Articoli di riviste: "Vibrio"

1

Thompson, C. C., F. L. Thompson, K. Vandemeulebroecke, B. Hoste, P. Dawyndt e J. Swings. "Use of recA as an alternative phylogenetic marker in the family Vibrionaceae". International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 54, n. 3 (1 maggio 2004): 919–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/ijs.0.02963-0.

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This study analysed the usefulness of recA gene sequences as an alternative phylogenetic and/or identification marker for vibrios. The recA sequences suggest that the genus Vibrio is polyphyletic. The high heterogeneity observed within vibrios was congruent with former polyphasic taxonomic studies on this group. Photobacterium species clustered together and apparently nested within vibrios, while Grimontia hollisae was apart from other vibrios. Within the vibrios, Vibrio cholerae and Vibrio mimicus clustered apart from the other genus members. Vibrio harveyi- and Vibrio splendidus-related species formed compact separated groups. On the other hand, species related to Vibrio tubiashii appeared scattered in the phylogenetic tree. The pairs Vibrio coralliilyticus and Vibrio neptunius, Vibrio nereis and Vibrio xuii and V. tubiashii and Vibrio brasiliensis clustered completely apart from each other. There was a correlation of 0·58 between recA and 16S rDNA pairwise similarities. Strains of the same species have at least 94 % recA sequence similarity. recA gene sequences are much more discriminatory than 16S rDNA. For 16S rDNA similarity values above 98 % there was a wide range of recA similarities, from 83 to 99 %.

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2

WONG, HIN-CHUNG, LI-LI CHEN e CHUNG-MING YU. "Occurrence of Vibrios in Frozen Seafoods and Survival of Psychrotrophic Vibrio cholerae in Broth and Shrimp Homogenate at Low Temperatures". Journal of Food Protection 58, n. 3 (1 marzo 1995): 263–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-58.3.263.

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Pathogenic vibrios are important etiologic agents in tropical regions and have been frequently recovered from seafoods and aquacultured foods. In this study, commercially frozen seafoods including peeled shrimps and fish and shrimp dumplings were examined. Vibrio alginolyticus, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Vibrio cholerae and Vibria fluvialis were recovered at 36.0%, 15.8%, 14.9% and 13.2%, respectively. A number of psychrotrophic vibrios were selected and their survival in tryptic soy broth (TSB) supplemented with 1% sodium chloride (NaCl) (TSBS medium) and shrimp homogenate at 4°C and −30°C were studied. Two psychrotrophic non-O1 V. cholerae (laboratory stocks no 128 and 129) survived well at these low temperatures. Counts decreased by about 1 log/ml in TSBS medium at 4°C for 6 days and 3 log/ml at −30°C for 3 days. Shrimp homogenate provided better protection than TSBS medium for psychrotrophic V. cholerae at −30°C. Survival of V. cholerae at low temperatures was further increased by the addition of 0.5% of heated pyrophosphate and metaphosphate, probably by decreasing the lethality of the cold injury to the cells. Measures should be taken to minimize the risk from pathogenic vibrios in frozen seafoods, especially if phosphates are used and psychrotrophic strains are present.

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3

Thongchankaew, Uraiwan, Pimonsri Mittraparp-arthorn, Pharanai Sukhumungoon, Natta Tansila, Taiyeebah Nuidate, Mitsuaki Nishibuchi e Varaporn Vuddhakul. "Occurrence of potentially pathogenic vibrios and related environmental factors in Songkhla Lake, Thailand". Canadian Journal of Microbiology 57, n. 11 (novembre 2011): 867–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/w11-084.

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Vibrios are halophilic bacteria that are ubiquitous in marine environments. Their occurrence in tropical lakes has rarely been investigated. In this study, the predominance and diversity of Vibrio spp. was investigated over a 12-month period in a coastal lagoon, Songkhla Lake, in southern Thailand. Water samples were collected at 2 stations in the estuary near Yor Island in Songkhla Lake. The predominant vibrios were detected by a culture-based method, using thiosulfate–citrate–bile salt–sucrose agar and CHROMagar Vibrio. The diversity of Vibrio spp. was evaluated using denaturant density gradient electrophoresis (DGGE). The highest numbers of total vibrios and Vibrio parahaemolyticus in both areas were observed during the summer. There was no significant correlation between the numbers of vibrios, including V. parahaemolyticus, and either the water temperature or plankton density. Variations in Vibrio species were observed with changes in salinity. Vibrio parahaemolyticus and V. cholerae non-O1/non-O139 were detected during the rainy season when the salinity dropped to nearly 0 parts per thousand. In both areas, V. alginolyticus was the most prominent species detected by the culture method, whereas Vibrio parahaemolyticus was detected by DGGE, every month. Other Vibrio spp. of potential public health concern were also detected by the culture method; they included V. vulnificus , V. fluvialis , and V. mimicus .

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4

Urakawa, Hidetoshi, Kumiko Kita-Tsukamoto e Kouichi Ohwada. "Restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis of psychrophilic and psychrotrophic Vibrio and Photobacterium from the north-western Pacific Ocean and Otsuchi Bay, Japan". Canadian Journal of Microbiology 45, n. 1 (1 gennaio 1999): 67–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/w98-128.

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Typing and identification of 60 marine psychrophilic and psychrotrophic vibrios isolated from the north-western Pacific Ocean and coastal environment of Japan were performed by restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis on the basis of polymerase chain reaction amplified 16S rDNA. We obtained 15 operational taxonomic units (OTUs) by digestion with four restriction endonucleases (HhaI, DdeI, RsaI, and Sau3AI); four large groups were obtained from the neighbor-joining method. Significant differences were observed in OTU composition between isolates from the deep sea and coastal areas. Vibrio marinus and Photobacterium species were the dominant culturable vibrios in the deep sea areas, while Vibrio splendidus like species were the dominant culturable vibrios in a coastal area of Japan.Key words: restriction analysis, Vibrio, Photobacterium, Vibrio marinus (Moritella marina), Vibrio splendidus.

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5

Xu, Kangping, Yushu Wang, Wangxiaohan Yang, Hongyan Cai, Youyu Zhang e Lixing Huang. "Strategies for Prevention and Control of Vibriosis in Asian Fish Culture". Vaccines 11, n. 1 (31 dicembre 2022): 98. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines11010098.

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It is estimated that vibriosis account for about half of the economic losses in Asian fish culture. Consequently, the prevention and control of vibriosis is one of the priority research topics in the field of Asian fish culture disease. Relevant measures have been proposed to control some Vibrios that pose a threat to Asian fish culture, but there are currently only a few effective vaccines available to combat these Vibrios. The purpose of our review is to sum up the main prevention methods and the latest control strategies of seven Vibrio species that cause great harm to Asian aquaculture, including Vibrio harveyi, Vibrio vulnificus, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Vibrio mimicus, Vibrio anguillarum, Vibrio alginolyticus and Vibrio cholerae. Strategies such as antibiotics, probiotics, bacteriophages, antimicrobials from plants and other natural sources, as well as vaccines, are compared and discussed here. We expect this review will provide some new views and recommendations for the future better prevention and control of vibriosis in Asian fish culture.

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6

WONG, HIN-CHUNG, LI-LI CHEN e CHUNG-MING YU. "Survival of Psychrotrophic Vibrio mimicus, Vibrio fluvialis and Vibrio parahaemolyticus in Culture Broth at Low Temperatures". Journal of Food Protection 57, n. 7 (1 luglio 1994): 607–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-57.7.607.

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Pathogenic vibrios are important etiologic agents in tropical regions and have been frequently recovered from seafoods and aquacultured foods. A number of psychrotrophic vibrios were isolated and selected from frozen seafoods and their survivals in tryptic soy broth (TSB) at 4°C and −30°C were studied. These psychrotrophic strains showed good survival at low temperatures and could probably enhance the risk of vibrios in frozen foods. Vibrio mimicus 70 and 198, Vibrio fluvialis 52 and Vibrio parahaemolyticus 205 survived well at 10°C, 4°C and −30°C, while the non-cold fitter V. fluvialis 28 was completely inactivated in the test periods. These strains were not heat resistant and could be easily inactivated by heat treatment. Effect of phosphates may be different for. various Vibrio species at low temperatures. Survival of V. parahaemolyticus 205 was significantly protected by the heated metaphosphate at 4°C by lowering the lethality of cold injured cells but not by increasing the level of uninjured viable cells. Pyrophosphate was inhibitory to this V. parahaemolyticus strain at −30°C.

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7

WONG, HIN-CHUNG, WAN-RU SHIEH e YEONG-SHENG LEE. "Toxigenic Characterization of Vibrios Isolated from Foods Available in Taiwan". Journal of Food Protection 56, n. 11 (1 novembre 1993): 980–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-56.11.980.

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Several Vibrio species have been implicated in diarrheal diseases and wound infection, and some foods are important vehicles for these pathogens. A number of these vibrios isolated from food produced extracellular heat-labile or heat-stable hemolysin and cytotoxins, but only a few strains hybridized to nucleic acid probes of Shiga-like toxin, cholera toxin, or thermostable direct hemolysin. These vibrios also produced extracellular or cell-mediated mouse-lethal factors. The vibrios from foods may produce toxins not identical or related to the common toxins of Escherichia coli, Vibrio cholerae, or Vibrio parahaetnolyticus.

