, Research Funding; Takeda Oncology: Consultancy, Honoraria; Astex Pharmaceuticals: Honoraria, Research Funding. Thompson: Novartis/ Bristol-Myers Squibb: Research Funding. Elshoury: Bristol Meyers Squibb: Other: advisory board. Wang: AbbVie: Consultancy, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; GlaxoSmithKline: Consultancy, Honoraria, Other: Advisory Board; Astellas: Consultancy, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Genentech: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Jazz Pharmaceuticals: Consultancy, Honoraria, Other: Advisory Board; Novartis: Consultancy, Honoraria, Other: Advisory Board; Mana Therapeutics: Consultancy, Honoraria; Kura Oncology: Consultancy, Honoraria, Other: Advisory board, steering committee, Speakers Bureau; Kite Pharmaceuticals: Consultancy, Honoraria, Other: Advisory Board; BMS/Celgene: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Pfizer: Consultancy, Honoraria, Other: Advisory Board, Speakers Bureau; Stemline Therapeutics: Consultancy, Honoraria, Other: Advisory board, Speakers Bureau; Takeda: Consultancy, Honoraria, Other: Advisory board; DAVA Oncology: Consultancy, Speakers Bureau; Rafael Pharmaceuticals: Other: Data safety monitoring committee; Gilead: Consultancy, Honoraria, Other: Advisory board; Daiichi Sankyo: Consultancy, Honoraria, Other: Advisory board; PTC Therapeutics: Consultancy, Honoraria, Other: Advisory board; Genentech: Consultancy; MacroGenics: Consultancy.
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Ali Khan, A., M. Siddique, M. Abdo, J. Pearman, T. Prusik e S. Chandir. "Scanning 2d barcodes on vaccine vials to link vials to immunized child, a pilot study". European Journal of Public Health 31, Supplement_3 (1 ottobre 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/eurpub/ckab165.173.

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Abstract Background Vaccine stockouts contribute to millions of children missing their routine immunizations globally. This is often due to inadequate forecasting and management of vaccine stocks, especially in low and middle-income countries, such as Pakistan, already characterized by suboptimal coverage. Tracking vaccines via 2D barcodes on each vial, could improve management of vaccine stocks. Vial level data can then be linked to Electronic Immunisation Registry (EIR) data (2D Bar codes already used), facilitating data quality improvements which could unlock programmatic gains. Our aim was to test feasibility and acceptability of scanning vaccine vials in a “live” setting. Methods We conducted a pilot in 12 vaccination sites in Karachi/Pakistan. Vaccinators were divided into 3 groups and allocated to use one of the following: their existing android phone (government of Sindh's Zindagi Mehfooz [Safe life; ZM-EIR]); a Zebra touch computer; a handheld scanner. The box of dummy vaccine vials of pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV) and oral polio vaccine (OPV) each with a 2D barcode on it, was scanned by the stockroom manager prior to deployment. Vaccinators were required to scan the corresponding dummy vial and immunization cards while working. We integrated the OneScanTM API on the ZM-EIR to link vial to child data and evaluated the vaccinator's experience through thematic analysis of interviews. Results 2,310 vaccine vials were scanned and linked to immunized children (Zebra Touch Computer 72.6%, Android phone 19%, Handheld device 8.4%). Overall, vaccinators gave positive feedback and highlighted that scanning vials would simplify their work and save time, contingent on the program going paperless. Likewise, managers outlined digitally tracked vials would greatly reduce stock mismanagement. Conclusions Linking vaccine vial to child is a feasible and effective solution for vaccine stock management, acceptable by both vaccinators and stock managers. Key messages Linking vial to child is an acceptable method for accurate vaccine stock management and usage, improving forecasting and reducing stock outs. Linking vial to child will better facilitate rapid tracking of reported adverse events from vaccinated child back to the exact vaccine vial.
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Pérona, Océane. "La difficile mise en œuvre d’une politique du genre par l’institution policière : le cas des viols conjugaux". Champ pénal, Vol. XIV (3 febbraio 2017). http://dx.doi.org/10.4000/champpenal.9546.

