Tesi sul tema "Villages – Japon"

Le déclin des communautés rurales menacées de désertification est un des principaux problèmes sociaux des pays industrialisés. Les vagues de modernisation y ont bousculé la vie traditionnelle de nombreux villages. Face à cela des citoyens ont lancé des initiatives dont nous avons fait le terrain d’expérimentation de notre thèse. Nous mobilisons à cet effet des théories pour analyser l’une d’entre elles, celle dite « Les Plus Beaux Villages ». Le concept des « Plus Beaux Villages » a été construit pour un projet de redynamisation selon un modèle différent de ceux fondés sur la croissance économique. Nous montrons quels sont les ressorts de sa mise en œuvre en nous appuyant sur les théories de l'innovation. Ces théories, d’abord introduites dans le domaine du changement technologique et de la croissance économique ont été étendues à d’autres champs et plus récemment à l’analyse des dynamiques qui transforment la société. Cette extension a recouru à plusieurs disciplines et a donné naissance au concept d'innovation sociale qui nous sert à analyser la dynamique complexe du développement local. Cette thèse permet donc de « proposer et étayer par des cas d’expérimentation réussie, un argumentaire puisé dans l’ensemble des théories de l’innovation et adapté à la mise en œuvre et au décryptage de changements propres à redynamiser des petites communautés rurales. » En confrontant des arguments théoriques et pratiques, notre recherche met en évidence que la démocratisation économique et politique d’une part et de la coopération étendue à un grand nombre d’acteurs, internes et externes, d’autre part, sont les facteurs essentiels du développement local des villages
The decline of rural communities threatened by desertification is one of the main social problems of industrialized countries. Waves of modernization have disrupted the traditional way of life in many villages. Faced with this, citizens have launched initiatives that we have made the experimental field of our thesis. To this end, we have mobilized a number of theories to analyze one of these initiatives, known as the "Most Beautiful Villages". The "Plus Beaux Villages" concept was developed for a revitalization project based on a different model from those based on economic growth. We show what drives its implementation, drawing on theories of innovation. These theories, first introduced in the field of technological change and economic growth, have been extended to other fields, and more recently to the analysis of dynamics that transform society. This extension has drawn on several disciplines, giving rise to the concept of social innovation, which we use to analyze the complex dynamics of local development. The aim of this thesis is to "propose and support, through cases of successful experimentation, an argument drawn from the whole range of innovation theories and adapted to the implementation and deciphering of changes designed to revitalize small rural communities". By comparing theoretical and practical arguments, our research shows that economic and political democratization on the one hand, and cooperation involving a large number of internal and external actors on the other hand, are essential factors in the local development of the villages

This dissertation is an analysis of population and households of a village in Northeast Japan, using historical documents from the period between 1760 and 1870. The population of the village increased 1.73-fold in 110 years with the average growth rate of 0.50 per cent per annum. In general, the population shifted from a low pressure regime characterized by relatively low fertility and low mortality to a high pressure regime with high fertility and high mortality. Fertility was found to be the driving force of the population growth, but high mortality slowed down the growth between 1800 and 1835. Migration played only a minor role. However, migration made a significant impact on the population growth through fertility by changing the nature of service. The increase in fertility resulted mainly from changes in marital fertility rather than changes in nuptiality. The most important factor contributing to the increase in marital fertility was the transformation of labor from servants with yearly contracts to day laborers which increased couple's exposure to the risk of childbearing by affecting coital frequency. In addition, increased employment opportunities and improved wages, which were brought about by the development of market economy and small-scale industry centering around a highly profitable cash crop, safflower, had a positive effect on marital fertility. The number of households increased 1.50-fold throughout the period. An increase in the number of lower class households was solely responsible for the increase in the number of households of the village. The mean household size rose from 4.8 to 5.6. The household size was positively associated with socio-economic status. As in the case of fertility, increased employment opportunities and improved wages were primarily responsible for the increase in the number of households and in the household size. Namely, the increased employment opportunities and improved wages made peasants, especially those of the lower class, less dependent on land, and allowed them to establish new branch households more easily. The most frequently-encountered household types were simple and multiple family households, the two types combined accounting for over 70 per cent of all households of the village. The proportion of multiple family households increased throughout the period, whereas the proportion of simple family households declined.