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8

Thompson, Cristiane C., Fabiano L. Thompson, Ana Carolina P. Vicente e Jean Swings. "Phylogenetic analysis of vibrios and related species by means of atpA gene sequences". International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 57, n. 11 (1 novembre 2007): 2480–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/ijs.0.65223-0.

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We investigated the use of atpA gene sequences as alternative phylogenetic and identification markers for vibrios. A fragment of 1322 bp (corresponding to approximately 88 % of the coding region) was analysed in 151 strains of vibrios. The relationships observed were in agreement with the phylogeny inferred from 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis. For instance, the Vibrio cholerae, Vibrio halioticoli, Vibrio harveyi and Vibrio splendidus species groups appeared in the atpA gene phylogenetic analyses, suggesting that these groups may be considered as separate genera within the current Vibrio genus. Overall, atpA gene sequences appeared to be more discriminatory for species differentiation than 16S rRNA gene sequences. 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities above 97 % corresponded to atpA gene sequences similarities above 80 %. The intraspecies variation in the atpA gene sequence was about 99 % sequence similarity. The results showed clearly that atpA gene sequences are a suitable alternative for the identification and phylogenetic study of vibrios.

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9

Ibarra Trujillo, Jimmy, Alvaro Delgado e Débora Alvarado. "Vibrios no Epidémicos y Vibrio cholerae O1 Asociados a Enfermedad Diarreica Aguda. Evento Climatológico. "El Niño" - 1998. Hospital Nacional Dos de Mayo". Anales de la Facultad de Medicina 60, n. 4 (7 aprile 2014): 251. http://dx.doi.org/10.15381/anales.v60i4.4382.

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OBJETIVOS: Aislar e identificar Vibrio cholerae O1 y especies de vibrios no epidémicos asociados a casos de enfermedad diarreica aguda (EDA) durante 1998, dentro del evento climatológico "El Niño" Oscilación del Sur (ENOS). MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS: Durante los meses de verano de 1998 se realizó 70 coprocultivos de pacientes con EDA admitidos en la sala de emergencia del Hospital Nacional Dos de Mayo de Lima. Se estudió colonias aisladas en Agar TCBS. Los aislados fueron sometidos a pruebas bioquímicas y serológicas para la identificación de Vibrio cholerae O1. La identificación de vibrios no epidémicos y otros vibrios patogénicos se realizó tomando en consideración las características descritas en el Manual de Sistemática Bacteriana de Bergey (1994). RESULTADOS: Los resultados indican que el mayor numero de casos estudiados estuvieron asociados a Vibrio cholerae O1 como agente etiológico único (64,3%) o relacionados a otras especies de Vibrio (4,2%). Se relata 2 casos (2,9%) que involucraron a V. vulnificus y 3 (4,3%) a V. parahaemolyticus como agentes etiológicos de diarrea aguda. CONCLUSIONES: La asociación de Vibrio cholerae O1 con otras especies de vibrios no epidémicos permitiría establecer una relación directa entre las infecciones diarreicas estudiadas y el ENOS.

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10

LAMON, SONIA, SIMONETTA G. CONSOLATI, FEDERICA FOIS, MARIA G. CAMBULA, MARGHERITA PES, GABRIELLA PORCHEDDU, VANESSA AGUS, GIUSEPPE ESPOSITO, ANNA MUREDDU e DOMENICO MELONI. "Occurrence, Seasonal Distribution, and Molecular Characterization of Vibrio vulnificus, Vibrio cholerae, and Vibrio parahaemolyticus in Shellfish (Mytilus galloprovincialis and Ruditapes decussatus) Collected in Sardinia (Italy)". Journal of Food Protection 82, n. 11 (11 ottobre 2019): 1851–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-19-021.

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ABSTRACT In this study, we investigated the occurrence, seasonal distribution, and molecular characterization of pathogenic vibrios in Mediterranean mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis) and grooved carpet shells (Ruditapes decussatus) from two harvesting areas of Sardinia (Italy). Samples collected before and after depuration were submitted for qualitative and quantitative determination of Vibrio spp. Vibrio spp. isolates were presumptively identified by means of biochemical methods. Identification and virulence profile of Vibrio cholerae, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, and Vibrio vulnificus were performed by molecular methods. The prevalence of Vibrio spp. in M. galloprovincialis and R. decussatus was, respectively, 96 and 77%. The averaged enumeration (mean ± standard deviation) of Vibrio spp. in samples of M. galloprovincialis and R. decussatus collected at the harvesting time was 2.04 ± 0.45 and 2.51 ± 0.65 log CFU/g, respectively. The average contamination levels in samples collected after purification were 2.28 ± 0.58 log CFU/g (M. galloprovincialis) and 2.12 ± 0.67 log CFU/g (R. decussatus). Four potentially pathogenic V. parahaemolyticus isolates (tdh+ or trh+) were recovered from grooved carpet shells samples. No isolate was tdh+/trh+. The presence of potentially pathogenic vibrios in Sardinian waters strengthens the need for rational purification practices under controlled conditions to guarantee the protection of consumers.

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11

Kwok, Anita Y. C., Jason T. Wilson, Michael Coulthart, Lai-King Ng, Lucy Mutharia e Anthony W. Chow. "Phylogenetic study and identification of human pathogenicVibriospecies based on partialhsp60 gene sequences". Canadian Journal of Microbiology 48, n. 10 (1 ottobre 2002): 903–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/w02-089.

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The use of hsp60 gene sequences for phylogenetic study and identification of pathogenic marine vibrios was investigated. A 600-bp partial hsp60 gene was amplified by PCR and sequenced from 29 strains representing 15 Vibrio species within the family Vibrionaceae. Sequence comparison of the amplified partial hsp60 gene revealed 7182% sequence identity among different Vibrio species and 96100% sequence identity among epidemiologically distinct strains with the same species designation. This degree of discrimination allows unambiguous differentiation of all Vibrio species included in the current study from each other, as well as from Aeromonas hydrophila and Plesiomonas shigelloides, which are often misidentified as Vibrio species by conventional biochemical methods. Based on the hsp60 gene sequences, two previously unidentified shrimp isolates were found to be more closely related to Vibrio alginolyticus (9394% sequence identity) than to Vibrio parahaemolyticus (89% sequence identity), whereas 16S rRNA gene analysis was unable to differentiate among these closely related species (9597% sequence identity). Our results indicate that the hsp60 gene may be a useful alternative target for phylogenetic analysis and species identification of marine Vibrios to complement more conventional identification systems.Key words: Vibrio, hsp60, 16S rRNA, phylogenetic analysis, species identification.

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12

Sawabe, Tomoo, Karin Hayashi, Jun Moriwaki, Fabiano L. Thompson, Jean Swings, Philippe Potin, Richard Christen e Yoshio Ezura. "Vibrio gallicus sp. nov., isolated from the gut of the French abalone Haliotis tuberculata". International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 54, n. 3 (1 maggio 2004): 843–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/ijs.0.02804-0.

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Five alginolytic, facultatively anaerobic, non-motile bacteria were isolated from the gut of the abalone Haliotis tuberculata. Phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rDNA data indicated that these strains are related to Vibrio wodanis, Vibrio salmonicida, Vibrio logei and Vibrio fischeri (but with <97 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity). DNA–DNA hybridization and fluorescence amplified fragment length polymorphism fingerprinting demonstrated that the five strains constituted a single species that was different from all currently known vibrios. The name Vibrio gallicus sp. nov. (type strain, CIP 107863T=LMG 21878T=HT2-1T; DNA G+C content, 43·6–44·3 mol%) is proposed for this novel taxon. Several phenotypic features were disclosed that discriminated V. gallicus from other Vibrio species: V. gallicus can be differentiated from Vibrio halioticoli on the basis of four traits (β-galactosidase test and assimilation of three carbon compounds) and from Vibrio superstes by 16 traits.

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13

Moreira, Ana Paula B., Nei Pereira e Fabiano L. Thompson. "Usefulness of a real-time PCR platform for G+C content and DNA–DNA hybridization estimations in vibrios". International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 61, n. 10 (1 ottobre 2011): 2379–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/ijs.0.023606-0.

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The aim of this study was to evaluate the utility of a real-time PCR platform to estimate the DNA G+C content (mol%) and DNA–DNA hybridization (DDH) values in the genus Vibrio. In total, nine vibrio strains were used to determine the relationship between genomic DNA G+C content and T m (°C). The T m and HPLC datasets fit a linear regression curve with a significant correlation coefficient, corroborating that this methodology has a high correlation with the standard methodology based on HPLC (R2 = 0.94). Analysis of 31 pairs of vibrios provided a wide range of ΔT m values, varying between 0.72 and 12.5 °C. Pairs corresponding to strains of the same species or strains from sister species showed the lowest ΔT m values. For instance, the ΔT m of the sister species Vibrio harveyi LMG 4044T and Vibrio campbellii LMG 11216T was 5.2 °C, whereas the ΔT m of Vibrio coralliilyticus LMG 20984T and Vibrio neptunius LMG 20536T was 8.75 °C. The mean ΔT m values corresponding to pairs of strains with DDH values lower than 60 % or higher than 80 % were, respectively, 8.29 and 2.21 °C (significant difference, P<0.01). The high correlation between DDH values obtained in previous studies and the ΔT m values (R2 = 0.7344) indicates that the fluorimetric methodology is a reliable alternative for the estimation of both DNA G+C content and ΔT m in vibrios. We suggest that strains of the same Vibrio species will have less than 4 °C ΔT m. The use of a real-time PCR platform represents a valuable alternative for the development of the taxonomy of vibrios.

