Segui questo link per vedere altri tipi di pubblicazioni sul tema: Vineyards.
Articoli di riviste sul tema "Vineyards"
Cita una fonte nei formati APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard e in molti altri stili
Vedi i top-50 articoli di riviste per l'attività di ricerca sul tema "Vineyards".
Accanto a ogni fonte nell'elenco di riferimenti c'è un pulsante "Aggiungi alla bibliografia". Premilo e genereremo automaticamente la citazione bibliografica dell'opera scelta nello stile citazionale di cui hai bisogno: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver ecc.
Puoi anche scaricare il testo completo della pubblicazione scientifica nel formato .pdf e leggere online l'abstract (il sommario) dell'opera se è presente nei metadati.
Vedi gli articoli di riviste di molte aree scientifiche e compila una bibliografia corretta.
1
Verešová, Martina, e Ján Supuka. "Changes of landscape structure and cultural values of vineyard landscape". Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis 61, n. 5 (2013): 1459–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.11118/actaun201361051459.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The aim of this paper is to assess the structural changes development of vineyard type of cultural agriculture landscape in Čajkov cadastre. In landscape space out of built up rural settlement Čajkov the vineyards create a specific landscape segment which covers 6% of the whole cadastre area. Two time development periods are compared, i.e. 1896s and 2010s, or 2011s with emphasis to land use form changes and area size changes of vineyard parcels. The result shows that vineyards represent more than 100 hundred years continuity of historical valuable cultural landscape which was not influenced by agricultural collectivisation processes within the second part of the 20th century. The second part of the paper is aimed to assess cultural value of the vineyards by using 9 different criteria such as: age of vineyards, area plots and mosaic structures, archaic vine technology, anthropogenic relief, old vineyard’s buildings and sacral architectural elements, old large and rare fruit trees, traditional and local vine sorts, archaeological locality and finds. Assessed vineyards landscape of Čajkov cadastre is unique, has well preserved historical continuity in landscape structure and a high cultural and historic value.
2
Williamson, Joe R., e Donn T. Johnson. "Effects of Grape Berry Moth Management Practices and Landscape on Arthropod Diversity in Grape Vineyards in the Southern United States". HortTechnology 15, n. 2 (gennaio 2005): 232–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.15.2.0232.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Agricultural monocultures with intensive pest management practices reduce diversity and create instability in agricultural ecosystems, thereby increasing reliance upon pesticides. This study compares the influence of three insect pest management programs in vineyards on arthropod diversity as well as parasitism and control of grape berry moth (Endopiza viteana), the key pest of grapes (Vitis labrusca) in eastern North America. Vineyards in Bald Knob, Hindsville, Judsonia, Lowell, and Searcy, Ark., were managed with a range of intensity of insecticide use, a reduced insecticide program with Exosex-GBM dispensers for mating disruption, or no pesticide use in abandoned vineyards. Arthropod diversity and carabid (Carabidae) density in each vineyard was sampled with pitfall traps. Grape berry moth flight was monitored by pheromone traps. Grape berry moth–infested grapes were collected from the field and reared in the lab until parasites or moths emerged. There were significant differences in arthropod diversity between vineyard sites, with Shannon diversity index values generally higher in woods and managed vineyards with conventional sprays and/or mating disruption than in abandoned sites. Shannon index values for arthropod diversity were significantly lower at the vineyard edge in Searcy (recently abandoned), vineyard center and edge in Bald Knob (abandoned), and the vineyard edge in Hindsville (conventional sprays). In 2003, carabid density was significantly highest in the edge and center of the Hindsville vineyard (high insecticide usage) and the abandoned Bald Knob vineyard had significantly lowest carabid density. Apparently, insecticide sprays resulted in more food on the vineyard floor for carabids. The vineyard floor management was too variable among vineyards to deduce its effect on carabid density. With some exceptions, low-spray and no-spray vineyards generally showed greater diversity and parasitism of grape berry moth than high-spray vineyards. Parasitism was higher in some high-spray vineyards than in low-spray with mating disruption vineyards. Grape berry moth flight and berry damage were more dependent on spray timing than intensity. This study demonstrates that insect pest management programs impact arthropod diversity and parasitism. Further testing is needed to determine why parasitism of grape berry moth decreased in the vineyards using the mating disruption tactic.
3
Cieniewicz, Elizabeth, Madison Flasco, Melina Brunelli, Anuli Onwumelu, Alice Wise e Marc F. Fuchs. "Differential Spread of Grapevine Red Blotch Virus in California and New York Vineyards". Phytobiomes Journal 3, n. 3 (gennaio 2019): 203–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pbiomes-04-19-0020-r.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Limited information is available on the spread dynamics of grapevine red blotch virus (GRBV, genus Grablovirus, family Geminiviridae) in vineyards. In this study, we investigated red blotch disease progress in three vineyards with a disparate initial inoculum prevalence. Secondary spread was documented in Cabernet Sauvignon and Cabernet franc vineyards in California, but not in a Merlot vineyard in New York. Increase in annual disease incidence (4.8, 0.13, and 0%) was unrelated to the estimated initial source of inoculum at planting (1, 40, and 40%) in the Cabernet franc, Cabernet Sauvignon, and Merlot vineyards, respectively. Limited genetic diversity of GRBV populations in newly infected vines supported localized spread in California vineyards, and suggested the planting material as the primary source of inoculum. Among the community of hemipteran insects visiting two of the three study vineyards, populations of Spissistilus festinus, the vector of GRBV, were absent in the Merlot vineyard and low in the Cabernet Sauvignon vineyard. Furthermore, all cover crop samples collected from GRBV-infected California vineyards each spring of 2016 to 2018, particularly legume species which are preferred hosts of S. festinus, tested negative for GRBV, suggesting a minimal role, if any, in GRBV spread as inoculum reservoirs. Together our findings illustrate differential disease progress in distinct vineyard ecosystems, and support the elimination of virus inoculum sources as an actionable disease management strategy across vineyards.
4
Jaksic, Darko, Veljko Perovic, Dragan Nikolic, Dragoslav Ivanisevic, Bratislav Cirkovic, Vojkan Stojanovic e Ivan Bradic. "Classification of sustainability potential of genetic resources of local grapevine varieties in Serbia". Zbornik Matice srpske za prirodne nauke, n. 146 (2024): 91–113. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/zmspn2446091j.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The starting point for every viticultural and wine-producing country with respect to local grapevine varieties is their identification, inventory, preservation and development of genetic resources of those varieties. There are currently 224 grapevine va?rieties cultivated in Serbia for the purpose of commercial production of grapes and wine. Out of that number, 31 wine varieties are local. Vineyards under those varieties can be dif?ferentiated by their importance for production of grapes and wine, and by the level of their endangerment, that is, sustainability in conditions caused by climate changes. This paper presents the creation, that is, the modeling of the Method for Vineyard Sustainability Clas?wine grapevine varieties on grounds of their endangerment and sustainability, based on 20 examined and categorized individual vineyard sustainability parameters; to carry out comsification (MVSC). The purpose of MVSC classification is: to valorize vineyards with local prehensive classification into one of the four established vineyard sustainability classes (Class A - very endangered vineyards, Class B - endangered vineyards, Class C - sustainable vineyards and Class D - very sustainable vineyards); spatial identification and presentation of vineyards based on determined vineyard sustainability class through application of GIS technology; and finally, application of Network Analysis (NA), prioritization of examined parameters and, therefore, vineyards. A total of 10,402 vineyards under local grapevine wine varieties were used for modeling, and it was determined that 29 vineyards with the total surface of 1.2 hectares should be classified in Class A, while 2,883 vineyards with the total surface of 158.2 hectares should be classified in Class B. With respect to the strength of 20 individual vineyard sustainability parameters, it was determined that the parameter Structure of the vine rootstock (SVR) has the greatest impact, and priority in selection of vineyards in different sustainability classes should be given to vineyards without rootstocks. In accordance with the scientific justification of obtained results, the MVSC enables comprehensive clas?sification of the potential for sustainability of genetic resources of local grapevine varieties in Serbia, and it can be applied in other countries and wine-growing areas, as well as to other groups of grapevine varieties.
5
Verdugo-Vásquez, Nicolás, Emilio Villalobos-Soublett, Gastón Gutiérrez-Gamboa e Miguel Araya-Alman. "Spatial Variability of Production and Quality in Table Grapes ‘Flame Seedless’ Growing on a Flat Terrain and Slope Site". Horticulturae 7, n. 8 (19 agosto 2021): 254. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae7080254.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
(1) Background: Precision agriculture has been used mostly to study spatial variability in vineyards for winemaking. Nevertheless, there is little available information on the impacts of its use on table grape vineyards under different slope conditions. (2) Methods: The aim was to study the spatial variability of production and berry quality in ‘Flame Seedless’ vines established on a flat (3% slope) and sloping (23% slope) terrain in the Chilean hyper-arid northern region. (3) Results: The results showed that in both vineyards, the measured variables presented a high spatial variability according to their coefficient of variation, being higher in slope than in the flat vineyard. The geostatistical analysis showed that 82% of the measured variables presented a strong spatial dependence in the slope vineyard, whereas 45% and 55% of the variables measured in the flat vineyard presented strong and moderate spatial dependence, respectively. Elevation was related to berry quality parameters in both vineyards, while trunk vine circumference was related to berry quality for the slope vineyard and to yield for the flat vineyard. (4) Conclusions: There is an important spatial variability in table grape vineyards mostly those cultivated on slope sites. Therefore, precision agriculture tools can be useful for zoning table grape vineyards, and thus improving both economic returns of viticulturists and sustainability.