Aquesta recerca se centra en la representació de la cultura tradicional ainu en museus a l’aire lliure, parcs culturals i pobles reconstruïts al Japó actual. El seu principal objectiu és explorar com aquests llocs estan contribuint a la redefinició de la cultura ainu a través de pràctiques de turistificació i mercantilització. La tesi sosté que, més enllà de les connotacions negatives associades a aquestes pràctiques, els museus a l’aire lliure, els parcs culturals i els pobles reconstruïts poden operar com a vehicles complexos on la identitat ainu es negocia contínuament a través de la recreació i representació de la seva cultura tradicional. En aquest sentit, la tesi revisa els relats històrics sobre els ainu, la consciència política moderna i la revitalització cultural de les seves comunitats, i la recepció de la seva cultura a Europa, específicament, a Itàlia, a través de la consideració històrica de la seva influència en el col·leccionisme d’art, i la seva representació contemporània a les obres de l’intel·lectual italià Fosco Maraini i el seu important paper en la difusió de la cultura ainu més enllà del Japó. La museïtzació i la turistificació poden formar part d’un procés de mercantilització de la tradició cultural ainu, les conseqüències del qual poden semblar problemàtiques i essencialment negatives. No obstant això, aquesta tesi sosté que també hi ha un aspecte constructiu en aquest procés, no exempt de problemàtiques, mitjançant el qual la cultura tradicional pot combinar-se amb elements contemporanis més fàcilment accessibles i transformar-se en béns comercialitzables amb finalitats turístiques que preservin la seva existència. A nivell metodològic, la tesi aplica les eines investigadores de l’anàlisi històrica i els estudis culturals, integrant l’anàlisi documental amb algunes tècniques de recerca pròpies de l’anàlisi social, especialment l’entrevista.
Esta investigación se centra en la representación de la cultura tradicional ainu en museos al aire libre, parques culturales y pueblos reconstruidos en el Japón actual. Su principal objetivo es explorar cómo estos lugares están contribuyendo a la redefinición de la cultura ainu a través de prácticas de turistificación y mercantilización. La tesis sostiene que, más allá de las connotaciones negativas asociadas a estas prácticas, los museos al aire libre, los parques culturales y los pueblos reconstruidos pueden operar como vehículos complejos en los que la identidad ainu se negocia continuamente a través de la recreación y representación de su cultura tradicional. En este sentido, la tesis revisa los relatos históricos sobre los ainu, la conciencia política moderna y la revitalización cultural de sus comunidades, y la recepción de su cultura en Europa, específicamente, en Italia, a través de la consideración histórica de su influencia en el coleccionismo de arte, y su representación contemporánea en las obras del intelectual italiano Fosco Maraini y su importante papel en la difusión de la cultura ainu más allá de Japón. La musealización y la turistificación pueden formar parte de un proceso de mercantilización de la tradición cultural ainu cuyas consecuencias pueden parecer problemáticas y esencialmente negativas. Sin embargo, esta tesis sostiene que también hay un lado constructivo en este proceso, no exento de problemáticas, mediante el cual la cultura tradicional puede combinarse con elementos contemporáneos más fácilmente accesibles y transformarse en bienes comercializables con fines turísticos que preserven su existencia. A nivel metodológico, la tesis aplica las herramientas investigadoras del análisis histórico y los estudios culturales, integrando el análisis documental con algunas técnicas de investigación propias del análisis social, especialmente la entrevista.