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Amaral, Gilda Rose S., Graciela M. Dias, Michiyo Wellington-Oguri, Luciane Chimetto, Mariana E. Campeão, Fabiano L. Thompson e Cristiane C. Thompson. "Genotype to phenotype: identification of diagnostic vibrio phenotypes using whole genome sequences". International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 64, Pt_2 (1 febbraio 2014): 357–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/ijs.0.057927-0.

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Vibrios are ubiquitous in the aquatic environment and can be found in association with animal or plant hosts. The range of ecological relationships includes pathogenic and mutualistic associations. To gain a better understanding of the ecology of these microbes, it is important to determine their phenotypic features. However, the traditional phenotypic characterization of vibrios has been expensive, time-consuming and restricted in scope to a limited number of features. In addition, most of the commercial systems applied for phenotypic characterization cannot characterize the broad spectrum of environmental strains. A reliable and possible alternative is to obtain phenotypic information directly from whole genome sequences. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the usefulness of whole genome sequences as a source of phenotypic information. We performed a comparison of the vibrio phenotypes obtained from the literature with the phenotypes obtained from whole genome sequences. We observed a significant correlation between the previously published phenotypic data and the phenotypic data retrieved from whole genome sequences of vibrios. Analysis of 26 vibrio genomes revealed that all genes coding for the specific proteins involved in the metabolic pathways responsible for positive phenotypes of the 14 diagnostic features (Voges–Proskauer reaction, indole production, arginine dihydrolase, ornithine decarboxylase, utilization of myo-inositol, sucrose and l-leucine, and fermentation of d-mannitol, d-sorbitol, l-arabinose, trehalose, cellobiose, d-mannose and d-galactose) were found in the majority of the vibrios genomes. Vibrio species that were negative for a given phenotype revealed the absence of all or several genes involved in the respective biochemical pathways, indicating the utility of this approach to characterize the phenotypes of vibrios. The absence of the global regulation and regulatory proteins in the Vibrio parahaemolyticus genome indicated a non-vibrio phenotype. Whole genome sequences represent an important source for the phenotypic identification of vibrios.

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Zampieri, Angela, Massimiliano Babbucci, Lisa Carraro, Massimo Milan, Luca Fasolato e Barbara Cardazzo. "Combining Culture-Dependent and Culture-Independent Methods: New Methodology Insight on the Vibrio Community of Ruditapes philippinarum". Foods 10, n. 6 (3 giugno 2021): 1271. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods10061271.

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Vibrios represent a natural contaminant of seafood products. V. alginolyticus, V. cholerae, V. parahaemolyticus and V. vulnificus are the most hazardous species to human health. Given the worldwide consumption of mollusc products, reliable detection of Vibrio species is recommended to prevent human vibriosis. In this study, culture-dependent and -independent methods were compared and integrated to implement knowledge of the Manila clam Vibrio community composition. Here, 16S and recA-pyrH metabarcoding were applied to compare the microbial communities of homogenate clam samples (culture-independent method) and their culture-derived samples plated on three different media (culture-dependent method). In addition, a subset of plated clam samples was investigated using shotgun metagenomics. Homogenate metabarcoding characterized the most abundant taxa (16S) and Vibrio species (recA-pyrH). Culture-dependent metabarcoding detected the cultivable taxa, including rare species. Moreover, marine agar medium was found to be a useful substrate for the recovery of several Vibrio species, including the main human pathogenic ones. The culture-dependent shotgun metagenomics detected all the main human pathogenic Vibrio species and a higher number of vibrios with respect to the recA-pyrH metabarcoding. The study revealed that integration of culture-dependent and culture-independent methods might be a valid approach for the characterization of Vibrio biodiversity.

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Ntema, V. M., N. Potgieter e T. G. Barnard. "Detection of Vibrio cholerae and Vibrio parahaemolyticus by molecular and culture based methods from source water to household container-stored water at the point-of-use in South African rural communities". Water Science and Technology 61, n. 12 (1 giugno 2010): 3091–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2010.222.

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Detection methods for Vibrio cholerae and Vibrio parahaemolyticus which included the culture based approach with polymerase chain reaction (PCR) confirmation, PCR detection without enrichment and PCR with a pre-enrichment were developed and their performance evaluated. PCR assays targeted the SodB (V. cholerae species), Flae (V. parahaemolyticus species), 16S rRNA (Vibrio and Enterobacteriacea species) genes (Multiplex 1) and V. cholerae O1 and V. cholerae O139 rfb genes, ctxA (cholera toxin) gene and 16S rRNA gene (Multiplex 2). These methods were used to determine the occurrence of selected Vibrios in source water as well as in household container-stored water. The combination of filtration, enrichment and PCR method provided a sensitive and specific method for the detection of selected Vibrios in water samples. The PCR with a pre-enrichment method detected as few as 4–10 cfu/100 mL of selected Vibrios and PCR detection without the enrichment method detected as few as 40–100 cfu/100 mL of selected Vibrios. The inclusion of an enrichment period allows detection of culturable bacteria. As an application of the developed methods, V. cholerae and V. parahaemolyticus were detected in the source water used by the population and in the water-storage containers. The results indicate that Vibrio species in the containers could have originated from the source water and survive in biofilms inside the containers.

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Magalhães, Vera, Marcelo Magalhães e Lilian R. M. Marques. "Vibrios among patients of good socioeconomic conditions during the cholera epidemic in Recife, Brazil". Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo 35, n. 4 (agosto 1993): 345–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0036-46651993000400007.

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Between March and July, 1992, we screened for Vibrio all fecal samples submitted for bacteriologic diagnosis at a private clinical laboratory in Recife. Of 1435 cultures examined only 1 (0.07%) was positive for V.cholerae 01, biovar Eltor, serovar Inaba, but 17 (1.2%) yielded non-cholera Vibrio (V.cholerae non-01; V.fluvialis; V.furnissii, V.parahaemolyticus and Vibrio spp). Thus, V.cholerae 01, differently of other enteropathogenic vibrios, spared individuals of good socioeconomic conditions even during the cholera epidemic, which made hundreds of victims in the neighboring slums.

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Chimetto, Luciane A., Ilse Cleenwerck, Ana Paula B. Moreira, Marcelo Brocchi, Anne Willems, Paul De Vos e Fabiano L. Thompson. "Vibrio variabilis sp. nov. and Vibrio maritimus sp. nov., isolated from Palythoa caribaeorum". International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 61, n. 12 (1 dicembre 2011): 3009–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/ijs.0.026997-0.

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Two novel vibrio isolates (R-40492T and R-40493T) originating from the zoanthid Palythoa caribaeorum in Brazil in 2005 were taxonomically characterized by means of a polyphasic approach comprising multilocus sequence analysis (MLSA), DNA–DNA hybridization (DDH), ΔT m analysis and phenotypic characterization. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that R-40492T and R-40493T fell within the genus Vibrio and were most closely related to each other with 99 % similarity; similarities of these two novel isolates towards Vibrio neptunius LMG 20536T, Vibrio coralliilyticus LMG 20984T, Vibrio nigripulchritudo LMG 3896T, Vibrio sinaloensis LMG 25238T and Vibrio brasiliensis LMG 20546T varied between 97.1 and 98.5 %. DDH experiments showed that the two isolates had less than 15 % relatedness to the phylogenetically most closely related Vibrio species. R-40492T and R-40493T had 55–57 % relatedness to each other. The ΔTm between R-40492T and R-40493T was 6.12 °C. In addition, MLSA of concatenated sequences (16S rRNA, ftsZ, gyrB, recA, rpoA, topA, pyrH and mreB; 6035 bp in length) showed that the two novel isolates formed a separate branch with less than 92 % concatenated gene sequence similarity towards known species of vibrios. Two novel species are proposed to accommodate these novel isolates, namely Vibrio variabilis sp. nov. (type strain, R-40492T = LMG 25438T = CAIM 1454T) and Vibrio maritimus sp. nov. (type strain, R-40493T = LMG 25439T = CAIM 1455T).

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Franco Monsreal, José, Lidia Esther del Socorro Serralta–Peraza e Javier Jesús Flores Abuxapqui. "Species of the genus Vibrio of clinical– epidemiological importance". MOJ Biology and Medicine 6, n. 3 (15 luglio 2021): 116–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.15406/mojbm.2021.06.00142.

