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Letteratura scientifica selezionata sul tema "Vertebrates Physiology"

Autore: Grafiati

Pubblicato: 4 giugno 2021

Ultima modifica: 28 gennaio 2023

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Articoli di riviste sul tema "Vertebrates Physiology"

1

Hedrick, Michael S., Stanley S. Hillman, Robert C. Drewes e Philip C. Withers. "Lymphatic regulation in nonmammalian vertebrates". Journal of Applied Physiology 115, n. 3 (1 agosto 2013): 297–308. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00201.2013.

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All vertebrate animals share in common the production of lymph through net capillary filtration from their closed circulatory system into their tissues. The balance of forces responsible for net capillary filtration and lymph formation is described by the Starling equation, but additional factors such as vascular and interstitial compliance, which vary markedly among vertebrates, also have a significant impact on rates of lymph formation. Why vertebrates show extreme variability in rates of lymph formation and how nonmammalian vertebrates maintain plasma volume homeostasis is unclear. This gap hampers our understanding of the evolution of the lymphatic system and its interaction with the cardiovascular system. The evolutionary origin of the vertebrate lymphatic system is not clear, but recent advances suggest common developmental factors for lymphangiogenesis in teleost fishes, amphibians, and mammals with some significant changes in the water-land transition. The lymphatic system of anuran amphibians is characterized by large lymphatic sacs and two pairs of lymph hearts that return lymph into the venous circulation but no lymph vessels per se. The lymphatic systems of reptiles and some birds have lymph hearts, and both groups have extensive lymph vessels, but their functional role in both lymph movement and plasma volume homeostasis is almost completely unknown. The purpose of this review is to present an evolutionary perspective in how different vertebrates have solved the common problem of the inevitable formation of lymph from their closed circulatory systems and to point out the many gaps in our knowledge of this evolutionary progression.

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2

Esposito, Alfonso, Luca Ambrosino, Silvano Piazza, Salvatore D’Aniello, Maria Luisa Chiusano e Annamaria Locascio. "Evolutionary Adaptation of the Thyroid Hormone Signaling Toolkit in Chordates". Cells 10, n. 12 (2 dicembre 2021): 3391. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells10123391.

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The specification of the endostyle in non-vertebrate chordates and of the thyroid gland in vertebrates are fundamental steps in the evolution of the thyroid hormone (TH) signaling to coordinate development and body physiology in response to a range of environmental signals. The physiology and biology of TH signaling in vertebrates have been studied in the past, but a complete understanding of such a complex system is still lacking. Non-model species from non-vertebrate chordates may greatly improve our understanding of the evolution of this complex endocrine pathway. Adaptation of already existing proteins in order to perform new roles is a common feature observed during the course of evolution. Through sequence similarity approaches, we investigated the presence of bona fide thyroid peroxidase (TPO), iodothyronine deiodinase (DIO), and thyroid hormone receptors (THRs) in non-vertebrate and vertebrate chordates. Additionally, we determined both the conservation and divergence degrees of functional domains at the protein level. This study supports the hypothesis that non-vertebrate chordates have a functional thyroid hormone signaling system and provides additional information about its possible evolutionary adaptation.

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3

Zang, Jingjing, e Stephan C. F. Neuhauss. "Biochemistry and physiology of zebrafish photoreceptors". Pflügers Archiv - European Journal of Physiology 473, n. 9 (17 febbraio 2021): 1569–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00424-021-02528-z.

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AbstractAll vertebrates share a canonical retina with light-sensitive photoreceptors in the outer retina. These photoreceptors are of two kinds: rods and cones, adapted to low and bright light conditions, respectively. They both show a peculiar morphology, with long outer segments, comprised of ordered stacks of disc-shaped membranes. These discs host numerous proteins, many of which contribute to the visual transduction cascade. This pathway converts the light stimulus into a biological signal, ultimately modulating synaptic transmission. Recently, the zebrafish (Danio rerio) has gained popularity for studying the function of vertebrate photoreceptors. In this review, we introduce this model system and its contribution to our understanding of photoreception with a focus on the cone visual transduction cascade.

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4

Liang, Ping, Craig A. Jones, Brent W. Bisgrove, Lei Song, Sean T. Glenn, H. Joseph Yost e Kenneth W. Gross. "Genomic characterization and expression analysis of the first nonmammalian renin genes from zebrafish and pufferfish". Physiological Genomics 16, n. 3 (13 febbraio 2004): 314–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/physiolgenomics.00012.2003.

