Tesi sul tema "Vidéosurveillance – Vie en mer"
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Dirrenberger, Géraldine. "Employeur, salarié et vie privée". Thesis, Montpellier 1, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012MON10032.
The border between private and professional life can be confusing. The notion of private life differs from the importance each individual allows it, it follows as well the evolution of the society. Inside the working relationship, distinguished among the subordination connection, which priority should we assign it ? If there is agreement that in the working place a remaining private sphere truly exists, how can we efficiently unite it with the productivity requirements of the working environment ? Despite a strong protection of the employee's private life, the professional sphere stepping into the private one is an additional risk to see this idea to lose its meaning. The goal of our study is to point out the changes that occurred at work especially with the use of new technologies and the difficulties experienced due to the requirements to respect the employee's personal freedom. In this context we are considering some solutions to have those two spheres working together despite the balance requirement that must oversee the working relationship
Rescan, Pierre. "Les musiciens et la mer : pour une histoire sociale de la musique à Dieppe, Pourville et Varengeville-sur-mer". Rouen, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004ROUEL469.
From the Belle Epoque to the mid 1920's, this work explores the artistic and musical life in Dieppe, Pourville and Varengeville. First part : - the musical societies, on bandstand music, fashionable, republican and children'sballs, concerts and festivals. - the happy few having summertime, amongst them :Saint-Sae͏̈ns, Fauré, Proust, Blanche, Sarah Bernardht. . . Second part : - the visits of Massenet, Monet, Debussy and Whisler - the black period (1914-1918), the mid 1920's - Roussel's workshop in Vasterival. Spanning forty years of the normand, regional and musical heritage, this work uses the lights of poetry (Symbolism/Surrealism), painting (Pre-Raphaelites/Nabis), aesthetic movements (from New to decorative Art), and progress (railway, electricity and telephone)
Le, Bohec Céline Gauthier-Clerc Michel Grémillet David. "Stratégies d'histoire de vie d'un oiseau longévif le manchot royal (Aptenodytes patagonicus) /". Strasbourg : Université Louis Pasteur, 2008. http://eprints-scd-ulp.u-strasbg.fr:8080/00000991.
Thèse soutenue sur un ensemble de travaux. Titre provenant de l'écran-titre. Bibliogr. p. 202-233.
Heimerdinger, Timo. "Der Seemann : ein Berufsstand und seine kulturelle Inszenierung (1844-2003) /". Köln : Böhlau, 2005. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb40208667p.
Ferraris, Martine. "Etude expérimentale de l'écophysiologie et la dynamique de population de la scyphoméduse Pelagia noctiluca (Forskål, 1775) en Mer Ligure Nord Occidentale". Paris 6, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA066503.
The aim of this thesis is to couple in situ observations and laboratory experiments to better understand the ecophysiology and population dynamics of the stinging scyphomedusa Pelagia noctiluca, the most abundant jellyfish in the Western Mediterranean Sea. In situ observations have revealed a constant presence of P. Noctiluca offshore, at the sea surface, at night. Whereas, only sporadic arrivals have been recorded on the beaches, by coastal monitoring. The offshore distribution of P. Noctiluca seems to depend on the hydrological characteristics of the Ligurian basis, including the distance from the shore of the Northern Current. However inshore, wind patterns and costal topography seem to play a major role. Laboratory experiments have allowed us to describe and quantify the main physiological functions of P. Noctiluca, resulting in a carbon budget for this species. P. Noctiluca is robust under numerous adverse conditions, and has a very high reproductive potential. Starved P. Noctiluca can survive for one month, continuing to spawn daily, with thousands of eggs produced per female. The life cycle of P. Noctiluca has been observed for the first time in captivity. This allowed us to observe that this species can live up to 1. 5 years and stay sexually active for at least 6 months. The constant presence of P. Noctiluca in the Ligurian Sea, combined with its longevity, resistance to unfavourable conditions and its remarkable reproductive potential, could explain recurring proliferations in the pelagic ecosystem
Perrin, Franck. "Technologie et économie du corail de Méditerranée "Corallium rubrum L. " en Gaule, du VIe au Ier siècle avant J. -C". Paris, EPHE, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995EPHEA004.
Gareau, Julie. "Les mythes dans Depuis toujours, j'entendais la mer d'Andrée Christensen". Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/42371.
Sauser, Christophe. "Les oiseaux marins polaires, sentinelles de la glace de mer : Réponses démographiques et traits d’histoire de vie". Thesis, La Rochelle, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LAROS027.
The impact of climate change on sea ice and polar ecosystems has been well recognized. However, these environments are generally difficult to study because of their extreme climate, isolation and the associated logistical difficulties. The lack of knowledge regarding the mechanisms linking the life history traits of polar organisms and sea ice variation limit our understanding of the consequences of climate change on long-lived species such as polar seabirds and sea ice ecosystems. Seabirds, generally located at the top of food webs, could however constitute sentinel species of ecosystems linked to sea ice. The objective of this thesis is to improve knowledge on the processes involved in the responses of polar marine predators to environmental variations, and mainly the mechanisms linked to sea ice. For this purpose we have based our analyses on the long-term monitoring of two polar seabirds, the snow petrel (Pagodroma nivea) and the Cape petrel (Daption capense). Both species breed in polar environments of the Southern Ocean. One is particularly dependent on sea ice for foraging (snow petrel) while the other prefers ice-free habitats (Cape petrel). During this PhD, we estimated the influence of extrinsic factors (top-down, bottom-up, local weather) and intrinsic factors (age, breeding experience, sex and colony) on the demographic responses of these two species using multi-states capture-recapture models. We also tested the influence of environmental factors on phenotypic traits (body condition and breeding phenology) of snow petrels. For the Cape petrel, we show a decrease in breeding success as well as an influence of several extrinsic parameters (sea surface temperature, predation, local weather) on this demographic parameter. We also show an increase in adult survival linked to variations of a large scale climate index, the southern annular mode. Modelling of the population dynamics using a matrix population model indicated a positive population growth rate and suggest that this species probably beneficiates from current climate changes. In snow petrels, we demonstrate the influence of sea ice and other extrinsic factors (predation, southern annular mode, local weather) as well as intrinsic factors (sex, colony, breeding experience) on multiple demographic traits (probabilities of survival, breeding, hatching, and fledging). We also show a shift (delay) in the breeding phenology of snow petrels in response to environmental changes (sea ice concentration, winds), and found that delayed reproduction negatively impacted the probability of fledging. Finally, we show that the sea ice concentration and the southern annular mode have a negative influence on the survival and body condition of juvenile snow petrels. This thesis provides new knowledge on the links between sea ice and the life history traits of two Antarctic polar seabirds characterized by specific dependence to sea ice. This knowledge helps to better understand the consequences of climate change on polar seabirds and polar ecosystems in general, and contributes to the understanding of population dynamics concerning intra-specific demographic variations at a fine spatial scale
Boër, Claire. "Travailleurs de la mer : parcours, expériences et cadres de vie des marins de Provence au XVIIIe siècle". Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019AIXM0346.
