Tesi sul tema "Vine resistance"
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Ferebee, James Harrison IV. "New Herbicide Strategies for Weed Management in Pumpkin and Soybean and Potato Vine Desiccation". Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/86611.
Testo completoMaster of Science in Life Sciences
Herbicides effectively control weeds by either applying them to the soil prior to emergence or applying them to foliage. Herbicides are used for desiccation of potato vines to facilitate harvest, improve skin set, and regulate tuber size. Potatoes with tougher skin have a longer shelf life and are more resistant to disease. Potato grade classifications include size chef, A, and B potatoes. Size B potatoes hold the greatest value for redskinned potatoes. Experiments were conducted in Virginia to evaluate saflufenacil, glufosinate, saflufenacil plus glufosinate, and carfentrazone plus glufosinate as desiccants compared to diquat applied at 43, 31, and 17% B potatoes. All desiccants resulted in similar vine desiccation 14 days after treatment, skin set, and yield. This research demonstrates that glufosinate and saflufenacil are effective alternatives to diquat for potato vine desiccation; however, further research is needed to evaluate the safety of saflufenacil applied to potatoes prior to harvest. Soil applied herbicides are commonly used in pumpkin production. Fluridone and two acetochlor formulations, herbicides that effectively control troublesome weeds in other crops, were evaluated for pumpkin production in addition to fomesafen, ethalfluralin, clomazone, halosulfuron, and S-metolachlor. Fluridone and acetochlor formulations resulted in significant pumpkin injury early in the growing season and total crop loss was observed by fluridone in 2018. Fomesafen significantly reduced pumpkin iv stand and yield. S-metolachlor, a member of the same chemical family as acetochlor, provided similar weed control without significant pumpkin injury. This research demonstrates that fluridone and acetochlor formulations are poor candidates for pumpkin production. Palmer amaranth is a troublesome weed in soybean that grows rapidly and is resistant to many herbicides. Palmer amaranth is best controlled at a height of 10 cm or less, but timely applications are not always feasible. Fomesafen plus dicamba were applied to small Palmer amaranth (<5 cm, 0 day) and at simulated delays of 7, 14, 21, and 28 days. All treatments received lactofen plus dicamba 14 days after the initial postemergence. Palmer amaranth control 14 days after first postemergence was 100% when application was delayed 0 or 7 day whereas Palmer amaranth control was 62% when first postemergence was delayed 28 days. Lactofen plus dicamba applied second postemergence increased control to 88% when the first postemergence was delayed 28 days. Compared to nontreated plots, Palmer amaranth biomass was reduced 99% by all treatments. This research demonstrates that fomesafen plus dicamba followed by lacofen plus dicamba can be effective for rescue control of Palmer amaranth.
De, Wet Owen. "Susceptibility of five strains of vine mealybugs, Planococcus ficus (Signoret), to chlorpyrifos". Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/70289.
Testo completoENGLISH ABSTRACT: Colonies of Planococcus ficus (Signoret) were reared from three different areas, Hex River Valley, Robertson and Stellenbosch. An insectary colony and a table grape colony from Nietvoorbij experimental farm were also included in the study. A range of concentrations of chlorpyrifos was applied topically to individuals from the different colonies. The Stellenbosch population had the lowest LDso, although it was not significantly different from that of the insectary and Robertson colonies. The Hex River Valley and table grape colonies had a significantly higher LDso than the Robertson, Stellenbosch and insectary colonies, although the relative tolerance was 1.5, which would probably not result in significant control failure in the field. However, this does indicate that there is potential for the development of resistance to chlorpyrifos in the vine mealybug in South Africa.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Kolonies van Planococcus ficus (Signoret), is versamel en geteel uit drie verskillende areas, Hex.riviervallei, Robertson en Stellenbosch. 'n Bestaande insektarium kolonie van die Lanbou Navorsings Raad en 'n tafeldruif kolonie vanaf Nietvoorbij proefplaas is ook ingesluit in die studie. 'n Reeks konsentrasies van chlorpyrifos is topikaal aangewend aan individue van die verskillende kolonies. Die Stellenbosch populasie het die laagste LDso getoon alhoewel dit nie betekenisvol verskil het van die LDso van die insektarium - en Robertson kolonies nie. Die Hexriviervallei en tafeldruif kolonies se LDso was betekenisvol hoër as die Robertson, Stellenbosch and insektarium kolonies. Alhoewel die relatiewe weerstand 1.5 was, sal dit waarskynlik nie tot 'n aansienlike beheermislukking in die veld lei nie. Nogtans dui dit op die potensiaal vir moontlike ontwikkeling van weerstand teen chlorpyrifos in die wingerdwitluis.
Alcantara, Tito Plata 1963. "Monosporascus cannonballus-melon pathosystem: Mechanism of vine decline, phenotypic characterization and mycelial incompatibility, and ascospore germination and sources of resistance". Diss., The University of Arizona, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/288914.
Testo completoBenard-Gellon, Mélanie. "Etude de l'embryogenèse somatique et transformation génétique de différentes variétés de porte-greffes de vigne en vue d'induire la résistance au Grapevine Fanleaf Virus". Thesis, Mulhouse, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011MULH7332.
Testo completoIn this study, we initially adapted the protocol of primary somatic embryogenesis in different varieties of hybrid rootstocks (3309C, 110R, Fercal, 41B and SO4) building on the experience gained in the laboratory on Vitis vinifera cv Chardonnay. The results show that the genotype, the explant type (stamen, flower or node), the type and the dose of auxin used in the induction medium (2,4-D or 2,4,5-T) influence the efficiency of somatic embryogenesis. Indeed, for the 3309C, the use of 2,4,5-T in the induction medium showed a higher efficiency from embryogenic nodes compared to that obtained from stamens. However, the better efficiency was obtained from the flowers of this variety on an induction medium containing 2,4-D. In addition, a protocol used in the laboratory for secondary somatic embryogenesis allowed us to obtain embryogenic masses as well as secondary somatic embryos from these rootstocks. The protocol conversion of embryos into plants, in the presence of 4.5 [tM of cytokinin (BAP), was effective for the 110R and 41B. In a second step, we co-cultivated embryogenic material obtained for four of these genotypes (110R, 3309C, Fercal and 41B), with Agrobacteriwn tumefaciens containing three genetic constructs: (i) a copy of a partial sequence (1020 bp) of the coat protein gene of the virus in the sense orientation, (ii) a short part-way and antisense (280 bp) of the same sequence forming a hairpin structure (hairpin RNA = hpRNA) (iii) one amiRNA targeting a viral sequence. The nptll bacterial gene encoding neomycin phosphotransferase and conferring resistance to the antibiotic kanamycin, was used as the selection gene. The selection conditions to kanamycin have required experimental adaptations such as adjusting the concentration of antibiotic because the selection with 75 mg.L-1 of kanamycin was not enough drastic in most of our experiments of co-culture. The results of molecular analysis by PCR showed probable amplification of fragments of interest (CPGFLV and amiRNA-71) in samples of 11OR and 41B resistant to kanamycin. However, additional molecular analysis by AL-PCR did not inform us about a possible integration of the transgene amiRNA-71 in embryogenic masses of 41B
Jacometti, Marco Alexander Azon. "Enhancing ecosystem services in vineyards to improve the management of Botrytis cinerea". Phd thesis, Lincoln University. Bio-Protection and Ecology Division, 2007. http://theses.lincoln.ac.nz/public/adt-NZLIU20070126.115223/.
Testo completoDAI, GUANG HUI. "Etude des facteurs biochimiques de resistance de la vigne (vitis spp. ) au mildiou (plasmopara viticola)". Montpellier, ENSA, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994ENSA0031.