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Vibrios are characteristically indigenous to marine, brackish, and estuarine habitats, and appear in large concentrations (blooms) when water temperatures rise (17–20°C). At low temperatures, the vibrios remain in the sediment of the seabed and the counts are usually lower than those necessary to cause infection. In temperate countries, vibrios are present in seawater throughout the year, although their concentration undergoes a notable increase in the warm months due to favorable ecological conditions and plankton, increasing their accumulation by filter feeders and other marine animals. The objective of the present study was to determine whether raw seafood, marinated without heat, partially cooked with heat, and completely cooked with heat represent potential risk factors for the species Vibrio damsela, Vibrio fluvialis and Vibrio furnissii for the development, respectively, of infection. wound; of acute gastroenteritis; and acute gastroenteritis. A list of establishments specialized in the sale of seafood for human consumption was obtained. The amount of seafood in these establishments was 390. For the homogenization and enrichment of each sample, as well as for the isolation and identification of the three species, we proceeded according to the methodology described in the eighth edition of the Bacteriological Analytical Manual (FDA). Estimation intervals at the 95% confidence level were constructed using the Cornfield method. In 32 (8.21%), 10 (2.56%) and 23 (5.90%) samples an equal number of strains were isolated whose biochemical characteristics corresponded, respectively, to Vibrio damsela, Vibrio fluvialis and Vibrio furnissii. The global prevalences obtained in raw seafood, marinated without heat, partially cooked with heat, and completely cooked with heat were, respectively, 19.46% (58/298), 0.00% (0/8), 9.09% (7/77) and 0.00% (0/7). It is concluded that raw seafood and partially cooked seafood represent potential risk factors for three of the twelve species of clinical–epidemiological importance.

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20

Urakawa, Hidetoshi, Kumiko Kita-Tsukamoto e Kouichi Ohwada. "16S rDNA restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis of psychrotrophic vibrios from Japanese coastal water". Canadian Journal of Microbiology 45, n. 12 (1 dicembre 1999): 1001–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/w99-105.

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Abstract (sommario):

Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis was carried out for 136 natural isolates belonging to the family Vibrionaceae. These were collected from inshore areas of Japan, mainly in winter. Twenty-eight 16S rDNA genotypes were obtained by digestion with four restriction endonucleases (HhaI, DdeI, RsaI, and Sau3AI). To estimate the genetic relationships, 53 informative fragments were scored by their presence or absence. A dendrogram was constructed using the unweighted pair group method with the arithmetic averages algorithm. Five RFLP groups (groups I to V) were obtained. Group I corresponded to Vibrio splendidus-like strains. It was confirmed that this group was not only found in Otsuchi Bay, but also in broad coastal areas of Japan. Group II strains were not identified as previously known Vibrio species. Group III strains were regarded as members of the Vibrio main group, which is a major phylogenetic group deduced from 16S rRNA gene analysis in the family Vibrionaceae. The RFLP profile indicated that Group IV strains were closely related to V. hollisae. Group V strains showed RFLP patterns which have not been observed previously. From the clustering analysis, it was concluded that group V strains were not Vibrio species. Most of the isolates studied were not identified as previously described species. It suggests that many psychrotrophic vibrios in cold marine environments remain as unknown species.Key words: Vibrio, vibrios, psychrotroph, restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis, Vibrio splendidus.

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21

Han, Feifei, Robert D. Walker, Marlene E. Janes, Witoon Prinyawiwatkul e Beilei Ge. "Antimicrobial Susceptibilities of Vibrio parahaemolyticus and Vibrio vulnificus Isolates from Louisiana Gulf and Retail Raw Oysters". Applied and Environmental Microbiology 73, n. 21 (7 settembre 2007): 7096–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.01116-07.

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Abstract (sommario):

ABSTRACT The antimicrobial susceptibilities of 168 Vibrio parahaemolyticus and 151 Vibrio vulnificus isolates recovered from 82 Louisiana Gulf and retail oysters in 2005 and 2006 were determined. Overall, the two vibrios remained susceptible to the majority of antimicrobials tested; reduced susceptibility was detected only in V. parahaemolyticus for ampicillin (81%; MIC ≥ 16 μg/ml). Additionally, V. parahaemolyticus displayed significantly higher MICs for cefotaxime, ciprofloxacin, and tetracycline than V. vulnificus.

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22

TEBBS, ROBERT S., PIUS M. BRZOSKA, MANOHAR R. FURTADO e OLGA V. PETRAUSKENE. "Design and Validation of a Novel Multiplex Real-Time PCR Assay for Vibrio Pathogen Detection". Journal of Food Protection 74, n. 6 (1 giugno 2011): 939–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-10-511.

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Abstract (sommario):

Three species—Vibrio cholerae, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, and Vibrio vulnificus—account for the majority of vibrio infections in humans. Rapid and accurate identification of Vibrio species has been problematic because phenotypic characteristics are variable within species. Additionally, biochemical identification and confirmation require 2 or more days to complete. Rapid and sensitive molecular techniques for the detection of vibrio pathogens would be useful for the surveillance and management of outbreaks. To facilitate the identification of human-pathogenic species, we designed and validated a highly sensitive, specific, and robust multiplex real-time PCR assay to identify V. cholerae, V. parahaemolyticus, and V. vulnificus using a four-dye configuration in a convenient lyophilized format. Multiple Vibrio strains were sequenced to verify candidate target TaqMan sites. Several individual assays within the multiplex contain multiple primers or probes to ensure detection of polymorphic variants. V. cholerae, V. parahaemolyticus, and V. vulnificus were detected either individually or in mixtures at ≤30 genomic copies. V. cholerae was specifically detected in the presence or absence of Vibrio mimicus. The Vibrio multiplex assay showed 100% specificity to all targets analyzed and no detection of nearest neighbor strains. Each assay exhibited 100% ± 10% efficiency. Multiplex real-time PCR can simplify pathogen detection and reduce costs per test since three species can be analyzed in a single reaction tube. Rapid and accurate detection of pathogenic vibrios in shellfish or seawater samples will improve the microbiological safety of seafood for consumers.

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23

LORENZONI, GIUSEPPA, GIUSEPPE TEDDE, LAURA MARA, ANNA MARIA BAZZONI, GIUSEPPE ESPOSITO, SARA SALZA, GABRIELLA PIRAS et al. "Presence, Seasonal Distribution, and Biomolecular Characterization of Vibrio parahaemolyticus and Vibrio vulnificus in Shellfish Harvested and Marketed in Sardinia (Italy) between 2017 and 2018". Journal of Food Protection 84, n. 9 (6 maggio 2021): 1549–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/jfp-21-059.

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Abstract (sommario):

ABSTRACT In the present study, we investigated the presence, seasonal distribution, and biomolecular characteristics of Vibrio parahaemolyticus and Vibrio vulnificus in samples of bivalve mollusks (Mytilus galloprovincialis, Crassostrea gigas, and Ruditapes decussatus) harvested and marketed in Sardinia (Italy) between 2017 and 2018. A total of 435 samples were submitted for qualitative determination of Vibrio spp., V. parahaemolyticus, and V. vulnificus. Potentially enteropathogenic isolates were detected with biomolecular methods. The overall prevalence of Vibrio spp. was 7.6%. The highest Vibrio prevalence was found in R. decussatus (8.3%). The prevalences of V. parahaemolyticus and V. vulnificus were 2.7 and 4.8%, respectively. Higher prevalences of V. parahaemolyticus and V. vulnificus were found in R. decussatus (4.2%) and C. gigas (6.2%), respectively. Only two pathogenic V. parahaemolyticus strains were recovered (genotypes: tdh− and trh+; tdh+ and trh−), both from M. galloprovincialis. None of the isolates were tdh+ and trh+. Pathogenic Vibrio infections are often underestimated, and human infections are increasing in Europe. European data on the true distribution of Vibrionaceae are scarce, and the results of the present study highlight the need of constant monitoring to update the distribution of pathogenic vibrios. HIGHLIGHTS

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24

Franca, Joao Cesar Beenke, Sonia Mara Raboni, Elise Sanfelice, Diego Polido, Arthur Gentili e Fabricio Marques. "Vibrio vulnificus infection in Southern Brazil - Case report". Anais Brasileiros de Dermatologia 88, n. 3 (giugno 2013): 424–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/abd1806-4841.20131780.

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Abstract (sommario):

The genus Vibrio is a member of the family Vibrionaceae, and among their disease-causing species, Vibrio vulnificus, a lactose-positive gram-negative bacillus, is one of the most virulent pathogen of the noncholerae vibrios. We describe the case of a 39-year-old male patient, who was using immunosuppressive therapy, admitted to the hospital for liver transplantation. Twelve hours later, the patient presented high fever, myalgia, anuria and erythematous plaques on lower limbs, of rapid growth and proximal progression. The patient was treated with ceftriaxone, meropenem and oxacillin, however he expired within 30 hours. Blood cultures showed growth of a gram-negative bacillus, which was later identified as Vibrio vulnificus.

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25

Le Roux, Frédérique, e Melanie Blokesch. "Eco-evolutionary Dynamics Linked to Horizontal Gene Transfer in Vibrios". Annual Review of Microbiology 72, n. 1 (8 settembre 2018): 89–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-micro-090817-062148.

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Abstract (sommario):

Vibrio is a genus of ubiquitous heterotrophic bacteria found in aquatic environments. Although they are a small percentage of the bacteria in these environments, vibrios can predominate during blooms. Vibrios also play important roles in the degradation of polymeric substances, such as chitin, and in other biogeochemical processes. Vibrios can be found as free-living bacteria, attached to particles, or associated with other organisms in a mutualistic, commensal, or pathogenic relationship. This review focuses on vibrio ecology and genome plasticity, which confers an ability to adapt to new niches and is driven, at least in part, by horizontal gene transfer (HGT). The extent of HGT and its role in pathogen emergence are discussed based on genomic studies of environmental and pathogenic vibrios, mobile genetically encoded virulence factors, and mechanistic studies on the different modes of HGT.

