Articoli di riviste: "Vins de base"

1

Giraudon, Sylvie. "Détection de la chaptalisation des vins : constitution d'une base de données". OENO One 28, n. 1 (31 marzo 1994): 47. http://dx.doi.org/10.20870/oeno-one.1994.28.1.1154.

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Afin de détecter la chaptalisation des vins, il est nécessaire de constituer une base de données pour pouvoir comparer les valeurs obtenues par résonance magnétique nucléaire quantitative du deutérium et par spectrométrie de masse des rapports isotopiques sur les échantillons à contrôler à celles obtenues sur des vins témoins. Ces valeurs, mesurées sur l'éthanol extrait des vins par distillation, variant en fonction de l'origine botanique des sucres fermentés (raisin, betterave, canne ou maïs) mais aussi en fonction de l'origine géographique du lieu de production des raisins, il convient d'élaborer la base de référence de façon à couvrir l'ensemble du vignoble français. Les résultats de quatre années de récolte ont contribué à améliorer la pertinence des prélèvements de raisin en permettant d'établir une cartographie des paramètres isotopiques de l'éthanol de vins issus de toutes les régions viticoles, en mettant en exergue quelques zones particulières.

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2

Raynal, Cécile, e Thierry Lefebvre. "« Ce Vin n’est pas un médicament ». Controverses autour des vins de quinquina". Revue d'histoire de la pharmacie 108, n. 410 (2021): 167–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/pharm.2021.24289.

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À l’occasion du bicentenaire de l’isolement de la quinine par les pharmaciens Pierre Joseph Paelletier et Joseph Bienaimé Caventou, nous avons choisi d’évoquer, de manière succincte, l’histoire des vins de quinquina. En particulier, nous avons été surpris de trouver, sur certaines de leurs étiquettes de la fin du XIXe siècle, la mention : «C e vin n’est pas un médicament. » Nous avons cherché à comprendre les motivations de cette curieuse formule. Avant de révéler les tenants et les aboutissants de cette inscription, nous proposons quelques rappels sur le «vin-médicament » , puis nous nous focalisons sur l’arrivée progressive des vins à base de quinquina, non seulement dans les pharmacopées, mais également chez les épiciers, marchands de vin, droguistes et liquoristes. Certains de ces vins dits «hygiéniques » sont évoqués, ainsi que leur disparition définitive des rayons des officines au début du XXIe siècle.

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3

Chatonnet, Pascal, Guy Guimberteau, Denis Dubourdieu e Jean-Noël Boidron. "Nature et origine des odeurs de « moisi » dans les caves. Incidences sur la contamination des vins". OENO One 28, n. 2 (30 giugno 1994): 131. http://dx.doi.org/10.20870/oeno-one.1994.28.2.1148.

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Les goûts et odeurs à caractère "moisI" retrouvés dans les vins encore stockés en cuves ou en barriques sont généralement dus à des chloroanisoles du type 2,3,4,6-tétrachloroanisoleet pentachloroanisole. Ces composés malodorants proviennent de la dégradation microbienne de chlorophénols utilisés comme traitement insecticide de différents matériaux à base de bois principalement employés dans la construction des bâtiments, leur isolation ou dans la fabrication de caisses de stockage des bouteilles. Dans certaines conditions, humidité de l'air élevée et ventilation réduite, on assiste à une contamination rapide de l'atmosphère des caves et des vins qui y sont entreposés. De la même façon, la conservation dans une atmosphère viciée de certains produits destinés à entrer en contact avec le vin peut être responsable de sa pollution.L'élimination de la source de contamination en chlorophénols et en chloroanisoles, ainsi que l'amélioration du renouvellement de l'air, suffisent généralement à solutionner le problème. La prohibition de tous les produits de traitements à base de chlorophénols est conseillée dans tous les locaux destinés à recevoir du vin en vrac où à le conditionner en bouteille.La cuverie contaminée en même temps que les vins peut être réutilisée après nettoyage et éventuellement réfection. A l'inverse, les contenants en bois conservés dans une atmosphère polluée doivent le plus souvent être éliminés.

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4

Coelho, Alfredo Manuel Jesus Oliveira, e António de Sousa. "Stratégies de développement des groupes multinationaux des vins et spiritueux". Économies et Sociétés. Systèmes agroalimentaires 34, n. 1024 (2000): 257–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/esag.2000.1742.

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Ce travail vise à analyser les stratégies de développement des dix principaux groupes multinationaux du secteur des vins et spiritueux, au cours des périodes 1983-1989 et 1990-1996. Le déclin des marchés traditionnels et l'explosion de la consommation dans les pays émergents, ont conduit à un fort mouvement de restructuration et de concentration du secteur (recentrages géographiques et sur le métier de base, associés à une modération de la croissance externe). Ces opérations concernent la production mais aussi la distribution et les marques, afin d'intensifier les synergies au sein des groupes.

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5

Karjalainen, V., T. Hakala, A. George, N. Koivumäki, J. Suomalainen e E. Honkavaara. "A DRONE SYSTEM FOR AUTONOMOUS MAPPING FLIGHTS INSIDE A FOREST – A FEASIBILITY STUDY AND FIRST RESULTS". International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLVIII-1/W2-2023 (13 dicembre 2023): 597–603. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlviii-1-w2-2023-597-2023.

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Abstract. In recent years, drones have gained wide popularity in forest research and operational applications. Over the forest canopy, where Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) are available, the flights are already highly automated. However, under the canopy of dense forests, the flights still need active manual control by a human pilot due to missing GNSS signal and obstacles. The objective of this study was to design and implement a prototype of a drone autonomously flying inside a forest for future boreal forest research purposes by utilizing open-source algorithms. Based on a literature survey, EGO-Planner-v2 with VINS-Fusion localization and stereo-depth camera-based mapping was chosen as the base of the implemented prototype. The algorithms were first tested in a simulator and later a custom drone hardware was built to evaluate the performance and suitability in real boreal forest environments. The evaluation criteria for the performance were the success of the mission, the reliability of the obstacle avoidance, and the accuracy of the localization. Based on the results, the performance of the prototype was promising, but in dense forests, the sensing of small needleless branches and leafless understory vegetation needs to be improved to increase reliability. In a dense spruce forest, nine of 19 test flights were successful, when approximate flight distances varied between 35 m and 80 m. In the longest of those test flights, the error of the VINS-Fusion estimate of the trajectory length was approximately 1 m.

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6

González-Larraina, Miguel, A. González e Bernard Médina. "Les ions métalliques dans la différenciation des vins rouges des trois régions d'appellation d'origine Rioja". OENO One 21, n. 2 (30 giugno 1987): 127. http://dx.doi.org/10.20870/oeno-one.1987.21.2.1277.

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Les profondes différences qui existent entre les trois régions de l'Appellation d'Origine Rioja quant au climat, au sol, au cépage cultivé, et/ou au système d'élaboration, sont la cause d'importantes différences analytiques que l'on retrouve dans les divers genres de vins rouges produits. Ces différences s'expriment non seulement dans les paramètres oenologiques classiques comme le degré alcoolique, l'acidité totale ou le pH, mais aussi dans les composantes minoritaires comme les ions métalliques, et plus particulièrement le potassium. L'étude des oligo-éléments comme le lithium, le rubidium et le manganèse a mis en évidence une fois de plus les différences existantes et a permis la différenciation géographique des vins de la Rioja Alavesa de la Rioja Alta et Baja sur la base de leur teneur en lithium et en manganèse.+++The basic differences existing between the three regions of the Denomination of Origin « Rioja » in terms of climate, soil and grapewine cultivar variety and/or the wine making process are the causes of the important analytical differences which we find between the different types of red wine obtained not only in the oenological variables like alcoholic grade, total acidity or pH, but in minor components such as metalic ions, and most particulary potassium. The study of oligo-elements like lithium, rubidium and manganese has once again shown the existing differences and has enabled to geographically differenciate the wines allowed the geographie differences or the wines form Rioja Alavesa, Rioja Alta and Rioja Baja on the basis of their contents in lithium and manganese.

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7

Delfini, Claudio, Donatella Giacosa, Giorgio Nicolini, Laura Bardi, Donato Lanati, Adolfo Pagliara, Daniela Borsa e Emilia García-Moruno. "Essais d'enrichissement partiel de moût de raisin par osmose inverse". OENO One 25, n. 1 (31 marzo 1991): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.20870/oeno-one.1991.25.1.1220.

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Pendant les vendanges 1988 et 1989, les auteurs ont procédé à des essais d'enrichissement par osmose inverse et par addition de moût concentré rectifié sur 9 variétés différentes de moût (Barbera, Cabernet, Chardonnay, Cortese, Muscat, Pinot, Riesling, Schiava, Nebbiolo), en prenant comme base un moût brut. L'appareillage employé a été fabriqué par la SNAMPROGETTI BIOTECNOLOGIE et peut traiter 100 hl par heure.L'analyse de la composition des moûts a démontré une augmentation du degré sucré, de l'extrait net, des cendres, de l'alcalinité des cendres et de l'acidité totale en fonction du pourcentage d'eau enlevée. L'acidité totale se rééquilibre lors de la vinification surtout au niveau des sels d'acide tartrique. Le pH reste à peu près identique dans les 3 lots de moût comparés. Les perméats, diffusés au travers des membranes ne présentent pas ou peu de composés présents dans le moût frais. Pour la vinification des vins rouges, il est nécessaire d'équilibrer les substances en excès dues au rapport pellicules/moût par effet de la concentration par osmose inverse. Aucune perte en substances colorantes n'a été observée pendant la concentration.Les résultats d'analyses chimiques et organoleptiques de vins obtenus indiquent que ceux traités par osmose inverse sont dans la plupart des cas nettement différents de ceux traités par addition de moût concentré rectifié et sont préférés à ceux non enrichis. Pour le Cortese de Gavi, l'échantillon enrichi par osmose inverse a été nettement préféré à celui additionné de moût concentré rectifié, alors qu'aucun échantillon additionné de moût concentré rectifié n'a été préféré par rapport à un échantillon "osmose inverse".

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8

REYNOLDS, ANDREW G. "IMPACT OF PRUNING STRATEGY, CLUSTER THINNING, AND SHOOT REMOVAL ON GROWTH, YIELD, AND FRUIT COMPOSITION OF LOW-VIGOR DE CHAUNAC VINES". Canadian Journal of Plant Science 69, n. 1 (1 gennaio 1989): 269–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps89-036.