6
Seniczak, Anna, Stanisław Seniczak, Ivan García-Parra, Francisco Ferragut, Pilar Xamaní, Radomir Graczyk, Enric Messeguer, Rafael Laborda e Eugenia Rodrigo. "Oribatid mites of conventional and organic vineyards in the Valencian Community, Spain". Acarologia 58, Suppl (28 settembre 2018): 119–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.24349/acarologia/20184281.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
In this study the oribatid mite communities of conventional and organic vineyards in theValencian Community (Spain) were compared. The soil samples were collected in El Poble Nou de Benitatxell in autumn 2014 and spring 2015 from four sites, treated as replicates, each including a conventional vineyard, an organic vineyard, and a control (natural habitat, i.e. in plots 1-3 an abandoned vineyard, in plot 4 an area never used in agriculture). Two parallel samples were collected in each vineyard from a zone between vine rows, driven by a tractor (Tr), a zone between vines (Vi), the border of the vineyard (Bo) and from a control, making a total of 112 samples. In total 3,225 oribatid mites were obtained represented by 59 species. No differences were found in density of Oribatida between the conventional, organic vineyards and the control, but the species diversity was higher in the control than in the vineyards. In the vineyards the density and species number of the oribatid mites were highest between vines (the average from all vineyards and both seasons was 4,400 individuals per 1 m2, 15 species), followed by the border of the vineyards (2,800 individuals per 1 m2, 14 species) and were lowest between vine rows (400 individuals per 1 m2, 6 species). The species diversity of Oribatida was higher in autumn than in spring, while the density followed this pattern only in the vineyards, but not in the control. In the vineyards Oribatula excavata dominated (D = 25), followed by Minunthozetes quadriareatus and Passalozetes africanus (D = 18 and 14, respectively), while in the control these species were not abundant. In the control the most abundant species was Oppiella subpectinata (D = 28), followed by Eremulus flagellifer (D = 20). Podoribates longipes and Steganacarus boulfekhari are reported for the first time in Spain. To conclude, the oribatid mites did not benefit from the organic cultivation of the vineyards, probably because they are tolerant to herbicides used in the conventional systems but sensitive to mechanical cultivation of soil, which was even more intense in organic vineyards than in the conventional ones.
7
Ganem, Zeana, Marco Ferrante, Yael Lubin, Igor Armiach Steinpress, Moshe Gish, Rakefet Sharon, Ally R. Harari, Tamar Keasar e Efrat Gavish-Regev. "Effects of Natural Habitat and Season on Cursorial Spider Assemblages in Mediterranean Vineyards". Insects 14, n. 10 (25 settembre 2023): 782. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects14100782.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Natural habitats adjacent to vineyards are presumed to have a positive effect on the diversity of natural enemies within the vineyards. However, these habitats differ in vegetation structure and seasonal phenology and in turn could affect the species composition of natural enemies. Here, we compared the species richness and diversity and the composition of spider assemblages in several locations within three commercial vineyards and the nearby natural habitats in a Mediterranean landscape in northern Israel. We sampled spiders by means of pitfall traps in early and in late summer. Both the time in the season and the habitat (natural versus vineyard) affected spider species richness and diversity. More species were found in early summer (47) than in late summer (33), and more occurred in the natural habitat (34 species) than in the vineyards (27–31 species). Fifteen species were found exclusively in the natural habitat, and only 11 species were shared by the vineyards and natural habitat, four of which were the most abundant and geographically widely distributed species in the samples. In late summer, spider diversity in the natural habitat was higher than within the vineyards: the spider assemblages in the vineyards became dominated by a few species late in the crop season, while those of the natural habitat remained stable. Overall, the natural habitat differed in assemblage composition from all within-vineyard locations, while the three locations within the vineyard did not differ significantly in assemblage composition. Season (early vs. late summer), however, significantly affected the spider assemblage composition. This study documents the large diversity of spiders in a local Mediterranean vineyard agroecosystem. Over 60% of the known spider families in the region occurred in our samples, highlighting the importance of this agroecosystem for spider diversity and the potential for conservation biocontrol, where natural habitats may be a source of natural enemies for nearby vineyards.
8
Petrovic, Mladen, Bojan Savic e Darko Jaksic. "Forecast of planting vineyards with local grapevine varieties in the republic of Serbia using the ARIMA models". Zbornik Matice srpske za prirodne nauke, n. 146 (2024): 129–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/zmspn2446129p.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Compared to the previous period, the vineyard area in the Republic of Serbia has decreased significantly. Although the planting of new vineyards is subsidized over a long period of time, not enough vineyards are planted to ensure self-sufficiency in domestic grapes, wine (wine products) and spirit drinks originating from grapes. This is especially case for vineyards with local grapevine varieties, which can be of great importance for the rural development and promotion. In this paper, utilized time series analysis, spe?cifically Auto Regressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA) modeling was used to predict the dynamics of newly planted vineyard areas with all grapevine varieties and local grapevine varieties based on data from the previous 20 years (period from 2003 to 2022). The aim is to forecast the trends of newly planted vineyard areas, both for all grapevine varieties and vineyards with local grapevine varieties, for the period from 2023 to 2027. A time series refers to a structured sequence of observations. The structuring is frequently done in terms of time intervals. Forecasting time series data, or determining future trends, is one of the most crucial goals of time series analysis. Based on such analysis, it is possible to forecast the expansion of vineyard areas for the upcoming period. ARIMA models helped to determine five-year trends in data on newly planted vineyard areas. The forecast made in this paper showed that vineyard area of all grapevine varieties would be planted at an an?nual range of about 230 and 300 hectares over the next five years. The forecast for future annual planting for the same period (2023-2027) of vineyards with local grapevine varieties is in the range of only about 10 to 60 hectares. The obtained ARIMA forecast results, espe?cially for the forecasts for planting vineyards with local grapevine varieties, show that it is necessary to pay special attention to this problem and to initiate numerous measures and activities in order to increase the area of vineyards with local grapevine varieties in the Republic of Serbia.
9
Shaw, P. W., e D. R. Wallis. "The relationship between Epiphyas postvittana (lightbrown apple moth, Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) in pipfruit orchards and adjacent vineyards in Nelson". New Zealand Plant Protection 70 (31 luglio 2017): 321. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.2017.70.86.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The lightbrown apple moth (Epiphyas postvittana) is the most abundant leafroller species infesting apple orchards and vineyards in the Nelson region. This study was undertaken to investigate concerns from some orchardists of leafroller pressure on their apple blocks adjacent to neighbouring vineyards. Lightbrown apple moth pheromone trap catches were recorded inside orchards and in neighbouring vineyards and in boundary rows of the orchards closest to a vineyard during 2012—13. The vineyards were not treated with insecticide and the orchards received ve applications of insecticide between November and mid- March to control lepidopteran pests. The highest catches of leafrollers were recorded in vineyards and catches increased during the season to peak in April. The increasing leafroller population in vineyards was associated with higher catches of leafrollers in boundary rows of the orchard closest to the vineyard. Leafroller catches inside the orchards were lower while insecticide sprays were being applied. The higher pheromone trap catches of leafrollers in the vineyards and on the orchard boundary were associated with the most leafroller sign that was found in these locations during timed searches. These results suggest that high populations of leafrollers in vineyards can increase leafroller pressure on nearby pipfruit orchards.
10
Silva, Darliane Evangelho, Joseane Moreira Nascimento, Anderson De Azevedo Meira, Liana Johann, Luiz Liberato Costa Corrêa, Raúl Rodrigues e Noeli Juarez Ferla. "Phytoseiid mites under different vineyard managements in the subregions of Lima and Cávado of the Vinho Verde region in Portugal". Systematic and Applied Acarology 24, n. 5 (24 maggio 2019): 918. http://dx.doi.org/10.11158/saa.24.5.13.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Knowledge about phytoseiid species associated with vines is a preliminary step in the development and implementation of integrated management strategies against phytophagous mites such as Panonychus ulmi. The aim of this study was to perform a comparative survey of phytoseiids present in abandoned, organically managed, and conventionally managed vineyards, as well as to compare ecological indices in these production systems. Samplings were conducted between July and September 2017 in vineyards situated in the Subregions of Lima and Cávado, the Vinho Verde region. A total of 50 leaves/vineyard were collected from 12 vineyards, kept in containers at low temperature and taken to Escola Superior Agrária-Instituto Politécnico Viana do Castelo to be screened under a stereoscope microscope. A total of 3.153 phytoseiid mites were sampled, belonging to eight species distributed across the vineyards analyzed. The most common species were Typhlodromus (Typhlodromus) pyri (45.7%), Kampimodromus aberrans (39%), and Phytoseius macropilis (8.7%). Higher richness occurred in abandoned vineyards, with seven species, and the most abundant were K. aberrans (46.5%) and T. (T.) pyri (28.9%). Only two predatory species were present (in similar proportions) in organically managed vineyards, T. (T.) pyri and K. aberrans, while T. (T.) pyri predominated in conventionally managed vineyards (93.8%). Kampimodromus aberrans, P. macropilis, and T. (T.) pyri were eudominant in abandoned vineyards while K. aberrans and T. (T.) pyri were eudominant in organic vineyards. Typhlodromus (T.) pyri was eudominant and T. (T.) exhilaratus was dominant in conventionally managed vineyards. Therefore, we might conclude that phytoseiid abundance significantly differs among vineyard management types, with higher ecological indices in abandoned vineyards, and lower indices in conventional managed vineyards in the northern region of Portugal.