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Liang, Ping, Craig A. Jones, Brent W. Bisgrove, Lei Song, Sean T. Glenn, H. Joseph Yost, and Kenneth W. Gross. Genomic characterization and expression analysis of the first nonmammalian renin genes from zebrafish and pufferfish. Physiol Genomics 16: 314–322, 2004. First published November 25, 2003; 10.1152/physiol-genomics. 00012.2003.—Renin is a key enzyme in the renin-angiotensin system (RAS), a pathway which plays an important physiological role in blood pressure and electrolyte homeostasis. The origin of the RAS is believed to have accompanied early evolution of vertebrates. However, renin genes have so far only been unequivocally identified in mammals. Whether or not a bona fide renin gene exists in nonmammalian vertebrates has been an intriguing question of physiological and evolutionary interest. Using a genomic analytical approach, we identified renin genes in two nonmammalian vertebrates, zebrafish ( Danio rerio) and pufferfish ( Takifugu rubripes). Phylogenetic analysis demonstrates that the predicted fish renins cluster together with mammalian renins to form a distinct subclass of vertebrate aspartyl proteases. RT-PCR results confirm generation of the predicted zebrafish mRNA and its expression in association with the opisthonephric kidney of adult zebrafish. Comparative in situ hybridization analysis of wild-type and developmental mutants indicates that renin expression is first detected bilaterally in cells of the interrenal primordia at 24 h postfertilization, which subsequently migrate to lie adjacent to, but distinct from, the glomerulus of the developing pronephric kidney. Our report provides the first molecular evidence for the existence of renin genes in lower vertebrates. The observation that the earliest renin-expressing cells, arising during ontogeny of this teleost vertebrate, are of adrenocortical lineage raises an interesting hypothesis as regards the origin of renin-expressing cells in the metanephric kidney of higher vertebrates.

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5

Wood, Philip G., Olga V. Lopatko, Sandra Orgeig, Jean M. P. Joss, Allan W. Smits e Christopher B. Daniels. "Control of pulmonary surfactant secretion: an evolutionary perspective". American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 278, n. 3 (1 marzo 2000): R611—R619. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.2000.278.3.r611.

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Pulmonary surfactant, a mixture consisting of phospholipids (PL) and proteins, is secreted by type II cells in the lungs of all air-breathing vertebrates. Virtually nothing is known about the factors that control the secretion of pulmonary surfactant in nonmammalian vertebrates. With the use of type II cell cultures from Australian lungfish, North American bullfrogs, and fat-tailed dunnarts, we describe the autonomic regulation of surfactant secretion among the vertebrates. ACh, but not epinephrine (Epi), stimulated total PL and disaturated PL (DSP) secretion from type II cells isolated from Australian lungfish. Both Epi and ACh stimulated PL and DSP secretion from type II cells of bullfrogs and fat-tailed dunnarts. Neither Epi nor ACh affected the secretion of cholesterol from type II cell cultures of bullfrogs or dunnarts. Pulmonary surfactant secretion may be predominantly controlled by the autonomic nervous system in nonmammalian vertebrates. The parasympathetic nervous system may predominate at lower body temperatures, stimulating surfactant secretion without elevating metabolic rate. Adrenergic influences on the surfactant system may have developed subsequent to the radiation of the tetrapods. Furthermore, ventilatory influences on the surfactant system may have arisen at the time of the evolution of the mammalian bronchoalveolar lung. Further studies using other carefully chosen species from each of the vertebrate groups are required to confirm this hypothesis.

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6

Wichmann, Lukas, e Mike Althaus. "Evolution of epithelial sodium channels: current concepts and hypotheses". American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 319, n. 4 (1 ottobre 2020): R387—R400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00144.2020.

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The conquest of freshwater and terrestrial habitats was a key event during vertebrate evolution. Occupation of low-salinity and dry environments required significant osmoregulatory adaptations enabling stable ion and water homeostasis. Sodium is one of the most important ions within the extracellular liquid of vertebrates, and molecular machinery for urinary reabsorption of this electrolyte is critical for the maintenance of body osmoregulation. Key ion channels involved in the fine-tuning of sodium homeostasis in tetrapod vertebrates are epithelial sodium channels (ENaCs), which allow the selective influx of sodium ions across the apical membrane of epithelial cells lining the distal nephron or the colon. Furthermore, ENaC-mediated sodium absorption across tetrapod lung epithelia is crucial for the control of liquid volumes lining the pulmonary surfaces. ENaCs are vertebrate-specific members of the degenerin/ENaC family of cation channels; however, there is limited knowledge on the evolution of ENaC within this ion channel family. This review outlines current concepts and hypotheses on ENaC phylogeny and discusses the emergence of regulation-defining sequence motifs in the context of osmoregulatory adaptations during tetrapod terrestrialization. In light of the distinct regulation and expression of ENaC isoforms in tetrapod vertebrates, we discuss the potential significance of ENaC orthologs in osmoregulation of fishes as well as the putative fates of atypical channel isoforms in mammals. We hypothesize that ancestral proton-sensitive ENaC orthologs might have aided the osmoregulatory adaptation to freshwater environments whereas channel regulation by proteases evolved as a molecular adaptation to lung liquid homeostasis in terrestrial tetrapods.