This research focuses on the representation of Ainu traditional culture in open museums, cultural parks, and reconstructed villages in contemporary Japan. Its main objective is to explore how these places are contributing to the redefinition of Ainu culture through touristification and commodification practices. The thesis contends that, beyond the negative connotations associated to these practices, open museums, cultural parks, and reconstructed villages can operate as complex vehicles in which Ainu identity is continuously negotiated through the recreation and representation of its traditional culture. In this sense, the thesis reviews the historical accounts on the Ainu, the modern political awareness and cultural revitalization of their communities, and the reception of their culture in Europe, specifically, in Italy, through the historical consideration of its influence on art collecting, and its contemporary representation in the works of the Italian intellectual Fosco Maraini and his important role in the dissemination of Ainu culture beyond Japan. Musealization and touristification may indeed be part of a process of commodification of Ainu cultural traditions, one which can come across as problematic and quintessentially negative. However, this thesis argues that there is also a constructive side to this process by means of which, while unquestionably implying a form of compromise, traditional culture can be combined with more easily accessible contemporary elements and transformed into marketable goods for touristic purposes that preserve its existence. At the methodological level, the thesis applies the research tools of historical analysis and cultural studies, integrating the documentary analysis with some research techniques of social analysis, especially the interview.
Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona. Programa de Doctorat en Traducció i Estudis Interculturals

Dans ce travail, nous nous proposons d'étudier des groupes de villages de la provinces d'Izumi durant l'époque d'Edo (1600 - 1868), afin de mettre en avant des types d'organisations sociales sortant des cadres institutionnels connus ainsi que les particularismes des localités étudiées.Ces ensembles de villages étant liés à la présence d'un sanctuaire commun (en plus des sanctuaires propres à chaque village ou hameau), nous partirons des relations établis entre ces établissements religieux et les groupes de villages qui leur sont liés, explorant le mode d’organisation des fidèles, leurs interactions avec les autorités seigneuriales ou shogunales. Nous nous intéresserons également à la structure interne du sanctuaire et les rôles des différents desservants, prêtres shintô et moine bouddhistes, notamment au travers des disputes qui les déchirent. Cela nous amènera également à nous interroger sur le rôle des organisations religieuses et tout particulièrement celui des organisations de prêtres shintô centrées sur les maisons curiales Yoshida ou Shirakawa, qui prennent leur essor durant cette époque.C’est en ce sens que nous nous pencherons sur les sanctuaires Kasuga, Hijiri, Kaminomiya et Shimonomiya, et Ôiseki. Explorant les groupes de villages qui leurs sont liés, nous nous attacherons à mettre en avant les interactions entre quatre groupes : les fidèles, le sanctuaire, les prêtres shintô et les moines bouddhistes. Cette analyse permettra de faire ressortir particularismes locaux, modes d’organisations non-institutionnels et structures internes de ces sanctuaires
This dissertation examines several groups of villages in Izumi Province during the Edo period (1600 - 1868). It seeks to elucidate the non-institutional social organizations and unique characteristics of those villages. Each of the groups of villages examined in this study were closely linked with a particular Shintô shrine. This dissertation begins by analyzing the relationship between shrines and the groups of villages with which they were linked. It will then examine the functions performed by the parishioner organizations of each shrine, as well as the relationship between parishioner organizations, on the one hand, and the local authorities and shogunate, on the other. It will also investigate each shrine’s social structure and the role of Shintô priests and Buddhists monks. This dissertation will also highlight the range of shrine-related conflicts and disputes that occurred in Izumi Province during the Edo period. Furthermore, it will examine the role that religious organizations, such as the Yoshida and Shirakawa priestly orders, played in early modern society. Specifically, this dissertation focuses on five shrines in Izumi Province: Kasuga, Hijiri, Kaminomiya, Shimonomiya, and Ôiseki. Through an examination of those five shrines, this dissertation will study the interaction between four groups: local parishioners, Shintô shrines, Shintô priests, and Buddhist monks. Such an analysis will enable us to elucidate the unique characteristics of the villages surrounding each shrine, the various non-institutional organizations that developed in those villages, and the internal social structure of each shrine