11
Shikhamany, S. D., Swapnil V. Borade, Sanjay K. Jeughale e Suryakant Y. Patil. "Assessing Efficiency of White Seedless Grape Vineyards for Table Grape Production". Journal of Horticultural Sciences 11, n. 1 (30 giugno 2016): 27–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.24154/jhs.v11i1.98.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Efficiency of two table grape vineyards each of Thompson Seedless and Tas-A-Ganesh located around Nashik, Maharashtra, were assessed over two cropping seasons based on a score-card developed assigning weights and matrices for various attributes of yield and quality, in accordance with their relative contribution going by established facts on a 100 point scale. The objectives of the study were to draw up a benchmark to evaluate the efficiency of table grape vineyards, analyze the reason for low efficiency, and suggest remedial measures. In addition to the yield, bunch and berry characters are important in table grape production. Skilful management of attributes for yield and quality using available technologies determines efficiency of a vineyard. In general, the efficiency of vineyards was better during the 2014-15 cropping season compared to 2013-14, and that of 'Thompson Seedless' vineyards was higher than Tas-AGanesh. In 'Thompson Seedless', efficiency of Vineyard-1 was better than Vineyard-2 as also in Tas-A-Ganesh. Based on their total score, individual vineyards were ranked as Excellent/Very good/Good/Average/ Below average, year wise. Lacunae in management leading to poor scores were identified to serve as a guide to improvement.
12
Seeger, Rodrigo-Comino, Iserloh, Brings e Ries. "Dynamics of Runoff and Soil Erosion on Abandoned Steep Vineyards in the Mosel Area, Germany". Water 11, n. 12 (9 dicembre 2019): 2596. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w11122596.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The Mosel Wine region has suffered during the last decades a decrease in productive area, mostly on steep sloping vineyards. To avoid the spread of diseases, the extraction of grapevines on abandoned vineyards is mandatory in Rhineland-Palatinate. At the same time, the organic production of wine is growing slowly, but well established in the area. We assess in this paper the degree of the land-use changes, as well as their effect on runoff generation and sediment production, depending on the age of the abandonment, as well as the type and age of the land management, whether organic or conventional. Land use data were obtained to identify land-use change dynamics. For assessment of runoff generation and soil erosion, we applied rainfall simulation experiments on the different types of vineyard management. These were organically managed, conventionally managed and abandoned ones, all of varying ages. During the last decades of the last century, a decrease of around 30% of vineyard surface could be observed in Germany’s Mosel Wine Region, affecting mostly the steep sloping vineyards. Despite a high variability within the types of vineyard management, the results show higher runoff generation, and soil erosion associated with recently installed or abandoned vineyards when compared to organic management of the vineyards, where erosion reached only 12%. In organic management, runoff and erosion are also reduced considerably, less than 16%, after a decade or more. Thus, organic vineyard management practices show to be very efficient for reduction of runoff and erosion. Consequently, we recommend to adopt as far as possible these soil management practices for sustainable land management of steep sloping vineyards. In addition, soil protection measures are highly recommended for vineyard abandonment according to the law.
13
Hinnewinkel, Jean-Claude. "Vignobles et géohistoire". Sud-Ouest européen 23, n. 1 (2007): 5–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/rgpso.2007.2934.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Vineyards and geohistory. Historical research on vineyards will often be a "lazy" one, which is frequently summarized with the search for historical explanations in order to escape physical determinism, without any projection of a spatial logic into the past. No the management of a vineyard, in its whole complexity, and not the only economic entry, must be prospective, every living space, vineyard ground like all others, should a pace for project. This paper wants to show, through the example of the Bordeaux vineyards, the approach by geohistory permits a better knowledge of the complex winegrowing system, apprehending its many periods.
14
Yao, Meiling, Fei Wang e Gheorghe Arpentin. "The Effect of pesticide usage on grape yeast". BIO Web of Conferences 53 (2022): 05001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/20225305001.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
For the conventional vineyard, reducing the pesticide usage is the most important issue for converting to organic vineyard. In order to study the effect of pesticide usage on grape yeast, an investigation were designed in vintage 2020, ten vineyards (include two organic vineyards) with different treatment frequency index (TFI) were chosen, and the yeast population counted by two method: cultivate method and the direct epifluorescence technique (DEFT). The results show, the grape yeast from Moldova exist the viable but non-culturable (VBNC) state. In organic vineyards, less proportion yeast reach the VBNC, however the opposite conclusion draw from conventional vineyards. High TFI with high level VBNC yeast population, inversely, less culturable yeast. No matter in which yeast state, the treatment of powdery mildew is the most influential factor on yeast population.
15
Zima, Lukáš, Jozef Kollár e Ivana Vykouková. "Impact of the Former Vineyard Land Use on the Productivity of Secondary Forest Herb Layer in the Little Carpathians (SW Slovakia)". Ekológia (Bratislava) 35, n. 3 (1 settembre 2016): 253–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/eko-2016-0020.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
AbstractThe Little Carpathians Mountains include a vineyard region with long tradition that dates back up to the Roman Empire period (and according to some opinions, even earlier). In the late 19th century, it was strongly impacted by the phylloxera epidemic, and the vineyard area has significantly reduced here. Large areas of the former vineyards are covered by forests, which mostly have formed spontaneously, but some of them were also planted. This contribution is focused on the impact of the former vineyard land use on the productivity (aboveground, belowground, and total biomass) of such forest herb layer. Research included also the forests, which occupy rocky mounds formed by rock gathering and their placement on the vineyard borders. There were sampled by following four stands, mostly differed by tree composition, origin, age, and succession stage: (i) up to 100 years old spontaneously formed thermophilous acidophilous oak forest on the former vineyard on the granite substrate, (ii) up to 100 years old spontaneously formed oak-dominated forest on the rocky (granite) mounds (borders between the former vineyards formed by rock gathering), (iii) 40–60 years old planted ash stands on the gneiss bedrock, and (iv) 40–60 years old planted ash-dominated stands on the rocky (gneiss) mounds. According to our results, the former land use modified original relief, where the former vineyards have modified soil profile and new relief forms rocky mounds were created. These mounds with no or just shallow soils are usually much less covered by vegetation, thus production of herb layer biomass is lower here than in the adjacent former vineyards. Moreover, rocky mounds show a higher ratio of synanthropic species and apophytes than the adjacent former vineyards, and same as for ratio of therophytes. The younger the stands on the former vineyards, the higher is the ratio of synanthropic species, apophytes, and therophytes. On the other hand, when estimating the production quantity, the values of herb layer production on the former vineyards are similar to those in natural oak-hornbeam forests found in the Little Carpathians Mts. and the adjacent regions, except for the rocky mounds covered by old oak forests, which are less productive. In other words, the former vineyard land use affects the herb layer production quality rather than quantity.
16
PALUMBO, JEFFREY D., TERESA L. O'KEEFFE, YVONNE S. HO e MATTHEW W. FIDELIBUS. "Population Dynamics of Aspergillus Section Nigri Species on Vineyard Samples of Grapes and Raisins". Journal of Food Protection 79, n. 3 (1 marzo 2016): 448–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-15-437.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
ABSTRACT Several species of Aspergillus section Nigri, including potential mycotoxin producers, are common residents of grape vineyards, but the relative population size of individual species throughout the growing season is difficult to determine using traditional isolation and identification methods. Using a quantitative droplet digital PCR (ddPCR) method in combination with dilution plating, total Aspergillus section Nigri populations and relative proportions of A. niger, A. welwitschiae, A. carbonarius, and A. tubingensis were measured from vineyard samples without the need for identifying individual fungal isolates. Grapes were sampled from two raisin vineyards (vineyards A and B) at berry set, veraison, harvest, and raisin stages in two consecutive years. Plate counts showed that the total population of Aspergillus section Nigri present on the fruit increased from berry set to raisin and became a larger component of the total recovered fungal population in both vineyards in both years. Results from ddPCR analysis showed that the relative proportion of A. carbonarius among the four species assayed increased later in the season (harvest and raisin) in comparison to earlier in the season (berry set and veraison). Total fungal and Aspergillus section Nigri plate counts were not significantly different between vineyards in either year. However, vineyard A generally showed higher proportions of A. carbonarius in harvest and raisin samples than vineyard B. This coincided with higher incidence and levels of ochratoxin A in vineyard A harvest and raisin fruit than in vineyard B fruit. This work demonstrates that this ddPCR method is a useful tool for culture-independent monitoring of populations of mycotoxigenic Aspergillus species during grape and raisin production.
17
Wilmink, Jurrian, Michael Breuer e Astrid Forneck. "Effects of grape phylloxera leaf infestation on grapevine growth and yield parameters in commercial vineyards: a pilot study". OENO One 56, n. 1 (10 marzo 2022): 197–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.20870/oeno-one.2022.56.1.4803.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Grape phylloxera (Daktulosphaira vitifoliae) can infest both roots and leaves of Vitis species. In commercial vineyards planted with Vitis vinifera scions grafted on rootstocks, grape phylloxera infestation is generally limited to root feeding. Vineyards are, however, increasingly subjected to vineyard-wide foliar infestations that last throughout the growing season. While some vineyards are affected by the infestation pressure of external leaf-feeding populations, other annually affected V. vinifera vineyards do not have these in their vicinity. Much is known about the damage potential of grape phylloxera root feeding; however, data on how phylloxera leaf infestation affects V. vinifera grapevines in commercial vineyards are lacking. This study, therefore, aimed to assess whether grapevine growth and yield are affected due to leaf infestation as it occurred in three commercial vineyards in the study area. Treatments were based on phylloxera leaf infestation and additional defoliation. Single-leaf carbon acquisition was measured with gas exchange analyses on healthy and galled leaves. Pruning weight and internode length were measured to assess the effect of leaf infestation and the effect of plant growth and vigour on leaf gall outbreaks. Yield quantity and quality were measured, and grapes were vinified for sensory analyses. Furthermore, using enzymatic analyses, non-structural carbohydrates were analysed in perennial wood. A significant decrease in sugar content in grapes (10 %) and starch reserves in perennial wood (11 %) was found in the most heavily infested vineyard. Grape must of infested plants in another vineyard furthermore showed a significantly higher level of titratable acid (7.5 %). Significant infestation effects seen in one vineyard were not significant in the other two vineyards. No significant differences were seen for carbon acquisition, harvest quantity, wine sensory analysis, pruning weight or internode length. The overall effect of phylloxera leaf infestation in the studied vineyards was, therefore, marginal. Grapevine vigour did not differ between infested vines, insecticide-sprayed vines, and vines on which no leaf infestation outbreaks took place. By analysing phylloxera leaf infestation under field conditions, these preliminary results form a basis for future long-term field studies about phylloxera leaf feeding on Vitis vinifera within the context of other biotic and abiotic plant stresses.