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Ilboudo, Patrick G., Téné-Alima Essoh, Roch A. Houngnihin, Daleb Abdoulaye Alfa, Naomi Dick, Landry Kaucley e Alexis Satoulou-Maleyo. "The economic impact of the switch from single- to multi-dose PCV13 vial in Benin". BMC Public Health 22, n. 1 (19 gennaio 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12889-021-12108-6.

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Abstract Background Little is known on the economic implications of multi-dose 13 valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13) introduction in expanded program on immunization (EPI). Based on evidence of PCV13’s reduced pressure on vaccine cold chain, Benin, a third world country in West Africa, introduced the multi-dose PCV13 starting in April 2018 in its EPI program in replacement of the single-dose presentation. The objective of this study was to conduct a rapid assessment of the costs and economic impact of switching from single- to multi-dose PCV13 vial in Benin. Methods The data collected retrospectively between January 1 and February 16, 2019 using a quantitative questionnaire was analyzed using Excel 2010 and Stata 13. Resources consumed from April 1st to September 30th, 2017 for the single-dose PCV13 and from April 1st to September 30th, 2018 for multi-dose were analyzed. For both presentations, costs analyzed included vaccines, injections supplies, waste management, cold chain, personnel (salaries and per diems), supervision and monitoring, training, social mobilization and overheads. Moreover, additional costs incurred for the introduction of multi-dose PCV13 were also collected. Costs were estimated for each presentation of PCV13 vaccine by calculating the half-year value of recurrent and capital costs, discounted at a rate of 3% for capital items. To enable comparisons, costs pertaining to 2017 were converted to 2018 equivalent values taking inflation in US$ into account. Results The economic costs of the single-dose PCV13 exceeded that of the multi-dose: US$ 3,708,795 versus US$ 3,698,795, respectively. Three cost items, including costs of vaccines, injection supplies, and cold chain appeared to be the main drivers of the observed reduction in costs of multi-dose PCV13. Moreover, the cost per infant vaccinated was lower with the single-dose PCV13 than the multi-dose, respectively US$ 6.28 versus US$ 10.92, and costs of vaccines wasted higher for the multi-dose PCV13. Conclusions This evaluation seemed to show that the switch from single- to multi-dose PCV13 resulted in reduced economic costs of PCV13. Vaccinating more infants together with a rigorous application of vaccine open vial policy could lead to the change being more cost-effective.
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Gardella, Eusebio. "Equivariant KK-Theory and the Continuous Rokhlin Property". International Mathematics Research Notices, 4 dicembre 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/imrn/rnaa292.

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Abstract We introduce and study the continuous Rokhlin property for actions of compact groups on $C^*$-algebras. An important technical result is a characterization of the continuous Rokhlin property in terms of asymptotic retracts. As a consequence, we derive strong $KK$-theoretical obstructions to the continuous Rokhlin property. Using these, we show that the Universal Coefficient Theorem (UCT) is preserved under formation of crossed products and passage to fixed point algebras by such actions, even in the absence of nuclearity. As an application of the case of ${{\mathbb{Z}}}_3$-actions, we answer a question of Phillips–Viola about algebras not isomorphic to their opposites. Our analysis of the $KK$-theory of the crossed product allows us to prove a ${{\mathbb{T}}}$-equivariant version of Kirchberg–Phillips: two circle actions with the continuous Rokhlin property on Kirchberg algebras are conjugate whenever they are $KK^{{{\mathbb{T}}}}$-equivalent. In the presence of the UCT, this is equivalent to having isomorphic equivariant $K$-theory. We moreover characterize the $KK^{{{\mathbb{T}}}}$-theoretical invariants that arise in this way. Finally, we identify a $KK^{{{\mathbb{T}}}}$-theoretic obstruction to the continuous property, which is shown to be the only obstruction in the setting of Kirchberg algebras. We show by means of explicit examples that the Rokhlin property is strictly weaker than the continuous Rokhlin property.
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Moussaoui, Abderrahmane. "Violence". Anthropen, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.17184/eac.anthropen.123.