Testo completoDélye, Christophe. "Variabilite de l'agent de l'oidium de la vigne (uncinula necator schweinitz burrill) et resistance aux fongicides inhibiteurs de la biosynthese des sterols". Paris, Institut national d'agronomie de Paris Grignon, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997INAP0004.
Testo completoRIBEAUDEAU, MARION. "Elaboration et caracterisation de films de niobium deposes sur cuivre. Determination de la resistance de surface de supraconducteurs par thermometrie sous vide". Paris 6, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999PA066429.
Testo completoBOVE, FEDERICA. "Sviluppo di un modello di simulazione delle epidemie di peronospora su foglie e grappoli di varietà di vite resistenti". Doctoral thesis, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10280/57899.
Testo completoThe present dissertation aims to explore the effects of partial resistance on grapevine downy mildew (Plasmopara viticola) epidemics. A theoretical simulation model was developed including host dynamics and main phases of the disease, from inoculum mobilisation to disease multiplication on foliage, and to infection of clusters. The response to P. Viticola infection was studied for 16 grapevine varieties through (monocyclic) inoculation experiments, by measuring components of partial resistance: infection frequency, duration of latent period, size of lesions, production of sporangia, duration of infectious period, and infectivity of sporangia produced on lesion. Components of partial resistance were incorporated into the model and their effects on the (polycyclic) epidemic were investigated accross different scenarios. Components of partial resistance showed different effectiveness on the suppression of epidemics, infection efficiency and spore production having the strongest impact on the overall field resistance response. This approach is an useful tool for phenotyping studies on host plant resistance and for anticipating the performance of a genotype at the field scale, that otherwise is difficult and time requiring due to the perennial nature of grapevine.
COBANOV, PASCAL. "L'embryogenese somatique chez la vigne et son application a la transformation par agrobacterium tumefaciens en vue de produire des vignes resistantes au grapevine fanleaf virus (gflv) responsable du court-noue de la vigne". Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998STR13261.
Testo completoLakkis, Sara. "Résistance systémique induite par Pseudomonas fluorescens et Bacillus subtilis chez des génotypes de vigne de différentes sensibilités au mildiou et à la pourriture grise Strengthening Grapevine Resistance by Pseudomonas fluorescens PTA-CT2 Relies on Distinct Defense Pathways in Susceptible and Partially Resistant Genotypes to Downy Mildew and Gray Mold Diseases". Thesis, Reims, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019REIMS025.
Testo completoDowny mildew caused by the oomycete Plasmopara viticola and grey mold caused by the fungus Botrytis cinerea are among the highly threatening diseases in vineyards. The current strategy to control these diseases relies totally on the use of chemical fungicides. The use of beneficial bacteria is arising as a sustainable strategy in controlling various diseases. This can be achieved through the activation of the plants own innate immune system, known as induced systemic resistance (ISR). Such a strategy is effective in controlling grey mold disease, but the efficiency against downy mildew is still in unknown, and the mechanisms underpinning the resistance state remain to be explored. In this study we focused on the capacity of Pseudomonas fluorescens PTA-CT2 to induce ISR in grapevine against P. viticola and B. cinerea by using two grafted cultivars differing in their susceptibility to downy mildew, Pinot noir as susceptible and Solaris as partially resistant. We then examined the differences and similarities of Bacillus subtilis- and P. fluorescens-mediated ISR and priming state after P. viticola challenge. On the basis of the contrasting phenotypic susceptibility of cultivars, we explored mechanisms underlying ISR before and upon pathogen infection. We provide evidence that P. fluorescens induces ISR against P. viticola and B. cinerea by priming common and distinct defensive pathways depending on the basal immunity of genotype. Although P. fluorescens elcits hormonal synthesis and photosynthetis efficiency before infection in both genotypes, our results highlight an important role for salicylic acid (SA)-dependent defense and phytoalexin synthesis, but not JA and ET signaling in ISR against P. viticola in both cultivars. The priming state relies further on the strong expression of HSR gene involved in HR-like cell death in Solaris, whereas in the susceptible cultivar it involves accumulation of ABA, rather than HR-like cell death. The induced ISR against B. cinerea is rather related to the activation of JA/ET signaling, but also to stilbene accumulation and reduction of cell death in both cultivars.The comparative approach between Bacillus subtilis- and P. fluorescens-ISR revealed significant differences in terms of primed defenses against P. viticola. Although both bacteria induce comparable level of ISR by mainly priming SA pathway and stilbene accumulation in both grape varieties, the strong responses are provided by B. subtilis which also induces high expression of the HR-related gene and the accumulation of SA, especially in the resistant hybrid variety. P. fluorescens potentiates to a lesser extent the expression of other SA-related genes and accumulation of ABA in both varieties. These results suggest that B. subtilis- and P. fluorescens-induced ISR against P. viticola could operate through common and distinct mechanisms depending on the basal resistance of grapevine genotype.Further transcriptomic analyses were performed on mock and P. fluorescens-treated Pinot noir after inoculation with B. cinerea and P. viticola, in order to characterize the expression of genes associated to ISR against pathogen with different lifestyle. A large number of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) identified from the RNA-seq data suggests that P. fluorescens-ISR could be associated with priming of several mechanisms depending on the pathogen lifestyle
Gerbore, Jonathan. "Lutte biologique contre un champignon pathogène impliqué dans l’esca de la vigne, par utilisation de l’oomycète Pythium oligandrum". Thesis, Pau, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PAUU3037/document.
Testo completoBiocontrol research based on the use of microorganisms is expanding very rapidly. However, the use of such bioncontrol agents is still too inconsistent to effectively protect plants in field applications. This phenomenon is often attributed to the non-persistence of biocontrol agents in the rhizosphere or on the plants. In order to reduce the risk of this happening, one solution consists in using microorganisms that are isolated from the plants needing protection. In this thesis, an oomycete called Pythium oligandrum, which colonizes the rhizosphere of many plants, including grapevine, was assessed for the control of esca, a grapevine trunk disease for which no control method is currently available. P. oligandrum strains have been isolated from the rhizosphere of vines cultivated in 3 wine-growing regions (12 grapevines) of Bordeaux with different types of soil: stony-sandy, silty and stony. Analyses of fungal and bacterial communities using a molecular fingerprinting method (Single Strand Conformation Polymorphism) showed that, unlike bacteria, the fungal species varied according to the sampling region. Roots of all the vines sampled were colonized by echinulated-oospore Pythium spp., with P. oligandrum strains predominating. Phylogenetic analyses based on the genes encoding the cytochrome oxidase I and one tubulin allowed these strains to be clustered into three groups. The sequencing of the elicitin-like genes, whose proteins are key components in inducing systemic resistance in plants, showed that each strain held at least one gene encoding for each of the two kinds of P. oligandrum elicitors (i.e. oligandrin and Cell Wall Proteins). Sequencing and molecular fingerprinting analyses showed thus that the type of soil and the rhizosphere microbiota did not shape the population structure of P. oligandrum. However, other factors such as the different kinds of rootstock and weeding management can also have an influence on the root colonization by P. oligandrum. The relationship between P. oligandrum and grapevine was studied using a transcriptomic approach (microarray Vitis vinifera, 29 549 genes). The results highlighted the modifications induced by young vines in response to P. oligandrum root colonization, in the genetic expression of several genes belonging to different metabolic pathways. Two aspects, that are usually opposed, were observed: P. oligandrum was perceived by the plant either (i) as a pathogen because certain defence reactions were triggered (e.g. calcium signalling, resistance genes, abscissic acid metabolism) or as (ii) a symbiotic microorganism since several transcriptional changes were similar to those reported in symbiotic interactions (e.g. induction of subtilase genes). An assay aimed at protecting grapevine against a pathogenic fungus involved in esca, and known to be responsible for wood necrosis, i.e. Phaeomoniella chlamydospora, was carried out. The root colonization by P. oligandrum was associated with a reduction in the length of necroses. In line with this result, transcriptomic analyses by microarrays and RT-qPCR showed overexpression of several genes, particularly those of the ethylene pathway. Some of these induced genes could be thus used as resistance markers, but this needs to be validated in further experiments
Duplay, Quentin. "La galle du collet chez la vigne : de la diversité des pathogènes à l'étude des plasmides et du quorum sensing d'Allorhizobium vitis S4". Thesis, Lyon, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LYSE1041/document.