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To explore alternative means of crop control on vineyard attributes, 10-yr-old, low-vigor De Chaunac vines were subjected over a 3-yr period to eight crop regulation treatments, which involved combinations of pruning strategy (15 + 10 balanced pruning; 40 nodes per vine), cluster thinning, shoot thinning to one shoot per node, and removal of base shoots. Treatments involving cluster thinning maximized vine size, periderm development, yield components, °Brix, and anthocyanins. Yield per vine was not affected by any treatment. Cane periderm, yield components, and °Brix of cluster thinned, balance pruned vines exceeded those in cluster thinned vines pruned to 40 nodes. Shoot thinning of balance pruned vines did not improve cane periderm formation or yield components over un-thinned vines, but reduced °Brix. Combining cluster and shoot thinning with balanced pruning and base shoot removal proved to be superior to all treatments in every aspect of growth, yield, and fruit composition. Vines pruned to 40 nodes and subjected to base shoot removal and shoot thinning had improved yield components and °Brix over vines shoot thinned only, but were inferior to cluster thinned vines in terms of all vineyard parameters. Crop loads below 7 kg kg−1 cane prunings appear necessary to maintain vine size, yield, and acceptable fruit composition of low-vigor De Chaunac vines.Key words: Vitis, De Chaunac, pruning, cluster thinning, vine

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9

Soufleros, Evangelos H., e Alain Bertrand. "Etude sur le «Tsipouro», eau-de-vie de marc traditionnelle de Grèce, précurseur de l'ouzo". OENO One 21, n. 2 (30 giugno 1987): 93. http://dx.doi.org/10.20870/oeno-one.1987.21.2.1280.

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Le « Tsipouro » est une eau-de-vie de marc de raisins produite dans de nombreuses zones vinicoles de Grèce; elle est le précurseur de l'ouzo, anisette mondialement connue. Les auteurs étudient la composition de dix·huit échantillons de Tsipouro produit dans la région de Naoussa. Bien qu'il s'agisse d'une eau-de-vie de marc de raisins, les constituants favorables à la qualité se trouvent en quantités relativement importantes, tandis que les éléments indésirables ne dépassent pas les seuils acceptables et sont voisins de ceux rencontrés dans les eaux-de-vie de vins.+++« Tsipouro » is a spirit produced in several greek viticultural zones from grape pomace. It is the base of ouzo, an anisette which is known world wide. The authors studied the composition of eighteen samples of Tsipouro produced in the Naoussa region. Even though this is a spirit produced from grape pomace, rather than wine, the components which represent good quality were found in relatively high levels. Whereas, unfavourable elements did not exceed acceptable thresholds and were close to the levels found in eaux-de-vie produced from wine.

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10

Joyeux, Annick, e Aline Lonvaud-Funel. "Comparaison de diverses préparations industrielles de bactéries lactiques réactivees pour stimuler la fermentation malolactique". OENO One 19, n. 3 (30 settembre 1985): 149. http://dx.doi.org/10.20870/oeno-one.1985.19.3.1326.

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La réactivation préalable des bactéries lactiques est indispensable avant l'inoculation des vins. Le mode opératoire est précisé : le milieu optimum est à base de jus de raisin.Différentes préparations industrielles ont été testées au laboratoire. Celles de Leuconostoc œnos ont donné de bons résultats. L'une d'entre elles a été utilisée dans la pratique au cours des deux dernières campagnes de vinification. Les succès obtenus, surtout en 1984 dans des cas particulièrement difficiles montrent bien l'efficacité de ce procédé pour le déclenchement de la fermentation malolactique.+++The previous reactivation of lactic acid bacteria is essential before the inoculation of the wine. The method is specified: the optimium media is made with grape must.Several industrial preparations of bacteria were tried; those constituted with Leuconostoc oenos gave good results. One of them was utilized in practice during the two last vinification campaigns. The success obtained, especially in 1984 in particular difficult cases give proof of the efficiency of this process to start the malolactic fermentation.

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11

Tyson, J. L., C. L. Curtis, M. A. Manning, J. Rees-George, W. P. Snelgar e P. Blattmann. "Systemic movement of Pseudomonas syringae pv actinidiae in kiwifruit vines in New Zealand". New Zealand Plant Protection 67 (8 gennaio 2014): 41–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.2014.67.5720.

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Systemic movement of Pseudomonas syringae pv actinidiae (Psa) was investigated in inoculated potted kiwifruit vines in a greenhouse and in naturally infected mature vines in the orchard In the potted vine experiment trunks of 2yearold Actinidia chinensis Hort16A on the rootstock A deliciosa Bruno were woundinoculated with Psa After 151 days Psa was detected up to 95 cm from the point of inoculation Psa moved upwards and downwards within the trunks and through the scion and the rootstock at similar rates In the orchard experiments samples were taken from mature kiwifruit vines at intervals along the vines during autumn winter and spring Psa moved systemically throughout mature Hort16A and A deliciosa Hayward kiwifruit vines and was detected in symptomless tissues In both greenhouse and field situations Psa was not inhibited by the graft union and was able to move into the rootstock and down to the base of the vine

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12

Miyanaga, Akimasa, Shohei Iwasawa, Yuji Shinohara, Fumitaka Kudo e Tadashi Eguchi. "Structure-based analysis of the molecular interactions between acyltransferase and acyl carrier protein in vicenistatin biosynthesis". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 113, n. 7 (1 febbraio 2016): 1802–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1520042113.

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Acyltransferases (ATs) are key determinants of building block specificity in polyketide biosynthesis. Despite the importance of protein–protein interactions between AT and acyl carrier protein (ACP) during the acyltransfer reaction, the mechanism of ACP recognition by AT is not understood in detail. Herein, we report the crystal structure of AT VinK, which transfers a dipeptide group between two ACPs, VinL and VinP1LdACP, in vicenistatin biosynthesis. The isolated VinK structure showed a unique substrate-binding pocket for the dipeptide group linked to ACP. To gain greater insight into the mechanism of ACP recognition, we attempted to crystallize the VinK–ACP complexes. Because transient enzyme–ACP complexes are difficult to crystallize, we developed a covalent cross-linking strategy using a bifunctional maleimide reagent to trap the VinK–ACP complexes, allowing the determination of the crystal structure of the VinK–VinL complex. In the complex structure, Arg-153, Met-206, and Arg-299 of VinK interact with the negatively charged helix II region of VinL. The VinK–VinL complex structure allows, to our knowledge, the first visualization of the interaction between AT and ACP and provides detailed mechanistic insights into ACP recognition by AT.

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13

Jordan, Lindsay M., Thomas Björkman e Justine E. Vanden Heuvel. "Annual Under-vine Cover Crops Did Not Impact Vine Growth or Fruit Composition of Mature Cool-climate ‘Riesling’ Grapevines". HortTechnology 26, n. 1 (febbraio 2016): 36–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.26.1.36.

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In the cool and humid climate of the northeastern United States, vegetation is typically maintained between the rows of wine grape (Vitis vinifera) vineyards, but the area directly beneath vines is conventionally kept bare using herbicides or cultivation, to reduce competition for water and nutrients. Yet with rising concerns of herbicide resistance, environmental contamination, and soil erosion, alternatives to maintaining bare ground in vineyards should be considered. In warmer and more arid climates, using cover crops as an alternative to bare soil has sometimes resulted in reduced vine growth and yields. In more cool and humid climates, like in the northeastern United States, where conditions can promote excessive vine growth, replacing bare soil with under-vine cover crops was hypothesized to improve vine growth characteristics and fruit quality from reducing excessive vigor. This study compared three annual under-vine cover crops of resident vegetation (RES), buckwheat (BW) (Fagopyrum esculentum), and annual ryegrass (ARG) (Lolium multiflorum), planted in the 1-m-wide strip directly under vines at the start of each growing season, against the conventional weed-free under-vine row maintained with glyphosate. The experiment was established in 2011 and repeated in 2012 and 2013 in a 20-year-old block of ‘Riesling’ wine grapes (clone 198 on S04 rootstock) in a commercial vineyard in the Finger Lakes region of New York State. Harvested grapes were fermented in duplicate using standard white wine procedures. Among the four under-vine treatments, no significant differences were found in measures of vegetative growth, yield, petiole nutrient concentrations at veraison, or predawn and midday stem water potentials. Under-vine treatments were not found to significantly affect soil organic matter, aggregate stability, and nutrient concentrations. Juice characteristics were also not significantly different among treatments. In this study, the mature vines in this rain-fed ‘Riesling’ vineyard likely had a well-developed and extensive rooting system that was able to overcome any competition effects for water or nutrients from the comparatively shallow root systems of the annually established cover crops. Without any induced competition in the conditions of this study, under-vine cover crops had no effects on vine growth, yield, or juice characteristics when compared with conventional herbicide use in the under-vine row. When multidimensional scaling (MDS) analysis was used to determine differences in aroma among wine treatment replicates, treatments were found to significantly impact the perceived aromatic properties of the wines, even though no measures of growth or juice characteristics were affected. Using under-vine vegetation may be a viable alternative to conventional herbicide use for vineyard floor management in mature wine grape vineyards in cool and humid climates.

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14

George, Anand, Niko Koivumäki, Teemu Hakala, Juha Suomalainen e Eija Honkavaara. "Visual-Inertial Odometry Using High Flying Altitude Drone Datasets". Drones 7, n. 1 (4 gennaio 2023): 36. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/drones7010036.

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Positioning of unoccupied aerial systems (UAS, drones) is predominantly based on Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS). Due to potential signal disruptions, redundant positioning systems are needed for reliable operation. The objective of this study was to implement and assess a redundant positioning system for high flying altitude drone operation based on visual-inertial odometry (VIO). A new sensor suite with stereo cameras and an inertial measurement unit (IMU) was developed, and a state-of-the-art VIO algorithm, VINS-Fusion, was used for localisation. Empirical testing of the system was carried out at flying altitudes of 40–100 m, which cover the common flight altitude range of outdoor drone operations. The performance of various implementations was studied, including stereo-visual-odometry (stereo-VO), monocular-visual-inertial-odometry (mono-VIO) and stereo-visual-inertial-odometry (stereo-VIO). The stereo-VIO provided the best results; the flight altitude of 40–60 m was the most optimal for the stereo baseline of 30 cm. The best positioning accuracy was 2.186 m for a 800 m-long trajectory. The performance of the stereo-VO degraded with the increasing flight altitude due to the degrading base-to-height ratio. The mono-VIO provided acceptable results, although it did not reach the performance level of the stereo-VIO. This work presented new hardware and research results on localisation algorithms for high flying altitude drones that are of great importance since the use of autonomous drones and beyond visual line-of-sight flying are increasing and will require redundant positioning solutions that compensate for potential disruptions in GNSS positioning. The data collected in this study are published for analysis and further studies.

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Krewer, Gerard, J. D. Dutcher e C. J. Chang. "Imidacloprid Insecticide Slows Development of Pierce's Disease in Bunch Grapes". Journal of Entomological Science 37, n. 1 (1 gennaio 2002): 101–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.18474/0749-8004-37.1.101.