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26

Falaise, Charlotte, Adèle James, Marie-Agnès Travers, Marie Zanella, Myriam Badawi e Jean-Luc Mouget. "Complex Relationships between the Blue Pigment Marennine and Marine Bacteria of the Genus Vibrio". Marine Drugs 17, n. 3 (8 marzo 2019): 160. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/md17030160.

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Abstract (sommario):

Marennine, the water-soluble blue pigment produced by the marine diatom Haslea ostrearia, is known to display antibacterial activities. Previous studies have demonstrated a prophylactic effect of marennine on bivalve larvae challenged with a pathogenic Vibrio splendidus, suggesting that the blue Haslea is a good candidate for applications in aquaculture as a source of a natural antimicrobial agent. Indeed, the genus Vibrio is ubiquitous in aquaculture ecosystems, and regular events of pathogenic invasion cause some of the biggest losses worldwide. To better characterize the effects of marennine on Vibrios, a panel of 30 Vibrio strains belonging to 10 different species was tested, including bivalve pathogenic species (e.g., Vibrio crassostreae and Vibrio harveyi). Vibrio strains were first exposed to 10 and 25 µg mL−1 of Blue Water (BW), a concentrated culture supernatant of H. ostrearia containing marennine. This screening evidenced a great diversity in responses, from growth stimulation to a total inhibition, at both the interspecific or intraspecific level. In a second series of experiments, 10 Vibrio strains were exposed to BW at concentrations ranging from 5 to 80 µg mL−1. The highest concentrations of BW did not systematically result in the highest growth inhibition as hormetic responses—opposite effects regarding the concentration—were occasionally evidenced. The relationships between marennine and Vibrio strains appear more complex than expected and justify further study—in particular, on the mechanisms of action—before considering applications as a natural prophylactic or antibiotic agent in aquaculture.

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27

Sampaio, Ana, Vanessa Silva, Patrícia Poeta e Florin Aonofriesei. "Vibrio spp.: Life Strategies, Ecology, and Risks in a Changing Environment". Diversity 14, n. 2 (29 gennaio 2022): 97. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d14020097.

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Abstract (sommario):

Vibrios are ubiquitous bacteria in aquatic systems, especially marine ones, and belong to the Gammaproteobacteria class, the most diverse class of Gram-negative bacteria. The main objective of this review is to update the information regarding the ecology of Vibrio species, and contribute to the discussion of their potential risk in a changing environment. As heterotrophic organisms, Vibrio spp. live freely in aquatic environments, from marine depths to the surface of the water column, and frequently may be associated with micro- and macroalgae, invertebrates, and vertebrates such as fish, or live in symbiosis. Some Vibrio spp. are pathogenic to humans and animals, and there is evidence that infections caused by vibrios are increasing in the world. This rise may be related to global changes in human behavior (increases in tourism, maritime traffic, consumption of seafood, aquaculture production, water demand, pollution), and temperature. Most likely in the future, Vibrio spp. in water and in seafood will be monitored in order to safeguard human and animal health. Regulators of the microbiological quality of water (marine and freshwater) and food for human and animal consumption, professionals involved in marine and freshwater production chains, consumers and users of aquatic resources, and health professionals will be challenged to anticipate and mitigate new risks.

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28

Matamp, Nandita, e Sarita Bhat. "Phage Endolysins as Potential Antimicrobials against Multidrug Resistant Vibrio alginolyticus and Vibrio parahaemolyticus: Current Status of Research and Challenges Ahead". Microorganisms 7, n. 3 (18 marzo 2019): 84. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms7030084.

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Abstract (sommario):

Vibrio alginolyticus and V. parahaemolyticus, the causative agents of Vibriosis in marine vertebrates and invertebrates, are also responsible for fatal illnesses such as gastroenteritis, septicemia, and necrotizing fasciitis in humans via the ingestion of contaminated seafood. Aquaculture farmers often rely on extensive prophylactic use of antibiotics in farmed fish to mitigate Vibrios and their biofilms. This has been postulated as being of serious concern in the escalation of antibiotic resistant Vibrios. For this reason, alternative strategies to combat aquaculture pathogens are in high demand. Bacteriophage-derived lytic enzymes and proteins are of interest to the scientific community as promising tools with which to diminish our dependency on antibiotics. Lysqdvp001 is the best-characterized endolysin with lytic activity against multiple species of Vibrios. Various homologues of Vibrio phage endolysins have also been studied for their antibacterial potential. These novel endolysins are the major focus of this mini review.

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29

Filizola, Lúcia Roberta de Souza, Ângela Cristina Torres de Araújo Figueirôa, Maria Cristina D. de Araújo, Valdelúcia de Oliveira Cavalcanti, Cristiani Maria de Lima e Ernesto Hofer. "Significância de anticorpos vibriocidas circulantes em área pós-epidêmica de diarréia, São Bento do Una, Estado de Pernambuco". Revista da Sociedade Brasileira de Medicina Tropical 40, n. 6 (dicembre 2007): 686–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0037-86822007000600018.

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Abstract (sommario):

Verificou-se o nível de anticorpos vibriocidas em 41 indivíduos adultos, sem história passada ou presente de diarréia por Vibrio cholerae O1, residentes no município de São Bento do Una, Pernambuco. Nessa localidade ocorreu no início de 2004 um surto de diarréia, com múltiplos agentes bacterianos envolvidos, incluindo o vibrião colérico. Foi empregado o teste da microtitulação de anticorpos séricos vibriocidas, anti-Ogawa e anti-Inaba, considerando-se como indicativo de infecção por Vibrio cholerae O1, os títulos vibriocidas > 1:640. A freqüência dos reagentes foi de 36 (87,8%) para o sorovar Ogawa, o que evidencia a possível circulação do vibrião colérico, durante e/ou após a epidemia de diarréia.

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30

PARISI, A., G. NORMANNO, N. ADDANTE, A. DAMBROSIO, C. O. MONTAGNA, N. C. QUAGLIA, G. V. CELANO e D. CHIOCCO. "Market Survey of Vibrio spp. and Other Microrganisms in Italian Shellfish". Journal of Food Protection 67, n. 10 (1 ottobre 2004): 2284–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-67.10.2284.

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Abstract (sommario):

A survey was conducted of Vibrio spp., Escherichia coli, fecal coliforms, and Salmonella in 644 molluscan shellfish samples marketed in the Apulia region of southern Italy. Vibrios were found in 278 samples (43%), and levels of E. coli and fecal coliforms were above the Italian legal limit in 27 and 34 samples (4 and 5%), respectively. Salmonella was not detected in any of the samples. Because the majority of the vibrio isolates were found in samples that were compliant with Italian regulations, there appears to be no relationship between the presence of microorganisms of fecal origin and the presence of vibrios potentially harmful to human health.

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31

Sawabe, Tomoo, Yusuke Fujimura, Kentaro Niwa e Hideaki Aono. "Vibrio comitans sp. nov., Vibrio rarus sp. nov. and Vibrio inusitatus sp. nov., from the gut of the abalones Haliotis discus discus, H. gigantea, H. madaka and H. rufescens". International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 57, n. 5 (1 maggio 2007): 916–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/ijs.0.64789-0.

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Abstract (sommario):

Nine alginolytic, facultatively anaerobic, non-motile bacteria were isolated from the guts of the abalones Haliotis discus discus, H. gigantea, H. madaka and H. rufescens. Phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that these bacteria were closely related to Vibrio superstes G3-29T (98.6–99.3 % sequence similarity). DNA–DNA hybridization and phylogenetic analysis based on the gapA gene demonstrated that six strains constituted one bacterial species, two strains represented a second species and one strain represented a third species. The three novel bacterial species were different from all currently known vibrios. The names Vibrio comitans sp. nov. (type strain GHG2-1T=LMG 23416T=NBRC 102076T; DNA G+C content 45.0–48.0 mol%), Vibrio inusitatus sp. nov. (type strain RW14T=LMG 23434T=NBRC 102082T; DNA G+C content 43.1–43.7 mol%) and Vibrio rarus sp. nov. (type strain RW22T=LMG 23674T=NBRC 102084T; DNA G+C content 43.8 mol%) are proposed to encompass these new taxa. Several phenotypic features were revealed that discriminate V. comitans, V. rarus and V. inusitatus from other Vibrio species.

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32

Kaltsum, Ummu, Nurul Mutmainnah, Yusdalifa Ekayanti Yunus e Muhamad Ikbal. "Pengaruh Bacillus subtilis Dengan Penambahan Prebiotik Terhadap Total Bakteri Pada Saluran Perncernaan Udang Windu (Penaeus monodon Fabricus, 1798)". Jurnal Sains dan Teknologi Perikanan 3, n. 2 (25 ottobre 2023): 139–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.55678/jikan.v3i2.1184.