Abordé sous la forme d’une étude de cas, ce travail se situe à la croisée des trois domaines de recherche que sont l’architecturologie (l’étude du processus de création appliquée au domaine de l’architecture), l’histoire de l’architecture moderne et l’histoire du Japon moderne. Il se propose de cerner le processus de conception architecturale par lequel l’architecte tchèque naturalisé américain Antonin Raymond (1888-1976) a réalisé une synthèse entre un modernisme occidental emblématique des années 1920 et 1930 et l’habitat vernaculaire japonais, produit d’une tradition ancienne de la conception de l’espace et de la construction. Organisée en trois parties, la thèse s’ouvre sur une biographie présentant le parcours qui mène Raymond de sa Bohême natale jusqu’au Japon, en passant par les États-Unis. Elle se poursuit avec l’étude des circonstances dans lesquelles il s’établit en tant qu’architecte indépendant à Tokyo, en rendant compte de l’acquisition d’un certain nombre de moyens humains et techniques nécessaires à la pratique architecturale dans le contexte japonais. Enfin, une sélection de dix-sept villas réalisées à Tokyo et des destinations de villégiatures environnantes entre 1921 et 1938 est présentée. L’analyse architecturale détaillée de ces habitations réalisées pour une clientèle d’élite japonaise et occidentale permet d’observer les étapes du développement du processus de création architecturale qui ont permis à Antonin Raymond de proposer une architecture à dimension universelle ancrée dans un contexte local. Par le biais de l’architecture, ce travail illustre ainsi une partie des problématiques et des enjeux soulevés par le processus de modernisation qui caractérise l’histoire du Japon dans la première moitié du XXe siècle
In the form of a case study, this thesis is set at the crossroads of history of modern architecture, history of modern Japan and architecturologie (the study of the creative process applied to the field architecture). The purpose of this research is to define the design process through which Czech born American architect Antonin Raymond (1888-1976) carried out a synthesis between some of the most iconic forms of 1920s and 1930s Western modernism, and Japanese vernacular residential architecture inherited from a long tradition of space conception and construction. The thesis is structured in three parts. Starting with a biographical account of the architect’s first 32 years, the first part deals with the educational and professional journey that led Raymond from his native Bohemia to Japan, via the United States. The second part explores the circumstances of his establishment as an independent architect in Japan, and examines the human and technical means he implemented in order to set up his professional practice in the Japanese context of the 1920s. The third part gives a detailed analysis of a selection of seventeen houses designed and built between 1921 and 1938 for members of the Japanese and international elite community in Tokyo and its surrounding resort destinations. The detailed architectural analysis of these works illustrates the various stages and dimensions of Raymond’s design process, and provides insight into his own proposal for an architecture encompassing both universal and local dimensions. Through the subject of architecture, this study deals with a number of problematics and challenges brought by the process of modernisation in Japan during the first half of the 20th century

Dans ce travail, nous nous proposons d'étudier des groupes de villages de la provinces d'Izumi durant l'époque d'Edo (1600 - 1868), afin de mettre en avant des types d'organisations sociales sortant des cadres institutionnels connus ainsi que les particularismes des localités étudiées.Ces ensembles de villages étant liés à la présence d'un sanctuaire commun (en plus des sanctuaires propres à chaque village ou hameau), nous partirons des relations établis entre ces établissements religieux et les groupes de villages qui leur sont liés, explorant le mode d'organisation des fidèles, leurs interactions avec les autorités seigneuriales ou shogunales. Nous nous intéresserons également à la structure interne du sanctuaire et les rôles des différents desservants, prêtres shintô et moine bouddhistes, notamment au travers des disputes qui les déchirent. Cela nous amènera également à nous interroger sur le rôle des organisations religieuses et tout particulièrement celui des organisations de prêtres shintô centrées sur les maisons curiales Yoshida ou Shirakawa, qui prennent leur essor durant cette époque.C'est en ce sens que nous nous pencherons sur les sanctuaires Kasuga, Hijiri, Kaminomiya et Shimonomiya, et Ôiseki. Explorant les groupes de villages qui leurs sont liés, nous nous attacherons à mettre en avant les interactions entre quatre groupes : les fidèles, le sanctuaire, les prêtres shintô et les moines bouddhistes. Cette analyse permettra de faire ressortir particularismes locaux, modes d'organisations non-institutionnels et structures internes de ces sanctuaires.