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Six cultivars of bunch grapevines Vitis labrusca (L.) and V. vinifera (L), ‘Cabernet Franc’, ‘Canadice’, ‘Flame Seedless’, ‘Johannesburg Riesling’, ‘Mars’ and ‘Reliance’ when treated at planting and for 3 yrs with two (early spring and mid-summer) applications of imidacloprid (Admire®, Bayer Corp., Kansas City, MO) in a 1 to 2 liters aqueous solution (0.70 g active ingredient per vine per application) as drench to the base of the vine, had lower incidence of Pierce's Disease (PD) than untreated grapevines. Apparent PD symptoms were evident on the control vines in mid-summer of the second season. By the fall of the second season and spring of the third season, some control vines were dead. ELISA tests in July of the third season, indicated that similar proportions of treated and control vines contained the PD bacteria. ELISA tests in August of the third season, indicated that significantly more control vines than treated vines contained PD bacteria. Vines treated with imidacloprid showed PD symptoms in June of the third season, and the rate of disease development was slower than in the control vines. After 3 yrs, 18% of the control vines were dead while all the treated vines were alive. ‘Carbernet Franc’ and ‘J. Riesling’ vines treated with imidacloprid had higher yields that the untreated vines within the two cultivars in the third season. ‘Reliance’ vines had higher soluble solids in vines treated with imidacloprid than in untreated vines. Survival at bud break of the fourth year was higher in treated than in untreated vines. Homalodisca coagulata (Say), H. insolita (F.), Oncometopia orbona (Walker) and Graphocephala versuta (Say) were the more abundant leafhopper vectors of PD in the experimental plot and in the surrounding fruit crops. Overall, this research suggests that under severe PD pressure vineyard life can be extended by about 1 yr by application of imidacloprid.

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Mondello, Vincenzo, Christelle Lemaître-Guillier, Patricia Trotel-Aziz, Régis Gougeon, Alberto Acedo, Philippe Schmitt-Kopplin, Marielle Adrian, Cátia Pinto, Olivier Fernandez e Florence Fontaine. "Assessment of a New Copper-Based Formulation to Control Esca Disease in Field and Study of Its Impact on the Vine Microbiome, Vine Physiology and Enological Parameters of the Juice". Journal of Fungi 8, n. 2 (31 gennaio 2022): 151. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jof8020151.

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Copper-based preparations have been used for more than 100 years in viticulture to control downy mildew caused by Plasmopara viticola. LC2017, and a new low-copper-based formulation, has been developed to control grapevine trunk diseases (GTDs). Previous greenhouse studies showed the potential of LC2017 to control GTDs by both fungistatic and plant defense elicitor effects. Here, we further characterize the effects of LC2017 in the field determining its impact on: (i) incidence of Esca, (ii) the vine microbiome, (iii) the vine physiology and (iv) enological parameters of juices. We observed a progressive decrease of cumulate Esca incidence in treated vines over the years with annual fluctuation related to the known erratic emergence of GTD symptoms. Neither harmful effects of LC2017 on the vine microbiota, nor on vine physiology were observed (at both transcriptomic and metabolomic levels). Similarly, no impact of LC2017 was observed on the enological properties of berries except for sugar content in juice from esca-diseased vines. The most important result concerns the transcriptomic profiles: that of diseased and LC2017 treated vines differs from that of disease untreated ones, showing a treatment effect. Moreover, the transcriptomic profile of diseased and LC2017-treated vines is similar to that of untreated asymptomatic vines, suggesting control of the disease.

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SVYANTEK, Andrej, Matthew BROOKE, Collin AUWARTER e Harlene HATTERMAN-VALENTI. "NFLUENCE OF GREENHOUSE MAINTENACE TREATMENTS ON GROWTH OF SEEDLING GRAPEVINES (Vitis spp.)". AgroLife Scientific Journal 11, n. 2 (31 dicembre 2022): 213–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.17930/agl2022227.

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Vegetative clonal propagation of scions and rootstocks represent the commercial method of grapevine production; currently, techniques such as hardwood rooting, grafting, and tissue culture are readily exploited by the nursery and grapevine industries. Seedlings of highly heterozygous grapevines are not true to type, as a result they are not utilized in the mass production of planting stock for commercial grape vineyards. However, seedling growth and quality is key for plant breeding programs initiating thousands of unique seedlings each year. To investigate treatments for their impact on diverse interspecific cold-hardy grapevines, seedlings were grown under greenhouse conditions. Four weeks after transplant, seedlings were cut back to one true node (CUT), leaf thinned (LT), or left as untreated control vines (Control). Eight weeks after treatment, plants were analyzed for total node number, periderm encompassed nodes, lateral shoot number, and total number of base stems. Control and LT vines had more periderm encompassed nodes and total nodes than CUT vines, while CUT vines had the highest number of shoots arising from the base nodes of the vine.

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Cicirello, Emmanuel. "The “good taste” between the quantitative and qualitative model. Relevant social groups in Mendoza viticulture (1960-1990)". Perspectiva Geográfica 29, n. 3 (1 giugno 2024): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.19053/uptc.01233769.16600.

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A partir de la década de 1960, en la provincia de Mendoza, se establecieronpolíticas económicas público-privadas que fueron la base necesaria para el cambio tecnológicoque consolida la reestructuración vitivinícola en 1990. El modelo productivo cuantitativoque comercializaba uvas y vinos comunes de altos rendimientos fue atravesado por unatransformación global del mercado del vino, por la creación de instituciones para controlar lagenuinidad de vinos y por la caída del consumo, así como por el impacto de una prolongada yprofunda crisis de sobreproducción (1978-1990). Estos aspectos estimularon la reorientaciónde algunos productores hacia el mercado internacional y al nuevo paradigma de calidad quese estaba desarrollando en otros países, basado en uvas y vinos varietales. Son estrategias degrupos sociales relevantes (públicos y privados) que establecieron como innovación la exportaciónde vinos finos asociados al buen gusto como solución a la crisis de sobreproducción.

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19

McArtney, Steven J., e David C. Ferree. "Previous Cropping and Light History Influence Early Season Vegetative Development of Grapevines". HortScience 32, n. 3 (giugno 1997): 516B—516. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.32.3.516b.

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Early season vegetative development of grapevines was studied in the year after imposing three cropping levels to mature `Seyval' vines in the field or establishing two light levels to potted `DeChaunac' vines growing in the greenhouse. Heavily cropped `Seyval' vines (averaging 90 buds, 15.8 kg fruit per vine over the previous two growing seasons) had 85% fewer count buds and 31% fewer non-count (latent) buds than lightly cropped vines (averaging 25 buds, 9.7 kg fruit per vine). The rate of leaf area expansion was reduced on heavily cropped vines. Covering `DeChaunac' vines in the greenhouse with 80% shade from bloom onwards reduced the leaf area per shoot in the year after treatment by reducing both the rate of leaf appearance and the rate of leaf expansion. The leaf at node four from the base of the shoot had the greatest area on both shaded and control vines; however, the area was reduced 33% on shaded vines. Data from the greenhouse experiment were used to model the effect of leaf size at the transition from sink to source on total source leaf area per shoot. Prior to bloom the total source leaf area per shoot was increased when individual leaves became sources earlier, i.e., at a lower percent of their final size. Whether a leaf became a source at either 30%, 50%, or 80% of its final size had little effect on total source leaf area per shoot after bloom. The proportion of source to sink leaf area at bloom was greater than 90% for both slow- and rapidly growing shoots (those on shaded and control vines, respectively). Expansion of grapevine leaves was reduced by heavy cropping and low light levels in the previous year, greatly reducing the source leaf area per shoot.

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20

Hidalgo, Yasser, Beatriz Hatta e Juan Carlos Palma. "INFLUENCIA DE LA PRESENCIA DE BORRAS DURANTE EL TIEMPO DE REPOSO DEL VINO BASE SOBRE ALGUNOS COMPUESTOS VOLÁTILES DEL PISCO PERUANO DE UVA ITALIA". Revista de la Sociedad Química del Perú 82, n. 3 (30 settembre 2016): 280–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.37761/rsqp.v82i3.59.

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Abstract (sommario):

Se investigó la influencia de la presencia de borras durante el reposo del vino base sobre algunos compuestos volátiles en el pisco, como: ácido acético, alcoholes superiores, ésteres y acetaldehído. Dos fracciones de vino base seco (con y sin borras) se almacenaron por cinco intervalos de tiempo: 0, 7, 20, 60, 150 días; y destiladas después. Los resultados indicaron que los piscos de vinos base con mayores tiempos de reposo presentan mayores contenidos de ácido acético (con borras: desde 0,15 g/L con 0 días de reposo hasta 0,30 g/L con 60 días de reposo y 0,69 g/L con 150 días de reposo; sin borras: desde 0,14 g/L con 0 días de reposo hasta 0,26 g/L con 150 días de reposo), propanol (con borras: desde 72,15 mg/100 mL A.A.c con 0 días de reposo hasta 105,34 mg/100 mL A.A. con 150 días de reposo), acetato de etilo (con borras: desde 22,00 mg/100 mL A.A. con 0 días de reposo hasta 43,10 mg/100 mL A.A. con 150 días de reposo) y acetato de iso-amilo (con borras: desde 0,00 mg/100 mL A.A. con 0 días de reposo hasta 10,57 mg/100 mL A.A. con 150 días de reposo); y menores contenidos de acetaldehído (con borras: desde 22,71 mg/100 mL A.A. con 0 días de reposo hasta 4,29 mg/100 mL A.A. con 60 días de reposo y 3,30 mg/100 mL A.A. con 150 días de reposo; sin borras: desde 16,98 mg/100 mL A.A. con 0 días de reposo hasta 4,30 mg/100 mL A.A. con 150 días de reposo). Los piscos destilados de vinos base con borras presentan mayores cantidades de acetato de etilo (22,00 vs. 16,61 mg/100 mL A.A.) y acetaldehído (22,71 vs. 16,98 mg/100 mL A.A.), que sus destilados de vinos base sin borras, con 0 días de reposo.

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21

Albetis, Johanna, Anne Jacquin, Michel Goulard, Hervé Poilvé, Jacques Rousseau, Harold Clenet, Gerard Dedieu e Sylvie Duthoit. "On the Potentiality of UAV Multispectral Imagery to Detect Flavescence dorée and Grapevine Trunk Diseases". Remote Sensing 11, n. 1 (23 dicembre 2018): 23. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs11010023.