This study fits into the fields of social and labour history. The paths, experiences and lifestyles of merchant seafarers during the 18th century are at the heart of this research. We have adopted here an interdisciplinary approach and extended our questions to other Social sciences such as sociology and anthropology. By placing the actors of merchant navigations at the centre of our reflexion, we have sought to understand what it meant to be a sailor at that time. We also questioned the specificities and permanencies of Sea labour in Provence during the 18th century. The boundaries of this activity are still unclear and we believe it is important to better define them. As a professional exercise marked by uncertainty, seafaring required a constant adaptation by the people who practiced it. To better understand the living and working conditions of these men, and to question the ways they perceived them, we followed their paths, at sea, aboard ships and during stopovers, as well as on land, in their families and in various Provence’s communities such as Marseille, Martigues and Cannes. The professional and extra-professional practices of these men allowed them to negotiate the rules and conditions of their daily work. Eventually, their individual and collective experiences have contributed to the very definition of seafaring at that time
Boyer, Grégory. "La marine berckoise de Louis XIV à 1945 : inscription maritime, vie des gens de mer, construction navale, pêches : ou Vie et mort d'un port de pêche". Littoral, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001DUNK0055.
Since Colbert, this fishermen world was subjected to the navy recrutement then to the registration of sailors, like all the parishes of the coast. This procedure of registration of sailors started to be applied in the province of Picardie around 1690 and imposed heavy social and economical contraints on the sailors population of Berck. In this doctoral thesis, the analysis of Berck sailors regimental numbers from 1706 to 1914 - which is the only remaining trace concerning the seashore from Saint-Valery-sur-Somme to Dunkirk in the 18th century - is compared to the study of the parish registers and to the study of the registry office. This analysis of a tradtionnal source and of a shipping maritime one shows the different demographic behaviour between the registered population and the unregistered one. From then on, there are many similarities with the other rural and urban seaboard parishes also subjected to this system on the western seashore of the Channel and of the North Sea. Nevertheless, some differences proper to this parish and linked to the consequences of the registration of sailors appear. The rythm of mariages, the aspect of fecondity or this analysis of the factors of death rate. Underline and demographic behaviour proper to Berck and perhaps proper to the beaches of the north of France. At the beginning of the 18th century, the fishery activity of Berck was mainly based upon "à la dreige" fishing until it was forbidden, then upon "à la corde" fishing. It's only after the wars of the Revolution and of the Empire that the activity of the grounding beach developped with the first equippings of herring-fishing ships around 1820. Since 1848, the creation of sail network between Paris and Boulogne-sur-Mer led to the expension of the navy. The old inheritance if the shipowners-constructors of Berck ships allowed this parish to become the second herring fishing port in 1868 after Boulogne-sur-Mer. However, the slow decrease of the profitability and of the equipping, began around 1890. The maritime activity perhaps too much backward-looking the imposition of the maritimes rules and the competition of ports in deep water such as Etaples or Boulogne-sur-Mer after 1919 led to the loss of this grounding port from the french seaside universe after 1950
Caux, Louisette. "Personnel et vie politiques dans une ville frontière pendant la Révolution : Boulogne-sur-Mer de 1787 à 1799". Artois, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999ARTO0003.
Genonceau, Cassandre. "Les droits du migrant en mer". Thesis, Brest, 2022. http://theses-scd.univ-brest.fr/2022/These-2022-SML-Droit_prive-GENONCEAU_Cassandre.pdf.
While “spontaneous” migratory flows are on the increase since the beginning of the 21st century, the sea has become the scene of a humanitarian drama that seems endless. On all the European seaboards, the deaths or disappearances of migrants remain frequent due to extreme transport conditions, most often linked to the smuggling in which they are the object, or dangerous maneuvers carried out during their boarding. In addition to the risk of losing their life at sea, there are repeated attacks on the dignity and freedom of the migrant attributable to certain coastal States of departure and destination which seek to interrupt his navigation, including when he requires international protection. The fight against irregular immigration or organized crime constitutes a legitimate reason for interception under the international law of the sea; however, the actions (abusive use of force, refoulement, collective expulsion, arbitrary deprivation of liberty) and inactions (refusal to coordinate a rescue or to cooperate in the disembarkation of the survivors in a place of safety) of some states in this space constitute a serious disregard for human rights, refugee law and the law relating to the safeguard of human life in sea. The behavior of private users of the sea can also be detrimental to migrants in distress, survivors or stowaways. This observation requires to think about how to ensure the effective enjoyment and exercise of the rights of migrants at sea. In this respect, the thesis proposes to resolve issues that are insufficiently or not apprehended by positive law and which concern the content and scope of the fundamental right to emigrate applied to the maritime space, the question of the legality of a refusal to disembark opposed to a surviving migrant, or the apparent inability of supranational jurisdictions to control the practices of European States which attempt to dilute their responsibility with regard to the migrant at sea in that of third States
Torres, Emmanuel. "Le cadre de vie urbain : essai d'une économie de la qualité". Lille 1, 1998. https://pepite-depot.univ-lille.fr/LIBRE/Th_Num/1998/50374-1998-201.pdf.
The rise of environment problems in cities will require in the years to come an important wave of investments in public and private sector in a context of an increasing social demand of quality. This prospect calls for an economic approach of urban environment. This research proposes to bring new implements to theories of environment economy based at present on the concept of "sustainable development", in order to deal specifically with the urban and local problems of environment. A relative and social conception of environment is used and the quality of this environment is considered as a local public good "coproduced" by urban planning and production actors, and by citizens themselves. We take stock of the possibilities of a monetary evaluation of the quality of urban environment, before to use a multicriteria evaluation approach connected to a local actors decision theory. The conditions of coordination and the regulation of urban actors behaviour are analyzed in relation to this quality. Some theoretical implements proposed in the research are applied to an empiric case : the agglomeration of boulogne in nord pasde-calais
Dever, Thierry. "Mémoires et territoires à Regnéville-sur-Mer (Manche) : La vie et les conflits d'une société littorale entre autonomie et hétéronomie, d'aujourd'hui à la fin de l'Ancien Régime, face à son milieu naturel, à son environnement culturel, politique et à son avenir". Caen, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012CAEN1675.
The notion of territory cannot be reduced to a strictly material fact, given its symbolic and identity significance. Territorial issues affect social practices drawn from the collective memory of Regnéville inhabitants that is structured by the many conflicts between them. The most bitter and protracted disputes originating from this coastal society stem from the extreme complexity of its territory which is both diversified, rich, complex and dynamic, but also a limited, restricted, coveted and fragile area. Four different levels of analysis allow special distinctions between them from the historical, sociological and anthropological points of view. The first one deals with the topic of “living together”, the value-based conflicts and lifestyles directly linked to Regnéville district and haven development plans. It highlights the mutual but conflicting expectations of the local residents, neo-rural dwellers and second-home owners. The second level refers to communal space and identity-based conflicts related to the merging of three parishes : Grimouville, Urville and Regnéville in 1795 when French departments were created. Special attention is paid to wetland management under communal ownership. The third level reveals the major economic importance of the District of Regnéville during the 19th Century, the conflicts of interest concerning the haven’s local and financial development and the ambiguous relationship between Capitalism and the French State. The last level relates to ecological space and current disputes about property, as regards contemporary industrial society expansion and intrusion, as well as the sanctuarization and re-appropriation of a territory
Balan, Gaëtan. "L'engagement de l'Union européenne dans la lutte contre les activités illicites en mer : la construction d'un cadre matériel et institutionnel". Thesis, Nantes, 2019. http://archive.bu.univ-nantes.fr/pollux/show.action?id=547c933f-9b02-4837-8186-8f1dd86e6328.