18
Ravankar, Abhijeet, Ankit A. Ravankar, Michiko Watanabe, Yohei Hoshino e Arpit Rawankar. "Development of a Low-Cost Semantic Monitoring System for Vineyards Using Autonomous Robots". Agriculture 10, n. 5 (21 maggio 2020): 182. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture10050182.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Many tasks involved in viticulture are labor intensive. Farmers frequently monitor the vineyard to check grape conditions, damage due to infections from pests and insects, grape growth, and to estimate optimal harvest time. Such monitoring is often done manually by the farmers. Manual monitoring of large vineyards is time and labor consuming process. To this end, robots have a big potential to increase productivity in farms by automating various tasks. We propose a low-cost semantic monitoring system for vineyards using autonomous robots. The system uses inexpensive cameras, processing boards, and sensors to remotely provide timely information to the farmers on their computer and smart phone. Unlike traditional systems, the proposed system logs data ‘semantically’, which enables pin-pointed monitoring of vineyards. In other words, the farmers can monitor only specific areas of the vineyard as desired. The proposed algorithm is robust for occlusions, and intelligently logs image data based on the movement of the robot. The proposed system was tested in actual vineyards with real robots. Due to its compactness and portability, the proposed system can be used as an extension in conjunction with already existing autonomous robot systems used in vineyards. The results show that pin-pointed remote monitoring of desired areas of the vineyard is a very useful and inexpensive tool for the farmers to save a lot of time and labor.
19
Cogato, Alessia, Andrea Pezzuolo, Claus Grøn Sørensen, Roberta De Bei, Marco Sozzi e Francesco Marinello. "A GIS-Based Multicriteria Index to Evaluate the Mechanisability Potential of Italian Vineyard Area". Land 9, n. 11 (22 novembre 2020): 469. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land9110469.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Planting criteria of new vineyards should comply with rational and sustainable criteria, taking into account the potential mechanisability of existing viticultural areas. However, an established methodology for this assessment is still lacking. This study aimed at analysing the parameters which influence the vineyard mechanisability, with the objective to propose a new mechanisability index. The mechanisability index proposed was based on GIS-analysis of landscape and management parameters such as mean slope, shape of the vineyard block, length-width ratio, headland size, training system and row spacing. We identified a sample of 3686 vineyards in Italy. Based on the above-mentioned parameters, vineyards were categorised by their level of mechanisability (l.m.) into four classes. Moreover, we analysed the correlation between l.m. and economic indicators (area planted with vineyard and wine production). Results showed that the main factors limiting the mechanisability potential of some Italian regions are the elevated slopes, horizontal training systems and narrow vine spacings. The l.m. showed a moderate positive correlation with the size of vineyards and the volume and value of production. The methodology presented in this study may be easily applied to other viticultural areas around the world, serving as a management decision-making tool.
20
Duso, Carlo, Giulia Zanettin, Pamela Gherardo, Giulia Pasqualotto, Damiano Raniero, Filippo Rossetto, Paola Tirello e Alberto Pozzebon. "Colonization Patterns, Phenology and Seasonal Abundance of the Nearctic Leafhopper Erasmoneura vulnerata (Fitch), a New Pest in European Vineyards". Insects 11, n. 11 (26 ottobre 2020): 731. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects11110731.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The Nearctic leafhopper Erasmoneura vulnerata (Fitch), detected in Europe for the first time (north-eastern Italy) in 2004, has remained a minor pest of grapevine for more than 10 years. The first outbreaks of E. vulnerata were reported in 2016 in commercial vineyards located in north-eastern Italy. High population densities and severe leaf symptoms (i.e., leaf discoloration and fall) were observed in late summer despite the application of insecticides. Investigations were carried out from 2017 to 2019 in 10 vineyards located in Veneto region (Vicenza and Verona provinces) to shed light on the seasonal abundance of E. vulnerata on different Vitis vinifera cultivars. Pest phenology was studied in six vineyards where the impact of insecticides was minimal. Erasmoneura vulnerata completed three generations in each of the growing seasons. Vineyard colonization by overwintered adults showed a clear edge effect, suggesting the influence of overwintering sites (e.g., rural buildings and hedgerows) in vineyard margins. The impact of natural enemies on pest populations appeared to be limited and mostly related to egg parasitoids. Organic vineyards were more heavily infested by E. vulnerata compared to conventional vineyards, likely due to the minimal efficacy of natural insecticides typically used in the former farms.
21
Helman, David, Idan Bahat, Yishai Netzer, Alon Ben-Gal, Victor Alchanatis, Aviva Peeters e Yafit Cohen. "Using Time Series of High-Resolution Planet Satellite Images to Monitor Grapevine Stem Water Potential in Commercial Vineyards". Remote Sensing 10, n. 10 (11 ottobre 2018): 1615. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs10101615.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Spectral-based vegetation indices (VI) have been shown to be good proxies of grapevine stem water potential (Ψstem), assisting in irrigation decision-making for commercial vineyards. However, VI-Ψstem correlations are mostly reported at the leaf or canopy scales, using proximal canopy-based sensors or very-high-spatial resolution images derived from sensors mounted on small airplanes or drones. Here, for the first time, we take advantage of high-spatial resolution (3-m) near-daily images acquired from Planet’s nano-satellite constellation to derive VI-Ψstem correlations at the vineyard scale. Weekly Ψstem was measured along the growing season of 2017 in six vines each in 81 commercial vineyards and in 60 pairs of grapevines in a 2.4 ha experimental vineyard in Israel. The Clip application programming interface (API), provided by Planet, and the Google Earth Engine platform were used to derive spatially continuous time series of four VIs—GNDVI, NDVI, EVI and SAVI—in the 82 vineyards. Results show that per-week multivariable linear models using variables extracted from VI time series successfully tracked spatial variations in Ψstem across the experimental vineyard (Pearson’s-r = 0.45–0.84; N = 60). A simple linear regression model enabled monitoring seasonal changes in Ψstem along the growing season in the vineyard (r = 0.80–0.82). Planet VIs and seasonal Ψstem data from the 82 vineyards were used to derive a ‘global’ model for in-season monitoring of Ψstem at the vineyard-level (r = 0.78; RMSE = 18.5%; N = 970). The ‘global’ model, which requires only a few VI variables extracted from Planet images, may be used for real-time weekly assessment of Ψstem in Mediterranean vineyards, substantially improving the efficiency of conventional in-field monitoring efforts.
22
Wightwick, Adam, Mahabubur Mollah, Jennifer Smith e Alison MacGregor. "Sampling considerations for surveying copper concentrations in Australian vineyard soils". Soil Research 44, n. 7 (2006): 711. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr05135.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The Australian wine industry has funded a study to determine the concentrations of copper in vineyard soils and to assess whether the continued use of copper-based fungicides is likely to be detrimental to the long-term agricultural sustainability of vineyard soils. Prior to the conduct of regional surveys to determine copper concentrations in vineyard soils, a preliminary study was conducted in 6 vineyards near Mildura (34°S, 142°E) (north-western Vic., Australia) to determine sampling considerations. The study investigated the distribution of copper in the soils of vineyards with 3 different histories of copper-based fungicide use: <5 years old; at least 30 years old during which time the vineyard had been ploughed and replanted; and at least 60 years old. At 3 locations in each vineyard, soil samples were collected from 2 depths (0–0.15 and 0.15–0.30 m) at 0.30-m intervals along two 1.50-m-long transects running at right angles in opposite directions from the vine trunk towards the inter-row areas. The results showed that copper concentrations were higher in the top 0.15 m of soil (P < 0.001) and declined with distance from the vine (P = 0.002). The variation in copper concentrations between vineyards was found to be much greater than the variation within vineyards (variance component of 0.7746 and 0.0893, respectively). Balancing an acceptable level of error with the resources required to collect samples, we recommend obtaining 1 composite soil sample from each vineyard in regional surveys to determine copper concentrations in vineyard soils. Sampling depth and distance from the vine should also be taken into consideration in future soil sampling depending on the objective of the study.
23
Hoffman, C. J., e T. J. Dennehy. "PHENOLOGY, MOVEMENT, AND WITHIN-FIELD DISTRIBUTION OF THE GRAPE BERRY MOTH, ENDOPIZA VITEANA (CLEMENS) (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE), IN NEW YORK VINEYARDS". Canadian Entomologist 121, n. 4-5 (aprile 1989): 325–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/ent121325-4.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
AbstractFrom 1976 to 1986, the average date of first male pheromone trap catch of grape berry moth was 20 May with an average degree-day (DD) accumulation (base 10 °C) of 150.1 (SE = 13.2). Fifty percent cumulative trap catch of the first generation of males averaged 334.1 (SE = 7.8) DD with an average date of 11 June. Degree-day accumulation was a more accurate method for predicting peak male trap catch than predictions based upon vine phenology and calendar date. Within-field distribution and levels of berry moth infestation were markedly affected by the surrounding habitat. Wooded edges or hedgerows were closely associated with an increase in the level of damage along vineyard borders and higher levels of overall infestation when compared with vineyards without wooded edges. Egg and larval infestation levels in wild hosts (Vitis spp.) were greater than those within adjacent commercial vineyards. Early in the season, male berry moth were trapped in high numbers in wooded areas adjacent to vineyards. After mid-July, males were trapped predominantly within vineyards and few were trapped in wooded edges. Movement of adults from wooded areas into vineyards is not suggested by observed patterns of female oviposition. Females oviposited primarily on wild hosts within the wooded areas and within the adjoining vineyard edges throughout the season.