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Abstract (sommario):

Among grapevine diseases affecting European vineyards, Flavescence dorée (FD) and Grapevine Trunk Diseases (GTD) are considered the most relevant challenges for viticulture because of the damage they cause to vineyards. Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) multispectral imagery could be a powerful tool for the automatic detection of symptomatic vines. However, one major difficulty is to discriminate different kinds of diseases leading to similar leaves discoloration as it is the case with FD and GTD for red vine cultivars. The objective of this paper is to evaluate the potentiality of UAV multispectral imagery to separate: symptomatic vines including FD and GTD (Esca and black dead arm) from asymptomatic vines (Case 1) and FD vines from GTD ones (Case 2). The study sites are localized in the Gaillac and Minervois wine production regions (south of France). A set of seven vineyards covering five different red cultivars was studied. Field work was carried out between August and September 2016. In total, 218 asymptomatic vines, 502 FD vines and 199 GTD vines were located with a centimetric precision GPS. UAV multispectral images were acquired with a MicaSense RedEdge® sensor and were processed to ultimately obtain surface reflectance mosaics at 0.10 m ground spatial resolution. In this study, the potentiality of 24 variables (5 spectral bands, 15 vegetation indices and 4 biophysical parameters) are tested. The vegetation indices are selected for their potentiality to detect abnormal vegetation behavior in relation to stress or diseases. Among the biophysical parameters selected, three are directly linked to the leaf pigments content (chlorophyll, carotenoid and anthocyanin). The first step consisted in evaluating the performance of the 24 variables to separate symptomatic vine vegetation (FD or/and GTD) from asymptomatic vine vegetation using the performance indicators from the Receiver Operator Characteristic (ROC) Curve method (i.e., Area Under Curve or AUC, sensibility and specificity). The second step consisted in mapping the symptomatic vines (FD and/or GTD) at the scale of the field using the optimal threshold resulting from the ROC curve. Ultimately, the error between the level of infection predicted by the selected variables (proportion of symptomatic pixels by vine) and observed in the field (proportion of symptomatic leaves by vine) is calculated. The same methodology is applied to the three levels of analysis: by vineyard, by cultivar (Gamay, Fer Servadou) and by berry color (all red cultivars). At the vineyard and cultivar levels, the best variables selected varies. The AUC of the best vegetation indices and biophysical parameters varies from 0.84 to 0.95 for Case 1 and 0.74 to 0.90 for Case 2. At the berry color level, no variable is efficient in discriminating FD vines from GTD ones (Case 2). For Case 1, the best vegetation indices and biophysical parameter are Red Green Index (RGI)/ Green-Red Vegetation Index (GRVI) (based on the green and red spectral bands) and Car (linked to carotenoid content). These variables are more effective in mapping vines with a level of infection greater than 50%. However, at the scale of the field, we observe misclassified pixels linked to the presence of mixed pixels (shade, bare soil, inter-row vegetation and vine vegetation) and other factors of abnormal coloration (e.g., apoplectic vines).

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22

Ruess, Stefan, Gernot Paulus e Stefan Lang. "Automated Derivation of Vine Objects and Ecosystem Structures Using UAS-Based Data Acquisition, 3D Point Cloud Analysis, and OBIA". Applied Sciences 14, n. 8 (12 aprile 2024): 3264. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app14083264.

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Abstract (sommario):

This study delves into the analysis of a vineyard in Carinthia, Austria, focusing on the automated derivation of ecosystem structures of individual vine parameters, including vine heights, leaf area index (LAI), leaf surface area (LSA), and the geographic positioning of single plants. For the derivation of these parameters, intricate segmentation processes and nuanced UAS-based data acquisition techniques are necessary. The detection of single vines was based on 3D point cloud data, generated at a phenological stage in which the plants were in the absence of foliage. The mean distance from derived vine locations to reference measurements taken with a GNSS device was 10.7 cm, with a root mean square error (RMSE) of 1.07. Vine height derivation from a normalized digital surface model (nDSM) using photogrammetric data showcased a strong correlation (R2 = 0.83) with real-world measurements. Vines underwent automated classification through an object-based image analysis (OBIA) framework. This process enabled the computation of ecosystem structures at the individual plant level post-segmentation. Consequently, it delivered comprehensive canopy characteristics rapidly, surpassing the speed of manual measurements. With the use of uncrewed aerial systems (UAS) equipped with optical sensors, dense 3D point clouds were computed for the derivation of canopy-related ecosystem structures of vines. While LAI and LSA computations await validation, they underscore the technical feasibility of obtaining precise geometric and morphological datasets from UAS-collected data paired with 3D point cloud analysis and object-based image analysis.

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23

Hidalgo, Yasser, Beatriz Hatta e Juan Carlos Palma. "INFLUENCIA DEL NIVEL DE FERMENTACIÓN DEL VINO BASE SOBRE ALGUNOS COMPUESTOS VOLÁTILES DEL PISCO PERUANO DE UVA ITALIA". Revista de la Sociedad Química del Perú 82, n. 2 (30 giugno 2016): 128–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.37761/rsqp.v82i2.47.

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Abstract (sommario):

Se investigó la influencia del nivel de fermentación del vino base sobre algunos compuestos volátiles en el pisco, tales como: ácido acético, alcoholes superiores, ésteres, acetaldehído y metanol. Para evaluar el efecto del nivel de fermentación, durante esta etapa se obtuvieron cinco muestras de vino base con diferentes densidades de corte; para luego ser de inmediato destiladas. Los resultados indicaron que los piscos provenientes de vinos base con menores niveles de fermentación, expresados con mayores densidades de corte (990; 1000; 1010; 1025 y 1040 g/L), presentan mayores contenidos de ácido acético (0.15, 0.16, 0.17, 0.17 y 0.18 g/L), propanol (72.15, 76.33, 82.25, 89.86 y 95.50 mg/100 mL alcohol anhidro), acetato de etilo (22.00, 30.72, 34.26, 39.06 y 49.68 mg/100 mL alcohol anhidro), acetaldehído (22.71, 40.52, 48.69, 58.51 y 78.62 mg/100 mL alcohol anhidro) y metanol (39.22, 40.27, 43.33, 51.30 y 57.95 mg/100 mL alcohol anhidro); y menores contenidos de alcohol iso/ter-amílico (122.83, 118.98, 115.78, 102.88 y 100.11 mg/100 mL alcohol anhidro).

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24

Sánchez Hernández, Ángel. "Régimen jurídico de plantación del viñedo y otros aspectos normativos del sector vitivinícola". Revista Electrónica de Derecho de la Universidad de La Rioja (REDUR), n. 16 (14 dicembre 2018): 61. http://dx.doi.org/10.18172/redur.4234.

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Abstract (sommario):

La producción de vino con DOP tiene muchos retos de cara al futuro, pero quizá el principal sea el de conseguir mantener el prestigio de sus vinos, para lo cual es imprescindible contar con uva de calidad, pagando las bodegas de la DOP unos precios correctos a los viticultores por esas uvas capaces de mantener la diferenciación, la calidad y el prestigio de los vinos con DOP. Ahora bien, ésta debe crecer en el marco de una normativa de la UE que le asegura un crecimiento ordenado de sus plantaciones de viñedo para que mejore su competitividad, pero debe respetar a la vez sus principios, tomando como base lo que le viene caracterizando: su calidad. Las limitaciones a las nuevas plantaciones en el ámbito nacional y en particular las limitaciones de expedir autorizaciones en el ámbito regional que se contemplan con base en el Reglamento (UE) 1308/2013, son importantísimas para el sector vitivinícola.

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25

Vatavuk, Ivo, Goran Vasiljević e Zdenko Kovačić. "Task Space Model Predictive Control for Vineyard Spraying with a Mobile Manipulator". Agriculture 12, n. 3 (9 marzo 2022): 381. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture12030381.

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Abstract (sommario):

In this paper, a Model Predictive Control (MPC)-based approach for vineyard spraying is presented, able to adapt to different vine row structures and suitable for real-time applications. In the presented approach, the mobile base moves along a row of vines while the robotic arm controls the position and orientation of the spray nozzle. A reference lawnmower pattern trajectory is generated from the vine canopy description, with the aim of minimizing waste while ensuring vine coverage. MPC is used to compute the trajectory of the vehicle along the row and the manipulator tool trajectory, which follow the spray reference, while minimizing vehicle acceleration and tool displacement. The manipulator tool velocity commands provided by the MPC algorithm are tracked using task space control. The presented approach is evaluated in two experiments: a vineyard spraying scenario and an external evaluation scenario in an indoor environment equipped with the Optitrack camera system.

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26

Niu, Zijie, Juntao Deng, Xu Zhang, Jun Zhang, Shijia Pan e Haotian Mu. "Identifying the Branch of Kiwifruit Based on Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) Images Using Deep Learning Method". Sensors 21, n. 13 (29 giugno 2021): 4442. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21134442.

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Abstract (sommario):

It is important to obtain accurate information about kiwifruit vines to monitoring their physiological states and undertake precise orchard operations. However, because vines are small and cling to trellises, and have branches laying on the ground, numerous challenges exist in the acquisition of accurate data for kiwifruit vines. In this paper, a kiwifruit canopy distribution prediction model is proposed on the basis of low-altitude unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) images and deep learning techniques. First, the location of the kiwifruit plants and vine distribution are extracted from high-precision images collected by UAV. The canopy gradient distribution maps with different noise reduction and distribution effects are generated by modifying the threshold and sampling size using the resampling normalization method. The results showed that the accuracies of the vine segmentation using PSPnet, support vector machine, and random forest classification were 71.2%, 85.8%, and 75.26%, respectively. However, the segmentation image obtained using depth semantic segmentation had a higher signal-to-noise ratio and was closer to the real situation. The average intersection over union of the deep semantic segmentation was more than or equal to 80% in distribution maps, whereas, in traditional machine learning, the average intersection was between 20% and 60%. This indicates the proposed model can quickly extract the vine distribution and plant position, and is thus able to perform dynamic monitoring of orchards to provide real-time operation guidance.

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27

Zabadal, Thomas J. "Response of `Himrod' Grapevines to Cane Girdling". HortScience 27, n. 9 (settembre 1992): 975–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.27.9.975.

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Abstract (sommario):

The effect of cane girdling, in combination with the common commercial practices of gibberellic acid applications and/or other crop control, on vine size and fruit characteristics was measured over 3 years for `Himrod' grapevines (Vitis ×labruscana × V. vinifera) grown in central New York state. Cane girdles 4 mm wide between the second and third node from the base of each fruiting cane resulted in vines that were capable of sustaining vine size while enhancing several aspects of fruit quality. When added to several vine-manipulation regimes, cane girdling increased cluster weight as much as 106%, berries per cluster as much as 138%, and berry weight as much as 17%. Although cane girdling increased yield as much as 66%, it consistently reduced fruit soluble solids concentration (SSC). Therefore, for cane girdling to contribute to sustained production of quality `Himrod' table grapes in a cool-growing-season climate, it will be necessary to practice it in combination with a level of crop control that will ensure acceptable fruit SSC.

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28

Takeshige, Ryuichi, Masanori Onishi, Ryota Aoyagi, Yoshimi Sawada, Nobuo Imai, Robert Ong e Kanehiro Kitayama. "Mapping the Spatial Distribution of Fern Thickets and Vine-Laden Forests in the Landscape of Bornean Logged-Over Tropical Secondary Rainforests". Remote Sensing 14, n. 14 (12 luglio 2022): 3354. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs14143354.