Testo completoCrown gall disease, characterized by the formation of a tumor, represents the most widespread bacteriosis in the vineyard and causes significant economic losses throughout the world. The causing agent is the Ti plasmid (pTi) which confers pathogenicity to their bacterial hosts, such as Allorhizobium vitis. In addition to pTi, A. vitis harbours other plasmids whose functions and ways of dissemination are poorly documented. In order to study the peculiar adaptation of A. vitis strains to grapevine, we studied the diversity of these pathogens as well as the role of plasmids and the regulation of their dissemination.First, we analyzed the diversity of isolates from vineyards of Morocco affected by crown gall. We highlighted that all the pathogenic isolates (e.g. carrying a pTi) form 4 genetic groups that are distinguished by the type of opine produced and the ability to induce a hypersensitive response. We then focused on strain A. vitis S4, which contains 5 plasmids, including 3 possessing a transfer mechanism that can be regulated by a bacterial communication system called quorum sensing (QS). We demonstrated that the QS system of plasmid p130 (renamed pApi) controls not only the conjugative transfer of the pApi but also other uncharacterized plasmid-encoded functions. This QS system requires the synthesis of a N-acyl-homoserine lactone signal molecule with an atypical structure. In addition, genomic analyzes combined with copper resistance assays allowed us to identify, on plasmid p79 of A. vitis S4, a genomic island that is likely involved in copper resistance of this strain.Through analyzes of diversity and study of a model strain, our work provides insight into adaptation of Allorhizobium vitis to its unique host plant, grapevine
Hiriart, Jean-Baptiste. "Etude des mécanismes moléculaires mis en jeu dans la résistance à l'infection de plantes transgéniques exprimant la protéine capsidique du virus de la mosai͏̈que chromée de la vigne". Bordeaux 2, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995BOR28351.
Testo completoRAOULT, FRANCOIS. "Stabilisation de la resistance electrique des couches de cdse deposees par evaporation sous vide : analyse par xps et delta r-tpd de l'ionosorption de l'oxygene sur ces couches". Rennes 1, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987REN10011.
Testo completoNguyen, Van Chung. "Diversité génétique du nématode vecteur Xiphinema index sur vigne et application pour optimiser la stratégie de résistance". Thesis, Université Côte d'Azur (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018AZUR4079/document.
Testo completoThe ban of most nematicides renders urgent control alternatives against plant-parasitic nematodes and breeding for resistant plant varieties is promising. In vineyards, the nematode Xiphinema index has a high economical impact by transmitting Grapevine fanleaf virus (GFLV), the main virus of ‘Court-noué’ disease and the first grapevine viral disease worldwide. Resistant rootstocks are being selected in grapevine, using Muscadinia rotundifolia (muscadine) as a resistance source to the vector, in order to arrest or delay GFLV transmission. In this crop, a previous study had shown that this meiotic parthenogenetic nematode is able to reproduce sexually (rarely) in the field. A preliminary phylogenetic work had allowed to reveal the predominant diversity groups and to select representative populations for the creation of single-female lines. Resistance durability is a real challenge that must consider the key information of the nematode diversity. In this context, the PhD project first completed and deepened our phylogeographical approach using an extended geographic coverage of the worldwide nematode distribution. Our results allow proposing strong hypotheses to locate the native area of X. index in the Middle-East and trace its dissemination routes from the Antiquity. They also highlight the close link since this epoch between dissemination of the nematode and domesticated grapevine by man. The second part of the PhD project has then evaluated the durability of muscadine-derived rootstock material in greenhouse (non viruliferous nematodes on plants aged 3 to 6 years) and field (viruliferous nematodes on plants aged 16 years) conditions. In the greenhouse, F1 and BC1 resistant accessions, previously obtained from both in vitro and hardwood-cutting propagation, were inoculated with 4 mixed representative X. index lines, traceable each with microsatellite markers. We showed that nematodes from plants obtained from in vitro progressively overcame the resistance while the material obtained from cuttings displayed a durable resistance. Nematode progressive multiplication in resistant accessions obtained only from in vitro removes a priori the hypothesis of a nematode genetic adaptation and appears linked to a different architecture of the root system in this propagation type. This type may have induced discrete but durable physiological changes in apical root tissues from where nematodes feed. Nematode microsatellite genotyping allowed detecting a low but increasing rate of hybrid individuals from 4 to 6 years, which confirms data from the vineyard. As the hybrid occurrence appears independent from the propagation type and the resistance status of the plant, our data discard hybridization as the mode of adaptation of the nematode underlying resistance breakdown from in vitro plants. In field conditions, after 16 years, nematodes were almost undetectable on the resistant BC1 accession, also almost unaffected by the viral attacks, while higher numbers were detected on a susceptible control accession, whose plants were by contrast in high majority dead or poorly vigorous. Taken all together, our results show that the muscadine-derived resistance strategy appears durable. This strategy focused on vector control will significantly contribute to reduce the impact of GFLV transmitted by X. index
Combier, Maud. "Étude des effecteurs de type RXLR de Plasmopara viticola pour la recherche de résistances durables au mildiou de la vigne". Thesis, Strasbourg, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019STRAJ004/document.
Testo completoGrapevine downy mildew is caused by the oomycete Plasmopara viticola, which attacks the aerial non-lignified tissues affecting wine production. An alternative to the use of pesticides is the use of vine varieties with sustainable resistances. A programme aiming to create such varieties by crossing resistant species with the cultivated grapevine, Vitis vinifera, is ongoing. Within this program requiring the indentification of new resistance genes, which the project aims to do by (1) screening resistant vines with effectors stored in P. viticola, (2) performing a functional study of candidate effectors. The screening of resistant plants did not lead to the identification of any new major resistance factors. The functional study of effectors revealed a new family of effectors in P. viticola and led to the identification of two effectors Pv33, nuclear, and Pv47, associated with the endoplasmic reticulum, which induce plant defences
Billard, Alexis. "Fenhexamid : mode d’action et résistance chez le complexe d’espèces Botrytis SPP., responsable de la pourriture grise de la vigne". Thesis, Paris 11, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA112002.
Testo completoChemical control is the main method used to control diseases caused byphytopathogenic fungi. In some cases, the resistance phenomena towardfungicides occur within fungal populations, which might alter practicalefficiency of molecules. Understanding modes of action of fungicides andunderlying resistance mechanisms participate to the development and adaptationof management strategies against resistance, and thus help to sustain the life ofmolecules. Fenhexamid is a recent fungicide (Bayer CropScience, 2000), with aparticular mode of action. It is the only fungicide marketed blocking the C4-demethylation step of ergosterol biosynthesis. Several types of resistance (naturaland acquired) were detected in European vineyards in the Botrytis spp speciescomplex, causing grey mold disease. This work focused on the characterization ofthe mode of action and the elucidation of resistance mechanisms. The first aspectinvestigated the functional characterization of two genes involved in the C4-demethylation of ergosterol biosynthesis. The erg27 gene potentially encoding the3-keto reductase which is the fenhexamid target and the erg28 gene encoding aprotein that interact in part with the 3-ketoreductase. Concerning fenhexamidresistance, we shown by reverse genetics that mutations detected in the erg27 genefrom different resistant isolates from the vineyards (phenotypes HydR3- andHydR3+) confer resistance. Furthermore, a fitness analysis under controlledconditions on the most worrying resistant phenotype (HydR3+) was performed onisogenic artificial strains in order to predict the possible persistence of these strainsin vineyards. A fine molecular method to quantify these isolates was developed tofacilitate the follow-up of evolution and persistence of resistant populations in thevineyard. This new method, named ASPPAA PCR is based on the nucleotidepolymorphism of the erg27 gene, responsible for fenhexamid resistance. Finally,the natural resistance to fenhexamid of the related species to Botrytis cinerea, B.pseudocinerea, was elucidated. Fungicide resistance of this species is explained bythe combination of target site modifications (minor mechanism) and fungicidedegradation mediated by a cytochrome P450 named Cyp68.4 (major mechanism).This is the first characterization of a genetic resistance mechanism to a fungicideconferred by detoxification in a phytopathogenic fungus
Yacoub, Amira. "Relations entre l’omycète, Pythium oligandrum, et la vigne : étude de l’induction de résistance contre un agent pathogène du bois et impact sur les communautés microbiennes colonisant la plante". Thesis, Pau, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PAUU3053/document.