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Le terme violence qualifie un certain nombre de manifestations allant de l’altercation verbale jusqu’aux destructions de masse, en passant par l’agression physique, le viol, le meurtre, la torture, les mutilations, etc. Infligées ou subies, discontinues ou constantes, localisées ou endémiques, accidentelles ou motivées, ces expressions de la violence se compliquent encore par leur caractère tantôt privé, tantôt public, assumé et revendiqué ou dissimulé et renié. La violence est si protéiforme qu’elle ne cesse de voir les discriminants de sa catégorisation et les grilles de classification se démultiplier. Le critère est tantôt spatial (violence urbaine), tantôt social (violence conjugale, ouvrière), tantôt politique (répression, coercition, guerre, assassinat politique, terrorisme), économique (exploitation, injustice), sexuel (viol, maltraitance), ou encore psychologique (automutilations et autres actes pervers). Englober toutes ces manifestations dans une même perspective relève de la gageure (Michaud 2004 ; Crettiez 2008). Comment approcher pareils phénomènes aux formes et motivations aussi diversifiées selon les mêmes grilles théorico-méthodologiques? D’autant plus qu’à ces expressions physiques de la violence s’ajoutent toutes celles qui relèvent de la « violence symbolique ». Consentie (plus que subie), cette violence impose un certain ordre dans les manières d'être. Elle englobe tous les dispositifs dont usent les dominants pour que les dominés intériorisent et acceptent leur statut et leur état de dominés (Bourdieu & Wacquant 1992). Elle participe de cette violence structurelle inhérente à tout pouvoir, qu’il soit celui du pater familias ou du chef élu ou imposé. Elle peut être liée à la forme même de l'organisation sociale à laquelle on adhère et qu’elle tend à malmener. Le politiste norvégien Johan Galtung (1969) est sans doute le premier à l’évoquer, faisant remarquer que dans cette forme de violence il n’y a pas de lien évident et apparent entre les sujets. Inscrite dans des structures sociales, cette violence est plus insidieuse mais non moins destructrice. Outre ces violences dévastatrices du lien, l’anthropologie a mis en évidence un autre genre de violences, celles destinées précisément à instaurer le lien, à le suturer ou à le raffermir. Ces violences fondatrices qui ponctuent les rites de passage (tatouages, circoncisions, excisions, scarifications et autres marquages corporels), souvent violentes et non exemptes de douleur, ont pour finalité d’agréger les individus à des communautés. Initiatique, cette violence qui laisse une marque distinctive (du rang, du sexe, etc.), n’est jamais perçue comme telle par ceux qui l’adoptent (Bodiou et Briand 2015). Malgré la variété de ses expressions et de ses modes d’effectuation, l’acte de violence demeure aisément identifiable. En revanche, il en est tout autrement quand il s’agit de définir ce qu’est la violence. Tous les dictionnaires la mettent en rapport avec l’exercice d’une force brutale ou excessive en vue de soumettre, contraindre ou obtenir quelque chose. Pour la majorité des approches, la violence a été longtemps conçue comme un « usage délibéré de la force pour blesser ou détruire physiquement » (Gurr, 1970). Au milieu des années 1990, la définition de l’OMS en élargit l’acception. Se voulant exhaustive, elle intègre à la fois les actes individuels et communautaires, commis contre autrui ou auto-infligés; qu’ils soient interpersonnels ou collectifs. Elle couvre tout aussi bien les actes de violence que les menaces et intimidations de tous ordres, induisant des atteintes physiques, psychologiques, ou affectives. Toutefois, cette définition demeure encore fortement associée aux violences physiques et n'évoque pas clairement et suffisamment les violences psychologiques et morales découlant d’actes verbaux, d'attitudes et autres conduites symboliques. Plus largement, F. Héritier (1996 : 17) appelle « violence toute contrainte de nature physique ou psychique susceptible d'entraîner la terreur, le déplacement, le malheur, la souffrance ou la mort d'un être animé; tout acte d'intrusion qui a pour effet volontaire ou involontaire la dépossession d'autrui, le dommage ou la destruction d'objets inanimés (…) ». Complète et exhaustive, cette définition souligne, une fois encore, la difficulté à parler de la violence de manière générale. La violence est une force dont