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7

Little, A. G., K. M. Kocha, S. C. Lougheed e C. D. Moyes. "Evolution of the nuclear-encoded cytochrome oxidase subunits in vertebrates". Physiological Genomics 42, n. 1 (giugno 2010): 76–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/physiolgenomics.00015.2010.

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Vertebrate mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase (COX) possesses 10 nuclear-encoded subunits. Six subunits have paralogs in mammals, but the origins and distribution of isoforms among vertebrates have not been analyzed. We used Bayesian phylogenetic analysis to interpret the origins of each subunit, inferring the roles of gene and genome duplications. The paralogous ancestries of five genes were identical throughout the major vertebrate taxa: no paralogs of COX6c and COX7c, two paralogs of COX4 and COX6a, and three paralogs of COX7a. Two genes had an extra copy in teleosts (COX5a, COX5b), and three genes had additional copies in mammals (COX6b, COX7b, COX8). Focusing on early vertebrates, we examined structural divergence and explored transcriptional profiles across zebrafish tissues. Quantitative transcript profiles revealed dramatic differences in transcript abundance for different subunits. COX7b and COX4 transcripts were typically present at very low levels, whereas COX5a and COX8 were in vast excess in all tissues. For genes with paralogs, two general patterns emerged. For COX5a and COX8, there was ubiquitous expression of one paralog, with the other paralog in lower abundance in all tissues. COX4 and COX6a shared a distinct expression pattern, with one paralog dominant in brain and gills and the other in muscles. The isoform profiles in combination with phylogenetic analyses show that vertebrate COX isoform patterns are consistent with the hypothesis that early whole genome duplications in basal vertebrates governed the isoform repertoire in modern fish and tetrapods, though more recent lineage-specific gene/genome duplications also play a role in select subunits.

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Storey, Kenneth B., e Janet M. Storey. "Molecular Physiology of Freeze Tolerance in Vertebrates". Physiological Reviews 97, n. 2 (aprile 2017): 623–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/physrev.00016.2016.

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Freeze tolerance is an amazing winter survival strategy used by various amphibians and reptiles living in seasonally cold environments. These animals may spend weeks or months with up to ∼65% of their total body water frozen as extracellular ice and no physiological vital signs, and yet after thawing they return to normal life within a few hours. Two main principles of animal freeze tolerance have received much attention: the production of high concentrations of organic osmolytes (glucose, glycerol, urea among amphibians) that protect the intracellular environment, and the control of ice within the body (the first putative ice-binding protein in a frog was recently identified), but many other strategies of biochemical adaptation also contribute to freezing survival. Discussed herein are recent advances in our understanding of amphibian and reptile freeze tolerance with a focus on cell preservation strategies (chaperones, antioxidants, damage defense mechanisms), membrane transporters for water and cryoprotectants, energy metabolism, gene/protein adaptations, and the regulatory control of freeze-responsive hypometabolism at multiple levels (epigenetic regulation of DNA, microRNA action, cell signaling and transcription factor regulation, cell cycle control, and anti-apoptosis). All are providing a much more complete picture of life in the frozen state.

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9

Hoffmann, Else K., Ian H. Lambert e Stine F. Pedersen. "Physiology of Cell Volume Regulation in Vertebrates". Physiological Reviews 89, n. 1 (gennaio 2009): 193–277. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/physrev.00037.2007.