Testo completoApproximately 13% of French vineyards are currently considered unproductive due to trunk diseases, mainly Esca, a particularly destructive disease that affects grapevines worldwide. Accordingly, biological control of a pathogen implicated in Esca, Phaeomoniella chlamydospora, was developed using the oomycete, Pythium oligandrum. The selection of P. oligandrum strains, isolated from vineyards, which produced in vitro large quantities of oligandrin, an elicitin-like protein inducing plant defences, was carried out. Three greenhouse assays showed that the necroses caused by P. chlamydospora were significantly reduced (40 to 50%) when P. oligandrum colonized the root system of vine cuttings. At stem level, the expression of a set of 22 genes involved in Vitis vinifera defence mechanisms was measured by quantitative PCR. Depending on the treatments employed, significant differences in grapevine responses were observed. Six of the genes (PR proteins, phenyl-propanoid pathway, oxylipins and the oxydo-reduction system) were strongly induced in plants pre-treated with P. oligandrum, and subsequently infected by P. chlamydospora. In order to characterize the mechanisms occurring during this tri-partite interaction, the global transcriptomic grapevine responses at stem level were analysed, using microarray and RNAseq, in plants in which induced systemic resistance (ISR) had taken place. Several genes involved in ethylene and jasmonate biosynthesis were strongly induced in plants that were pre-treated with P. oligandrum, and subsequently infected by P. chlamydospora. The transcription factors involved in the regulation of these signalisation pathways were also induced. Analysis of the P. chlamydospora RNA messenger (mRNA), showed that certain genes involved in secondary metabolite synthesis, transcription factors implicated in pathway regulations, and certain Carbohydrate Active enZymes, were modulated, when P. oligandrum colonised the roots. These results demonstrated that root inoculation with P. oligandrum induced indirect stress on P. chlamydospora responses. In order to promote P. oligandrum implantation in nurseries and vineyards, the capacity of this biocontrol agent to colonize the roots of grafted-plants, and to protect them against P. chlamydospora attacks, was studied. Three rootstocks (SO4, 3309 and 101-14), grafted on two scion varieties (Cabernet Sauvignon and Sauvignon Blanc), were inoculated or not with P. oligandrum. Depending on the particular scion/rootstock associations, the oomycete colonized the various root systems differently. Single Strand Conformation Polymorphism (SSCP) analyses revealed complex and diverse fungal and bacterial communities in both the rhizosphere and the phyllosphere. These microflora, which were organ-dependent, were not direcly or indirectly affected by the root inoculation of P. oligandrum. Protection of grafted vines (SO4 + Cabernet Sauvignon) was probably induced by P. oligandrum against the pathogen, P. chlamydospora
Ferreira, David. "Résistance au stress lors de la phase de latence en fermentation œnologique et développement de levures optimisées". Thesis, Montpellier, SupAgro, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017NSAM0051.
Testo completoAbstract: Saccharomyces cerevisiae has been used for millennia to perform wine fermentation due to its endurance and unmatched qualities and is nowadays widely used as wine yeast starter. Nevertheless, at the moment of inoculation, wine yeasts must cope with specific stress factors that can compromise the fermentation start. The objective of this work was to elucidate the metabolic and molecular bases of multi-stress resistance during wine fermentation lag phase. We first characterized a set of commercialized wine yeast strains by focusing on stress factors typically found at this stage in red wines and in white wines. Temperature and osmotic stress had a drastic impact in lag phase for all strains whereas SO2, low lipids and thiamine had a more strain dependent effect. Based on these data, we developed two parallel approaches. Using an evolutionary engineering approach where selective pressures typically present in lag phase were applied, we obtained evolved strains with a shorter lag phase in winemaking conditions. Whole genome sequencing allowed to identify several de novo mutations potentially involved in the evolved phenotype. In parallel, a QTL mapping approach was conducted, combining an intercross strategy, industrial propagation and drying of the progeny populations and selection of the first budding cells by FACS. Both strategies allowed the identification of several allelic variants involved in cell wall, glucose transport, cell cycle and stress resistance, as important in lag phase phenotype. Overall, these results provide a deeper knowledge of the diversity and the genetic bases of yeast adaptation to wine fermentation lag phase and a framework for improving yeast lag phase. Additionally, we showed that K. marxianus has potential for mixed cultures and positive aromatic contributions under oenological conditions, opening new possibilities for further studies.Title: Stress resistance during the lag phase of wine fermentation and development of optimized yeastsKeywords: Wine fermentation, yeast, lag phase, multi-stress resistance, QTL, adaptive evolution, K. marxianus
Walker, Anne-sophie. "Diversité et adaptation aux fongicides des populations de Botrytis cinerea, agent de la pourriture grise". Thesis, Paris 11, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA112067/document.
Testo completoNatural selection is the most powerful force driving population adaptation to their environment, favoring the variants with the best fitness. Fungi generally exhibit biological traits (diversity of reproduction modes, large population sizes, and intense dispersion) that favor their adaptation to changing environments. Therefore, disentangling the mechanisms that explain their evolution under natural and anthropic constraints constitute a major challenge for plant protection, especially in the actual context of agriculture sustainability. In this thesis, we described Botrytis cinerea population structure and diversity, using neutral and selected markers and a hierarchical sampling, and proposed mechanisms that may explain these observations. We then analyzed the adaptive answer of this species towards fungicide applications. First, we showed that grey mold populations were caused by a complex of two cryptic species, living sympatrically on the same hosts. Second, B. cinerea populations are divided into five demes, according to the cropping system (directional selection), the host-plant (ecological adaptation), and to a lesser extent, by geography. On grapevine, we identified a specific populations exhibiting temporal isolation, as an evidence of extreme exploration of the viticultural conditions. Moreover, fungicide applications select resistance towards all unisite modes of action, with few exceptions, but at varying proportions according to vineyards and fungicide use. More specifically, resistance to succinate dehydrogenase inhibitors (SDHIs) is caused by at least seven mutations altering the target genes of these fungicides, and determines a large variety of phenotypes in the field. At last, we showed that fungicides did not shape population structure but that they could decrease allele richness in treated areas and lead to migration-selection equilibrium, detectable in some situation and for loci under contemporary selective pressures as clines. Modeling the evolution of resistance during winter allowed estimating fitness cost of four loci involved in contemporary fungicide resistance, such as multidrug resistance. As a conclusion, this thesis helped to understand how B. cinerea populations evolve and to detect and quantify selective mechanisms at work in natura. This information will be useful to deign sustainable and locally-adapted anti-resistance strategies
Marceau, Catherine. "Socio-sonic control, deviant musicality, and countercultural resistance in Nineteen Eighty-Four, Player Piano, and One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest". Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/69914.