The European Union and its Member States encompasses significant maritime areas, in its continental side and in its outermost regions, which allow it to be present on every ocean of the globe. Maritime activities are developing, and they include a share of illicit activities, which over time become real threats. Illicit activities at sea are envisaged by international conventions, such as UNCLOS, and usually have a cross-border nature. Considering the specificity of these activitiesand their cross-border nature, the most efficient way of fighting them seems to be at the regionallevel. The European Union, both in its neighborhood and beyond, had to build a specific normativeand institutional framework, maritime reality being very different from its terrestrial counterpart. Thus, from the beginning of the Community fisheries policy until the recent creation of the European Coast Guard Agency, the EU has been able to ramp up its normative framework over the years. The last step is embodied in the development of a coast guard and border guard function, combining the efforts of the three European agencies dedicated to the maritime sector. From then on, the Union marks a new stage in an ever increasing normative consideration of its realityand of its highly maritime identity
SafiI, Georges. "Etude de la variabilité spatio-temporelle des caractéristiques physiologiques des jeunes stades de vie de la seiche Sepia officinalis L. En Manche". Caen, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013CAEN2010.
The common cuttlefish Sepia officinalis, is a major exploited marine resource in the English Channel. It has strong seasonal and interannual variations in recruitment. Mechanisms affecting the renewal of the stock by the arrival of new “recruits” and their number need to be better understood. Thus the study of the spatial and temporal variability of “pre-recruits” physiological characteristics was conducted in four spawning sites of the Channel [i. E. Agon Coutainville (FR), Baie de Seine (FR), Selsey (UK) and Torbay (UK)]. The studied parameters were the eggs quality and hatching rate then, the digestive and immune performance of juveniles in relation to local environmental conditions. English eggs have a delayed hatching time and higher hatching rate when compared to the French ones. Temperature and salinity are important in understanding these differences. The digestive performance of hatchlings varied according to the site. The study of immune enzyme activities showed local vulnerabilities of early stages which corresponded to episodes of high mortality. These mortalities are correlated with low protein content and low immune activities in eggs. These results underline how variability in the spatio-temporal characteristics of the early life stages of cuttlefish can influence the contribution of spawning sites to S. Officinalis stock in the English Channel
Vallet, Xavier. "Recherches sur le commerce corinthien en mer Égée et Méditerranée orientale du IXe siècle au milieu du VIe siècle av. J.-C". Thesis, Paris 10, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA100185/document.
The aim of the research project is to better understand Corinthian trade in the Greek and the Eastern Mediterranean world through the analysis of its exports volume and the local and temporal variations while trying at the same time to clarify its economic, political or social mechanisms. This study is mainly based on the figured Corinthian pottery that spread during most of the Archaic Age from the 9th to the 6th century BC. The geometric pottery (non-figured) and the amphora are also used in the analysis as much as possible, to sharpen our study, as well as other exportation products less important in terms of quantities such as bronze horses. The whole of the exports is studied with the imports which were far fewer in order to put the Corinthian trade into the larger setting of the Greek and Mediterranean trade and to have a better understanding of the nature of the economic relations binding Corinth to its trading partners. A comparison with a wider corpus of documents enables us to put the study into perspective and to reinforce the broad features of the Corinthian trade in the Eastern Mediterranean region. Every big stage of this trade (Geometric, Protocorinthian, Corinthian) is subdivided into thirteen periods allowing us to follow the economic activities along thirteen generations of men. Finally, the study of each type of shapes enables us to follow the evolution of tastes and markets during the whole Archaic Age
Fourès-Legrand, Gaëlle. "L'écriture maritime dans les "Journaux" et "Relations d'un voyage aux Indes orientales" de 1690-1691 de Robert Challe, Pouchot de Chantassin, P. Lenfant, le Père Charmot, le Père Tachard et Du Quesne-Guitton". Brest, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007BRES1004.
A crucial and hitherto unpublished insider’s account of the living conditions of seafarers in te late l7 century, the diaries and relations of a travel in East India in 1690 offer a wealth of information and resources on the subject. Young officer Robert Challe, navy guards Pouchot de Chantassin and Lenfant, Father Charmot — member of les Missions Etrangères (Foreign Missions) — and a Jesuit priest, Father Tachard give us a realistic description of everyday life on the first French watercraft armed for the East India Company (the Compagnie des Indes Orientales) and Louis XIV. Seafaring, battles, storms, political strife and trade wars, together with the discovery of an exotic world “discovered” for the first time, make up the thread of te narrative. Later, in an account dated 1721, however, the ageing Challe’s narrative style is found to have evolved into novel-writing. This specific study of maritime writing thus shows once more the ambiguity of any travel narrative
Rodier, Clément. ""Une bouteille à la mer" : La réception de « l’École de Francfort » en France". Thesis, Bordeaux, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020BORD0600.
The “Frankfurt School” is one of the most important current of thought of the 20th century. The intellectual movement, led in particular by Max Horkheimer, Theodor Adorno, Herbert Marcuse and Walter Benjamin, is at the origin of a rich and fertile thought – Critical Theory –, which has had vast impacts. Within its sphere of influence, however, France occupies a singular place. The Frankfurt constellation seems to indeed have experienced a limited success. If the label has a certain notoriety, its substance appears, for its part, imprecise and nebulous for the French observers. This national exception regarding the “Frankfurt School” tends nevertheless to disappear for some years. Under the influence of a new generation, Critical Theory ideas reach a new resonance and are the source of fertile appropriations. The aim of this work is to understand the complexity of the relationship that the French intellectual context maintains with the “Frankfurt School”. More precisely, it seeks to reconstruct the nature and the content of the dialogue that the French intellectual public has established, and continues to establish today with this movement. Through this hermeneutic reconstitution, this study highlights obstacles but also bridges and centers of appropriation which contribute to this reception process. Finally, the trajectory of the Frankfurt “bottle into the sea”, to use the Adornian metaphor, offers the story of an original philosophical adventure and constitutes a unique gateway to the theoretical debates which animate national intellectual life
Payet, Frédéric. "La vie politique à la Réunion 1946-1982 : permanence de la question du statut". La Réunion, 2006. http://elgebar.univ-reunion.fr/login?url=http://thesesenligne.univ.run/06_11_Payet_F.pdf.