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The ability to control cell volume is pivotal for cell function. Cell volume perturbation elicits a wide array of signaling events, leading to protective (e.g., cytoskeletal rearrangement) and adaptive (e.g., altered expression of osmolyte transporters and heat shock proteins) measures and, in most cases, activation of volume regulatory osmolyte transport. After acute swelling, cell volume is regulated by the process of regulatory volume decrease (RVD), which involves the activation of KCl cotransport and of channels mediating K+, Cl−, and taurine efflux. Conversely, after acute shrinkage, cell volume is regulated by the process of regulatory volume increase (RVI), which is mediated primarily by Na+/H+exchange, Na+-K+-2Cl−cotransport, and Na+channels. Here, we review in detail the current knowledge regarding the molecular identity of these transport pathways and their regulation by, e.g., membrane deformation, ionic strength, Ca2+, protein kinases and phosphatases, cytoskeletal elements, GTP binding proteins, lipid mediators, and reactive oxygen species, upon changes in cell volume. We also discuss the nature of the upstream elements in volume sensing in vertebrate organisms. Importantly, cell volume impacts on a wide array of physiological processes, including transepithelial transport; cell migration, proliferation, and death; and changes in cell volume function as specific signals regulating these processes. A discussion of this issue concludes the review.

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10

Barrick, Reese E. "Isotope Paleobiology of the Vertebrates: Ecology, Physiology, and Diagenesis". Paleontological Society Papers 4 (ottobre 1998): 101–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1089332600000413.

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Isotopic studies of vertebrate material have a short history, while isotopic analyses of invertebrates originated in the 1940's. Interestingly, the driving force behind Harold Urey's desire to derive a carbonate paleotemperature scale in the 1940's and 1950's was the hope that it would solve the mystery of dinosaur extinction by demonstrating temperature changes at the K/T boundary. The most useful and commonly investigated stable isotopes for paleobiologic studies of vertebrates are carbon, nitrogen and oxygen. Oxygen is available from the inorganic bone or tooth apatite phase. Carbon is most often derived from tooth enamel carbonate or organic collagen, and nitrogen is derived from collagen. Each of these stable isotopes provides information on different aspects of an animal's biology and when combined, provide powerful analyses for ecological and evolutionary reconstructions. In the 1970's, much work was done describing the carbon and nitrogen variations in plants. This period was followed in the late 1970's and early 1980's by research on these isotopic variables in mammals (e.g., DeNiro and Epstein, 1978, 1981; Vogel, 1978; Van der Merwe, N.J., 1982). The utility of these isotopes for dietary recognition led to their extensive investigation in archeological studies. Not until the mid to late 1980's and 1990's have these isotopes been utilized in both the inorganic component of teeth and bones as well as the organic component of bones in Pleistocene and older paleobiologic studies. The 1980's also saw the emergence of research on the oxygen isotopic variations in mammals. However, the focus of isotopic studies on vertebrates was not for paleobiologic purposes, but rather, for attempts to derive paleohydrologic or paleoclimatic information from them (e.g., Longinelli, 1984; Luz et al., 1984).

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Più fonti

Tesi sul tema "Vertebrates Physiology"

1

Jones, Christopher David Stanford. "On the cross-sectional form of the patella in several primates". Title page, table of contents and abstract only, 2003. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09phj764.pdf.

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2

Martinez, Bautista Naim. "Transgenerational Responses to Environmental Stressors in Vertebrates: From Organisms to Molecules". Thesis, University of North Texas, 2019. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc1609067/.

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Genomic modifications occur slowly across generations, whereas short-term epigenetic transgenerational inheritance of adaptive phenotypes may be immediately beneficial to large numbers of individuals, acting as a bridge for survival when adverse environments occur. In this study we used dietary exposure to crude oil as an example of an environmental stressor to assess its effects from the molecular to the organismal levels in piscine and avian animal models. In addition, we assessed the role of the parental exposures on their offspring F1 generation. The research developed in this dissertation has contributed to several areas of investigation including molecular biology, animal physiology, and evolutionary biology. The quantitative information from these studies may be utilized to supplement information regarding the proximate and ultimate effects of environmental stressors on fish and bird populations. Furthermore, this information may be used as additional support for understanding the conservation of the responses from the molecular to the whole organismal levels across the vertebrate taxa, as well as their implications for population survival and maintenance. Additionally, the zebrafish (Danio rerio), the Siamese fighting fish (Betta splendens) and the king quail (Coturnix chinensis) have proven to be excellent models to start building a strong basis for understanding the effects of environmental stressors and transgenerational epigenetic phenomena using a multi-level approach. Furthermore, as more raw data and information is discovered, the concatenation of development, organismal variation, epigenetics inheritance, natural selection, speciation and evolution is being slowly decrypted.

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3

Błaszczak, Zuzanna. "Optical properties of the vertebrate retina". Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2015. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.708798.

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4

Bellier, Pascale. "Effects of extracellular calcium concentrations on cardiac muscle in selected vertebrates". Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp01/MQ32527.pdf.