Testo completoThis thesis considers three literary works from the postwar decades in which social control is omnipresent: George Orwell's Nineteen Eighty-Four, Kurt Vonnegut's Player Piano, and Ken Kesey's One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest. The analysis posits that these authors depict potential individual and collective responses to socio-sonic control, including conformism and deviance, through the musicality of their characters. My approach, grounded in theorizations related to sociology, musicology, and sound studies, develops a holistic perspective of the soundscapes of modernity that characterize the novels. This theoretical framework allows for an examination of two central notions in the narratives; namely, the institutionalization of sonic cultures for purposes of social control, and the concept of musicality as part of a deviant career. My main argument is that Orwell, Vonnegut, and Kesey present their characters' reception of sound as being doubly tied to their reactions to repression. On one hand, the authors represent music and sound as tools of control produced and used by authoritarian powers. In the novels, such powers enforce socio-sonic norms that support a social system based on the subjugation of the population under a hegemonic ideology. On the other hand, the authors present musicality as means of resistance: they interlink their protagonists' deviant reactions vis-à-vis sound and their countercultural postures. Music and sound are an integral part of Orwell's, Vonnegut's, and Kesey's prose; I argue that, through their portrayals of musicality, they foreground the possibility for individual agency and countercultural resistance to oppose authoritarianism. The thesis offers an innovative approach to the narratives, as its theoretical interdisciplinarity leads to new considerations illuminating the relationship between socio-sonic control and deviant musicality in postwar anti-authoritarian dystopias.
Brand, Magdalena. ""Boxer Bangui" : les femmes libres aux frontières des politiques sexuelles de l'expatriation française en Centrafrique". Thesis, Paris 8, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA080102/document.
Testo completoDuring my fieldwork, I lived in the LATIN QUARTERS in Bangui (Central African Republic), named SOWETO, where women are head of household. Other people call them « FREE WOMEN, BECAUSE THEY USE THEIR FREEDOM SO MUCH, IT BECOMES PEJORATIVE ». To earn their living, they work every night in the recreational areas of French expatriates, bars, restaurants and downtown nightclubs, as domestic workers, waitresses, prostitutes and cooks. The purpose of this thesis is to analyze power relations that structure sexual-economic exchanges between French expatriate men and Central-African women in Bangui. The research will lead to analyze sexual and domestic work of Central-African women as the heart of the construction of the French expatriate community, and of the existence of a class of women who, between constraints and search for autonomy, negotiate the value of their lives in the city.« If people say that you are a whore, you hear them but you shut your ears, because inside you, you know why you do it: for the future. It’s a job. You do it for what you have decided to be in your heart »
Shili, Seïma. "Contrôle des circuits d’équilibrage des systèmes de stockage d’énergie (supercondensateurs) en vue d’estimer et d’améliorer leur durée de vie". Thesis, Lyon, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LYSE1124/document.
Testo completoEnergy storage system such as supercapacitors are widely used in high power applications. However, due to single cell voltage limitation, an energy storage system (module) is often employed. It contains a chain structure of identical elements and ensures voltage adaptation to the corresponding application requirements. Energy management systems are associated to energy storage systems in order to assure user and equipment security. Their main role is to monitor and control energy storage systems elements continuously. The work presented aims to enhance the lifetime of energy storage systems. It relies on establishing balancing circuits on the terminals of the storage system elements. These control circuits are energy management system devices. Thus, various control approaches are discussed, analyzed and compared. They aim to estimate the supercapacitor's state of health. In addition, a new approach of balancing circuits is proposed. It is based on estimating the level of degradation of the elements. Thus, It allows aging speed equalization between module elements and storage system lifetime maximization. Some main results of the work could be generalized to batteries
Houin, Geoffroy. "Développement d’amplificateurs sur substrats flexibles à partir de transistors organiques à effet de champ". Thesis, Bordeaux, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017BORD0588/document.
Testo completoOrganic field effect transistors (OFETs) have huge potential in the applications of future electronics, such as flexible circuits and displays or medical application. However, stability and performances of OFETs need to be improved, so as to reach the real market applications.First objective of this work is to realize air stable OFETs with state of the art performance. To that end, several approaches have been applied with special focus on process simplification. Small molecule, dinaphtho[2,3-b:2',3‘-f]thieno[3,2-b]thiophene (DNTT) has been chosen as the active layer for all devices studies. Metal electrodes in combination with oxide interfacial layers were investigated to decrease the contact resistance, which not only affects eventual mobility that can be achieved but also complicates circuit design. A systematic study was carried out to fabricate high capacitance dielectric layer and passivating the surface with proper interfacial layers. These approaches allowed to obtain high performance OFET on plastic substrate with high mobility (2.4cm2.V-1.s-1), high current on/off ratio (> 106), low threshold voltage and no hysteresis As the second objective, OFET devices were simulated using GoldenGate (with Cadence Virtuoso® environment) to derive relevant parameters, which helped to design amplifier circuit. Finally, passive component (resistance) has been developed and final circuit was realized and characterized
Saporiti, Lionel. "Comprendre des vies de plus de dix ans dans la rue par une approche biographique menée dans la durée". Thesis, Strasbourg, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015STRAG007/document.
Testo completoRooted in an ethnosociological tradition and from a comprehensive perspective, this thesis is based on the analysis of the conditions of existence of ten men 'homeless' living on the Street outside the channels of assistance for at least a decade.The aim of this thesis was to collect on their place of life, the testimony of these men who feed this paradigm on the great 'exclusion '; same one making them, these " useless to the world " frequently present as human beings «desocialized», reluctant to all social action, under the influence of a psychic pathology explaining their situation of (auto) "exclusion". It was done to try to break these representations to the principle of this " negative individuality ' to understand proponents but especially outs of such lives, and to better show all logic in action in order to survive to their condition of existence subhuman and the effects of decommissioning by the phenomenon of social regression.To do that, and from a methodological point of view, the biographical approach was privileged by adopting the technique of the narrative of repeated life with observations in situ. The peculiarity of the method chosen was to be engaged over time, often over several months, in order to analyze in detail their social trajectories to ultimately discover, despite the uniqueness of people and their life stories, this common form of resistance in the interstices of the social space. Resistance based on identity renegotiation using reminiscences of a past of prior to the drop, well presented in the speech and acts, to let this continuity to be despite the circumstances and this saving constance in itself
Rodriguez, Virginie. "Contributions à la modélisation de l’intrusion publicitaire perçue dans le cas de la téléphonie mobile". Thesis, Paris 2, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019PA020019.
Testo completoWith the advent of the Internet, consumers are now exposed to a large number of adverts that most of the time they consider as intrusive and disrespectful of their privacy. This research aims to determine in what way(s) the intrusion of advertising perceived by the consumer can be mitigated. The results of this work, stemming from a qualitative exploratory study based on 32 individuals (advertisers, communication agencies, experts and consumers) and an experiment based on 655 respondents, confirms the general hypotheses according to which perceived usefulness and congruence may have an influence on the perceived intrusion, which in turn, will act on the attitude of the consumer in relation to mobile advertising
Hakem, Naoual. "Etude de l'interaction des dommages de fatigue et de deformation progressive : effet d'un chargement primaire (entraction) sur la resistance a la fatigue oligocyclique en torsion de l'acier 304l a temperature ambiante". Paris 6, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987PA066422.
Testo completoLecoq, Lauriane. "Etudes par RMN des L,D-transpeptidases bactériennes : structure, dynamique et compréhension de leur inhibition par les beta-lactames". Phd thesis, Université de Grenoble, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00819829.
Testo completoOsman, Thaer. "Simulation de l'usure et d'avaries sur des dentures d'engrenages cylindriques : Influence sur le comportement statique et dynamique de transmission par engrenages". Phd thesis, INSA de Lyon, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00760062.
Testo completoLalève, Anaïs. "Impacts biochimiques et biologiques de mutations dans le gène sdhB codant la sous-unité B de la succinate déshydrogénase chez le champignon phytopathogène Botrytis cinerea". Thesis, Paris 11, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA112077.