Our study relates to the political life of Reunion's island, of 1946 to 1982 in the prism of the question of the statute. The constant of this set of themes is in close link with the problems of the relationship between the overseas department and its "Metropolis". It acquires starting from the departmentalization, in 1946, a dimension which durably focuses most of the political debates and constitutes a central stake of the electoral consultations. Until the end of the years 1950, this question of the statute opposes a line in the island preaching a "measured" assimilation and a communist movement which defends a total and immediate integration. Since 1959, it is a separatist project carried by the Communist party Reunionnais which is developed against a camp departementalist and which is matched, since 1971, of a financial shutter around the idea of a "globalized assistance" of France. The problems of the statute are found the another stake proof like the idea of regionalization or that to break with the only statutory axiom in the debate of la Reunion's policy. It loses its force with the withdrawal of the watchword of autonomy in 1981
Cochard, Nicolas. "Les marins dans la ville : gens de mer et société urbaine au Havre (1830-1914)". Caen, 2013. http://books.openedition.org/pur/46978.
This thesis aims at studying seafaring personnel and their families in the urban space of Le Havre in the 19th century. With the modernization of navigation, the local maritime population reorganized themselves during the studied period, combining the presence of already settled seagoing people with the arrival of thousands of " immigrants "who came to benefit from the maritime expansion of the city. The aim of the study is not only to find out about the origin of the sailors but also the way they mixed in the local society. We will try to define the degree of integration of the seafaring population within the urban space and in the society at Le Havre, in relation with the mechanization of navigation and the process of industrial revolution. We intend to study the seagoing population at the demographic, social, cultural and economic levels. This being said, the sailors at sea are not our main concern, but their life on land, taking into account, however, the specificities of sea-related trades. The aim of this work is to study closely the way the population of sailors in Le Havre constituted themselves through a period of deep change. Thanks to the registers of sailors, completed by information from civilian archives ( census, registrar's office ) , we will draw an evolutive portrait of a maritime population over 3 generations within a large harbour-city. The study of seamen provides an interesting access to look into the true face of urban societies, especially those of societies in large harbours at the time of mutations in navigation
Fradi, Hajer. "Nouvelles méthodes pour l'étude de la densité des foules en vidéo surveillance". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris, ENST, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014ENST0004.
Crowd analysis has recently emerged as an increasingly important problem for crowd monitoring and management in the visual surveillance community. In this thesis, our objectives are to address the problems of crowd density estimation and to investigate the usefulness of such estimation as additional information to other applications. Towards the first goal, we focus on the problems related to the estimation of the crowd density using low level features in order to avert typical problems in detection of high density crowd. We demonstrate in this dissertation, that the proposed approaches perform better than the baseline methods, either for counting people, or alternatively for estimating the crowd level. Afterwards, we propose a novel approach, in which local information at the pixel level substitutes the overall crowd level or person count. It is based on modeling time-varying dynamics of the crowd density using sparse feature tracks as observations of a probabilistic density function. The second goal is to use crowd density as additional information to complement other tasks related to video surveillance in crowds. First, we use the proposed crowd density measure which conveys rich information about the local distributions of persons to improve human detection and tracking in videos of high density crowds. Second, we investigate the concept of crowd context-aware privacy protection by adjusting the obfuscation level according to the crowd density. Finally, we employ additional information about the local density together with regular motion patterns as crowd attributes for high level applications such as crowd change detection and event recognition
Jeudi, de Grissac Sophie. "Où va la jeunesse ? Mouvements et quête alimentaire des juvéniles de procellariiformes durant leur première année en mer". Thesis, La Rochelle, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LAROS016/document.
The juvenile stage of animals is often much of a mystery to scientists. Moreover, juvenile survival is known to be a strong determinant for the future of a population. Indeed, juvenile animals are known to face high mortality during the first months after independence, with survival rates improving with age. One ultimate hypothesis implies that juveniles have a lower survival rate than adults because of their lack of experience. Thus they are initially poor foragers and require a learning period (immaturity) to improve their efficiency before being able to bear breeding and its associated energetic costs. Proximal factors also influence juvenile survival, such as environmental fluctuations and competition. Studies on terrestrial animals have provided useful information thanks to the possibility of direct observation and, recently, bio-logging technologies. However, collecting data in the marine environment is more difficult, particularly when juveniles are concerned. Long-lived marine species such as seabirds have an extensive immature period extending from a few years up to more than ten years. The offspring of these species will usually leave their natal site and disperse at sea for several years before returning to breed on land, most of the time at their place of birth. This makes it difficult to obtain direct observations, and so documenting their first journey at sea to learn more about their behavioural and foraging ecology is a challenge. In this context, this PhD aims to unravel at least part of the mystery of juvenile seabirds’ early life by investigating the first months at sea of newly fledged individuals from several long-lived species of procellariiformes. Using state of the art advancements in biotelemetry, I was able to follow, at sea, by satellite a large set of juveniles from nine closely related species of albatross and petrel breeding in the French Southern Territories of the Southern Ocean : Crozet, Kerguelen and Amsterdam Islands. Some of these species had never been tracked before. Trajectories were analysed using various new statistical methods that allowed movement strategies, alongside foraging behaviour and spatial distributions, to be described, all in tight link with environmental conditions. The findings were discussed in the light of a comparison with adults of the same species. Using this huge dataset I first examined the dispersal strategies of young birds that had left their nest and were totally independent from their parents. I showed that the strategies, as well as the amount of innate information controlling them are highly variable depending on species. Their movements take them in various habitats following or not the parental strategies. The amount of variability in juvenile strategies is linked to potential plasticity when facing environmental changes. These parameters are related to the history life trait of species, and might affect demography and population dynamics. In addition, by analysing juvenile wandering albatross tracks I showed that although they quickly learn the basics of flight and foraging optimization required to survive at sea, behavioural differences with adults persist in time, suggesting that non-observable behaviours need a longer period of learning and memorisation. Finally, whatever the strategy adopted, it seems to be driven in part by intraspecific competition since juveniles mitigate competition with older birds by segregating spatially. This last point highlights the crucial need of acknowledging age-related distribution when making management decisions to protect seabird populations. This work provides new insights about several major aspects of the at-sea ecology of naïve individuals foraging alone in a highly unpredictable environment. We learn here how instinct followed by experience shape specific early life strategies that allow young birds to deal with environmental conditions and interspecific competition so as to be able to survive
Triplet-Hitoto, Valérie. "La connaissance et la révélation des choses cachées et des mystères dans la Communauté de Qoumrân : L'interprétation de Dt 29, 28 dans les manuscrits de la mer Morte". Paris, EPHE, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008EPHE5020.
This thesis studies the interpretation of Dt 29, 28 in the Dead sea Scrolls, which interpretation symbolizes the particularity of the Qumran Community in the Jewish society at the end of the Second Temple period. Trhough this verse, the nature and content of the hidden things and the mysteries and also the way th Community perceives and obtains the revelation will be investigated. Also raised is the issue of the legitimacy of revelation pertaining to the divine sphere. The study is based on a philological analyses of four words : "hidden things", "mysteries", the "divines council /cousel" and the "heavenly tablets" on which is engraved the preorganised divine plan. These words will be studied first in the Bible, then in the scrolls and finally in the Apocrypha in order to demonstrate both the continuity and the particularity of thne religious though represented in the Qumran texts when compared with the Bible
Fradi, Hajer. "Nouvelles méthodes pour l'étude de la densité des foules en vidéo surveillance". Thesis, Paris, ENST, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014ENST0004/document.