24
Andjelkovic, Ana, Dragana Marisavljevic, Dusanka Cvijanovic, Snezana Radulovic e Danijela Pavlovic. "Biological spectrum of the weed flora in the Vrsac vineyards (Serbia)". Zbornik Matice srpske za prirodne nauke, n. 139 (2020): 101–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/zmspn2039101a.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Agrotechnical measures are the main factor defining the vineyard weed flora structure and composition, while adequate weed control measures simultaneously ensure that vineyards are being well-managed, thus securing good grapevine health and high quality of wine. Given that the biological spectrum of weeds affects the choice of weed control measures, the aim of this study was to determine the biological properties of the weed flora in Vrsac vineyards, by assessing dominant life forms and phenology of the identified weeds. The floristic analysis was conducted during the 2016 vegetation season (March-November) at 60 plots (1 m2), at three field sites. The presence of 97 plant taxa, belonging to 26 families, was determined. The biological spectrum of the vineyards weed flora has shown a thero?phyto-hemicryptophyte character (therophytes: 57.73% and hemicryptophytes: 34.02%). The scapose herbaceous plants with summer-flowering phenology were dominant within the therophytes and hemicryptophytes. The obtained results have shown a higher weed diversity in vineyards, when compared to previous research of the weed flora in the study area, but similar to more recent studies conducted in the neighbouring countries. Furthermore, the dominant presence of therophytes in the vineyard weed flora was expected, bearing in mind the primarily mechanical weed control measures traditionally applied in vineyards.
25
Raji, Mohammad Reza. "A new method of controlling house sparrow damage to vineyards: Marginal planting of sunflowers". Journal of Applied Horticulture 24, n. 01 (25 aprile 2022): 65–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.37855/jah.2022.v24i01.12.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Chemical pesticides used against house sparrows in areas where they cause significant damage to the quantity and quality of vineyard products can pollute the environment and harm the natural ecosystem. Sunflower seeds are a favourite food of house sparrows. The goal of this project, which lasted six years (2015-2020), was to see if marginal sunflower planting could reduce the amount of damage done to the vineyard crop by house sparrows. There was no marginal planting of sunflowers around the vineyard ('Red Raisin' cultivar) in the first three years of the experiment (2015-2017), and the sparrows damaged the vineyard crop by 32, 38, and 33 percent in 2015, 2016 and 2017, respectively. The vineyard had a large population of house sparrows at first. However, in the final three years of the experiment (2018-2020), when sunflowers were marginally planted (200 m2) around the vineyard at a distance of 50 m, crop damage by sparrow beaks was 2, 4 and 2 percent in 2018, 2019 and 2020, respectively. During these three years, the vineyard's sparrow population was low, but the marginal sunflower field's population was high. As a result, planting sunflowers in the margins of vineyards is an effective way to reduce the damage caused by house sparrows.
26
Ravankar, Abhijeet, Ankit A. Ravankar, Arpit Rawankar e Yohei Hoshino. "Autonomous and Safe Navigation of Mobile Robots in Vineyard with Smooth Collision Avoidance". Agriculture 11, n. 10 (30 settembre 2021): 954. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture11100954.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
In recent years, autonomous robots have extensively been used to automate several vineyard tasks. Autonomous navigation is an indispensable component of such field robots. Autonomous and safe navigation has been well studied in indoor environments and many algorithms have been proposed. However, unlike structured indoor environments, vineyards pose special challenges for robot navigation. Particularly, safe robot navigation is crucial to avoid damaging the grapes. In this regard, we propose an algorithm that enables autonomous and safe robot navigation in vineyards. The proposed algorithm relies on data from a Lidar sensor and does not require a GPS. In addition, the proposed algorithm can avoid dynamic obstacles in the vineyard while smoothing the robot’s trajectories. The curvature of the trajectories can be controlled, keeping a safe distance from both the crop and the dynamic obstacles. We have tested the algorithm in both a simulation and with robots in an actual vineyard. The results show that the robot can safely navigate the lanes of the vineyard and smoothly avoid dynamic obstacles such as moving people without abruptly stopping or executing sharp turns. The algorithm performs in real-time and can easily be integrated into robots deployed in vineyards.
27
Hurajová, Erika, Petra Martínez Barroso, Igor Děkanovský, Yentriani Rumeta Lumbantobing, Martin Jiroušek, Amir Mugutdinov, Ladislav Havel e Jan Winkler. "Biodiversity and Vegetation Succession in Vineyards, Moravia (Czech Republic)". Agriculture 14, n. 7 (28 giugno 2024): 1036. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture14071036.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Maintaining biodiversity in agricultural landscapes is a major challenge for environmental protection in Europe. Vineyards rely heavily on agrotechnical interventions such as herbicide use and tillage for weed control, which affect biodiversity and can lead to soil erosion and resistant weed populations. The fragmentation of agricultural landscapes affects biodiversity by altering community composition and often reducing plant population sizes and genetic diversity. However, it can also increase the abundance of certain species and enhance population resilience to environmental change. Vineyards can support high levels of biodiversity and provide ecosystem services due to their semi-natural habitat structure. This research evaluates vegetation biodiversity using phytosociological relevés in different vineyards. Our results show that species richness and biodiversity are significantly influenced by vineyard age and management type. This study highlights differences in the representation of plant functional groups, with perennial taxa in grassy inter-row contributing to anti-erosion functions and serving as food sources for pollinators. The root zone around vine trunks shows an increase in invasive species with vineyard age, posing a risk to the agroecosystem. Vineyards predominantly follow a ruderal ecological strategy, using nutrients and light efficiently, while tolerating management disturbances. Understanding these dynamics is critical for developing sustainable vineyard management practices that support biodiversity and ecological resilience, counteract the homogenization of agricultural landscapes, and promote the coexistence of viticulture and species-rich ecosystems.
28
Cross, Robin, Andrew J. Plantinga e Robert N. Stavins. "Terroir in the New World: Hedonic Estimation of Vineyard Sale Prices in California". Journal of Wine Economics 12, n. 3 (agosto 2017): 282–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jwe.2017.27.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
AbstractIn the Old-World vineyards of Europe, a key concept that plays an important role in the production and appreciation of wines is terroir, which refers to the special characteristics of a place that impart unique qualities to the wine produced. We examine whether terroir matters in the New-World wines produced in California's Napa and Sonoma Counties by conducting a hedonic price analysis of vineyard sales over the period 1991 to 2007 to determine the relative effects on vineyard sales prices of designated appellations versus biophysical site attributes commonly associated with terroir, such as slope, aspect, elevation, and climate. Because vineyards that are sold are not necessarily representative of the universe of vineyards, we employ Heckman's two-stage econometric approach to control for possible sample-selection bias. We find that intrinsic site attributes and designated appellations influence vineyard prices, although our results are stronger and more consistent with regard to the influence of appellations. This finding indicates that terroir matters economically, even if the designated appellations have relatively less connection in reality with terroir. (JEL Classifications: C2, Q11)
29
Pavan, Francesco, Davide Frizzera, Marta Martini, Carlos Lujan e Elena Cargnus. "Is the Removal of Nettles along Ditches Effective in Controlling Bois Noir in Vineyards?" Agronomy 14, n. 4 (22 marzo 2024): 643. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14040643.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Bois noir (BN) is a grapevine yellows disease associated with ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma (Ca. P.) solani’ that is transmitted to grapevines by the planthopper Hyalesthes obsoletus Signoret which uses herbaceous plants such as Urtica dioica as a pathogen reservoir. Urtica dioica is often widespread along ditches bordering vineyards, and a gradient in decreasing BN symptomatic grapevines is observed from the vineyard edges facing these ditches. In two vineyards in north-eastern Italy, over eight or seven years, the ditch bordering one edge of each vineyard was divided into two sections; in one of these, U. dioica was chemically weeded in April, while the other one remained untreated. The impact of chemical weeding on the spatial distribution of both H. obsoletus captures and newly BN symptomatic grapevines was assessed. The reduction in H. obsoletus captures in the vineyard sector facing the section of the ditch subjected to weeding corresponded to a decrease in newly symptomatic grapevines. These findings demonstrated that nettle removal from areas surrounding vineyards can effectively control BN.
30
Kernaghan, Gavin, Michael Mayerhofer e Amanda Griffin. "Fungal endophytes of wild and hybridVitisleaves and their potential for vineyard biocontrol". Canadian Journal of Microbiology 63, n. 7 (luglio 2017): 583–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjm-2016-0740.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Plants are colonized by diverse assemblages of fungal endophytes that have potential as biocontrol agents for a variety of crops, including grapevine. Although the diversity of symbionts can be very high in wild plants, the fungal endophytes of wild Vitis plants have not yet been investigated. We surveyed the fungal endophytes of 6 wild populations of Vitis riparia, as well as a cold-tolerant, hybrid grapevine in 5 vineyards (1 certified organic), using 454 pyrosequencing. We detected between 43 and 235 operational taxonomic units per sample, with the highest richness and diversity in the wild, the lowest in conventional vineyards, and intermediate levels in the organic vineyard. Wild plants supported a range of taxa not seen in the conventional vineyards, and vineyards were dominated by relatively few taxa. We also isolated fungi from the wild plants and tested them for their ability to inhibit pathogens of grapevine. Several wild isolates (e.g., Ramularia spp.) were strongly inhibitory to grapevine pathogens. We show that wild Vitis supports a distinct and highly diverse community of fungal endophytes and may represent a rich repository of potential vineyard biocontrol agents.