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Abstract (sommario):

Forest degradation has been most frequently defined as an anthropogenic reduction in biomass compared with reference biomass in extant forests. However, so-defined “degraded forests” may widely vary in terms of recoverability. A prolonged loss of recoverability, commonly described as a loss of resilience, poses a true threat to global environments. In Bornean logged-over forests, dense thickets of ferns and vines have been observed to cause arrested secondary succession, and their area may indicate the extent of slow biomass recovery. Therefore, we aimed to discriminate the fern thickets and vine-laden forests from those logged-over forests without dense ferns and vines, as well as mapping their distributions, with the aid of Landsat-8 satellite imagery and machine learning modeling. During the process, we tested whether the gray-level co-occurrence matrix (GLCM) textures of Landsat data and Sentinel-1 C-band SAR data were helpful for this classification. Our study sites were Deramakot and Tangkulap Forest Reserves—commercial production forests in Sabah, Malaysian Borneo. First, we flew drones and obtained aerial images that were used as ground truth for the supervised classification. Subsequently, a machine-learning model with a gradient-boosting decision tree was iteratively tested in order to derive the best model for the classification of the vegetation. Finally, the best model was extrapolated to the entire forest reserve and used to map three classes of vegetation (fern thickets, vine-laden forests, and logged-over forests without ferns and vines) and two non-vegetation classes (bare soil and open water). The overall classification accuracy of the best model was 86.6%; however, by combining the fern and vine classes into the same category, the accuracy was improved to 91.5%. The GLCM texture variables were especially effective at separating fern/vine vegetation from the non-degraded forest, but the SAR data showed a limited effect. Our final vegetation map showed that 30.7% of the reserves were occupied by ferns or vines, which may lead to arrested succession. Considering that our study site was once certified as a well-managed forest, the area of degraded forests with a high risk of loss of resilience is expected to be much broader in other Bornean production forests.

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Millward, Andrew A., e Michelle Blake. "When Trees Are Not an Option: Perennial Vines as a Complementary Strategy for Mitigating the Summer Warming of an Urban Microclimate". Buildings 14, n. 2 (3 febbraio 2024): 416. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings14020416.

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Abstract (sommario):

This study evaluates the potential of Boston Ivy (Parthenocissus tricuspidata) to reduce building surface temperature in a mid-latitude North American city center where vine use for this purpose is uncommon. Vegetation can regulate city summer temperatures by providing shade and evaporative cooling. While planting trees has been a focus for many urban municipalities, trees require space (above and below ground), access to water, costly planting and maintenance, and may only be desirable to some city residents. To explore viable vegetation alternatives with fewer growth constraints, we deployed temperature loggers on the exterior walls of buildings in the urban core of Toronto, Canada, a large mid-latitude city. Perennial vines shaded some walls, while others were bare. These devices systematically tracked exterior surface temperature fluctuations over six months, including the growing season, with full vine-leaf coverage. During peak solar access periods, average daily temperature differentials between vine-shaded and non-shaded building surfaces ranged from up to 6.5 °C on south-facing building exteriors to 7.0 °C on west-facing walls. Models were developed to estimate daily degree hour difference, a metric integrating the magnitude and duration of the temperature-moderating potential of vines. At ambient temperatures ≥ 23 °C, solar radiation intensity and ambient air temperature were positively correlated with vine effectiveness in mitigating the rise in built surface temperature; relative humidity was negatively associated. Installing vine cover on urban buildings in the form of green façades can complement tree planting as cities become hotter due to climate change, and space for growing trees diminishes with urban densification. Future research into the capacity of green façades to regulate outdoor temperature must establish uniform measurement protocols and undertake evaluations in diverse climatic scenarios.

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30

Carbonneau, Alain, e P. Casteran. "Essai de systèmes de conduite de la vigne pour la production de raisins « pourris nobles » en bordelais". OENO One 20, n. 1 (31 marzo 1986): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.20870/oeno-one.1986.20.1.1291.

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Abstract (sommario):

Une expérimentation de système de conduite pour la production de vin « liquoreux » en appellation Sainte-Croix-du-Mont, menée de 1979 à 1984 a abouti, dans des conditions de protection à l'hectare analogues et sur la base des analyses des moûts et des dégustations de vins, à classer ainsi par ordre décroissant de potentiel qualitatif (dans une gamme de qualité moyenne à bonne) :<ul><li>1) vigne large en lyre ouverte;</li><li>2) vignes larges en lyre fermée (ici de façon assez irrégulière) et en lyre tronquée, vigne étroite rognée;</li><li>3) vigne large plane.</li></ul>Il est suggéré un essai à plus grande échelle, notamment de la lyre ouverte et de la lyre tronquée, afin d'assurer le développement de ces nouvelles formes et de mieux étudier le phénomène de surmaturation en présence de pourriture noble.+++An experiment on training systems for a production of sweet white wine in Sainte-Croix-du-Mont Appellation, from 1979 to 1984, has allowed, for similar yields per hectare and on the basis of must analysis and wine tasting, to classify in a decreasing ranking of quality potential (within a range of quality : medium to good) :<ul><li>1) open lyre in wide spacing;</li><li>2) closed lyre (irregularly) and trucaded lyre in wide spacing, classical vertical trellis in close spacing;</li><li>3) classical vertical trellis in wide spacing.</li></ul>A wide scale experiment of the open lyre and the truncated lyre is suggested, in order to allow the application of these new forms and to better study the phenomenon of over maturing in presence of noble rot.

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Aziato, Kokou, Ekpetsi Chantal Bouka, Povi Lawson-Evi, Aly Savadogo e Eklu-Gadegbeku Kwashie. "Sparkling ′′wine′′ production tests from extract of Hibiscus sabdariffa L. flowers". International Journal of Biological and Chemical Sciences 14, n. 9 (25 marzo 2021): 3231–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ijbcs.v14i9.20.

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Abstract (sommario):

The red calyces of Hibiscus sabdariffa L. are widely used in the production of soft drinks in Africa. The anthocyanin pigments of the calyx give a red color to the drinks which are very appreciated by populations. The aim of this study was to develop a sparkling drink with characteristics similar to those of red wine. The production tests were carried out with the calyces of Hibiscus sabdariffa L. commonly called "Bissap" and three types of fermentation: one based on palm wine lees, another by Saccharomyces cerevisiae and a third by endogenous fermentation or control wine. Physicochemical analyzes showed that the wine obtained from palm wine lees at 17th days had a pH of 2.77 ± 0.07, an acidity of 116.99 ± 13.03 (mmol H+ / L), a degree Brix of 7.5 ± 0.25%, an alcohol degree of 7.05 ± 0.24% and energy value of 74.27 ± 2.77 (Kcal / 100 ml). Sensorial tests revealed that the “bissap wine” obtained with fermentation based on palm wine lees had organoleptic characteristics very similar to grape wine. Les calices rouges d’Hibiscus sabdariffa L. sont beaucoup utilisés dans la production de boisson rafraîchissante en Afrique. Les pigments anthocyaniques des calices confèrent une couleur rouge aux boissons très appréciées par les populations. L’objectif de cette étude était de mettre au point une boisson pétillante qui a des caractéristiques similaires au vin rouge. Les essais de production ont été réalisés en utilisant les calices d’Hibiscus sabdariffa L. communément appelées « Bissap » et trois types de fermentation dont une à base de la lie du vin de palme, une seconde à partir de Saccharomyces cerevisiae et une troisième par une fermentation endogène ou témoin. Les analyses physico-chimiques ont montré que le vin obtenu à partir de la lie du vin de palme au 17ème jour a un pH de 2,77 ± 0,07, une acidité de 116,99 ± 13,03 (mmol H+/L), un degré brix de 7,5 ± 0,25 %, un degré d’alcool de 7,05 ± 0,24 % et une valeur énergétique de 74,27 ± 2,77 (Kcal/100 ml). Les tests de dégustation ont révélé que le « vin au bissap » obtenu avec le ferment de la lie de vin de palme a des caractéristiques organoleptiques très proches des vins rouges du commerce.

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Coronel Feijó, Manuel Alberto. "ESTANDARIZACIÓN Y OPTIMIZACIÓN DE PROCESOS DE VINO DE MORA DE CASTILLA (Rubus glucus Benth)". Tsafiqui, n. 2 (31 luglio 2011): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.29019/tsafiqui.v0i2.132.

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Abstract (sommario):

El objetivo principal fue encontrar la mejor combinación de sustrato y temperatura de fermentación para lograr un producto dentro de norma INEN con base al contenido alcohólico (5 – 23 oGL). El estudio se realizó en la Planta Piloto de Alimentos y Laboratorio de Biotecnología Alimentaria de la Universidad Tecnológica Equinoccial. Se estudió el proceso de elaboración de vino de mora de Castilla a partir de mosto acondicionado con tres niveles de concentración de sustrato fermentable (15, 20 y 25 grados Brix) a temperatura variable (15, 20 y 25 grados centígrados) en un Bioreactor semi automático de 60 litros de capacidad. Se utilizó levadura (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) previamente adaptada en cada mosto a estudiar a 20 oC durante 1 hora. Se aplicó un diseño factorial 3 2 para determinar la cinética de fermentación por cada tratamiento. Para los tres niveles de temperatura, la tasa máxima de agotamiento de sustrato se alcanzó alrededor del décimo día con mostos de 15 o Brix inicial. Finalmente se aplicó un análisis sensorial (sobre vino clarificado por una semana a 7 oC en cámara fría) con una prueba de aceptación simple por cada tratamiento y el mayor puntaje lo obtuvo la combinación 20 oC – 20 o Bx. Bajas temperaturas lograron vinos con mayor perfil organoléptico en tiempos más prolongados. Altas temperaturas logran vinos con menor perfil organoléptico en cortos tiempos.

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33

Romanchuk, Olha, Oksana Nykyha, Rostyslav Koval e Andrii Holod. "THE HISTORY OF THE GAULT & MILLAU FRENCH GASTRONOMY GUIDE". SCIENTIFIC ISSUES OF TERNOPIL VOLODYMYR HNATIUK NATIONAL PEDAGOGICAL UNIVERSITY. SERIES: GEOGRAPHY 54, n. 1 (11 luglio 2023): 13–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.25128/2519-4577.23.1.2.