Crowd analysis has recently emerged as an increasingly important problem for crowd monitoring and management in the visual surveillance community. In this thesis, our objectives are to address the problems of crowd density estimation and to investigate the usefulness of such estimation as additional information to other applications. Towards the first goal, we focus on the problems related to the estimation of the crowd density using low level features in order to avert typical problems in detection of high density crowd. We demonstrate in this dissertation, that the proposed approaches perform better than the baseline methods, either for counting people, or alternatively for estimating the crowd level. Afterwards, we propose a novel approach, in which local information at the pixel level substitutes the overall crowd level or person count. It is based on modeling time-varying dynamics of the crowd density using sparse feature tracks as observations of a probabilistic density function. The second goal is to use crowd density as additional information to complement other tasks related to video surveillance in crowds. First, we use the proposed crowd density measure which conveys rich information about the local distributions of persons to improve human detection and tracking in videos of high density crowds. Second, we investigate the concept of crowd context-aware privacy protection by adjusting the obfuscation level according to the crowd density. Finally, we employ additional information about the local density together with regular motion patterns as crowd attributes for high level applications such as crowd change detection and event recognition
Lteif, Myriam. "Biology, distribution and diversity of cartilaginous fish species along the Lebanese coast, eastern Mediterranean". Thesis, Perpignan, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PERP0026/document.
The aim of this study is to contribute to a better knowledge of cartilaginous fish in the Lebanese coastal waters, Eastern Mediterranean. Emphasis was placed on various aspects of the distribution, diversity, biology and ecology of these species. In this study, a total of 314 specimens of cartilaginous fish were sampled. These specimens constituted of 25 cartilaginousfish species, 11 shark species and 14 batoid species. No chimaeras were recorded. The data was collected from two sources: (a) an experimental survey in the framework of the CIHEAM PESCA-Libano project and (b) periodic observation of fisheries and catches of hired fishermen. Spatiotemporal distribution was evaluated using the Catch Per Unit Effort of the experimental survey data. Spatiotemporal diversity was also estimated taking into account the total number of species caught in the survey and fisheries/fishermen data. Length-weight relationships for three sharks and five batoids were also presented for species of the combined data sources having more than 10 individuals. Finally, the biology and ecology of two commercially significant and exploited species were also presented as a first step in their fishery management andconservation
Brosset, Pablo. "Condition corporelle et conséquences sur la plasticité des traits d’histoire de vie chez les petits pélagiques de Méditerranée". Thesis, Montpellier, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016MONTT120/document.
Multiple changes have been described since 2008 in the Gulf of Lions ecosystem and particularly in small pelagic fish dynamic. In particular, the two main exploited species, i.e. anchovy (Engraulis encrasicolus) and sardine (Sardina pilchardus) are now smaller and in poor condition while a third species, the sprat (Sprattus sprattus) strongly increased in terms of biomass and abundance. This PhD thesis investigated these changes through the analysis of small pelagic fish body condition (i.e individual energy stores) variations, its causes and consequences. Anchovy and sardine body condition was optimal in 2005 and 2006 and decreased after 2008 to remain steady at low level since 2010. Moreover, older sardine have particularly displayed poor body condition since 2008. A part of these changes is associated with changes in zooplankton concentration for both species, but also with both sea surface temperature and diatoms for sardine and Rhône outflow for anchovy. Thus, as bottom-up control was highlighted, the following chapter investigated potential changes in diet through isotope and stomach content analyses. Isotopic niche varied temporally and have been overlapping since 2010 for both anchovy and sardine with the sprat, resulting in a potential new trophic competition. Further, preys are also smaller and probably less energetic. Both studies may explain the poorer body condition by a reduced food supply. Although smaller energy stores are available, both species still allocate a large part of their energy to reproduction, as observed through e.g. gonado-somatic indices. This bias in energy allocation towards reproduction might impair survival and explain the disappearance of oldest mature sardine in the Gulf of Lions. Maternal effects were also underlined. Indeed, large individuals spawn more eggs while fatter individual spawn higher quality eggs. The decrease in size and condition has thus led to a lower production of eggs since 2010 for sardines while anchovy managed to maintain if not increase its egg production thanks to the expanding number of individuals and the decline of anchovy size and age at maturity. At a broader scale, we pointed out that fish body condition decreased in other Mediterranean areas such as the Adriatic Sea, the Catalan Sea or the Strait of Sicily. Nonetheless, body condition variations were not synchronous in the Mediterranean Sea, pointing out the importance of local factors in this quasi-enclosed basin. Furthermore, anchovy displays a better body condition in high energetic areas (fronts areas, local upwellings) when sardine prefers areas with high primary productivity. Those differences could be linked to the different reproductive cycles and trophic behaviours. This PhD thesis complements the previous work made on top-down processes and strengthens the bottom-up importance to determine forage fish body condition both in the Gulf of Lions and the Mediterranean Sea. Studying body condition allowed understanding the reasons of the sardine demographic truncation. Indeed, the older the individual the poorer the body condition, preventing them to achieve both reproduction and survival. This PhD thesis reaches new conclusions and improves knowledge on small pelagic fish dynamic in the Gulf of Lions. Although, further work is still necessary to estimate experimentally if a body condition threshold exists and to improve zooplanktonic monitoring to better understand the link between planktonic productivity and small pelagic fish dynamic. This will help to investigate deeply the ecological and economical consequences of small pelagic fish decreasing body condition in the Mediterranean
Spraul, Charles. "Suivi en service de la durée de vie des ombilicaux dynamiques pour l’éolien flottant". Thesis, Ecole centrale de Nantes, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018ECDN0007/document.
The present work introduces a methodology to monitor fatigue damage of the dynamic power cable of a floating wind turbine. The suggested approach consists in using numerical simulations to compute the power cable response at the sea states observed on site. The quantities of interest are then obtained in any location along the cable length through the post-treatment of the simulations results. The cable has to be instrumented to quantify and to reduce the uncertainties on the calculated response of the power cable. Indeed some parameters of the numerical model should be calibrated on a regular basis in order to monitor the evolution of the cable properties that might change over time. In this context, this manuscript describes and compares various approaches to analyze the sensitivity of the power cable response to the variations of the parameters to be monitored. The purpose is to provide guidance in the choice of the instrumentation for the cable. Principal components analysis allows identifying the main modes of power cable response variations when the studied parameters are varied. Various methods are also assessed for the calibration of the monitored cable parameters. Special care is given to the quantification of the remaining uncertainty on the fatigue damage. The considered approaches are expensive to apply as they require a large number of model evaluations and as the numerical simulations durations are quite long. Surrogate models are thus employed to replace the numerical model and again different options are considered. The proposed methodology is applied to a simplified configuration which is inspired by the FLOATGEN project
Ayata, Sakina-Dorothée. "Importance relative des facteurs hydroclimatiques et des traits d'histoire de vie sur la dispersion larvaire et la connectivité à différentes échelles spatiales (Manche, Golfe Gascogne)". Phd thesis, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00517082.
Lelli, Stefano. "Contribution to a better knowledge of biology, distribution and diversity of demersal species along the Lebanese coast, eastern Mediterranean : a focus on Lessepsian fish species". Thesis, Perpignan, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PERP0051.