31
Amaral, Higo Forlan, Kátia Regina Freitas Schwan-Estrada, José Ozinaldo Alves de Sena, Arnaldo Colozzi-Filho e Diva Souza Andrade. "Seasonal variations in soil chemical and microbial indicators under conventional and organic vineyards". Acta Scientiarum. Agronomy 45 (16 settembre 2022): e56158. http://dx.doi.org/10.4025/actasciagron.v45i1.56158.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Studies regarding soil quality and health often need to be up-to-date, as they feed new models for quantifying agricultural impacts on the environment. This study was established to understand how types of vineyard cultivation (organic and conventional) affect soil chemical and microbial attribute dynamics throughout different seasons. Vineyard management had a strong effect on chemical soil attributes. Organic carbon and phosphorus were 2.8 and 2.0 times greater, respectively, in organic vineyards than in conventional vineyards. Metabolic quotient (qCO2) values were lowest in summer and autumn, with an average of 2.31-2.49 µg C-CO2 h-1 g-1 soil, under organic management, indicating greater microbial growing efficacy. Regardless of season and sampling position, organic soil had a higher C microbial biomass than conventional vineyards, with values ranging from 179.79 to 284.71 µg g-1 soil, which were similar to those of the adjacent forest soil. Overall, there were increases in both the microbial and the chemical attributes of soil under organic vineyards compared relative to conventional management, which might have been due to the continuous input of organic matter, crop rotation, and alternative plant protection and fertilizer compounds used in organic farming.
32
Andrés, Pilar, Enrique Doblas-Miranda, Alex Silva-Sánchez, Stefania Mattana e Francesc Font. "Physical, Chemical, and Biological Indicators of Soil Quality in Mediterranean Vineyards under Contrasting Farming Schemes". Agronomy 12, n. 11 (26 ottobre 2022): 2643. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12112643.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The soil of most Spanish vineyards is strongly eroded and carbon depleted and is very poor in biodiversity. Growing evidence of the negative impacts of soil degradation on climate change mitigation, water quality, and plant production is pushing a shift from intensive viticulture to more sustainable management strategies of the vineyards. Among them, minimum impact and regenerative viticulture are gaining ground. However, field data are still necessary to assess the real effect of these new farming schemes on soil carbon stocks and soil functional biodiversity. We compared soil quality at three vineyards managed under intensive, regenerative, and minimum impact strategies using physical, chemical, and biological indicators. Soil carbon stocks were 2.3 and 3.4 times greater in the regenerative and the minimal impact vineyards than in the intensive vineyard, respectively. Soil biota was particularly favored by regenerative viticulture, with 26.2 times more protists, 3.1 times more nematodes, and 29.4 more microarthropods in the regenerative than in the intensive vineyard. Our results indicate that the ecological intensification of agricultural practices is highly promising to restore degraded agricultural soils under Mediterranean conditions. We also propose cost-effective soil bioindicators sensitive to agricultural management for their possible inclusion in soil monitoring programs.
33
Guerrero-Casado, José, Antonio Carpio, Marta Canós-Burguete, Mizar Torrijo-Salesa e Francisco S. Tortosa. "The modernization of traditional vineyards into intensive trellis systems reduces the species richness and abundance of reptiles". Spanish Journal of Agricultural Research 20, n. 2 (4 aprile 2022): e0302. http://dx.doi.org/10.5424/sjar/2022202-18224.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Aim of the study: Traditional vineyards have, in the last few decades, been transformed into trellis systems, but little research has been carried out into the consequences as regards biodiversity. We compared the abundance and species richness of reptiles in conventional-traditional vineyards and trellis vineyards.
Area of study: The study was conducted in a wine appellation area of origin denominated as Montilla-Moriles, Southern Spain.
Material and methods: Reptile’s species richness and abundance were estimated by walking transects in 24 different vineyards (12 trellis and 12 traditional vineyards) in four consecutive years.
Main results: The results showed an extremely low abundance in both management systems, since no reptiles were recorded in 43.1% of the transects. However, there was a greater abundance and diversity of reptiles in the traditional vineyards than in the trellis vineyards, with 7 vs. 3 species being found in traditional and trellis vineyards, respectively.
Research highlights: The lack of refuge in trellis vineyards owing to the vertical growth of plants, whose branches grow higher from the ground, is probably the main cause of the lower abundance and species richness found in trellis systems, since both types of vineyard had bare ground owing to ploughing and the application of herbicides. Since the transformation of traditional vineyards into those with trellis systems is often subsidized, this modernization should be accompanied by certain agri-environmental measures (e.g., cover crops, artificial refuges or natural hedges) in order to compensate for the associated negative effects.
34
Judt, Guzmán, Gómez, Cabezas, Entrenas, Winter, Zaller e Paredes. "Diverging Effects of Landscape Factors and Inter-Row Management on the Abundance of Beneficial and Herbivorous Arthropods in Andalusian Vineyards (Spain)". Insects 10, n. 10 (26 settembre 2019): 320. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects10100320.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Land use at landscape and field scales can increase the diversity and abundance of natural enemies for pest control. In this study, we investigated interactions between landscape elements (semi-natural vegetation, olive orchards, vineyards, other agricultural areas) and inter-row management (vegetation cover vs. bare soil) in relation to arthropod populations in Andalusian vineyards. Arthropods were collected from grapevine foliage in 15 vineyards using suction sampling. Landscape structure was analyzed within a 750 m radius surrounding the studied vineyards. Arthropods were categorized into functional groups (predators, parasitoids, herbivores), and their responses to the most influencing factors were analyzed by likelihood methods and model selection. Of the total of 650 arthropods collected, 48% were predators, 33% herbivores and 19% parasitoids. Numbers of predatory aeolothrips, parasitoids and herbivorous cicadas in the study vineyards decreased with an increased proportion of vineyards in the surroundings. Spider populations in vineyards increased with increasing proportions of other agricultural fields (non-flowering crops) in the surroundings. Semi-natural elements and olive orchards had no influence on the abundance of collected arthropods. We observed synergistic effects between landscape elements and inter-row management. The total numbers of arthropods, herbivores and parasitoids in vineyards benefitted from inter-row vegetation, while spiders benefitted from bare soil. Our findings underline the importance of both surrounding landscape elements and vineyard ground cover management to promote beneficial arthropods for potential natural pest control.
35
Castañeda, Luis E., e Olga Barbosa. "Metagenomic analysis exploring taxonomic and functional diversity of soil microbial communities in Chilean vineyards and surrounding native forests". PeerJ 5 (30 marzo 2017): e3098. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.3098.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Mediterranean biomes are biodiversity hotspots, and vineyards are important components of the Mediterranean landscape. Over the last few decades, the amount of land occupied by vineyards has augmented rapidly, thereby increasing threats to Mediterranean ecosystems. Land use change and agricultural management have important effects on soil biodiversity, because they change the physical and chemical properties of soil. These changes may also have consequences on wine production considering that soil is a key component ofterroir. Here, we describe the taxonomic diversity and metabolic functions of bacterial and fungal communities present in forest and vineyard soils in Chile. To accomplish this goal, we collected soil samples from organic vineyards in central Chile and employed a shotgun metagenomic approach to sequence the microbial DNA. Additionally, we studied the surrounding native forest to obtain a baseline of the soil conditions in the area prior to the establishment of the vineyard. Our metagenomic analyses revealed that both habitats shared most of the soil microbial species. The most abundant genera in the two habitats were the bacteriaCandidatus SolibacterandBradyrhizobiumand the fungusGibberella. Our results suggest that the soil microbial communities are similar in these forests and vineyards. Therefore, we hypothesize that native forests surrounding the vineyards may be acting as a microbial reservoir buffering the effects of the land conversion. Regarding the metabolic diversity, we found that genes pertaining to the metabolism of amino acids, fatty acids, and nucleotides as well as genes involved in secondary metabolism were enriched in forest soils. On the other hand, genes related to miscellaneous functions were more abundant in vineyard soils. These results suggest that the metabolic function of microbes found in these habitats differs, though differences are not related to taxonomy. Finally, we propose that the implementation of environmentally friendly practices by the wine industry may help to maintain the microbial diversity and ecosystem functions associated with natural habitats.
36
Mundy, D. C., e A. R. G. McLachlan. "Visual symptoms of trunk diseases do not predict vine death". New Zealand Plant Protection 69 (8 gennaio 2016): 17–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.2016.69.5910.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Grapevine trunk diseases are the main reason for vine death in older vineyards These deaths result in economic losses and reduce the productive life of the vineyard On six occasions during a 10year period a single vineyard in Marlborough was monitored for vine deaths A visual assessment of trunk disease symptoms (low canopy vigour and cankers) in individual vines showed that these symptoms did not predict vine death at the next assessment The method of visual assessment is discussed in the context of other Sauvignon blanc vineyards in Marlborough that were similarly assessed but over a shorter time period (within a year) To predict vineyard longevity for the New Zealand industry improved visual assessments or an alternative method of monitoring vine health status is required
37
Martínez-Díaz, Gerardo, Raúl Grijalva-Contreras e Fabián Robles-Contreras. "BUD FRUITFULLNESS OF VINEYARDS IN THE NORTHWEST OF MEXICO." HortScience 28, n. 5 (maggio 1993): 571b—571. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.28.5.571b.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
In order to determine bud frutifullness of vineyards a survey was performed from 1990 to 1993 in Caborca, Son., Méx. Fruitfullness of Thompson Seedless vineyards for raisin and wine production was higher than 30% and those for table grape production was lower than 20%. Canes of table grape vineyard (T. Seedless) strongly affected by bud necrosis had a fruitfullness lower than 10% from“eye” 1 to 21 and higher than 20% from “eye” 25 to 37. Fruitfullness of Perlette and Flame Seedless usually varied from 50 to 90% even when some vineyards showed lower percentages. In all cases, bud analysis was performed in the primary dormant bud from each “eye”.