Testo completoSuccinate dehydrogenase is both a key enzyme of the TCA cycle, oxidizing succinate into fumarate and complex II of the mitochondrial respiratory chain involved in electron transfer and ubiquinone reduction. Inhibitors of this enzyme (SDHIs) have been developed or are in the developmental process as fungicides. Actually, SDHIs are registered to deal with Botrytis cinerea, a phytopathogenic fungus responsible for grey mold on many crops including grapevine. Strains of B. cinerea and other pathogenic fungi have been isolated for their resistance to SDHI. They mainly harbor mutations in genes encoding SDH subunits. During this thesis, we studied the impact of mutations modifying subunit B of succinate dehydrogenase on enzyme activity, fungal biology and resistance to SDHIs. “Isogenic” mutants obtained through site-directed mutagenesis and homologous recombination allowed us to confirm the role of sdhB mutations in SDHIs resistance. Our results also show that the substitutions in the SdhB subunit impact respectively the affinity of SDHIs to SDH and the inhibition levels of SDH activity by inhibitors, which explain – in fine – the resistance spectra observed for the mutants. Up to now, all sdhB mutants are resistant to boscalid and the most frequent mutants observed in grapevines, sdhBH272R/Y, are susceptible to fluopyram. Studies on sdhB mutants reveal that the mutations also impact the enzymatic activity and the fungal development depending on the substitution. In particular, sdhBH272L/R mutations have the strongest impact on enzyme activity and the fitness of the fungus, whereas these parameters are almost not altered in the sdhBH272Y mutant. Finally, grey mold populations from different origins (country, plant host) were analyzed for their SDHI resistance pheno- and genotypes. Yet, the sdhBH272R/Y mutants were the most frequent, but these frequencies varied according to the agronomical situation. Interestingly, the frequencies of the sdhBH272R mutant seem to increase with the selective pressure exerted by fungicides. This mutant is of particular interest because of the absence of correlation between the fitness we measured and the frequencies we observed in natura
Zaenker, Pierre. "Effets de l'entraînement à haute intensité associé au renforcement musculaire sur les capacités physiques et la qualité de vie chez les patients atteints de sclérose en plaques". Thesis, Strasbourg, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017STRAJ047/document.
Testo completoAfter being contraindicated, physical activity take an increasingly important place in the management of multiple sclerosis (MS). The training at mild to moderate intensity is widely documented, contrary to the high intensity training. This work has focused on the effects of high intensity interval training combined with resistance training during 12 weeks in 26 MS patients. Our results show that peak oxygen consumption, maximum tolerated power, isokinetic muscle strength in both quadriceps and hamstrings and quality of life are improved. Women show more important and more numerous improvements than men, however, the disability level does not seem to limit improvements. Our work has demonstrated that high intensity interval training combined with resistance training is well tolerated and allows physical capacities and quality of life improvements
Perez, Pauline. "Les intermittents du travail". Thesis, Jouy-en Josas, HEC, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014EHEC0007/document.
Testo completoBased on the results of a 3-year field study among a population of occasional French workers named after the researcher "Intermittents du travail", this research aims at understanding what is expected from today's work and what is rejected in the way executives experience it. After achieving brillant studies and a successful career start as executives in a big company, the "Intermittents du travail" left everything to come and live on the French West Coast,attempting to design a new way of working which would grant less space to work and more space to private activities. We choose the theoretical framework of the French psychosociology of work and the clinical practical approach that underlies it (Lhuilier et al.,2013) to interpret the data. By conceiving work transitions as an intricacy between resistance and creation processes, both at micro-and macro-social levels, this approach enables us to unveil some mecanisms potentially harmful in today's work that would make top-level workers deeply unsatisfied about the true nature of a work they had dreamt of and idealized during so many years before.Furthermore, the analysis of the transition's aftermaths reveals the critical aspects of what a "good job" should consist in as appositive to the "bullshit job" (Graeber,2013)these people experienced previously: the importance of working as a craftsman in every situation- which means to be concerned by the beauty and the quality of work, both using the head and the hands (Sennette,2010)-, the art of unravelling, the capacity of balancing work activities with leisure ones and,among others
Gerstel, Audrey. "Stress oxydant chez E. Coli : maturation du régulateur transcriptionnel SoxR : effet du dioxyde de carbone sur le stress au péroxyde d'hydrogène". Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015AIXM4115/document.
Testo completoSoxR is a [2Fe-2S] cluster-containing transcriptional regulator that mounts the adaptive response allowing E. coli to tolerate superoxide-propagating compounds. When cells are exposed to redox cycling drugs the Fe-S cluster of SoxR undergoes a reversible univalent oxidation to yield the oxidized active protein. The only known target of SoxR is the soxS gene that is itself a transcriptional regulator activating the expression of more than 100 genes including those for superoxide and antibiotic resistance. I showed that the machinery used to mature SoxR under phenazine methosulfate (PMS) exposition, a redox cycling drug, was different depending on the environmental conditions used. In aerobiosis, the SUF machinery ensured SoxR maturation, while in anaerobiosis the ISC machinery was required. I also monitored the implication of SoxR, the ISC and SUF machineries, in antibiotic resistance induced by PMS exposition. I showed that E. coli can resist to norfloxacin under PMS exposition in a SoxR-dependent manner whatever the Fe-S cluster biogenesis machinery available. Last, I studied the impact of environmental conditions, such as atmospheric CO2 concentration, on the ability of E. coli to cope with oxidative stress. I have experimentally tested the predictions obtained by a mathematical model that simulates ROS dynamics. I showed that carbon dioxide has a protective effect on hydrogen peroxide stress likely by scavenging the radical hydroxyl produced by the Fenton reaction
Dufour, Marie-Cécile. "Etude de l'efficacité des défenses de différents génotypes de Vitis induites par élicitation face à la diversité génétique de bioagresseurs (Plasmopara viticola et Erysiphe necator) : du gène au champ". Thesis, Bordeaux 2, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011BOR21847/document.
Testo completoPowdery (Erysiphe necator) and downy mildew (Plasmopara viticola) are very important grapevine diseases (Vitis vinifera). These two biotrophic pathogens, which are native to the United States, infect green vine tissues and cause significant economic loss as well as environmental damage through the repetitive applications of fungicides. To reduce their environmental impact efforts should be made to develop strategies to protect innovative alternative or complementary to reduce pesticide inputs.In this study, the efficacy and the role of Benzothiadiazole (BTH), a salicylic acid analogue, and two phosphonate derivatives strengthen plant defence mechanisms against various isolates of downy and powdery mildews (Plasmopara viticola and Erysiphe necator). These compounds showed differences in their efficacy depending on the variability of mildews and highly dependent on plant genetics, environmental conditions and selection pressure. The plant defense stimulation could be an alternative or additional method to traditional pest management in the grapevine.Tools “BioMolChem” were developed to better assess the defence status of the plant defences in vitro and in natura. Transcript kinetics of selected defence-related genes and polyphenol contents profiles, during Vitis vinifera-biotrophic pathogen interaction, were characterized, and the impact of pathogen diversity was investigated in the absence or presence of elicitation. In vineyard, under strong pathogen pressures, it is thus possible to protect leaves and clusters, with SDP and assays of association or alternation with conventional fungicides show the potential interest of the use of these SDP in the vineyard.The grapevine defense mechanisms are complex, depending on the elicitor, leading to the coordinated accumulation of pathogenesis-related proteins (PR), the production of phytoalexins, and the reinforcement of plant cell walls.On the way, within the framework of an innovative and sustainable viticulture, the SDP was applied to hybrid genotypes (V. vinifera x M. rotundifolia). We reveal that according to the level of intrinsic resistance of the genotypes (more or less resistant to powdery and to downy mildew), it is possible to increase the level of the expressed resistance. The SDP could become allies of interest in the use of partially resistant grapevine varieties.The present findings provide insights into the potential use of transcripts and stilbenes as markers of the defense status of grapevine leaves with or without elicitation or infection, which should allow us to exploit and develop a better use of elicitors in alternative or complementary strategies in grapevine pest management
Laporte, Julie. "Etude et modélisation de l'endurance électrique de micro-contacts soumis à des sollicitations de fretting-usure : caractérisation de nouveaux dépôts base Argent". Thesis, Lyon, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LYSEC034/document.