Diese Dissertation demonstriert, inwiefern historisch gewachsene Strukturen sozialer Hierarchie in einer Gemeinschaft aufrechterhalten werden, während sie zugleich unterschiedliche legalisierende Rechtfertigungen und rechtlich vertretbare Erscheinungsbilder angenommen haben. Im ersten Kapitel zeige ich, dass das zeitgenössische egalitäre Prinzip der Chancengleichheit (FEO) und seine Anwendung, im Zusammenspiel mit Meritokratie, dazu führt, dass aufgrund sozialer Hierarchien existierende Unterschiede über die Zeit hinweg in politisch legitimierbare sozioökonomische Ungleichheiten übersetzt werden. Ich nähere mich dem zugrunde liegenden Mechanismus der weiterbestehenden Ungleichheit durch die Verwendung von Bourdieus Theorie der symbolischen Herrschaft und Gewalt. Er erklärt, dass auf der Grundlage der Meritokratie individuelle soziale Positionen als direkte Folgen individueller Leistungen missverstanden werden und so die Existenz sozialer Ungleichheit gerechtfertigt wird. Der Glaube an fairen sozialen Wettbewerb kann demnach dazu beitragen, existierende Strukturen sozialer Hierarchien hinter der Logik von Gleichheit und Freiheit zu verdecken. Ein Fischerdof in Japan stellt die empirische Grundlage meiner Thesis dar. Die alles überspannende Forschungsfrage lautet: Ist das Konzept vom Leben, eingebettet in FEO internalisiert und wird es von Individuen befolgt, um die existierenden Strukturen sozialer Ungleichheit der Gesellschaft zu bewahren, in der sie leben? Meine empirische Studie zeigt, dass die schon in der feudalen Ära mächtigsten Familien auch jetzt die höchsten sozialen Positionen innerhalb des Gemeinschaftsbildungsprojekts innehaben. Zudem verkennen sowohl die mächtigsten als auch die marginalisiertesten Bewohner des Dorfes ihre soziale Position innerhalb der Gemeinschaft als direkte Resultate ihres individuellen Handelns und ihrer daraus entstehenden Leistungen, haben dabei aber keinerlei bewusste Intention die feudale Machthierarchie aufrecht zu erhalten.
This doctoral research demonstrates how the structures of social hierarchy of the past have been perpetuated while acquiring different justifications and appearances in a legally justifiable manner. In the first chapter, I demonstrate that the commonly used egalitarian principle in today’s society, namely Fair Equality of Opportunity, hand in hand with meritocracy, functions as a translator of the existing structures of social hierarchy into politically justifiable disparities between individuals. I approach the un-derlying mechanism of persisting inequality by using the theory of symbolic domination proposed by Pierre Bourdieu. He explains that the existence of social inequality is justified because individual social positions are misrecognised as being the direct results of individual achievements via meritocracy. Widespread belief in fair social competition can thus contribute to concealing existing structures of social hierarchy behind the logic of equality and freedom. My thesis is empirically based on a rural fishing village in Japan. The overarching research question is: Is a concept of life as being the direct result of personal achievements internalised and acted upon by individuals to perpetuate the existing structure of social inequality in the society in which they live? My empirical study shows that the families that were powerful during the feudal era now occupy the highest social positions in the community-building project. Furthermore, both the powerful and the marginalised members of the local society accept their social positions in the community as being the direct results of their own individual achievements, without any conscious intention to perpetuate the feudal hierarchy of power. Given these affirmative answers to my research question, hermeneutically, I establish the explanatory power of my theoretical framework.