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The article presents the development of the famous French gastronomic guide Gault & Millau based on the analysis of the most relevant works of foreign scientists. Using genealogical sites, where information can be entered only by verified users, biographical information about its founders Henri Gault and Christian Millau has been presented. The attention has been paid to the reasons which led to the beginning of the New cuisine (Nouvelle cuisine), its distinctive features, as well as to its importance for French gastronomy. The purpose of the article is to highlight the history of the Gault & Millau gastronomic guide. During the studies, such research methods as historical, descriptive, comparative, systematization and generalization have been used. It has been established that in fact guides, in particular Michelin and Gault & Millau, which represent French gastronomy, are the most famous in the world and play an important role in the development of modern tourism industry. One of the leading French novelists and gastronomic critics, Maurice Edmond Sailland (Curnonsky), said that a gourmet should travel, with regard to satisfy his / her gourmet needs. The history of the Gault & Millau guide begins in the 1960s, when its founders, Henri Gault and Christian Millau, traveled much around France to find restaurants that they considered worthy of their interest. They discovered what was soon known as New cuisine (Nouvelle cuisine). It was originated from forgotten tastes, simplicity and lightness. In 1969, Henri Gault and Christian Millau with some friends of theirs, started the publication of the monthly magazine «Le Nouveau Guide permanent», which was titled «Le Nouveau Guide Gault-Millau» since May, 1970. In 1970 they published «Le Guide Gourmand de la France». Finally, in 1972, the first Gault & Millau guide to France («Le Guide Gault-Millau de la France») was published. They ranked all the restaurants they considered fit to be recommended to the public. The main criteria for them were not the richness of the establishment, the food or the cleanliness, the values supported by Michelin, but the taste, presentation and imagination of the chef. Points in the Gault & Millau guides were given for the quality of the food, with comments on service, price and general atmosphere. The term «New French Cuisine» («Nouvelle Cuisine Française») was used for the first time in the 54th issue of the magazine «Le Nouveau Guide Gault-Millau» (1973). The new cuisine was characterized by a return to the fundamental / basic taste of food, offering ten guidelines for it. At the same time, their article «Vive la nouvelle cuisine française» was published. In response to the conservative Michelin guide, which valued quality and tradition, Henri Gault and Christian Millau launched Nouvelle Cuisine as a movement with a strong emphasis on innovation. The presented evaluation and expert opinions had a significant impact on the rating and success of the establishment. Henri Gault also offered the aforementioned guidelines, a clear and comprehensible decalogue that summed up their passion for modern and innovative cuisine. The instructions concerned, in particular, the reduction of cooking time, the use of fresh and high-quality products from the market that exclude the sauce base prepared the day before, and the reduction of menu choices. The Gault & Millau guide changed the tourism and culinary image of France. Its founders emphasized the principles of dietetics and the creativity of chefs. Christian Millau also came up with the idea of gathering food columnists around the wine theme to single out French wines. The first special issue on wines appeared in September 1978. In September 1984, the wine guide «Le guide des vins de France. Le 1er pratique guide: 1500 vins en direct sélectionnées pour leur excellent rapport qualité / prix» was published. Thanks to the international success of the Gault & Millau guide, in February 1980, Henri Gault and Christian Millau appeared on the cover of the American weekly «Time», where the article about them was published. However, Henri Gault and Christian Millau stopped their mutual professional activities in 1986. The obtained practical results will make it possible to expand specialized training courses in higher education institutions of Ukraine, where personnel for tourism, hotel and restaurant industry are trained. Key words: Gault & Millau Guide, History, Nouvelle Cuisine, Gastro-Tourism.

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34

Eyries, Alexandre. "Une prose gourmande et savoureuse ?" Recherches en Communication 48 (14 luglio 2020): 131–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.14428/rec.v48i48.57133.

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Dans cet article, je me propose d’analyser une frange singulière de l’œuvre de l’écrivain américain Jim Harrison (1937-2016) mais ô combien centrale dans sa trajectoire d’auteur et surtout d’homme et de bon vivant à l’appétit vorace pour la bonne chère, les meilleurs vins et les plaisirs bien terrestres (amour des femmes, passion pour la nature et les grands espaces, la chasse et la pêche) qui jalonnent toute son œuvre, des romans aux poèmes ainsi qu’aux novellas ces longues nouvelles comme Légendes d’automne qui lui ont valu la célébrité sur la scène littéraire internationale. Dans le présent article, je m’intéresserai tout particulièrement à l’expérience gastronomique et œnologique telle qu’elle est mise en scène et en récit dans l’ouvrage Un sacré gueuleton. Manger, boire et vivre (Flammarion, 2018) qui rassemble la totalité des articles écrits par Jim Harrison tout au long de sa vie sur l’expérience gastronomique et œnologique à laquelle l’écrivain a très largement donné son corps dans des agapes infinies au cours desquelles « la règle de base est d’être “modéré à l’excès” » (p. 40).Dans l’introduction qu’il a rédigé pour cet ouvrage, le chef cuisinier new yorkais Mario Batali dresse le portrait suivant de Jim Harrison : « Jim avait un appétit légendaire et rien ne rend un cuisinier plus heureux que quelqu’un qui ne vit que pour manger – et, quand il ne mange pas, pour parler de ce qu’il a mangé, pour chasser et pêcher des choses à manger ou pour passer du temps, entre deux repas, à évoquer ce que nous venions de manger » (p. 9). L’ouvrage Un sacré gueuleton. Manger, boire et vivre – à la démesure de son auteur, cousin américain de Rabelais et manière d’épigone d’Hemingway – est un véritable festin littéraire. Il constitue à la fois une envolée discursive et littéraire et des moments propices à l’élaboration d’une prose gourmande et savoureuse par ses trouvailles stylistiques comme par ses excès et son outrance toute gargantuesque. Dans la première partie de cet article, j’analyserai les discours incarnés et éminemment littéraires tenus par l’auteur sur le vin et sa dégustation, sur la dimension anthropologique de ce phénomène sous-tendant les pratiques de convivialité et de commensalité. Dans la seconde partie de l’article, je m’attacherais aux écrits de l’auteur sur la gastronomie à l’aune de logiques de caractérisation, de recommandation et d’expertise acquises au cours d’une longue existence de gourmand vagabond ayant sillonné tous les terroirs de France et du monde.

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35

Berk, Peter, Matej Sečnik, Andreja Urbanek Krajnc e Denis Stajnko. "Digital evaluation of the leaf wall area of the grapevine (Vitis vinifera cv. Sauvignon) by using LIDAR measuring technology". Glasnik zaštite bilja 44, n. 4 (12 luglio 2021): 74–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.31727/gzb.44.4.10.

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A dosage rate reduction of plant protection products mixed with water, i.e. spray mixture, in a prescribed concentration in the vineyard will only be possible in the future, if the natural characteristics of vine canopy structures (leaf wall area) and canopy management are taken into account. In a practical experiment in the vineyard we evaluated the leaf wall area of the vine cv. Sauvignon on different segments on the left and right side of the vine canopy. We compared the results of manual measurements and laser measuring technology (LIDAR) with the corresponding algorithm, with which we enabled the digital reconstruction of the leaf wall area of the vine. The manual measurement of the leaf wall area was carried out using an automated image analyser. The digital system for measuring the leaf wall area on different segments consisted of a LIDAR sensor and a Differential Global Positioning System (hereinafter DGPS). To determine the exact DGPS position of the LIDAR sensor during the measurement, we set up a DGPS base station. Using the Excel software (CORREL function), we estimated the relationship between the dependent variable (digital number of points in the cloud) and an independent variable (leaf wall area, manually measured). An analysis of six randomly selected vines in the vineyard revealed the maximum value of the correlation coefficient r = 0.80 for the left side and r = 0.90 for the right side of the leaf wall area of the vine, respectively. In the near future the virtual three-dimensional space will provide more even control of spray mixture over the entire structure of the leaf wall area in the vineyard based on autonomous decision-making models.

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36

Huseynov, Sh N. "TECHNOLOGICAL NUANCES OF INDUSTRIAL COVERED VITICULTURE". Russian Vine 25 (1 novembre 2023): 13–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.32904/2712-8245-2023-25-13-28.

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On industrial covered for winter vineyards the reaction of experimental vine varieties to vari-ous agrotechnical techniques (vine training sys-tem, age and arm length), their influence on productivity indictors and crop quality in the environmental conditions of the Rostov region and the Chechen Republic is shown. The func-tional dependence of the parameters of agro-biotechnological features on the developed agrotechnical techniques has been established. The optimal values for vine and eye number, plant productivity indicators, crop quality, labor productivity and economic efficiency were ob-served when using the long-arm training we proposed with a different combination of struc-tural elements, the method of vine pruning and the load rate of bushes. To conform the re-quirements of industrial technologies two 150−200 cm long arms are formed in bush structure with 2−4 branches on each arm. The principal requirement in the method is the for-mation of strict Z-shaped bend at the base of the arms which ensures the bushes after releas-ing from trellis, their strict orientation along the row and high-quality mechanized winter cover-ing of bushes by vinehandlers. In spring, after opening the bushes, the fruit vines grow at a height of 70−120 cm. (on the first and second levels of tree-leveled trellis). Vine is pruned at the length of 6−12 eyes, the load is 80−90 thousand shoots per hectare, with a bush plant-ing scheme 3×1.5−2.0 m. Such parameters of agricultural practices increase the productivity of plantings by 20−25 % with high technologi-cal conditions, and a reduction in labor expend-itures costs by 15−20 man-days per hectare.

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37

Spineti, Greta, e Nico Bortoletto. "El cambio de calidad: un enfoque sociológico sobre la elaboración de vinos en el Abruzo teramano y el posible desarrollo a través del enoturismo". Perspectiva Geográfica 29, n. 3 (1 giugno 2024): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.19053/uptc.01233769.16537.

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En este artículo se traza la historia del desarrollo de la producción de vino en el Abruzo, una región en el centro de Italia, en la provincia de Teramo, a través de la investigación bibliográfica. Se centra en el cambio de paradigma adoptado durante la segunda mitad del siglo pasado, cuando los vinicultores comenzaron a orientarse hacia la producción de vinos de calidad, incluso a expensas de la cantidad. El marco teórico sobre la sociedad moderna y sus implicaciones con tradiciones e innovaciones se basa en las ideas de Beck et al. (1997), según las cuales la tradición se considera un medio para replicar el pasado. La hipótesis aquí es que el patrimonio cultural representado por el vino, la producción de vino y lo que estos pueden crear (es decir, el paisaje) pueden convertirse en verdaderos impulsores del turismo en el norte del Abruzo, como sucedió en Mendoza, Argentina. En el contexto del desarrollo regional y la innovación, hay esperanzas de un mayor énfasis en el enoturismo, capaz de generar desarrollo social y económico y una mayor protección del territorio, como se ha visto en Argentina. Las investigaciones revelan el potencial no aprovechado de la región italiana, principalmente debido a obstáculos tecnológicos. En este sentido, la literatura respalda la idea de que las rutas del vino podrían ser un medio válido para promover y desarrollar la cultura y el patrimonio local.

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38

May, P., e Roger Bessis. "Potentialités de croissance des differents types de bourgeons chez la vigne". OENO One 19, n. 2 (30 giugno 1985): 81. http://dx.doi.org/10.20870/oeno-one.1985.19.2.1320.