The aim of this study was to contribute to a better knowledge of demersal species in the Lebanese coastal waters, Eastern Mediterranean. Various aspect related to the distribution, diversity and biology of these species were studied. The data were collected from a three-year experimental survey in the framework of the ‘CIHEAM-PESCA Libano project’. A highly diversified mix of fish species (teleosteans and selaceans), cephalopods and crustaceans were sampled. Spatio-temporal distribution and diversity was evaluated respectively using the ‘Catch Per Unit Effort’ which was considered as an approximation of an abundance index and the total number of species caught in the surveys
Tréhin, Cécile. "Réponse des populations de salmonidés migrateurs aus changements globaux : rôle de la croissance dans les stratégies d'histoire de vie et la dynamique de population chez le saumon atlantique (Salmo salar)". Thesis, Rennes, Agrocampus Ouest, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022NSARA089.
This thesis aims to better understand the ecological and demographic processes determining life history traits and population structure in Altantic salmon Salmo salar populations. I test the hypothesis that growth is key to explain variations in adults returning to rivers to reproduce, with differencial responses between males and females. The project relies on the analysis of 21 to 47 years of empirical data from five monitored wild populations, and on the development of a population model with a focus on the marine phase of the life cycle. I show that high growth over first summer at sea favours early sexual maturation (thus a return to freshwater to reproduce). Females need to reach higher body size in order to mature.Individual growth over the first months of the marine migration declined over time. This temporal signal in growth over first summer at sea is common to several populations, underlying the effect of common environmental stressors. This response is combined with differences between populations, underlying that variability in age at return is partly due to factors specific to each population. Finally we show that post-smolt survival, depending on smolt size, and maturation rate, depending on sex and marine growth, ultimately condition age and sex structure in returns. However temporal variability of return rate and reproductive potential essentially relies on the survival rate of post-smolts
Morat, Fabien. "Influence des apports rhodaniens sur les traits d'histoires de vie de la sole commune (Solea Solea) : apports de l'analyse structurale et minéralogique des otolithes". Thesis, Aix-Marseille 2, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011AIX22126/document.
The life cycle of the common sole shows an ontogenetic shift of habitats. The larvae are marine and pelagic, the juveniles are benthic in coastal nurseries (lagoons and estuaries) whereas adults are benthic and live in marine deeper areas. Otoliths are paired calcified structures from the inner ear of teletost fish. They are metabolically inert (neither resorption nor dissolution) and they record, both the age (daily and annual increments) and the chemical and isotopic characteristics of the environment inhabited. Otoliths study provides information on the life history traits of individuals.The study of growth, chemical and isotopic otolith composition of soles from nurseries confirmed the existence of two sole stocks in the Gulf of Lions, one in the Eastern part and the other in the Western part. Low values in 13C and higher values in Ba/Ca ratio measured in Eastern sole otoliths during the larval life were associated to a high influence of the Rhône River discharge during a normal flow rate periods. Conversely, the one hundred return flood of the 2nd of December 2003 was very high and visible on otoliths from all nurseries in the Gulf of Lions. Juvenile otolith growth was higher in nurseries with low salinity (~20) and temperatures between 20 and 25°C than in more marine nurseries. 13C and Sr/Ca ratios of otoliths from Berre and Mauguio coastal lagoons were lower than those observed in Thau coastal lagoon (more marine influences on preys and water masses). These specificities of otolith compositions were used for the elaboration of reference profiles, which have been identified in adult populations of the Gulf of Lions, Marseilles and Bandol. Adult have shown an influence of the Rhône River during their larval life at 53%. They have shown a similarity with Thau chemical profile (10-56%) and Rhône profile (19-30%) during their juvenile life. However, 26-50% of fish from uncharacterised nurseries have been observed
Gras, Michaël. "Contribution des frayères côtières au recrutement du stock de seiche Sepia officinalis de Manche : lien entre le succès de la phase pré-recrutée et l'abondance de la ressource". Caen, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013CAEN2023.
The English Channel cuttlefish Sepia officinalis is the most important cephalopod stock in the N-E Atlantic but is only managed by local measures, mainly due to a lack of suitable tools. The objective of this work is therefore to improve the knowledge of its population dynamic, particularly the parameters influencing the resource abundance. After a summary of the state of the art, in a first step, the exploration of the stock structure during the reproduction period revealed that, in a warming and high fishing pressure context, the life history traits of cuttlefish have changed and a percentage of one year old cuttlefish are mature. In a second step, the influence of the fuel price on the spatial allocation of the French trawling effort was highlighted and this métier is the most suitable to derive cuttlefish abundance indices. In a third step, a two stage biomass model, a suitable model to assess exploited marine populations with poor age data, was developed and enabled the development of two indicators of the fishing impact on the exploited cohort: the stock-recruitment relationship and the exploitation rate. In a fourth and final step, the contribution of 3 spawning areas to the recruitment was explored using 3 different techniques. Results indicate that the central stock is a mix between different spawning areas and seems to be influenced by different environmental and anthropic parameters. Finally, results are discussed in the context of each life cycle phase (reproduction, pre-recruit stage, recruitment and exploitation) and perspectives are presented
Brulé-Josso, Stéphanie. "L’habitation du voilier de plaisance en croisière familiale : anthropologie d’un espace et des gouvernementalités en jeu". Brest, 2010. https://hal.laas.fr/tel-01996410.
Going on cruises as a family and/or with friends on sailing boats with accommodation is a relatively popular leisure activity in France whceh, today, raises a wide variety of social questions. I have chosen to cast an anthropological eye-view on this activity which falls between two disciplinary areas: that of maritime and that of living space. More specifically, life on board sailing boats raises questions about the interaction between the available space, architectural design and the possibilities of its occupants to take action. From a diachronic perspective we can see that eontemporary lay-outs of sailing boats resemble the architecture of upper-middle class houses, especially those of the 19°’ century: a period when leisure-time within the family unit began to emerge. Desire for comfort and the respect for onboard hierarchy seem to be recurring themes, shedding considerable light not only on the subject of sailing boats which rarely go out sailing and block up marinas, but also the exclusion of women from the desire to sail and the pleasure of sailing
Barré, Éric. "Les actes se rapportant à la vie maritime dans les registres de l’échiquier de Normandie conservés aux archives départementales de Seine-Maritime : Saint-Michel 1336 - Saint Michel 1497". Caen, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004CAEN1402.
Caparroy, Benjamin. "Géographie et morphologie des lieux sacrés maritimes dans le détroit de Gibraltar, du VIe siècle a.C. au Ier siècle p.C". Thesis, Pau, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PAUU1045/document.