l’exercice s’inscrit immanquablement dans le cadre de normes partagées. Ce sont de telles normes qui caractérisent, in fine, ce qui relève ou non de la violence. Celle-ci est justement le plus souvent un dépassement de la règle ou de la norme admise, une démesure. Elle est ce qui remet en cause l’existence de ce qu’Hanna Arendt (1989 : 283) appelle « un monde commun ». Yves Michaud (1978 : 101) le dit avec ses mots : la violence « tient plus à la dissolution des règles qui unifient le regard social qu’à la réalité qu’elle peut avoir ». À ce titre, la manifestation de la violence est l’indice d’une rupture de consensus, dont la finalité est de contraindre et de faire mal, de manière volontaire et apparemment gratuite. Elle est tantôt une infraction, tantôt un outrage. Chaque société désigne ce qu’elle considère comme violent en tentant de le réduire par l’éthique, la culture, le droit, la contrainte et en lui opposant… de la violence. Ce sont les logiques qui président à ces choix que l’anthropologue ne cesse de pointer dans leur singularité pour tenter de comprendre le phénomène dans son universalité. Même si le catalogue des actes de violence semble infini, et l’imagination des bourreaux individuels et collectifs incommensurablement fertiles, il n’en demeure pas moins que cette violence s’exerce toujours ou du moins le plus souvent selon des logiques inscrites dans un contexte historico-culturel. La « violence » est enchâssée dans une matrice éthique et obéit à une échelle de valeurs qui rend sa perception et, partant, sa signification variables selon les normes de référence en usage. Polymorphe, elle est également et nécessairement polysémique; et sa perception culturellement et sociohistoriquement déterminée. Des châtiments tolérés naguère (sectionner la langue des blasphémateurs, noyer des femmes adultères), sont décriés par des sociétés contemporaines pratiquant d’autres formes de violence (chaise électrique ou injection létale), estimées moins cruelles à leurs yeux. Ce sont en général les actes et conduites jugés illégitimes qui sont qualifiés de violents; tous ceux, tout aussi violents, mais exercés au nom d’une règle partagée ou par un pouvoir considéré comme légitime, ne sont pas tenus pour de la violence; ils sont perçus comme une coercition, une contrainte. Que ce soit pour Hobbes (2000) ou Weber (1959), l’usage légitime de la violence prévient la violence. Dès lors, il n’est plus de la violence. Loin d’être un phénomène débridé, la violence est souvent un outil savamment orchestré destiné à faire obéir ou à punir. Qu’elle soit privée ou publique, la violence est toujours inscrite dans une matrice symbolique qui structure ses modes d’effectuation et lui donne sens aux yeux de ses protagonistes. Ainsi devient-elle légitime pour son auteur; et parfois même pour celui qui la subit, la vivant comme une fatalité ou se considérant comme victime expiatoire. Ainsi, est-elle une « configuration » (Elias, 1989) où les adversaires sont aussi des partenaires agissant selon des règles partagées. Une propension devenue routinière consiste à toujours considérer la violence comme une réactivité instinctive, motivée par une pure répétition pavlovienne et paresseuse. Les études des violences urbaines ont pu montrer que celles-ci peuvent être un indicateur d’inégalité ou de défiance vis-à-vis des institutions; et, partant, l’expression d’une volonté de négociation. La manifestation de la violence est un « signal de danger » nous dit Lewis Coser (1982). Autrement dit, la violence fait à la fois signe et sens. Elle n’est pas que l’expression du chaos et du désordre. L’exercice de la violence (notamment politique) a le souci à la fois de l’efficacité et de la légitimité. Le plus souvent, la violence n’est ainsi qualifiée qu’en rapport aux seuls faits concrets, quantifiables et mesurables. Or, d’un point de vue anthropologique, la violence intègre à la fois l’éthique, les valeurs partagées, les sentiments, etc. La rumeur, l’ironie ou la satire peuvent être ressenties comme plus violentes que des coups. Physique, psychologique ou symbolique, la violence est toujours un fait « construit » à partir d’une culture partagée; dont la perception et l’intensité sont étroitement en rapport avec les normes communément admises. Quelle que soit la forme de son expression, la violence demeure un « fait social total »; car elle est toujours enchâssée dans d’autres faits sociaux qui démultiplient ses