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Dans un vignoble de Pinot Noir en Bourgogne on applique une charge inégale comprise entre 0 et 16 noeuds, distribués sur des coursons à 1 ou 2 noeuds, ou une charge égale à 10 noeuds, distribués sur des coursons à 1 ou 2 noeuds, des baguettes à 5 ou 10 noeuds ou, enfin, de facon traditionelle (Guyot) sur une baguette et un courson. On observe que le nombre de rameaux surnuméraires, issus de bourgeons de base ou âgés de plus d'un an, se réduit linéairement à mesure que la charge augmente. Les ceps soumis à la taille Guyot produisent autant de pousses surnuméraires que de pousses d'origine nodale. La répartition des noeuds sur les ceps à charge égale n'a aucune influence sur le nombre de pousses surnuméraires.A la suite d'une sévère gelée intervenue juste après la fin du débourrement le nombre de rameaux par souche devient plus important qu'avant cet événement. La plupart des rameaux surnuméraires se trouvent sur le bois de deux ans. Sur d'autres ceps taillés sans baguette ni courson (charge 0) le débourrement se poursuit jusqu'au début de septembre si on enlève les pousses peu de temps après leur apparition. Mais l'intensité du débourrement est la plus grande pendant la période initiale. La relation entre la fréquence de débourrement des bourgeons surnuméraires et la méthode de conduite de la vigne est discutée.+++Pinot Noir vines in a Burgundy vineyard were pruned to unequal numbers of nodes, varying between 0 and 16 and distributed over 2 node spurs, or to 10 nodes distributed over spurs of 1 or 2 nodes, canes of 5 or 10 nodes or over one cane and one spur as is local practice (system Guyot). The number of 'extra' shoots arising from base buds or buds older than one year was in linear, negative relationship to the number of nodes per vine. Vines with Guyot-pruning produced as many extra shoots as shoots from nodes. Node distribution had no influence on the number of extra shoots on vines of equal node number.The vines carried more shoots after a severe spring frost that occurred just after the conclusion of bud burst than before this event. Most of the extra shoots arose on two-year-old wood. Other vines, left without nodes on one-year-old wood continued to produce shoots until early September under a regime of continuous shoot removal, but most shoots started growth during the early part of the season. The relationship between the development of extra shoots and the method of vine management is discussed.

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Smith, Rhonda J. "(380) The Effect of Kaolin Clay-based Particle Film Applications and Canopy Manipulations on Fruit Composition and Incidence of Cluster Damage due to Sunburn in `Cabernet Sauvignon' Grapevines". HortScience 40, n. 4 (luglio 2005): 1068D—1068. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.40.4.1068d.

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The effect of sunlight exposure on yield, fruit composition, amount of damaged clusters, and berry temperature was evaluated in a terraced, hillside `Cabernet Sauvignon' vineyard on the north coast of California. Each terrace contained two vine rows identified as “inside” and “outside” relative to the terrace surface. The standard canopy management practice of removing lateral shoots from below the clusters was imposed with three modifications (“umbrella”, “fogger”, and “umbrella+fogger”) and an unmodified control. Applications of a kaolin-based particle film were made to unmodified canopies and a final treatment consisted of leaving lateral shoots. Canopies with umbrella modifications were not fully vertically shoot positioned. Fogger emitters directed water into the cluster area when ambient temperature reached 33.9 °C beginning in mid-July for a total of 16 fogger-events through 8 Sept. 2004. Treatments were harvested 17 Sept. Yield was affected by row type but not treatment, and inside and outside rows produced an average of 2.1 and 3.4 kg/vine, respectively. Particle film applications significantly reduced berry surface temperatures in the afternoon of two measurement dates by 0.7 and 1.5 °C, respectively. Applications did not significantly affect fruit maturity indices when compared to fruit in the control; however, at the 7% probability level, berry samples from vines that had been treated with kaolin-clay had lower °Brix than samples from control vines. The mean range of sunburn fruit across all treatments was 0.2 to 1.4 clusters per vine. Umbrella and umbrella+fogger treatments significantly reduced the number of damaged clusters (P < 0.05).

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40

Greven, M., S. Green, S. Neal, B. Clothier, M. Neal, G. Dryden e P. Davidson. "Regulated Deficit Irrigation (RDI) to save water and improve Sauvignon Blanc quality?" Water Science and Technology 51, n. 1 (1 gennaio 2005): 9–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2005.0002.

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With a fast change of land use in Marlborough from extensive pastoral farming to intensive irrigated viticulture, a need has risen to investigate the sustainable use of the available water. In 2001 a 5 ha irrigation research project was installed in a Marlborough Sauvignon Blanc vineyard. Irrigation treatments installed were control (compensate 100% for crop evapotranspiration (ETO)), 80%, 70% and 60% of ETO. During the two years that the Regulated Deficit Irrigation (RDI) trial has run so far, very different climatic conditions created much greater differences in yield and vegetative growth, than up to 40% reduction in irrigation, none of which were significant. The use of sap flow in the vines has been fine-tuned and is now giving reliable results on which to base vine water need.

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41

Stevens, C., V. A. Khan, J. Y. Lu, M. K. Kabwe, Z. Haung, M. A. Wilson e J. E. Brown. "THE EFFECT OF SOIL SOLARIZATION ON GROWTH AND UNEVEN RIPENING OF `CARLOS' MUSCADINE GRAPES". HortScience 26, n. 5 (maggio 1991): 486e—486. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.26.5.486e.

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In 1988 and 1989 a muscadine vineyard at Tuskegee, Alabama was treated by post soil solarization (PSS) (covering of moist soil around muscadine plants with clear polyethylene plastic mulch to achieve high soil temperature) for 30 and 75 days, respectively. The average soil temperature in 1989 of 50 and 35 C at 5cm depth for solarized and bare soil, respectively during PSS. The results showed no visible detrimental effect on `Carlos' muscadine (Vitis rotundifolia) from the increased heating of the soil. And the grape plants grown in solarized soils showed increases in growth response e.g. increased yield, revitalization of new softwood vines, vine weight/plant, etc. Uneven ripening of muscadine grapes was reduced on plants grown in PSS over bare soil as indicated by the increases in the percent soluble solids content of grape berries.

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42

Oñal, Jr., Paulino A., Patricia S. Lapas, Rizzi Ann S. Servino, Francis E. Andrade, Manuel D. Cortez e Jessel Jane G. Baldonebro. "Maximizing Productivity of Cucumber (Cucumis sativa L) Applied with Bio-Stimulant Solution". International Journal of Multidisciplinary: Applied Business and Education Research 5, n. 8 (23 agosto 2024): 3166–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.11594/ijmaber.05.08.19.

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The study sought to determine the effects of different levels of concentrations of bio-stimulant solution (BSS) in enhancing the growth and maximizing the yield of the cucumber plant. The study was conducted at UNO-R School of Agriculture, Philippines, last January 8, 2024, to March 18, 2024. The study was laid out in (CRD) with four treatments and replicated 4 times. The BSS solution was diluted in the water. It was applied at the base of the vine following the research protocol. Statistical analysis revealed highly significant differences among the treatments in growth and yield parameters such as length of vine and weight of marketable fruits, respectively. Likewise, results showed highly significant differences among treatments on flower initiation, number of leaves, number of fruits, circumference, and diameter of fruits, biomass, and root weight. For the longest vine, greater number of leaves, early flower initiation, great number of fruits, greater length and bigger circumference of fruits, heavier weight of fruits, heavier roots, and biomass accumulation were obtained from plants applied with 400ml BSS, followed by 300ml BSS, and 200ml BSS, respectively. While those who have no BSS had the lowest result in almost all of the parameters mentioned above. Four growth characteristics are strongly correlated with the length of vines, and three for the root weight, respectively. This study recommends the use of 400ml BSS in enhancing the growth and maximizing the yield of cucumber.

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Bahat, Idan, Yishai Netzer, José M. Grünzweig, Victor Alchanatis, Aviva Peeters, Eitan Goldshtein, Noa Ohana-Levi, Alon Ben-Gal e Yafit Cohen. "In-Season Interactions between Vine Vigor, Water Status and Wine Quality in Terrain-Based Management-Zones in a ‘Cabernet Sauvignon’ Vineyard". Remote Sensing 13, n. 9 (22 aprile 2021): 1636. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13091636.

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Wine quality is the final outcome of the interactions within a vineyard between meteorological conditions, terrain and soil properties, plant physiology and numerous viticultural decisions, all of which are commonly summarized as the terroir effect. Associations between wine quality and a single soil or topographic factor are usually weak, but little information is available on the effect of terrain (elevation, aspect and slope) as a compound micro-terroir factor. We used the topographic wetness index (TWI) as a steady-state hydrologic and integrative measure to delineate management zones (MZs) within a vineyard and to study the interactions between vine vigor, water status and grape and wine quality. The study was conducted in a commercial 2.5-ha Vitis vinifera ‘Cabernet Sauvignon’ vineyard in Israel. Based on the TWI, the vineyard was divided into three MZs located along an elongate wadi that crosses the vineyard and bears water only in the rainy winter season. MZ1 was the most distant from the wadi and had low TWI values, MZ3 was closest to the wadi and had high TWI values. Remotely sensed crop water stress index (CWSI) was measured simultaneously with canopy cover (as determined by normalized difference vegetation index; NDVI) and with field measurements of midday stem water potential (Ψstem) and leaf area index (LAI) on several days during the growing seasons of 2017 and 2018. Vines in MZ1 had narrow trunk diameter and low LAI and canopy cover on most measurement days compared to the other two MZs. MZ1 vines also exhibited the highest water stress (highest CWSI and lowest Ψstem), lowest yield and highest wine quality. MZ3 vines showed higher LAI on most measurement days, lowest water deficit stress (Ψstem) during phenological stage I, highest yield and lowest wine quality. Yet, in stage III, MZ3 vines exhibited a similar water deficit stress (CWSI and Ψstem) as MZ2, suggesting that the relatively high vigor in MZ3 vines resulted in higher water deficit stress than expected towards the end of the season, possibly because of high water consumption over the course of the season. TWI and its classification into three MZs served as a reliable predictor for most of the attributes in the vineyard and for their dynamics within the season, and, thus, can be used as a key factor in delineation of MZs for irrigation. Yet, in-season remotely sensed monitoring is required to follow the vine dynamics to improve precision irrigation decisions.

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Carrillo, Natalia, Patricia Piccoli, Philippe Gallusci, María Sol Guardabrazo e Federico Berli. "Limiting carbohydrates to trunk and roots improves bud fruitfulness, fruit set and yield in cv. Malbec". OENO One 56, n. 4 (8 novembre 2022): 95–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.20870/oeno-one.2022.56.4.7105.