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Abstract (sommario):

Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui pengaruh probiotik Bacillus subtilis dengan penambahan prebiotik ubi jalar dan singkong terhadap total bakteri dan total Vibro harveyi pada saluran pencernaan udang windu. Penelitian dilaksanakan di Mini Hatchery Fakultas Ilmu Kelautan dan Perikanan dan Laboratorium Parasit dan Penyakit Ikan, Departemen Perikanan, Fakultas ilmu Kelautan dan Perikanan, Universitas Hasanuddin. Bahan yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini bakteri Bacillus subtilis, udang windu, ubi jalar, singkong dan Vibrio harveyi. Penelitian ini menggunakan rancangan acak lengkap dengan 4 perlakuan dan 3 ulangan. Pemeriksaan meliputi total bakteri dan total Vibrio harveyi pada akhir penelitian Total bakteri pada saluran pencernaan udang yang terbaik diperoleh 12,58 2,85 dan total vibrio harveyi diperoleh 1,2 0,27.

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33

Park, Kwon-Sam, Takahiro Ono, Mitsuhiro Rokuda, Myoung-Ho Jang, Kazuhisa Okada, Tetsuya Iida e Takeshi Honda. "Functional Characterization of Two Type III Secretion Systems of Vibrio parahaemolyticus". Infection and Immunity 72, n. 11 (novembre 2004): 6659–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.72.11.6659-6665.2004.

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Abstract (sommario):

ABSTRACT Vibrio parahaemolyticus, a gram-negative marine bacterium, is a worldwide cause of food-borne gastroenteritis. Recent genome sequencing of the clinical V. parahaemolyticus strain RIMD2210633 identified two sets of genes for the type III secretion system (TTSS), TTSS1 and TTSS2. Here, we constructed a series of mutant strains from RIMD2210633 to determine whether the two putative TTSS apparatus are functional. The cytotoxic activity of mutant strains having a deletion in one of the TTSS1 genes was significantly decreased compared with that of the parent and TTSS2-related mutant strains. In an enterotoxicity assay with the rabbit ileal loop test, intestinal fluid accumulation was diminished by deletion of the TTSS2-related genes while TTSS1-related mutants caused a level of fluid accumulation similar to that of the parent. VopD, a protein encoded in the proximity of the TTSS1 region and a homologue of the Yersinia YopD, was secreted in a TTSS1-dependent manner. In contrast, VopP, which is encoded by a pathogenicity island on chromosome 2 and is homologous to the Yersinia YopP, was secreted via the TTSS2 pathway. These results provide evidence that V. parahaemolyticus TTSSs function as secretion systems and may have a role in the pathogenicity of the organism. This is the first report of functional TTSSs in Vibrio species. The presence of TTSS apparatus gene homologues was demonstrated in other vibrios, such as Vibrio alginolyticus, Vibrio harveyi, and Vibrio tubiashii, suggesting that some other vibrios also contain TTSS and that the TTSS has a role in protein secretion in those organisms during interaction with eukaryotic cells.

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Calif, Edward, e Stahl Shalom. "HAND INFECTIONS CAUSED BY DELAYED INOCULATION OF VIBRIO VULNIFICUS: DOES HUMAN SKIN SERVE AS A POTENTIAL RESERVOIR OF VIBRIOS?" Hand Surgery 09, n. 01 (luglio 2004): 39–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218810404002029.

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Abstract (sommario):

Vibrio vulnificus may cause severe soft tissue infections of the upper extremity. This pathogen usually gains access to soft tissues either by direct inoculation through a penetrating injury by an infected marine animal or by exposing abraded skin to contaminated water. We report five patients with Vibrio vulnificus hand infections following superficial hand injuries incurred within 24 hours after uneventful handling of fish. This clinical observation, together with the fact that the physiologic characteristics of human sweat simulate the natural environment of the Vibrio vulnificus, support the assumption that human skin may serve as a reservoir for Vibrios. The anamnesis in patients presenting with hand infection should essentially include an inquiry regarding recent, albeit uneventful, fish handling.

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35

NASCUMENTO, DENILDE R., REGIÑE H. S. F. VIEIRA, HAUSTON B. ALMEIDA, THAKOR R. PATEL e SEBATIAO T. IARIA. "Survival of Vibrio cholerae 01 Strains in Shrimp Subjected to Freezing and Boiling". Journal of Food Protection 61, n. 10 (1 ottobre 1998): 1317–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-61.10.1317.

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Abstract (sommario):

This research was undertaken to assess the resistance of Vibrio cholerae 01 strains inoculated into white shrimp, Penaeus schimitti, to heating and freezing treatments. Shrimp samples with and without carapace were obtained from Sao Luis, Brazil. Microbial analysis revealed the presence of marine vibrios including Vibrio alginolyticus, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, and other vibrios and aerobic gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria that grew on selective medium, thiosulfate-citrate-bile salt-sucrose agar. Samples with and without carapaces were heated before inoculating with cells of V. cholerae and then one-half of the samples was stored frozen at −200°C and the other one-half was heated to boiling temperatures. Viable cells of the test organism were recovered from samples without carapaces, stored under frozen conditions, after 36 days. In contrast, no living cells were recovered after 26 days from samples with carapaces. Boiling temperatures were very damaging to V. cholerae 01 in shrimp samples with and without carapaces. Total destruction of the cells occurred within 1 to 2 min of exposure to heating.

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36

Bình, Phan Trọng, Nguyễn Hữu Nghĩa, Phạm Thái Giang, Trương Thị Mỹ Hạnh, Nguyễn Đức Bình, Nguyễn Minh Quân, Nguyễn Thị Hạnh, Lê Thị Mây e Nguyễn Thị Nguyện. "THÀNH PHẦN LOÀI VI KHUẨN TRÊN NGAO VÀ DIỄN BIẾN CHẤT LƯỢNG MÔI TRƯỜNG NƯỚC VÙNG NUÔI TẠI THÁI BÌNH VÀ THANH HOÁ". TNU Journal of Science and Technology 228, n. 09 (8 giugno 2023): 219–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.34238/tnu-jst.7526.

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Abstract (sommario):

Nghiên cứu được thực hiện để đánh giá diễn biến của các chỉ tiêu môi trường nước và tác nhân gậy bệnh trên ngao nuôi (Meretrix meretrix) trong vùng nuôi ngao tại hai tỉnh Thái Bình và Thanh Hoá từ năm 2017 - 2021. Các chỉ tiêu môi trường nước bao gồm nhiệt độ, pH, độ mặn, độ kiềm, NH4+, NO2-, S2- và Vibrio tổng số trong nước và tác nhân vi khuẩn trên ngao nuôi đã được phân tích và tổng hợp trong thời gian từ tháng 4 đến tháng 10 hàng năm. Kết quả cho thấy rằng, độ mặn, độ kiềm giảm; trong khi đó, NH4+ tăng trong thời gian mùa mưa bão từ tháng 8-10. Hàm lượng NO2- và mật độ Vibrio tổng số tăng cao vào thời điểm từ tháng 4 đến 7. Phát hiện có hai giống vi khuẩn Vibrio spp. và Aeromonas spp. trên mẫu ngao nuôi, trong đó Vibrio parahaemolyticus, V. alginolyticus và V. vulnificus là ba loại vi khuẩn gây bệnh có tỉ lệ phát hiện cao, lần lượt là 35,81, 18,60 và 14,88% tổng số mẫu. Mật độ Vibrio tổng số trong nước cao làm tăng nguy cơ ngao nhiễm vi khuẩn Vibiro spp. Độ kiềm, độ mặn, NH4+, NO2-, Vibrio tổng số và vi khuẩn Vibrio spp. là những yếu tố ảnh hưởng đến sinh trưởng, phát triển và hiệu quả nuôi ngao tại Thái Bình và Thanh Hoá.

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37

Pogozhova, M. P., N. E. Gayevskaya, A. S. Vodopyanov, R. V. Pisanov, A. O. Anoprienko, L. V. Romanova e A. V. Tyurina. "Biological properties and genetic characteristics of experimental diagnostic Vibrio cholerae bacteriophages". Journal of microbiology, epidemiology and immunobiology 98, n. 3 (3 luglio 2021): 290–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.36233/0372-9311-39.

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Background. Currently, the researches focused on the design of new diagnostic and preventive preparations based on bacteriophages are underway, so it is importatnt to study the biological properties of cholera phages along with their genetic structure. This information is necessary to predict the phage life cycle and assess the prospects of its practical use in experiments, phagodiagnostics and phagoprophylaxis.Materials and methods. The presence or absence of genes characteristic of temperate bacteriophages was tested using a database created by the authors and developed software "PhageAnalyzer", which allows for rapid analysis of bacteriophage genome-wide sequencing data and prediction of their life cycle.Results and discussion. The morphological structure of experimental diagnostic cholera phages is represented by head bacteriophages of various morphogroups. Negative colonies phage differed in diameter, shape and degree of transparency. No genetic determinants of resistance factors and toxins have been found in the genomes of bacteriophages Rostov-1, Rostov-6, Rostov 7, and Rostov M3. Results of phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that the studied experimental cholera bacteriophages resemble headphages from the genus Vibrio, but are unique, since they lie outside “cluster groups”. Vibrio phages Rostov-1 and Rostov M3 are appeared to be lytic. Genes characteristic of moderate bacteriophages were found in cholera phages Rostov-6 and Rostov 7.Conclusion. The experimental cholera bacteriophage Rostov-1 can be used to differentiate cholera vibrion O1 the serogroup of the El Tor biovar, and Vibrio phage Rostov M3 can be used to differentiate the Classical biovar. Both bacteriophages are lytic and promising components for creating prophylactic drugs against cholera. Vibrio phages Rostov-6 and Rostov 7 can be successfully used only in experimental activities, as well as for monitoring cholera vibrions in the environment. Complete genomic sequences are deposited and available in the international database Genbank (NCBI).