Testo completoAdvanced instrumentation in mechanical systems (aeronautical, automobile etc…) goes hand in hand with an ever increased use of electrical connectors. However, the unfavorable operating environment (chemical attack and vibrational loads) causes more or less severe degradation of electrical contacts, which in turn perturbs their electrical conductivity. Gold plating is usually applied in electrical contacts in order to limit damage and to ensure connector stability. However, economic constraints and the high cost of gold require cheaper alternatives. Amongst conductive metals, silver is the best candidate. Hence, the purpose of this PhD project is to investigate the electrical response and the degradation of silver coatings when subjected to fretting loadings. The study is divided into three main research axes. The first axis consists in realizing a complete study of a homogeneous silver/silver contact in order to identify the degradation mechanisms that are responsible for the electrical failure, both in fretting loadings and reciprocating sliding. It was possible to formalize a predictive model, using an energy density approach, allowing to extrapolate the lifetime of the contact as a function of various loading parameters. A complementary study also showed the impact of a corrosive sulfur atmosphere on these electric contacts. As part of the second research axis, an investigation of the tribological and electrical behavior of novel silver-based materials, solely synthesized as a gold replacement, was performed. The analysis of these homogeneous contacts allowed to explain the degradation mechanism and the mechanical behavior of these contacts when subjected to a wet environment. In the last research axis a study was led on the same silver-based materials but in a heterogenous configuration against a gold coating in order to identify the tribological and electrical behavior of these contacts when composed by materials with similar or opposite properties
Ionescu, Adrian M. "Modèles et méthodes associes a la caractérisation électrique du tmos : application aux technologies SOI". Grenoble INPG, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997INPG0009.
Testo completoHemmer, Caroline. "Développement et utilisation de nanobodies dirigés contre le Grapevine fanleaf virus (GFLV) en lutte antivirale et comme biocapteur in planta". Thesis, Strasbourg, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015STRAJ085/document.
Testo completoDue to their small size, high stability and strict monomeric nature, Nanobodies (Nbs) deriving from camelids heavy chain only antibodies have proven very valuable as diagnostic and therapeutic tools. However their use in agro biotechnology remains limited.In order to apply Nbs to the study and the control of grapevine fanleaf degeneration, I produced acollection of Nbs against Grapevine fanleaf virus (GFLV), the causal agent of this devastating disease worldwide.When fused to a fluorescent protein and stably expressed in plants, one of these Nbs (calledChromobody, Cb) conferred high resistance to GFLV, whether inoculated mechanically or by vector-mediated transmission.The identification of an isolate overcoming the resistance but still bound by the Cb allowed real-time tracking of the infection showing the high potential of Cbs as biosensors.The cryoEM structure of the Nb/GFLV complex was obtained at 2,8 Å and provides a clear picture of the footprint of the Nb on the surface of the GFLV capsid.These results pave the way for the innovative use of Nbs to unravel viral life cycle and to counter viral diseases
Ito, Tadashi. "Le temps dans les essais d'Albert Camus". Thesis, Paris 3, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA030063.
Testo completoTo this day, there have been written numerous and remarkable studies which analyze the literary, philosophical, journalistic, and epistolary texts of Albert Camus from diverse perspectives : stylistic, narratological, linguistic, psychoanalytical, symbolic, thematic, biographical, intertextual, sociological, political, esthetic, ethical, philosophical, among others. Rare are studies which examine the idea and the image of time as conceived by this 20th century French writer, as evidenced in his philosophical-literary essays. Camus considers the conception of time by associating it with the circular movement of the Mediterranean world, beautiful and eternal, and that of the cosmos (Betwixt and Between, Nuptials), with the functioning of the human conscience which hopes, remembers, rebels (The Myth of Sisyphus), or with the course of both human and European history (The Rebel). By studying the complete works of Camus, especially, the following four essays—Betwixt and Between, Nuptipals, The Myth of Sysiphus, and The Rebel— our thesis aims to study three temporal notions which have not received sufficient critical attention: eternity, triple temporality (past, present, and future), and historical time
Azzimonti, Gustavo. "Diversification de la résistance quantitative à la rouille brune du blé, à partir de la caractérisation des composantes de la résistance". Phd thesis, AgroParisTech, 2012. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00803279.
Testo completoGros, Emmeline. "The Southern Gentleman and the Idea of Masculinity: Figures and Aspects of the Southern Beau in the Literary Tradition of the American South". Digital Archive @ GSU, 2010. http://digitalarchive.gsu.edu/english_diss/64.
Testo completoZenati, Ali. "Gestion haut niveau et suivi en ligne de l'état de santé des batteries lithium-ion". Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012LORR0391/document.
Testo completoLithium-ion batteries are considered nowadays as the optimal issue for the energy storage systems, it is mainly due to their high energy and power density. Their performances, lifetime, and reliability are related and depend on the operating conditions such as the temperature and requested current by the application. And in order to track the evolution of the ageing of the battery, the determination of its State-Of-Health -SOH- is a major function to consider. This thesis presents both methodologies and techniques developed for the management of the lifetime of lithium-ion battery, and more particularly the assessment of its state-of-health, based on its own main parameters which are the capacity and the ohmic resistance. This approach allows to switch from a static SOH (based on a predefined ageing model, which take into account the calendar and cycling ageing of the battery, according to some characteristics such as the temperature and the courant of the battery tracked in real time) to a dynamic SOH (self-adaptive) using an online assessment of the previous parameters according to the operating conditions. The first chapter is an overview about the lithium-ion technology: characteristics, performances, cell design, choice and nature of the electrodes... The operating principle with the general equations are also developed. The second chapter is a state of the art of the lifetime prediction methodologies with the different kinds of classification of models and prediction techniques. Then in the third chapter, we will discuss our methodologies and the developed techniques, such as the use of statistics, fuzzy logic and rules of ageing to assess a dynamic state of health of the battery, which not only does take into account the static SOH (calendar and cycling ageing), but also considers the evolution of the ohmic resistance and the capacity of the battery, depending on the time and the operating conditions. This allows taking into consideration unlikely phenomena. Finally, in the last chapter, we will expose obtained results from validation tests. These tests were done under a power electrical testbench and a rapid prototyping testbench with real cells
Grosso, Stéphane. "Revêtements architecturés de Ti, TiN et TiO élaborés par pulvérisation cathodique au défilé sur des fils en acier inoxydable : relation entre la composition chimique, la microstructure et les propriétés d'usage". Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017GREAI083/document.