38
Schmitt, Djalma Eugênio, Jucinei José Comin, Luciano Colpo Gatiboni, Tales Tiecher, Felipe Lorensini, George Wellington Bastos de Melo, Eduardo Girotto, Renato Guardini, Janaína Heinzen e Gustavo Brunetto. "Phosphorus fractions in sandy soils of vineyards in southern Brazil". Revista Brasileira de Ciência do Solo 37, n. 2 (aprile 2013): 472–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-06832013000200018.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Phosphorus (P) applications to vineyards can cause P accumulation in the soil and maximize pollution risks. This study was carried out to quantify the accumulation of P fractions in sandy soils of vineyards in southern Brazil. Soil samples (layers 0-5, 6-10 and 11-20 cm) were collected from a native grassland area and two vineyards, after 14 years (vineyard 1) and 30 years (vineyard 2) of cultivation, in Santana do Livramento, southern Brazil, and subjected to chemical fractionation of P. Phosphorus application, especially to the 30-year-old vineyard 2, increased the inorganic P content down to a depth of 20 cm, mainly in the labile fractions extracted by anion-exchange resin and NaHCO3, in the moderately labile fraction extracted by 0.1 and 0.5 mol L-1 NaOH, and in the non-labile fraction extracted by 1 mol L-1 HCl, indicating the possibility of water eutrophication. Phosphorus application and grapevine cultivation time increased the P content in the organic fraction extracted by NaHCO3 from the 0-5 cm layer, and especially in the moderately labile fraction extracted by 0.1 mol L-1 NaOH, down to a depth of 20 cm.
39
dos Santos, Gláucia Cecília Gabrielli, Gustavo Souza Valladares, Cleide Aparecida Abreu, Otávio Antônio de Camargo e Célia Regina Grego. "Assessment of Copper and Zinc in Soils of a Vineyard Region in the State of São Paulo, Brazil". Applied and Environmental Soil Science 2013 (2013): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/790795.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
This soil acidification may increase the bioavailability of copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn) in soils. The objective of this study was to verify the concentrations of Cu and Zn in soils of a vineyard region, including sample acidification, to simulate acid rain. The study was developed in an area of vineyard cultivation, with an adjacent land having other crops grown, in the state of São Paulo, Brazil. Soil samples were collected and GPS located under different uses and coverings. The extracted solutions used to determine the available Cu and Zn forms were diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA), pH 7.3, and calcium chloride 0.01 M. The total forms were obtained by HNO3digestion. The amounts of Cu and Zn extracted using DTPA were considered high in most of the samples and were greater in the areas cultivated with vineyards that had received fungicide applications for several decades. The total forms were higher in vineyard soils. The amounts of Cu and Zn extracted using CaCl2did not have good correlation with vineyards or with other metals' forms. The results confirmed that the soil was enriched with Cu and Zn due to the management of the vineyards with chemicals for several decades.
40
Topolovec-Pintarić, S., B. Cvjetković e T. Miličević. "The sensitivity of Botrytis cinerea Pers.: Fr. to new botryticides in the protection of vineyards". Plant Protection Science 38, SI 2 - 6th Conf EFPP 2002 (31 dicembre 2017): 670–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/10587-pps.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Botrytis cinerea, the cause of grey mould, is a 1999 we conducted trials in order to analyse the efficacy of the pyrimethanil, cyprodinil and fenhexamide and to test sensitivity of B. cinerea to them in vineyard in which these ingredients had been applied intensively, but also in vineyards where they had never been used. Resistant B. cinerea strains to each ingredient were determined in both types of vineyards.
41
Böhm, Lea, André Krahner, Matthias Porten, Michael Maixner, Juliane Schäffer e Thomas Schmitt. "Crossing Old Concepts: The Ecological Advantages of New Vineyard Types". Diversity 16, n. 1 (10 gennaio 2024): 44. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d16010044.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
In times of global insect decline, agricultural ecosystems need to be designed in an as insect-friendly manner as possible to halt the progressive loss of biodiversity. This is particularly important for steep-slope viticulture being established on sites with high biodiversity potential. Therefore, we compared different vineyard types (cross-slope with greened embankments vs. down-slope or other types without greened embankments), using wild bees and butterflies as indicators for biodiversity in the lower Moselle region (SW Germany). The numbers of species and individuals in both groups were significantly higher in cross-slope vineyards with greened embankments. This also held true for the number of specialised and endangered species. The communities of wild bees and butterflies differed remarkably between the vineyard types. Three wild bee and five butterfly species were identified as indicator species and hence can be used as such for further monitoring. Our results underline that the structure of steep-slope vineyards has tremendous importance for biodiversity conservation. Since the cultivation of cross-slope vineyards on steep slopes is easier than that of down-slope vineyards, we assume the great synergistic potential to reconcile agricultural use and biodiversity conservation and, in addition, to preserve steep-slope viticulture as a structural element in landscape planning.
42
Bougnères, Pierre, Raphael Porcher, Laure Esterle, David Baker, Adrien de la Vaissière, Sofia Meurisse, Sophie Valtat, Anne-Laure Castell, Pierre Mouriquand e Alain-Jacques Valleron. "Exploring the risk of hypospadias in children born from mothers living close to a vineyard". PLOS ONE 16, n. 4 (15 aprile 2021): e0249800. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0249800.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Hypospadias (H) is a common birth defect affecting the male urinary tract. It has been suggested that exposure to endocrine disrupting chemicals might increase the risk of H by altering urethral development. However, whether H risk is increased in places heavily exposed to agricultural pesticides, such as vineyards, remains debated and difficult to ascertain. The objective of the work is to test the possible association of H with residential proximity to vineyards. Residential address at birth of 8,766 H cases born 1980–2011 was taken from 17 specialized surgery centers. The geographical distribution of vineyards was obtained from the European Land Parcel Identification System (LPIS) and the distance of address to the nearest vineyard was computed. A first estimate of the variation of H relative risk with distance to vineyards was obtained using as controls 13,105 cryptorchidism (C) cases operated during the same period in the same centers. A separate estimate was obtained from a case-control study using “virtual controls” (VC) defined as points of the map sampled to match the demographic distribution of births within the recruitment territories of the study centers. Non-exposed patients were defined as those with a residence between 5,000 and 10,000 m from the closest vineyard. The residential distance to vineyard was smaller for H than for C cases (p<10−4). We found 42/8766 H cases (0.48%) and 50/13,105 C cases (0.38%) born to mothers living within 20 m of a vineyard. The odds ratios for H were 2.48 (CI: 1.0 to 5.1) and 2.4 (CI: 1.3 to 4.4), vs C or vs VC, respectively, when pregnant mothers lived 10–20 m from a vineyard. In conclusion, our study supports that children born to mothers living close to a vineyard have a two-fold increased risk of H. For environmental research, the use of VC provides an alternative to classical case control technique.
43
Yu, Yang, e Jesús Rodrigo-Comino. "Analyzing Regional Geographic Challenges: The Resilience of Chinese Vineyards to Land Degradation Using a Societal and Biophysical Approach". Land 10, n. 2 (23 febbraio 2021): 227. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land10020227.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Land degradation, especially soil erosion, is a societal issue that affects vineyards worldwide, but there are no current investigations that inform specifically about soil erosion rates in Chinese vineyards. In this review, we analyze this problem and the need to avoid irreversible damage to soil and their use from a regional point of view. Information about soil erosion in vineyards has often failed to reach farmers, and we can affirm that to this time, soil erosion in Chinese vineyards has been more of a scientific hypothesis than an agronomic or environmental concern. Two hypotheses can be presented to justify this review: (i) there are no official and scientific investigations on vineyard soil erosion in China as the main topic, and it may be understood that stakeholders do not care about this or (ii) there is a significant lack of information and motivation among farmers, policymakers and wineries concerning the consequences of soil erosion. Therefore, this review proposes a plan to study vineyard soil erosion processes for the first time in China and develop a structured scientific proposal considering different techniques and strategies. To achieve these goals, we present a plan considering previous research on other viticultural regions. We hypothesize that the results of a project from a regional geographic point of view would provide the necessary scientific support to facilitate deriving guidelines for sustainable vineyard development in China. We concluded that after completing this review, we cannot affirm why vine plantations have not received the same attention as other crops or land uses.
44
Porter, Lauren, Sarhan Kahlil, Astrid Forneck, Silvia Winter e Michaela Griesser. "Effects of Ground Cover Management, Landscape Elements and Local Conditions on Carabid (Coleoptera: Carabidae) Diversity and Vine Vitality in Temperate Vineyards". Agronomy 12, n. 6 (30 maggio 2022): 1328. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12061328.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Sustainable vineyard management in inter-rows may improve biodiversity and ecosystem service provision in landscapes with a high density of vineyards. The current work investigates the effect of three inter-row ground cover treatments (bare soil by tillage, alternating and complete vegetation cover) on carabid beetle communities and vine vitality, in relation to climatic, soil and landscape parameters. Pitfall traps were used to collect carabids in the spring and autumn of 2016 from nine Austrian vineyards, with all three ground cover treatments established in each vineyard. Additionally, grape berry samples were collected before harvest in order to determine juice quality parameters. Generalized linear mixed models revealed that complete vegetation cover, the most extensive vineyard inter-row management, decreased both carabid density and species richness. The variables hours of sunshine, vineyard cover at the landscape scale and mesofauna abundance had negative impacts on species richness. The largest differentiator of carabid communities was the sampling timepoint, and we observed clustering associated to vineyard manager, whereas ground cover treatment played no significant role. The importance of treatment on vine vitality parameters was low; however, complete vegetation cover was detrimental to vine vegetative growth and berry weight. On the basis of our results, we conclude that although community composition may be influenced by pedo-climatic conditions and landscape components, alternating vegetation cover is an option for maintaining both carabid diversity and high-quality berries in vineyards.