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Many commercial vineyards of Malbec, the most cultivated grapevine in Argentina, show unstable yield because of variations in bud fruitfulness and the occurrence of “shatter”, characterised by poor fruit set and fruitlet abscission. Shatter can be due to plant material, growing conditions and meteorological events. Among the parameters that determine fruit set efficiency and vine yield, the availability of carbohydrates (CH) plays an essential role. We previously showed that controlling CH partitioning by removing part of the phloem tissue through an annular incision at the base of the fruit shoots (shoot girdling) reduced shatter in Malbec. The objective of this research was to evaluate the partitioning of CH for the different sink organs of the aerial part of the plant when an interruption of phloem flux from leaves to storage organs is imposed by a girdle. Shoot and trunk girdling trials were conducted during the 2018 and 2019 growing seasons, respectively. At flowering, girdling was performed on different plant lots either at the base of the shoot (Base G), above the distal cluster of the shoot (Top G), to the trunk (Trunk G) or no girdling (Control). Most of the yield components were increased by Base G and Trunk G with no significant impact on vegetative growth or fruit quality. Total shoot biomass was not affected in Base G, while a 39 % reduction was observed in Top G, as compared to Control. The partitioning pattern within the shoot was modified by shoot girdling, and Base G favoured the accumulation of CH towards clusters at the expense of lateral shoots. Shoot girdling increased node diameter, bud fruitfulness and inflorescence dry weight of the shoot. Trunk-girdled vines showed an increase in fruit set and total yield at harvest, with no significant impact on vegetative growth. The restriction of CH flow to the trunk and roots by Base G and Trunk G at flowering increased yield components at harvest without affecting vegetative growth or grape quality. These results reinforce our hypothesis that the root system of the vines under study constitutes a strong sink during the flowering period that competes for CH.

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Bowen, P. A., C. P. Bogdanoff e B. Estergaard. "Impacts of using polyethylene sleeves and wavelength selective mulch in vineyards. II. Effects on growth, leaf gas exchange, yield components and fruit quality of Vitis vinifera cv. Merlot". Canadian Journal of Plant Science 84, n. 2 (1 aprile 2004): 555–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/p03-094.

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Response of Merlot vines to wavelength-selective polyethylene mulch in the planted row and clear polyethylene enclosures (sleeves) around canes or cordons for 7 wk in the spring was studied in three Okanagan Valley vineyards. The mulch had no detectable effects on vine development, yield components and fruit quality. The sleeves advanced budbreak by 3 to 6 d, depending on the vineyard site, and increased the early growth rate of shoots. Time of budbreak and shoot growth rate were better predicted by cumulative daily mean temperature than by cumulative degree days (base 10°C). On the day sleeves were removed or opened at top, photosynthesis rates were higher in open-top sleeves than under ambient conditions due to higher mesophyll and stomatal conductances. Sleeves advanced the date of 50% bloom in all vineyards by approximately 10 d. Time of bloom, onset of veraison and the rate of fruit maturation were predictable from degree day accumulation. Sleeves advanced fruit maturation by 7 to 26 d, depending on the site, and reduced juice titratable acidity relative to °Brix at the coolest site. Sleeve effects on yield and yield components were inconsistent among sites. Sleeves reduced yield at one site due to lower cluster weights and apparently fewer berries per cluster. At another site, higher berry weights compensated for the apparent reduction in the number of berries per cluster in response to sleeves, and there was no effect on yield. At the third site, berry weights were lower in response to sleeves, likely in compensation for a higher number of berries per cluster. At one site where vines were shoot-thinned to retain primary shoots in the following year, the number of clusters per vine was unaffected by the treatments indicating that the treatments had no effect on bud fruitfulness. Key words: Wine grapes, photosynthesis, stomatal conductance, mesophyll conductance, plasticulture

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46

Araya-Pizarro, Sebastián, Luperfina Rojas-Escobar e Enrique Ruiz-Vega. "Importancia del envase en las preferencias de vino: hallazgos en una región vitivinícola de Chile". Tec Empresarial 14, n. 3 (2 luglio 2020): 00. http://dx.doi.org/10.18845/te.v14i3.5266.

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El mercado de vino en Chile se caracteriza por el bajo consumo interno, la alta concentración espacial de la producción (centro-sur del país) y la fuerte rivalidad sectorial, aspectos que acentúan la importancia de diseñar estrategias comerciales efectivas, basadas en aquellos atributos que explican las preferencias del consumidor, especialmente, en el punto de venta. Por medio de la aplicación de una encuesta a 388 sujetos de la región de Coquimbo (zona vitivinícola del norte Chile) y la estimación de un modelo multivariante, se analizó la influencia de cuatro atributos de valor en la decisión de compra del consumidor. Los resultados muestran que la importancia relativa del envase es de 28% (botella: 9% y tapa: 19%); del precio, 29%, y de la cepa, 43%. En particular, se prefieren los vinos encorchados con base cóncava, cepa Cabernet Sauvignon y precio alto. Se revela que el consumidor posee un comportamiento de compra enfocado en la calidad (precio como señal de calidad) y que no manifiesta una zona de producción predilecta. Además, se determinó que la importancia del envase se relaciona inversamente con la edad y directamente con el ingreso del consumidor. Se espera que los hallazgos permitan a los vitivinicultores locales mejorar el posicionamiento de sus vinos en el mercado.

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47

Mosquera, Robinson Stewart, Lina Marcela Mosquera Chaverra, Juan Alberto Asprilla e Moisés Mosquera. "Elaboración de una bebida alcohólica fermentada a base de frutos de hobo (Spondias mombin L.) como alternativa productiva en comunidades negras del Chocó, Colombia". Revista Bioetnia 15, n. 1 (19 gennaio 2018): 81–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.51641/bioetnia.v15i1.198.

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El desarrollo de una región depende principalmente del aprovechamiento sostenible de sus recursos naturales y de su gente, es decir, del potencial regional condicionado por su medio ambiente, con miras al fortalecimiento del bienestar social y la conservación de sus recursos que requiere de enfoques particulares para lograr un verdadero desarrollo sostenible regional, destacando sus potencialidades. Uno de los factores de la producción sostenible de los bosques tropicales es la conservación de sus especies vegetales silvestres útiles, cuyo estado puede ser evaluado a través del conocimiento tradicional. Esta investigación tuvo como objetivo elaborar una bebida alcohólica tipo vino, a partir de frutos de hobo, Spondias mombin L., como una alternativa productiva en comunidades negras del Chocó, Colombia. Se preparó un jugo de pulpa de hobo, previa desinfección de las frutas a ser utilizadas. Se realizó una fermentación alcohólica con levadura comercial (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) y azúcar; se evaluaron las características físicas arrojadas durante el proceso de fermentación. El análisis del mosto permitió evidenciar un adecuado desarrollo del proceso de fermentación alcohólica, presentando un pH de 3,5, °Brix 18,3, GAP (grado alcohólico probable) 10% v/v y una densidad de 1.075 g/l. El proceso de transformación y elaboración del vino de hobo, a partir de la fermentación alcohólica, permitió obtener un vino dulce con características similares a las establecidas para otros vinos que se encuentran en el mercado.

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48

Latif, Shahid, e Slobodan P. Simonovic. "Trivariate Joint Distribution Modelling of Compound Events Using the Nonparametric D-Vine Copula Developed Based on a Bernstein and Beta Kernel Copula Density Framework". Hydrology 9, n. 12 (7 dicembre 2022): 221. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/hydrology9120221.

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Low-lying coastal communities are often threatened by compound flooding (CF), which can be determined through the joint occurrence of storm surges, rainfall and river discharge, either successively or in close succession. The trivariate distribution can demonstrate the risk of the compound phenomenon more realistically, rather than considering each contributing factor independently or in pairwise dependency relations. Recently, the vine copula has been recognized as a highly flexible approach to constructing a higher-dimensional joint density framework. In these, the parametric class copula with parametric univariate marginals is often involved. Its incorporation can lead to a lack of flexibility due to parametric functions that have prior distribution assumptions about their univariate marginal and/or copula joint density. This study introduces the vine copula approach in a nonparametric setting by introducing Bernstein and Beta kernel copula density in establishing trivariate flood dependence. The proposed model was applied to 46 years of flood characteristics collected on the west coast of Canada. The univariate flood marginal distribution was modelled using nonparametric kernel density estimation (KDE). The 2D Bernstein estimator and beta kernel copula estimator were tested independently in capturing pairwise dependencies to establish D-vine structure in a stage-wise nesting approach in three alternative ways, each by permutating the location of the conditioning variable. The best-fitted vine structure was selected using goodness-of-fit (GOF) test statistics. The performance of the nonparametric vine approach was also compared with those of vines constructed with a parametric and semiparametric fitting procedure. Investigation revealed that the D-vine copula constructed using a Bernstein copula with normal KDE marginals performed well nonparametrically in capturing the dependence of the compound events. Finally, the derived nonparametric model was used in the estimation of trivariate joint return periods, and further employed in estimating failure probability statistics.

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Ogutu, Maurice. "(184) Effects of Colored Plastic Mulches on Muskmelon Growth and Yield". HortScience 40, n. 4 (luglio 2005): 1000B—1000. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.40.4.1000b.

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Colored plastic mulches can influence muskmelon (Cucumis melo L.) growth and yield. A study was carried out at the St. Charles Horticulture Research Center, St. Charles, Ill., to compare the effects of different colored plastic mulches on vine length and yield of muskmelons. An experiment was carried out with 10 treatments, namely, control (bare ground), and plastic mulches (black smooth, red, black embossed, blue, olive, yellow, clear, white, and reflective) in a complete randomized block and replicated four times. Muskmelon variety `Athena' seeds were started in the greenhouse in late Apr. 2004 in flats filled with Jiffy Mix, and transplanted in mid-May 2004. Seedlings planted in black embossed, olive, red, blue, and white plastic mulches had longer vines than seedlings transplanted in black smooth, reflective, clear, and yellow mulches by 24 July. Seedlings planted on the control (bare ground) had much shorter vines compared to seedlings in other treatments. The cumulative fruit number and weight was higher in blue, olive, red, and black embossed plastic mulches than in plants grown in clear, yellow, and reflective plastic mulch treatments. Plants grown in white and reflective mulch treatments had larger fruits than plants in other treatments. In comparison with black embossed plastic mulch, plants grown in blue, olive, and red plastic mulches had higher fruit number and yields.

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50

Khalafvandi, Seyed Ali, Muhammad Ali Pazokian e Ehsan Fathollahi. "The Investigation of Viscometric Properties of the Most Reputable Types of Viscosity Index Improvers in Different Lubricant Base Oils: API Groups I, II, and III". Lubricants 10, n. 1 (3 gennaio 2022): 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/lubricants10010006.

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Abstract (sommario):

Four commercial viscosity index improvers (VII) have been used to investigate the behavioral differences of these compounds in three types of universally applicable base oils. The used VIIs are structurally three types of co-polymer: ethylene-propylene, star isoprene, and two di-block styrene-isoprene. After dissolving of different amounts of VIIs in different base oils, the kinematic viscosities at two standard temperatures were determined and the intrinsic viscosities were calculated according to Huggins method, then the effects of changes in base oil and polymer type were investigated. Intrinsic viscosities as criteria for polymer molecules sizes were found to be higher at lower temperature than at higher temperature. Dependence of intrinsic viscosity on the polymer molecular weight was observed. In the previous works, one or two types of VIIs were studied in only one type of base oil and/or solvent, not different base oils. Furthermore, different ranges of temperatures and concentrations not necessarily applied ranges were selected, but in this work, common base oils and most commercial VIIs were used and the viscometric properties were compared at two temperatures. Viscosities at these temperatures are used for determining VI and definition of lubricant’s viscosity grades. VI improvement is the main cause of VII usage.

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