logiques et ses univers de sens (politique, religieux, économique, social etc.) (Clastres, 1977 ; Kilani, 2006). Instinct naturel, moyen d’imposer l’ordre social ou vecteur du changement social? La violence est une des catégories les plus discutées dans les sciences humaines et sociales; mobilisant terrains et théories pour saisir un phénomène en passe de figurer parmi les universaux et ne cessant de réinventer ses formes d’expression. Pour Thomas Hobbes (2000), l’une des références inévitables dans ces débats, l’homme est un être « duplice », naturellement violent mais socialement dans l’obligation de rechercher la répression de son agression en acceptant de se conformer aux règles d’une instance qui lui permettrait de vivre en société. Pour Hobbes, c’est l’égalité primordiale entre les hommes qui serait à l’origine des affrontements. Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1971) reproche au philosophe britannique d’avoir attribué à l’homme vivant dans l’état de nature les attributs et les passions propres à l’homme vivant dans la société. Ces deux postures spéculatives vont constituer dans une large mesure le cadre de pensée dans lequel seront débattues thèse et contre-thèse sur la nature violente ou non de l’homme. La première défend le caractère inné de la violence, tandis que la seconde la considère comme un acquis culturel. En anthropologie, l’intérêt pour la violence comme phénomène, est présent dès les premiers travaux qui ont pu montrer que toutes les sociétés contiennent de la violence, la produisent, l’utilisent et la gèrent. Mise en avant par Max Weber (1959) dans sa théorie de l’État comme monopole de la violence légitime, elle est popularisée par les travaux de René Girard (1972, 1978). Pour ce philosophe et anthropologue, les désirs de l’homme sont mimétiques et engendrent une violence fondée sur la « rivalité ». L’homme désire les mêmes objets que son prochain, et son désir augmente en fonction de celui de l’autre. Ce désir mimétique débouche sur la violence qui, de proche en proche, devient générale et concerne toute la société. Pour y remédier, Girard s’écarte des thèses wébériennes qui préconisent l’instauration d’une violence légitime confiée à l’État. Il postule que les hommes déplacent leur hostilité sur une victime émissaire (Girard, 1972). C’est le sens du sacrifice présent dans toutes les sociétés humaines. C’est le « désir mimétique » à l’origine de la violence qui caractérise l’être humain en société. Pour empêcher le saccage de cette violence réciproque, présente dans l’essentiel des rapports humains et dans toutes les sociétés dès le début de leur formation, la communauté sacrifie une victime arbitraire consensuelle. La haine de chacun est transférée sur cette victime émissaire dont la mise à mort est expiatoire. Elle sauve la communauté et lui permet de survivre. En évitant la violence destructrice de la communauté, cette violence sacrificielle et pacificatrice se transforme en une violence fondatrice. Les anthropologues se sont également intéressés à la forme institutionnelle de la violence. Ainsi, la guerre mobilisera l’essentiel des théories. Une approche naturaliste développée notamment par André Leroi-Gourhan (1965), postule que la guerre (comme violence institutionnelle) est la conséquence de l'évolution naturelle de l'Homme, qui de chasseur devient guerrier. Pour cet ethnologue et penseur des techniques et de la culture, la violence humaine relèverait du biologique. Postulant que la guerre est une extension de la chasse, il considère que l’homme, à l’instar de l’animal, est un être prédateur et donc violent par nécessité. Le social et l'institutionnel sont ainsi naturalisés. La violence permet de se procurer les rares ressources disponibles. Une telle approche rejoint celle qui met en rapport la guerre et les pénuries de nourriture dans les sociétés primitives. D’autres thèses, plus répandues, estiment certains modèles culturels, comme la virilité, l'autoritarisme culturel et la religion, à l'origine immédiate et exclusive de cette violence. Ce courant culturaliste considère la violence comme un phénomène culturel. Une de ses premières figures, Ruth Benedict (1950), a tenté d’opposer la culture apollinienne des Indiens Pueblos, qu’elle considère comme communautaire et pacifique, à celle des Indiens des plaines, qu’elle définit comme passionnés et agressifs et dont elle qualifie la culture de dionysiaque. Une autre approche