45
Schreiner, R. Paul. "Foliar Sprays Containing Phosphorus (P) Have Minimal Impact on ‘Pinot noir’ Growth and P Status, Mycorrhizal Colonization, and Fruit Quality". HortScience 45, n. 5 (maggio 2010): 815–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.45.5.815.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Grapevines grown in low-phosphorus (P) soils typical of western Oregon vineyards may benefit from additional P applied to the canopy using foliar sprays. Alternatively, vines may be negatively affected by foliar P sprays because lower root colonization by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) could reduce uptake of other nutrients or increase vine water stress. The impact of foliar P sprays on vine growth, vine nutrient and water status, AMF colonization, and fruit yield and quality was studied in two ‘Pinot noir’ vineyards with a history of low vine P status over 3 years. Three foliar spray treatments [phosphite, phosphate, water (control)] were applied to vines three times each season using a standard air-blast sprayer at a commercial vineyard. Two foliar spray treatments (phosphite, water) were applied using a hand sprayer at a smaller research vineyard. Phosphite sprays increased leaf blade and petiole P concentrations and reduced arbuscular colonization of roots at the research vineyard, but neither phosphate nor phosphite significantly affected these variables at the commercial vineyard. Foliar P sprays had no effect on vine growth, vine water relations (leaf water potential and stomatal conductance), yield, or fruit quality attributes at either site. These results indicate that there is little benefit to spraying the canopy of grapevines with P, even in vineyards with low P status.
46
Möth, Stefan, Andreas Walzer, Markus Redl, Božana Petrović, Christoph Hoffmann e Silvia Winter. "Unexpected Effects of Local Management and Landscape Composition on Predatory Mites and Their Food Resources in Vineyards". Insects 12, n. 2 (19 febbraio 2021): 180. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects12020180.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Viticultural practices and landscape composition are the main drivers influencing biological pest control in vineyards. Predatory mites, mainly phytoseiid (Phytoseiidae) and tydeoid mites (Tydeidae), are important to control phytophagous mites (Tetranychidae and Eriophyidae) on vines. In the absence of arthropod prey, pollen is an important food source for predatory mites. In 32 paired vineyards located in Burgenland/Austria, we examined the effect of landscape composition, management type (organic/integrated), pesticide use, and cover crop diversity of the inter-row on the densities of phytoseiid, tydeoid, and phytophagous mites. In addition, we sampled pollen on vine leaves. Typhlodromus pyri Scheuten was the main phytoseiid mite species and Tydeus goetzi Schruft the main tydeoid species. Interestingly, the area-related acute pesticide toxicity loading was higher in organic than in integrated vineyards. The densities of phytoseiid and tydeoid mites was higher in integrated vineyards and in vineyards with spontaneous vegetation. Their population also profited from an increased viticultural area at the landscape scale. Eriophyoid mite densities were extremely low across all vineyards and spider mites were absent. Biological pest control of phytophagous mites benefits from less intensive pesticide use and spontaneous vegetation cover in vineyard inter-rows, which should be considered in agri-environmental schemes.
47
Li, S., F. Bonneu, J. Chadoeuf, D. Picart, A. Gégout-Petit e L. Guérin-Dubrana. "Spatial and Temporal Pattern Analyses of Esca Grapevine Disease in Vineyards in France". Phytopathology® 107, n. 1 (gennaio 2017): 59–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto-07-15-0154-r.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
To assess the capacity of esca to spread within vineyards of the Bordeaux region, over 8 years of annual records, containing between 1,200 and 2,300 contiguous Cabernet Sauvignon vines from 15 mature vineyards, were used for spatial statistical analyses. A group of nonparametric tests, based on join count statistics and on permutation methods, was developed to characterize the spatial structure of esca-symptomatic vines in terms of spread in any direction or within-row only. Among vineyards, a large range of spatial patterns, from random to strongly structured, associated with various prevalence rates that increased over time were observed. In four vineyards, the complex esca distribution pattern indicated different levels of clustering. By contrast, in other vineyards, only small clusters of two adjacent symptomatic vines were observed, and they were localized along rows, without enlargement over time, except in one vineyard. An analysis of spatial dependence between previously and newly symptomatic vines within k-order neighborhoods (k = 1 to 5), showed, for 5 of the 15 vineyards, that the newly symptomatic vines were located close to previously infected vines, without a favored orientation or neighbor order. All the results together suggested a limited potential for secondary local spread from neighboring symptomatic vines.
48
Costantini, E. A. C., A. E. Agnelli, A. Fabiani, E. Gagnarli, S. Mocali, S. Priori, S. Simoni e G. Valboa. "Short term recovery of soil physical, chemical, micro- and mesobiological functions in a new vineyard under organic farming". SOIL Discussions 1, n. 1 (11 dicembre 2014): 1165–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/soild-1-1165-2014.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Abstract. Deep earthwork activities carried out before vineyard plantation can severely upset soil profile properties. As a result, soil features in the root environment are often much more similar to those of the underlying substratum than those of the original profile. The time needed to recover the original soil functions is ecologically relevant and may strongly affect vine phenology and grape yield, particularly under organic viticulture. The general aim of this work was to investigate soil resilience after vineyard pre-planting earthworks. In particular, an old and a new vineyard, established on the same soil type, were compared over a five year period for soil chemical, physical, micro and mesobiological properties. The investigated vineyards (Vitis vinifera L., cv. Sangiovese) were located in the Chianti Classico district (Central Italy), on stony and calcareous soils and were not irrigated. The older vineyard was planted in 2000, after slope reshaping by bulldozing and back hoe ploughing down to about 0.8–1.0 m. The new vineyard was planted in 2011, after equivalent earthwork practices carried out in the summer of 2009. Both vineyards were organically managed and fertilized only with compost every autumn (1000 kg ha−1 per year). The new vineyard was cultivated by periodic tillage, while the old vineyard was managed with alternating grass-covered and tilled inter-rows. Soil samples were collected at 0–15 cm depth from the same plots of the new and old vineyards, during the springtime from 2010 to 2014. The old vineyard was sampled in both the tilled and the grass-covered swaths. According to the results from physical and chemical analyses, the new vineyard, during the whole 2010–2014 period, showed lower TOC, N, C/N and EC values, along with higher silt and total CaCO3 contents than the old vineyard, suggesting still evolving equilibrium conditions. The microarthropod analysis showed significantly different abundances and communities' structures, in relation to both vineyard and time, increasing with rain precipitations in the old vineyard. Though the euedaphic forms, well adapted to soil life, were always rare. Microbiological analysis revealed a different structure of eubacterial communities between old and new vineyard in the whole period. However, the DGGE similarity values of such communities increased of about 2.5% per year, suggesting that at least 3 years more are needed to compare intra- and inter-specific diversity of the two vineyards. In conclusion, the consequences of deep earthworks on soil chemical, micro and mesobiological properties were still evident after four years from planting, indicating that more time is necessary for the recovery of soil functions, probably longer than that needed to obtain an economic grape production.
49
Kumari, Shesh, Jaroslav Polák e Roman Choutka. "Plant-parasitic nematodes of the genus Xiphinema (Nematoda: Longidoridae) in the vineyards of the Czech Republic". Nematology 7, n. 1 (2005): 81–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1568541054192117.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Abstract The occurrence and geographic distribution of Xiphinema species were investigated during a nematological survey in the rhizosphere of grapevine. Sixty eight samples from 28 vineyards from South Moravia, and one vineyard from Central Bohemia, were studied. Four Xiphinema species (X. brevicollum, X. diversicaudatum, X. pachtaicum and X. vuittenezi) were recorded. One of the described species, X. vuittenezi, is widespread, occurring in 27 out of 29 vineyards. Xiphinema vuittenezi and X. diversicaudatum were also detected by PCR-based methodology.
50
Pfingstmann, Alexandra, Daniel Paredes, Jacob Buchholz, Pascal Querner, Thomas Bauer, Peter Strauss, Sophie Kratschmer, Silvia Winter e Johann Zaller. "Contrasting Effects of Tillage and Landscape Structure on Spiders and Springtails in Vineyards". Sustainability 11, n. 7 (8 aprile 2019): 2095. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11072095.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Interactions between predatory species and their potential prey are little studied in vineyards, especially considering the surrounding landscape structure. We examined the effects of soil tillage intensities in vineyard inter-rows on the activity density and diversity of spiders (Araneae) and springtails (Collembola), their potential preys, and assessed whether these effects are altered by non-crop elements in the surrounding landscape. We collected data in 16 vineyards in Austria; eight were periodically mechanically disturbed (PMD), eight had permanent green cover (PGC). The study vineyards were embedded in landscapes ranging from structurally simple to complex. Both, spiders and springtails were collected with pitfall traps. Data analyses using generalized linear mixed models (GLMM) showed different effects of soil tillage intensities on spiders and springtails and an interaction with semi-natural elements (SNEs) in the surrounding landscape. Activities of springtails were higher under PMD than under PGC while spider activity density remained unaffected. Spider family Shannon diversity was lower under PMD than under PGC, while springtail species Shannon diversity was unaffected by tillage. Under PMD, spider activity and family diversity decreased with increasing SNEs in the surroundings indicating spider emigration away from vineyards. Under PGC, spider activity density increased with increasing SNE proportions in the surroundings when springtail activity density was high. Our findings suggest that recommendations on sustainable vineyard management should include both site and landscape factors.