This work deals with the localisation and functions of the Punic sacred places located at the strait of Gibraltar. The main purpose of this PHD is to discuss the links between those sacred spaces and navigation in this special part of the Mediterranean antique world. Using ancient writers’ quotes, talking about consecrated places on the shore of the south of Spain and the north of Morocco, we shall try and reveal a part of the sacred landscape that sailors and sea-sellers used to frequent. Many sites that have been excavated can be linked to a religious function (temple, sacred areas, holy caves or springs), we aim at discussing the evolution of those sites and the place they have in shore navigations and ports of trade
Este trabajo de tesis se centra en la localización y las funciones de los lugares sagrados púnicos del estrecho de Gibraltar. El objetivo principal de este proyecto es de describir los vínculos que existen entre estos espacios consagrados del litoral y la navegación en la zona del estrecho. Utilizando principalmente las referencias proporcionadas por los autores antiguos y los datos arqueológicos recuperados en las excavaciones de ambas orillas del estrecho (Andalucía, Algarve, Norte de Marruecos), intentamos describir, dibujar de la forma mas precisa posible el paisaje sagrado que los navegantes y comerciantes de esa época conocían. Varios de los sitios excavados tienen una función religiosa (templos, áreas sagradas, cuevas-santuario, fuentes consagradas), el objetivo del trabajo nuestro es presentar una síntesis de estos sitios, describiendo su evolución y el papel que ocupaban en las navegaciones costeras y en la red de puertos del estrecho
Malajati, Yassine. "Etude des mécanismes de photovieillissement de revêtements organiques anti-corrosion pour application comme peintures marines". Phd thesis, Clermont-Ferrand 2, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009CLF21939.
Karjalainen, Mira. "In the shadow of freedom : life on board the oil tanker /". Helsinki : Finnish Society of Sciences and Letters, 2007. http://www.loc.gov/catdir/toc/fy0716/2007438365.html.
Fay, Rémi. "De l’envol à la première reproduction : aspects écologiques et évolutifs des traits d’histoire de vie de jeunes oiseaux marins longévifs". Thesis, La Rochelle, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LAROS003/document.
To date, early life demographic traits have been poorly studied compare to adult traits in the vast majority of animal species. Young individuals are usually more difficult to study due to their small size, their mobile behavior and the high mortality rate that characterizes their life stage. However, the full understanding of the demographic processes requires the integration of all life stages. This lack of knowledge toward early-life stages is particularly detrimental for long lived species. Indeed for these species, the immature component represents a substantial part of the total reproductive value, having a high influence on the whole population dynamics. Hence, such limitations affect the accuracy of population projections in the context of global change and more generally our understanding of life history trait evolution. In order to fill in this gap, this PhD project focuses on early life demographic traits in a seabird species : the wandering albatross Diomedea exulans. In this very long-lived species, the immature period lasts around 10 years. Based on long-term individual monitoring and capture-recapture analyses, we estimated early-life survival and the access to reproduction according to age and sex. We also investigates the respective effects of extrinsic (e.g. climate, fisheries) and intrinsic factors (e.g. density dependence, parental effects) on these parameters. Many relationships between early-life vital rates and environmental variables have been described. From a theoretical perspective, we tested several predictions such as the canalization of life-history traits and the existence of different life-history strategies within a population. In this work, special attention was paid to demographic variations at the individual scale. Our study showed that vital rates of individuals of the same age and sex could be very different. We have linked early-life demographic traits with subsequent adult performances and identified some causes of these individual variations
Thang, Anh Long. "Évaluation de la dégradation du béton par ondes ultrasonores". Lille 1, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2007LIL10164.
Aulus-Giacosa, Lucie. "Spatio-temporal evolution of life history traits related to dispersal. Brown trout (Salmo trutta L.) colonization of the sub-Antarctic Kerguelen Islands". Thesis, Pau, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021PAUU3003.
It is an ongoing issue to better understand colonization process, adaptation potential to new environments, and invasiveness of a species. The sub Antarctic Kerguelen Islands are a perfect model to model population dynamics in an invasion context, because it represents a simplified case of invasion by brown trout (Salmo trutta L.), a facultative anadromous fish. Introduced in the 1950s, and thanks to its dispersive and adaptive capacities, the brown trout provides a unique study model for understanding the causes and mechanisms underlying biological invasions. Understanding dispersal mechanisms, through the study of life history traits related to migration (e.g. growth, age at migration) and their temporal evolution in shifting expansion range population, is the core of this thesis work. Through the study of scales collected in this unique framework, the life histories of nearly 5000 fish have been rebuilt. This work demonstrates the importance of the methodology to determine accurate estimates of individual life history traits. Modelling the evolution of freshwater growth, body size at age and age at first migration demonstrates that evolutionary processes are at work according to the time since colonization. In particular, the decrease in growth rate over time and the decrease in body size at age over time and space suggest that the dispersal capacity is decreasing in populations located at the margins. The evolution of the threshold size at first migration confirms this results, and illustrates the importance of phenotypic plasticity and local adaptation in the choice of migratory tactics. However, the approach taken in this manuscript focuses on the evolution of migration, and would benefit from the study of the joint evolution of traits involved in fitness (costs-benefits balance), such as reproduction, or growth at sea
Démoulain, Matthieu. "Nouvelles technologies et droit des relations de travail : essai sur une évolution des relations de travail". Thesis, Paris 2, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA020037.
Over the centuries, from Cheops to the Internet and from nanotechnology to teleportation, new technologies have constantly been at the centre of individuals’ lives. Produced by human intelligence, they appear to be a key to innovation, a tool for the dissemination of knowledge and they enable the progress and evolution of mankind. These new technologies obviously drew lawyers’ attention as they have a direct impact on society as a whole, but also more specifically on the relationship between employers and employees. Moreover, they tend to reshape the organisation of corporations and lead to the entanglement of professional and private life. As a matter of fact, labour law is under pressure: recruitment procedures can be altered by new technologies, the conclusion of employment contracts is nowadays electronic and instantaneous, and security and privacy rules have been established (not to mention electronic trade union communications, e-voting or e-meetings for staff representative bodies). In short, the whole framework is changing. Unfortunately, lawmakers are usually overtaken by events as science and law evolve at a very different pace. However, sooner or later, legal boundaries are set. Currently, courts’ main challenge is to try to make technological progress and protection of employees compatible
Mendez, Loriane. "Variabilité du comportement de recherche alimentaire d’un oiseau marin tropical : le fou à pieds rouges (Sula sula)". Thesis, La Rochelle, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LAROS020/document.
Seabird foraging behaviour varies through time according to factors that may be related to life cycle stage and/or habitat. However, no study has previously investigated variation in these different factors and how they impact foraging behaviour in a single species simultaneously. The aim of this thesis was to distinguish the fixed part of foraging behaviour from its different degrees of plasticity in a pantropical seabird, the Red-footed booby (Sula sula). Adults and juveniles from different colonies were equipped with GPS tags to track their foraging trips according to several intrinsic (age and breeding stage) and extrinsic factors (physical forcing, primary productivity and competition for resources). Adult foraging behaviour varied significantly within the same colony according to breeding stage. Tracks were shorter during brooding, which is known to be a particularly energy-constraining time period, and longer during incubation and fledging. Multi-year monitoring at one of the colonies revealed flexibility in behaviour under adverse environmental conditions. Longer tracks were observed during breeding seasons with decreased productivity and eddy activity. High plasticity in foraging behaviour according to habitat was observed across the range of the species. The length and range of adult trips varied considerably among colonies, ranging from strictly diurnal to longer trips that included several nights spent at sea. Red-footed boobies did not appear to target particularly productive areas, and intra- and interspecific competition seemed to explain partly the differences observed between colonies. On the other hand, all the individuals showed similar trip structuring and increased searching effort by adopting area-restricted search (ARS) behaviours. The behaviour of juveniles, still fed by their parents after fledging during a long transition period, was described for the first time. Over time, juveniles increased trip ranges, which were considerably lower than that of adults. Associations at sea with other juveniles were frequently identified. This long learning period seems to be an adaptation allowing the gradual acquisition of the skills necessary for the search and capture of prey. While the behavioural plasticity of individuals tends to cushion the effects of unfavourable conditions at the population scale, this flexibility is still limited. In the current context of global change, assessment of behavioural plasticity is necessary in order to better predict the consequences of these changes on populations
Cornet, Cindy. "Les capacités d'adaptations des oiseaux marins face aux changements environnementaux : le rôle de l'hétérogénéité au sein des populations". Thesis, Strasbourg, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014STRAJ047/document.