culturaliste, celle de Claude Lévi-Strauss, voit dans la violence un mode d’échange, un « échange malheureux ». Pour le théoricien du structuralisme, la guerre est l’expression d’un échec dans l'échange entre communautés, lequel échange est à ses yeux fondateur des sociétés. L’anthropologie Pierre Clastres (1977) réfutera toutes ces théories pour soutenir que la guerre est constitutive de la société primitive. Elle n’est, selon lui, ni un instinct animal, ni la conséquence d’un manque, ni l’expression d’un ethos culturel, ni un échange raté. Elle est au fondement même de l’être ensemble. Étant sans hiérarchie, la société primitive use de la guerre contre l’Autre comme moyen de raffermir son unité. Depuis Thomas Hobbes, la violence hors d'un cadre prescrit par l'État est considérée comme une pathologie sociale. Contre cette vision, Pierre Clastres soutient que les violences (apparemment déviantes ou criminelles) s'inscrivent dans un univers social, culturel et symbolique pour faire sens. Poussée à ses limites, cette approche compréhensive risque de conduire à soutenir des légitimations au nom du relativisme culturel. Dans un monde où génocides, guerres, terrorismes et autres destructions de masse sont devenus une réalité quotidienne, plusieurs auteurs soutiennent la thèse de Norbert Elias (1989) sur le recul de la violence et la domestication de l’animal humain. Contre-intuitive, cette thèse est défendue par plusieurs historiens sur la base de travaux sur des archives judiciaires, dont l'historien Jean-Claude Chesnais (1981 : 14) qui estime qu' « il y a au cours des derniers siècles une régression considérable de la violence criminelle ». Si aujourd’hui on parle de son omniprésence, c’est parce que le seuil de tolérance aurait baissé. Nous serions devenus plus sensibles à la violence, subjectivement. Ceux qui rejettent une telle thèse préfèrent souligner le nombre et la diversification des formes des violences : génocides, attentas, terrorismes, etc. (Wieviorka, 2004). En effet, la violence a pris des formes inédites en rapport avec la complexification de notre organisation sociale. La technologie a contribué à une certaine sophistication de la violence et à sa mise à distance. Sa « domestication » s’opère par sa taylorisation. L’acte de tuer ou de perpétrer un génocide est noyé dans les échelons de la décision (du général qui décide au soldat qui exécute) et dans une « chaîne opératoire » plus ou moins longue. Grâce à cette « taylorisation », la violence se trouve aujourd’hui « domestiquée ». L’euphémisation par la technologie (écrans) la rend supportable par celui qui l’exécute; tout comme le sacré l’avait déjà rendue acceptable et supportable aux yeux, à la fois, de celui qui la donne et de celui qui la subit (Matthew, 2017 ; Blaya, 2011). Quoi qu’il en soit, le développement vertigineux de la technologie, et de l’organisation bureaucratique, contribue à cette « banalisation du mal » (Arendt 1991) en rendant moins perceptibles et plus insidieuses ces violences. Les armes biologiques sont moins spectaculaires dans leur usage mais plus dévastatrices dans leurs effets, tout comme les drones tuent de façon aussi chirurgicale que silencieuse (Chamayou 2013). Il suffit également de penser à toutes les formes de cyberviolence qui se développent dans le monde virtuel des réseaux sociaux, à l’instar du « revenge porn » ou « cyber-rape » (Blaya, 2011). Ce type de violence s’effectue en général sans échange verbal direct. Le registre du langage et l’émotion qu’il produit sont ainsi annulés, privant la victime de repères et d’alertes. Le « bourreau » est également protégé puisqu’il ne voit pas et il n’entend pas la réaction que produit son acte sur la victime. Dans cette nouvelle configuration que produit la cyberviolence, l‘agresseur n’est pas nécessairement plus fort, mais dispose de plus de latitude pour nuire. La thèse du recul de la violence ne tient pas suffisamment compte de sa sophistication, qui arrive à l’occulter. En revanche, la montée de la violence, souvent signalée, peut n’être que le signe d’un abaissement du seuil de tolérance face à des conduites plus ou moins agressives. En réalité, la notion de violence renvoie à deux dimensions, l’une factuelle et l’autre normative. Elle qualifie les effets de la force physique au regard de la transgression des normes socialement établies (Robert & al. 2008 ; Mucchielli, 2008).

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