碩士
國立臺灣海洋大學
環境生物與漁業科學學系
104
The methods of reference and comparison analysis were applied to this study in order to research the history, current status, policies, subsides. Finally, we used policy science to compare the differences of the policies which they are facing. The results are summarized as follows: 1. Fishing villages are the major settlement in coastal areas and they support the development of local fishing industry in both Taiwan and Japan, as they possess rich offshore resources. For long they show distinguished values such as sustaining development of fishing industry, protection of the marine environment, border surveillance and cultural diversity. In recent years science the fisheries decaying have impact on traditional fishing villages, thus they make it and urgency for fishing villages to transform and regenerate. 2. In Taiwan, the key points of the fishing villages regeneration strategy are: (1) to encourage transformation and promotion of traditional industry by demonstrating regional cultural values (2) to upgrade facilities and welfare improving (3) manpower training of fishing village rejuvenation department through incubation projection (4) establishing funds for fishing village regeneration. The main ideas of the regeneration are bottom-up participation in regeneration and shall complete the training course of manpower training plan, before eligible to prepare the rejuvenation plan. 3. In Japan, the key points of the regeneration strategy of fishing villages are: (1) promote and transform the fishery (2) promote the aquatic products (3) to utilize natural resources of fishing villages (4) improve the environmental and facility of the harbor and the village (5) disaster-prevention capability enhancement (6) promote the communication between city and fishing village (7) talent cultivation and enhance the techniques and management of fishery (8) labor environment improvement. 4. The differences between Taiwanese and Japanese regeneration strategies is that in Taiwan fishermen establish the rejuvenation plan after complete the training course of manpower training. In Japan, The Ministry of Agriculture help to set up a revitalization project. On the rejuvenation fund, the community applies to the central government after discussion. As for Japan, a local government unit is in charge of the project and it is also where the duty to apply for a subsidy goes to. 5. The differences of “industry development and rejuvenation” between these two countries: (1) Our country devotes to industrial revival and developing leisure fisheries, but leisure fisheries seems unsafe for Japan. (2) Resource restoration is also added to the fishing-village regeneration program in Japan. (3) Unlike Japan, we don’t have a strict quality control for aquatic products and therefore causes the loss of consumer confidence. 6. Similarities and differences of “regional functions” between these two countries: (1) Our country devotes to development of fishing community but lacks improvement of the integration of its peripheral facilities. (2) Japan positively promote the symbiosis and communication between city and fishing village. 7. Similarities and differences of “manpower training to fishing-village regeneration” between these two countries: (1) Both encourage the youth to return home. (2) Our country trains villagers to take part in the regeneration project themselves through the incubation program. (3) Japan offers opportunities for long-term fishery training, strengthening the management capabilities and techniques of newcomers. 8. The financial use of fishing-village regeneration is relatively wider than Taiwan, covering fishery and its correlated industry in fishing villages and nearby counties. Yet the budget is precisely compiled by subsides, objects and plans to learn about the achievements of the program. On the other hand, our use of funds give emphasis to improvement of the fishing community, which is not very comprehensive compared to Japan.

Thesis (M.S.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1998.
Typescript. eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 233-240).

碩士
國立高雄科技大學
應用日語系
107
Military-Dependents’ Village is a very special part of collective settlement during the social development in Taiwan. Through its precious architectural type and living style we can understand the cultural diversity tolerance of Taiwanese people. Japan Edo-Tokyo Open-Air Architectural Museum is known as its reconstructed architecture and scenes of old period daily life. It will helpful to make a depth-local tourism if we take it as a reference for cultural heritage protection and preservation. The purpose of the study can be grouped into three sections which are as follows: 1. Comparing the development orientation between Kaohsiung Huangpu military dependents’ village and Japan Edo-Tokyo Open-Air Architectural Museum. 2. Exploring the intangible cultural content and reviewing the municipal policy of revitalization of Huangpu village. 3. Taking Edo-Tokyo Open-Air Architectural Museum as a reference from the aspect of preserving tangible and intangible cultural heritages. Through comparing and analyzing the reuse of historical buildings and spaces between Huangpu Village and Japan Edo-Tokyo Open-Air Architectural Museum, the results show that the policy of Huangpu Village just focuses on house repairing and maintenance; It seems there is no actual linkage between culture inheritance and the buildings. However, the houses in Japan Edo-Tokyo Open-Air Architectural Museum, through the method of presenting the old daily’s life inside the reconstructed buildings which have clear positioning on passing down the Edo culture to the future generations.