Population dynamics is driven by several life history traits shaped by the evolutionary history of the population. The alteration of one of these traits by environmental constraints may thus have effects on the population persistence. Individual adjustments of some phenotypic traits could then enable this population to rapidly respond to these constraints without the immediate necessity of genetic adaptations. During this PhD project, we identified variability in some of these traits in 3 sentinel species of polar ecosystems. These results allowed us to better understand the associations between these traits and the evolutionary pressures underlying these associations, as well as the importance of traits such as personality in the amount of variability in individuals’ fitness that remains unexplained. In the long term, we should then be able to better gauge the adaptive capacity of populations to face global changes
Ferraty, Christelle. "Désir de voyage et solitude chez le marin : exemples de la littérature classique". Phd thesis, Université de Bretagne occidentale - Brest, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00782048.
Agostini, Franck. "Inertage et valorisation des sédiments de dragage marins". Phd thesis, Ecole Centrale de Lille, 2006. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00119833.
La valorisation des sédiments traités comme granulat de substitution dans les matériaux à matrice cimentaire fait l'objet de ce travail de thèse.
La caractérisation de ces granulats a révélé une porosité et une absorption d'eau très élevées. Constitués par l'agglomération de particules plus fines ils se révèlent friables. Cependant, utilisés en substitution d'un sable de Seine classique pour la confection d'un mortier, l'étude expérimentale de valorisation a montré des gains de résistance à la compression uniaxiale, et ce, même pour une substitution complète du sable. Ces gains ont été attribués au phénomène de cure interne, à l'amélioration de l'interface pâte granulat ainsi qu'à un effet filler. Cela pourrait également expliquer la réduction observée de la perméabilité au gaz. La déformabilité des granulats conduit toutefois à un retrait de dessiccation élevé. Une formulation appropriée permet également l'obtention d'un matériau durable vis-à-vis, notamment, du gel/dégel ou de l'exposition à l'eau de mer.
La valorisation dans les matériaux cimentaires est donc envisageable.
Jubelin, Alexandre. ""Par le fer et par le feu". Pratiques de l'abordage et du combat rapproché dans l'Atlantique du début de l'époque moderne (début du XVIe siècle - 1653)". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SORUL053.
This dissertation studies the tools and the logics of naval warfare in the Early Modern Atlantic. The wide spreading and improvement of shipboard artillery in the 16th and 17th centuries, applied to the main Atlantic countries (France, England, Spain, Portugal, Dutch Republic) trigger deep transformations in Atlantic naval warfare. The main paradigm of battle thereby evolves from traditional tactics such as boarding and hand-to-hand fighting, towards a widespread use of artillery, until a new paradigm emerges in the mid-17th century in the shape of the line of battle. This general evolution has been tackled most notably within the “Military Revolution” debate, but naval warfare has been a side subject in those discussions and was for the most part included in very wide-ranging analysis. Those don’t really do justice do the uncertainties and the subtleties of this transition period, as this dissertation intends to do. Furthermore, this work applies to naval battle the evolutions in the history of warfare in the last 40 years by focusing less on tactics and formations, on blaming or lauding great admirals of the past, and more on the individual experience of fighting. In particular, this dissertation focuses on men within the battle, the logics and the gestures that allow for survival, and the sensory environment surrounding the protagonists of naval combat
Mey, Morgane. "The life cycle assessment of the Milazzo peninsula (north-eastern Sicily, Italy) : geochimical impact assessment of water and soils". Phd thesis, Université de Strasbourg, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01018983.
Pacoureau, Nathan. "Influence de la variabilité climatique, de l’abondance de proies, de la densité-dépendance et de l'hétérogénéité individuelle chez des prédateurs supérieurs longévifs : de l’individu à la population". Thesis, La Rochelle, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LAROS026/document.
A fundamental endeavor in population ecology is to identify the drivers of population dynamics. The main objective of this thesis is to determine what are the demographic and population responses of superior marine predators to the fluctuations of their prey abundance, to climatic variations, to density-dependence while taking into account inter and intra individual heterogeneity (age, experience, sex, quality or strategy). To do this, we analysed long-term individual and population-based monitoring of long-lived seabirds and phylogenetically close apical predators in two contrasting biomes: the south polar skua Catharacta maccormicki at Pointe Géologie archipelago, Antarctica, and the brown skua Catharacta lonnbergi on the sub-Antarctic Kerguelen Archipelago. We will use direct abundance of their respective prey: Adélie penguin Pygoscelis adeliae and emperor penguin Aptenodytes forsteri in Antarctica, and the blue petrel Halobaena caerulea and the thin-billed prion Pachyptila belcheri prion in Kerguelen islands. These datasets provide a unique opportunity to simultaneously disentangle and quantify the different sources of variability driving variation in natural populations occupying one of the highest trophic levels of the Antarctic and sub-Antarctic food webs. We found variation in several vital traits of both populations influenced by individual performance and latent individual heterogeneity. We discuss the mechanisms by which climatic variability, prey abundance, and population density can differentially affect the different age classes of each age class, and the potential consequences of future environmental changes
Jubelin, Alexandre. ""Par le fer et par le feu". Pratiques de l'abordage et du combat rapproché dans l'Atlantique du début de l'époque moderne (début du XVIe siècle - 1653)". Thesis, Sorbonne université, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SORUL053.
This dissertation studies the tools and the logics of naval warfare in the Early Modern Atlantic. The wide spreading and improvement of shipboard artillery in the 16th and 17th centuries, applied to the main Atlantic countries (France, England, Spain, Portugal, Dutch Republic) trigger deep transformations in Atlantic naval warfare. The main paradigm of battle thereby evolves from traditional tactics such as boarding and hand-to-hand fighting, towards a widespread use of artillery, until a new paradigm emerges in the mid-17th century in the shape of the line of battle. This general evolution has been tackled most notably within the “Military Revolution” debate, but naval warfare has been a side subject in those discussions and was for the most part included in very wide-ranging analysis. Those don’t really do justice do the uncertainties and the subtleties of this transition period, as this dissertation intends to do. Furthermore, this work applies to naval battle the evolutions in the history of warfare in the last 40 years by focusing less on tactics and formations, on blaming or lauding great admirals of the past, and more on the individual experience of fighting. In particular, this dissertation focuses on men within the battle, the logics and the gestures that allow for survival, and the sensory environment surrounding the protagonists of naval combat