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38

Johnson, C. N., A. R. Flowers, N. F. Noriea, A. M. Zimmerman, J. C. Bowers, A. DePaola e D. J. Grimes. "Relationships between Environmental Factors and Pathogenic Vibrios in the Northern Gulf of Mexico". Applied and Environmental Microbiology 76, n. 21 (3 settembre 2010): 7076–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.00697-10.

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ABSTRACT Although autochthonous vibrio densities are known to be influenced by water temperature and salinity, little is understood about other environmental factors associated with their abundance and distribution. Densities of culturable Vibrio vulnificus containing vvh (V. vulnificus hemolysin gene) and V. parahaemolyticus containing tlh (thermolabile hemolysin gene, ubiquitous in V. parahaemolyticus), tdh (thermostable direct hemolysin gene, V. parahaemolyticus pathogenicity factor), and trh (tdh-related hemolysin gene, V. parahaemolyticus pathogenicity factor) were measured in coastal waters of Mississippi and Alabama. Over a 19-month sampling period, vibrio densities in water, oysters, and sediment varied significantly with sea surface temperature (SST). On average, tdh-to-tlh ratios were significantly higher than trh-to-tlh ratios in water and oysters but not in sediment. Although tlh densities were lower than vvh densities in water and in oysters, the opposite was true in sediment. Regression analysis indicated that SST had a significant association with vvh and tlh densities in water and oysters, while salinity was significantly related to vibrio densities in the water column. Chlorophyll a levels in the water were correlated significantly with vvh in sediment and oysters and with pathogenic V. parahaemolyticus (tdh and trh) in the water column. Furthermore, turbidity was a significant predictor of V. parahaemolyticus density in all sample types (water, oyster, and sediment), and its role in predicting the risk of V. parahaemolyticus illness may be more important than previously realized. This study identified (i) culturable vibrios in winter sediment samples, (ii) niche-based differences in the abundance of vibrios, and (iii) predictive signatures resulting from correlations between environmental parameters and vibrio densities.

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39

Savelieva, I. V., S. N. Tikhonov, V. N. Saveliev, D. A. Kovalev, S. V. Pisarenko, E. S. Kotenev, B. V. Babenyshev, L. S. Zinich, N. N. Pidchenko e A. N. Kulichenko. "RETROSPECTIVE ANALYSIS OF BIOLOGICAL AND MOLECULAR-GENETIC PROPERTIES OF STRAINS - CAUSATIVE AGENTS OF CHOLERA - ISOLATED IN UKRAINE IN 1994 - 2011". Journal of microbiology epidemiology immunobiology, n. 1 (28 febbraio 2017): 49–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.36233/0372-9311-2017-1-49-55.

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Aim. Retrospective analysis of biological and molecular-genetic properties of strains - causative agents of cholera - isolated in the period of epidemics in Ukraine in 1994 - 2011. Materials and methods. Phenotypic and molecular-genetic properties of 5 strains of cholera vibrios, biovar El Tor isolated from cholera patients and 4 strains from the environmental samples were studied using traditional bacteriological and genetic methods. Detection of DNA for toxigenicity genes and genes characteristic for El Tor and classic biovar were carried out by PCR method using reagent kits «AmpliSens- Vibrio cholerae FRT» and «.Vibrio cholerae ctxB-rstR-rstC genes, REF» (an experimental test system). Sequencing of genomes of 4 strains of causative agents of cholera was carried out in genetic analyzer Ion Torrent Personal Genome Machine. Results. Strains of cholera vibrios identified in Ukraine in 1994 and 2011 such as a typical toxigenic biovar El Tor (V cholerae 01, El Tor, Ogawa, Hly-, ctxA+, tcpA+) contain genes of the classic cholera vibrio in their genome and are genetically altered (hybrid) variants of cholera vibrio biovar El Tor producing enterotoxin CT1 and having increased virulence, that was clinically manifested in predominance of severe forms of cholera in Mariupol of Donetsk region in 2011. Genome sequences of the 4 studied strains were deposited into the international database DDBJ/EMBL/GenBank. Conclusion. The studied isolates were established to belong to a clade of strains associated with cholera outbreaks in Haiti and Asian continent, from where genetically altered strains of cholera vibrios biovar El Tor were introduced to Haiti in 2010, based on results of comparison of genomic sequences of the studied strains with genomes of V. cholera strains from the international database GenBank.

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40

Boyko, A. V., N. P. Pogorelova, Yu Yu Chernikova e T. M. Zhigareva. "The first cases of acute intestinal infections caused by parahaemolytic vibriones in a freshwater region". Kazan medical journal 70, n. 3 (15 giugno 1989): 170–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/kazmj99842.

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During the last 10-15 years intestinal infections caused by parahaemolytic vibrio have been registered in many countries of Asia, Europe, South and North America and in Australia. The frequency of isolation of this pathogen from patients varies from 1.5 to 15%. In Japan, parahaemolytic vibrios has become a national problem. In the vast majority of cases, parahaemolytic vibrio-induced illnesses have been shown to be associated with exposure to seawater and consumption of seafood, even when they occur in areas far from the sea.

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41

Bockemühl, J., K. Roch, B. Wohlers, V. Aleksic, S. Aleksic e R. Wokatsch. "Seasonal distribution of facultatively enteropathogenic vibrios (Vibrio cholerae, Vibrio mimicus, Vibrio parahaemolyticus) in the freshwater of the Elbe River at Hamburg". Journal of Applied Bacteriology 60, n. 5 (maggio 1986): 435–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2672.1986.tb05089.x.

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42

Thompson, F. L., D. Gevers, C. C. Thompson, P. Dawyndt, S. Naser, B. Hoste, C. B. Munn e J. Swings. "Phylogeny and Molecular Identification of Vibrios on the Basis of Multilocus Sequence Analysis". Applied and Environmental Microbiology 71, n. 9 (settembre 2005): 5107–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.71.9.5107-5115.2005.

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ABSTRACT We analyzed the usefulness of rpoA, recA, and pyrH gene sequences for the identification of vibrios. We sequenced fragments of these loci from a collection of 208 representative strains, including 192 well-documented Vibrionaceae strains and 16 presumptive Vibrio isolates associated with coral bleaching. In order to determine the intraspecies variation among the three loci, we included several representative strains per species. The phylogenetic trees constructed with the different genetic loci were roughly in agreement with former polyphasic taxonomic studies, including the 16S rRNA-based phylogeny of vibrios. The families Vibrionaceae, Photobacteriaceae, Enterovibrionaceae, and Salinivibrionaceae were all differentiated on the basis of each genetic locus. Each species clearly formed separated clusters with at least 98, 94, and 94% rpoA, recA, and pyrH gene sequence similarity, respectively. The genus Vibrio was heterogeneous and polyphyletic, with Vibrio fischeri, V. logei, and V. wodanis grouping closer to the Photobacterium genus. V. halioticoli-, V. harveyi-, V. splendidus-, and V. tubiashii-related species formed groups within the genus Vibrio. Overall, the three genetic loci were more discriminatory among species than were 16S rRNA sequences. In some cases, e.g., within the V. splendidus and V. tubiashii group, rpoA gene sequences were slightly less discriminatory than recA and pyrH sequences. In these cases, the combination of several loci will yield the most robust identification. We can conclude that strains of the same species will have at least 98, 94, and 94% rpoA, recA, and pyrH gene sequence similarity, respectively.

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Savelieva, I. V., A. N. Kulichenko, V. N. Saveliev, D. A. Kovalev, O. V. Vasilieva, A. M. Zhirov, E. I. Eremenko et al. "MLVA-TYPING OF CLINICAL STAMPS OF GENETICALLY CHANGED VIBRIO CHOLERAE BIOTYPE EL TOR INSULATED IN RUSSIA AND UKRAINE IN THE PERIOD OF SEVENTH PANDEMIC CHOLERA". Journal of microbiology epidemiology immunobiology, n. 6 (28 dicembre 2018): 37–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.36233/0372-9311-2018-6-37-43.