Testo completoThis thesis treats of the functionalization of stainless steel wires with colored Ti-based coatings, grown by PVD with a cylindrical magnetron, their chemical and morpho-structural characterization, and the evaluation of the chemico-mechanical durability of the coated wires.First, the deposition rate and the chemical composition of the films are determined under static conditions. Cathode plasma heterogeneities are demonstrated and related to parameters such as power, pressure and polarization of auxiliary anodes.Then, Ti, TiN and TiOx monolayer coatings are grown continuously. The relationship between the color of TiN and its chemical composition is established and golden color is obtained for stoichiometric films with low oxygen content (<5% at.). Microstructures are studied with TEM-ASTAR and orientation maps are obtained with a nanometric resolution. While TiN coatings are columnar with <111> texture, Ti grains are rather equiaxed and <0001> oriented. With a 650 ° C substrate temperature, substrate elements diffuse into the films which results in Laves phase formation. TiOx is grown in metallic mode, presents interference colors and a composition close to monoxide. TiN coated surfaces display high corrosion resistance similar to 316L stainless steel, unlike Ti and TiOx coated wires. The toughness and the adhesion energy of the coatings are determined by SEM in-situ tensile tests: Ti and TiN are particularly adherent to the substrate in contrast to TiOx.Finally, coatings are architectured with the addition of a titanium interlayer between the substrate and the ceramic coating. Thus, Ti-TiOx film adhesion is greatly superior compared to the TiOx monolayer (5 to 200 J/m2). Finally, microstructural and electrochemical studies show that a key parameter of corrosion resistance is the presence of open porosity in the coatings
Richieri, Raphaëlle. "Substrats neuro-fonctionnels de la stimulation magnétique transcrânienne répétitive dans la dépression pharmaco-résistante". Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014AIXM5026.
Testo completoTreatment-resistance is a common outcome of a major depressive episode. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation has been put forward as a new technique to treat this debilitating illness. The first objective of our thesis was to characterize the functional substrates of treatment-resistant depression (TRD) using SPECT technique, in order to identify specific patterns of brain abnormalities. In a second part, based on existing work on the antidepressant mechanisms of rTMS, we investigated the predictive value of two neurofunctional biomarkers: SPECT and EEG. Finally, we studied brain SPECT perfusion changes underlying therapeutic efficiency and improvement of quality of life, as currently recommended. Our results showed the existence of a common pattern of brain perfusion in treatment-resistant patients involving the fronto-temporal regions and the cerebellum, regardless the type of depression. At baseline, SPECT brain perfusion and alpha EEG band power could predict individual clinical improvement in TRD-patients treated with rTMS. Regardless the stimulated side, the antidepressant efficacy of rTMS consisted in similar changes in cerebral perfusion. Finally, our results have identified distinct dysfunctional brain regions and confirm the interest of a complementary approach to depression, by assessing quality of life
Delaux, David. "L'ingénierie de fiabilité dans le cycle de vie des systèmes mécatroniques automobiles Synthesis and validation of accelerated vibration durability tests Validation de la fiabilité des modules de refroidissement moteur par une personnalisation des essais vibratoire, choc thermique et pression cyclée Highly accelerated testing". Thesis, Normandie, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019NORMIR10.
Testo completoThis research proposes new tools for designers of automotive mechatronic systems. These new methods are linked with the Product Life Cycle which can be described by: Predictive Reliability, Experimental Reliability and Operational Reliability. Three problematics are exposed : 1. How can we judge the severity of a failure observed in aggraved test HALT? An equivalent fatigue damage approach is used and realized on concrete case of converter/inverter. 2. How can we take into account the variability of the material and the environment in the Arrhenius’ model ? Three statistical models are built and used on a mechatronic sensor in climatic test. 3. Thanks Financial data of warranty cost, how can we estimate the system reliability performance ? Two new probabilistic models are introduced and applied on concrete warranty returns
Julien, Valérie. "Le sujet à l’épreuve de la guérison, une intégrité affective au fondement de notre consistance". Thesis, Lyon, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LYSE3067/document.
Testo completoInstinct tells us that sickness is an ill from which we must recover, but we must know if instinct is enough to explain what is evident, in other words, if reason can even account for what resists its hold on rationality. In short, if it's possible to argue "with reason" on a question which, from the outset, involves the subject. This work falls within the scope of hermeneutic phenomenology. It questions the critical life experience of confronting "serious illness", meaning an illness that "nature" cannot cure, and looks at what the effort required to recover teaches us about our humanity. Separate from the perspective which seeks to identify “the essence of the cure,” my aim is to interpret what is at play in the subject's personality, who undertakes to recover, in other words maintains their commitment, independently of the objective conditions for recovery. As taking into consideration both individual and collective health requirements could mask the subjective element of the relationship to health in the growing importance accorded to the concept of care and ‘’good’’ care. With the best intentions in the world health research could avoid the question of the subject's participation in defining "living well" and transform itself into a new attempt to normalize humanity. I have chosen to examine the conditions for the possibility of and upholding of our resistance as a subject for the confrontation with illness strips us of our power and obliges us to make a stand for life, for a meaning to life, despite being exposed to death. The moment of truth – and in this sense an event – where the self of the subject, is at stake. Faced with illness, the subject experiences an ordeal which is intimately bound to their attitude to life, which itself is no longer evident. I try to throw some light on which subject medical practice addresses to elicit interrogation and if possible to open a new area of resources for people responsible for healing. Resources which lead to a rethinking of our relationship to sensitive subjects and the illusion of one’s compassionate control. Resources which reconsider the subject’s capacity to resist “the way things are”. Resources which make and remake the vital link to life, of which the primary test for us is always “emotional,” convinced that if the subject alone decides their recovery, none can heal alone.My reasoning will explore the entrenchment, or not, of the subject in the affectivity of life, look again at the potential or necessary link between affectivity and liberty as well as the connection between the one and the other to responsibility.This will lead us to question the paradigm of resilience to consider the subject's capacity for integration, to question guilt as the norm which regulates the moral conscience and disaffection with love in order to remain master of one's self.I want to show that the phenomenon of resilience does not permit the hypothesis of a possible integrity of the subject; resilience can also be considered as an artifact produced by an individual who assembles an attitude to the disaster residing in them and destroying them bit by bit.I put forward the, without doubt thorny, hypothesis, that guilt is an accomplice of the physical and moral ill and thereby alters a resistant subject's ability to confront the situation. That emotional integrity, “at the heart of the subject” has always preceded the ill and affirms before any destructiveness and negativity a “generosity of self.”Lastly, I will explore the ability to love as a reality of the highest importance to consider the integrity of a subject, filled with the love of life who undertakes to spread "good". From this, comes this generosity, this is what, in the framework of our research, we call “healing.”
Falardeau, Audrey-Maude. "« Vite, ralentissez ! » : enjeux identitaires, temporels et matériels des slow mags dans l’écologie médiatique québécoise". Thèse, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/22463.
Testo completoCastanho, Ana Lídia Vargas. "Implicações do processamento na qualidade nutricional e organolética de 3 variedades tradicionais de feijão comum". Master's thesis, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.26/19420.
Testo completoCommon beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) is one of the most consumed legume worldwide. In Portugal there is a great diversity of this legume, although unknown to the average consumer. The estimated daily intake of legumes in Portugal between 2008 and 2012 was 0.6% far below the 4% recommended. Given this low value it is urgent to increase the intake of this food type, particularly through the promotion of innovative forms of consumption and the valorization of its nutritional and organoleptic characteristics. In addition to convenience, the organoleptic and nutritional quality are the factors that most influence consumer choice. Different culinary techniques can play an important role in order to maximize the nutritional quality and give new sensory characteristics to the product, making it more attractive to the consumer. In this work the behavior of three traditional Portuguese varieties (Moleiro, Patalar and Tarrestre) was studied in order to understand its potential in terms of consumption as human food. There were made physicochemical analysis in order to evaluate how the types of processing used in restoration (common cooking , cooking in a pressure cooker or vacuum cooking ) influence the nutritional and organoleptic characteristics, as well as other parameters that can influence the consumption of this food ( hydration capacity, cooking time). The values obtained for the percentage of protein, fats, resistant starch and tocopherols, were significantly different (p < 0.05) between bean varieties; processing had effect on these values, however among the processing types no significant differences were observed ( p < 0.05). It was concluded that Tarrestre beans had the highest cooking time (> 120min ) and the firmest texture for all types of processing when subjected to texture analysis. From the analysis of texture and grain integrity it was concluded that the low-pressure cooking can better maintain the grain structure and its appearance.