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Aim. Conduct in a comparative aspect MLVA-typing of genetically altered cholera vibrio biovar El Tor, isolated from patients during the epidemic (1994) and outbreaks (1993, 1998) in Dagestan with isolates in Mariupol (Ukraine) in 1994-2011 in Moscow (2010, 2012), India (1964, 2006, 2007), Bangladesh 1991, 1994, 2001, 2004) and to establish Phylogenetic connections between strains of cholera vibrios isolated in different years in these territories, to ascertain the source of their drift. Materials and methods. MLVA-tyP-ing was carried out in PCR at 5 variable loci of 35 clinical strains of genetically modified Vibrio cholerae byotyPe El Tor. The obtained amPlicon was studied in the system of automatic caPillary electroPhoresis ExPerion («Bio Rad Laboratories», USA). For Phylogenetic analysis, along with MLVA-genotyPes, 35 strains of Vibrio cholerae from the Institute's collection used Published genotyPes of strains isolated in India, Bangladesh, Haiti. Results. The investigated strains of cholera vibrio are referred to 21 MLVA-tyPes, divided into 2 main clades and 1 seParate branch with clonal clusters and subclusters, each of which contains closely related strains of cholera vibrio genovariants having a different degree of Phylogenetic relationshiP - full or Partial identity of allelic Profiles of five variable loci. The sources of drift of genetically modified Vibrio cholerae byotyPe El Tor to Russia and Ukraine from disadvantaged cholera of India, Bangladesh, Azerbaijan and the countries of the Middle East have been established. Conclusion. The obtained data testify to the PolymorPhism of MLVA-tyPes of genetically altered strains of cholera vibrio of the biologist El Tor, evolved in different years and caused ePidemics or outbreaks of cholera in different territories during different time Periods of the course of the seventh cholera Pandemic, and also suggest the Polyclonal origin of the Vibrio cholerae biovar El Tor and the source of their drift to the territory of the Russian Federation and Ukraine.

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Kohli, Vandita, Ramasubramanian Vaidhyanathan, Amjad K. Balange, Binaya Bhusan Nayak e Sanath H. Kumar. "Distribution of Vibrio parahaemolyticus in Farmed Shrimp Penaeus vannamei, Farm Water and Sediment". Journal of Pure and Applied Microbiology 15, n. 3 (23 agosto 2021): 1608–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.22207/jpam.15.3.57.

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The halophilic marine bacterium Vibrio parahaemolyticus is a zoonotic pathogen associated with wild-caught and farmed shrimp. The bacterium is an important cause of gastroenteritis associated with the consumption of raw or undercooked seafood. In the present study, the prevalence and human pathogenic potential of Vibrio parahaemolyticus in Penaeus vannamei (tissue and hepatopancreas) and the farm environment (water and sediment) was investigated by conventional culture and molecular techniques. The total Vibrio counts of P. vannamei ranged from <1 CFU/mL in hemolymph to 7.61 log CFU/g in the hepatopancreas. The sediment samples consistently showed the counts of 6-7 log CFU/g, while the pond water had Vibrio counts in the range of 2-3 log CFU/ml. Of 120 Vibrio isolates identified, 87 were confirmed as V. parahaemolyticus based on the toxR and tlh gene-specific PCR. The virulence marker gene tdh was not detected in any of the isolates, while the trh gene was detected in 3 (3.6%) isolates. Although the incidence of pathogenic V. parahaemolyticus in farmed P. vannamei is low, the high numbers of total vibrios and V. parahaemolyticus demand constant monitoring of animals and the farm environment for human pathogenic strains of V. parahaemolyticus.

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45

Colmer-Hamood, Jane A. "Vibrio in the United States: Vibrio cholerae and Other Pathogenic Vibrios". Laboratory Medicine 38, n. 11 (19 ottobre 2007): 688–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1309/vcadqqmn1yrfcxpp.

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46

Hoffmann, Maria, Steven R. Monday, Marc W. Allard, Errol A. Strain, Paul Whittaker, Marianna Naum, Peter J. McCarthy, Jose V. Lopez, Markus Fischer e Eric W. Brown. "Vibrio caribbeanicus sp. nov., isolated from the marine sponge Scleritoderma cyanea". International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 62, Pt_8 (1 agosto 2012): 1736–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/ijs.0.032375-0.

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A Gram-negative, oxidase-positive, catalase-negative, facultatively anaerobic, motile, curved rod-shaped bacterium, strain N384T, was isolated from a marine sponge (Scleritoderma cyanea; phylum Porifera) collected from a depth of 795 feet (242 m) off the west coast of Curaçao. On the basis of 16S rRNA gene sequencing, strain N384T was shown to belong to the genus Vibrio , most closely related to Vibrio brasiliensis LMG 20546T (98.8 % similarity), Vibrio nigripulchritudo ATCC 27043T (98.5 %), Vibrio tubiashii ATCC 19109T (98.6 %) and V. sinaloensis DSM 21326T (98.2 %). The DNA G+C content of strain N384T was 41.6 mol%. An analysis of concatenated sequences of five genes (gyrB, rpoA, pyrH, mreB and ftsZ; 4068 bp) demonstrated a clear separation between strain N384T and its closest neighbours and clustered strain N384T into the ‘Orientalis’ clade of vibrios. Phenotypically, the novel species belonged to the arginine dihydrolase-positive, lysine decarboxylase- and ornithine decarboxylase-negative (A+/L−/O−) cluster. The novel species was also differentiated on the basis of fatty acid composition, specifically that the proportions of iso-C13 : 0, iso-C15 : 0, C15 : 0, iso-C16 : 0, C16 : 0, iso-C17 : 0, C17 : 1ω8c and C17 : 0 were significantly different from those found in V. brasiliensis and V. sinaloensis . The results of DNA–DNA hybridization, average nucleotide identity and physiological and biochemical tests further allowed differentiation of this strain from other described species of the genus Vibrio . Collectively, these findings confirm that strain N384T represents a novel Vibrio species, for which the name Vibrio caribbeanicus sp. nov. is proposed, with the type strain N384T ( = ATCC BAA-2122T = DSM 23640T).

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47

TSUKAMOTO, KUMIKO. "Vibrio. System of Vibrio bacteria." Microbes and environments 12, n. 3 (1997): 85–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1264/jsme2.12.85.

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48

Petzoldt, K. "Versuche zur elektronenmikroskopischen Differenzierung von Vibrio fetus, Vibrio bubulus, Vibrio coli und Vibrio metschnikovi". Zentralblatt für Veterinärmedizin Reihe B 12, n. 5 (13 maggio 2010): 412–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0450.1965.tb01405.x.

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49

Thompson, Janelle R., Mark A. Randa, Luisa A. Marcelino, Aoy Tomita-Mitchell, Eelin Lim e Martin F. Polz. "Diversity and Dynamics of a North Atlantic Coastal Vibrio Community". Applied and Environmental Microbiology 70, n. 7 (luglio 2004): 4103–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.70.7.4103-4110.2004.

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ABSTRACT Vibrios are ubiquitous marine bacteria that have long served as models for heterotrophic processes and have received renewed attention because of the discovery of increasing numbers of facultatively pathogenic strains. Because the occurrence of specific vibrios has frequently been linked to the temperature, salinity, and nutrient status of water, we hypothesized that seasonal changes in coastal water bodies lead to distinct vibrio communities and sought to characterize their level of differentiation. A novel technique was used to quantify shifts in 16S rRNA gene abundance in samples from Barnegat Bay, N.J., collected over a 15-month period. Quantitative PCR (QPCR) with primers specific for the genus Vibrio was combined with separation and quantification of amplicons by constant denaturant capillary electrophoresis (CDCE). Vibrio populations identified by QPCR-CDCE varied between summer and winter samples, suggesting distinct warm-water and year-round populations. Identification of the CDCE populations by cloning and sequencing of 16S rRNA genes from two summer and two winter samples confirmed this distinction. It further showed that CDCE populations corresponded in most cases to ∼98% rRNA similarity groups and suggested that the abundance of these follows temperature trends. Phylogenetic comparison yielded closely related cultured and often pathogenic representatives for most sequences, and the temperature ranges of these isolates confirmed the trends seen in the environmental samples. Overall, this suggests that temperature is a good predictor of the occurrence of closely related vibrios but that considerable microdiversity of unknown significance coexists within this trend.

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50

Pfeffer, Courtney S., M. Frances Hite e James D. Oliver. "Ecology of Vibrio vulnificus in Estuarine Waters of Eastern North Carolina". Applied and Environmental Microbiology 69, n. 6 (giugno 2003): 3526–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.69.6.3526-3531.2003.

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ABSTRACT While several studies on the ecology of Vibrio vulnificus in Gulf Coast environments have been reported, there is little information on the distribution of this pathogen in East Coast waters. Thus, we conducted a multiyear study on the ecology of V. vulnificus in estuarine waters of the eastern United States, employing extensive multiple regression analyses to reveal the major environmental factors controlling the presence of this pathogen, and of Vibrio spp., in these environments. Monthly field samplings were conducted between July 2000 and April 2002 at six different estuarine sites along the eastern coast of North Carolina. At each site, water samples were taken and nine physicochemical parameters were measured. V. vulnificus isolates, along with estuarine bacteria, Vibrio spp., Escherichia coli organisms, and total coliforms, were enumerated in samples from each site by using selective media. During the last 6 months of the study, sediment samples were also analyzed for the presence of vibrios, including V. vulnificus. Isolates were confirmed as V. vulnificus by using hemolysin gene PCR or colony hybridization. V. vulnificus was isolated only when water temperatures were between 15 and 27Ã¯Â¿Â½C, and its presence correlated with water temperature and dissolved oxygen and vibrio levels. Levels of V. vulnificus in sediments were low, and no evidence for an overwintering in this environment was found. Multiple regression analysis indicated that vibrio levels were controlled primarily by temperature, turbidity, and levels of dissolved oxygen, estuarine bacteria, and coliforms. Water temperature accounted for most of the variability in the concentrations of both V. vulnificus (47%) and Vibrio spp. (48%).

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