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5

De, Boef Maria Elizabeth. "Effects of phylogeny, physiology, and function on bone microstructure in extant endothermic vertebrates". Thesis, McGill University, 2010. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=86513.

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A strong relationship between bone macrostructural morphology and bone mechanical function has been well documented and is an essential component of many vertebrate biomechanical studies. However, a vastly richer data set could be had if the relationship between bone microstructure and bone function were as well understood. This thesis enumerates the bone microstructure-function relationship in a statistically consistent manor in extant endotherms.
Phylogeny, physiology and function have been shown to independently contribute to bone microstructure morphology. However, rarely have two or more of these factors been examined in combination. In this work the author used various statistical and experimental techniques to quantify the contribution of each of these factors to bone microstructure.
This work is organized into four parts: First, a review of methods used to quantify bone microstructure is given and a new method for quantifying vascular orientation proposed. This method allows the researcher to observe vascular orientation as an unbiased continuous measure and therefore complete more extensive statistical testing. Second, an analysis of the use of skeletochronology for aging three species of extant carnivores is given. This technique, although rarely used in extant endotherms, is commonly used for aging specimens from palaeontological findings. Upon discovering a significant discordance between organismal age and skeletochronology in the carnivorans studied here, I discuss the validity of its use in palaeontology. Third, using a sample of seven carnivoran species, the impact of phylogeny, function and physiology on bone microstructure was tested using a variance partitioning method. It was found that phylogeny has a large and significant impact on bone microstructural characteristics but only in conjunction with functional and physiological variables. When considering the effects of the three "pure" factors I found that physiological factors are the major drivers of bone microstructure. To further explore these findings, the final chapter presents an experimental study on the effects of biomechanical function and repeated loading on the humerus and tibiotarsus in Helmeted GuineaFowl. It was found that the type of strain and the repetition of strain from exercise both significantly impact bone microstructure but the relationship between tensile, compressive and shear strains to microstructure is complex with no obvious correlation.
Il existe une forte relation entre la morphologie de la structure macroscopique des os et leurs caractéristiques fonctionnelles au niveau mécanique. Cette relation est bien documentée et est un aspect essentiel de plusieurs études sur la biomécanique des vertébrés. Cependant, un ensemble de données beaucoup plus étoffé serait disponible si la relation entre la morphologie de la microstructure des os et leur fonction était mieux comprise. La présente thèse comporte une énumération des relations entre la microstructure des os et leurs caractéristiques fonctionnelles chez certaines espèces actuelles d'endothermes, en suivant une approche statistique cohérente.
Il a été démontré que la phylogénie, la fonction et la physiologie contribuent séparément à la morphologie de la microstructure des os. Cependant, les effets combinés de deux ou plusieurs de ces facteurs ont rarement été examinés. Dans la présente étude, l'auteur a utilisé plusieurs méthodes statistiques et expérimentales afin de quantifier l'impact respectif de chacun de ces facteurs sur la microstructure des os.
Cette thèse est organisée en quatre parties. D'abord, une revue des méthodes utilisées pour quantifier la microstructure des os est présentée et une nouvelle méthode pour quantifier l'orientation vasculaire est proposée. Cette nouvelle méthode permet d'observer l'orientation vasculaire d'une manière continue et non-biaisée, et permet donc une analyse statistique plus approfondie. Ensuite, l'utilisation de la squelettochronologie pour la détermination de l'âge de trois espèces de carnivores est analysée. Cette technique, bien que rarement utilisée pour déterminer l'âge chez les endothermes actuels, est communément employée pour les espèces paléontologiques. À la suite de la découverte d'une discordance significative entre l'âge des organismes et la squelettochronologie chez les carnivores étudiés ici, la validité de cette technique en paléontologie est discutée. En troisième partie, à partir d'un échantillon de sept espèces de carnivores et au moyen d'une analyse de partition de variance, l'impact de la phylogénie, de la fonction et de la physiologie sur la microstructure des os a été testé. Il a été découvert que la phylogénie avait un impact important sur la microstructure des os, mais seulement en conjonction avec les variables liées à la fonction et à la physiologie. Lorsque les effets des trois facteurs « purs » étaient considérés, la physiologie était le facteur qui contribuait le plus à la variabilité observée dans la microstructure des os. Afin d'examiner ces résultats plus en détail, le chapitre final présente une expérience investiguant les effets d'une charge répétée et de la fonction biomécanique sur l'humérus et le tibiotarse de la pintade de Numidie (Numida meleagris). Le type d'effort et la répétition de l'effort imposé par l'exercice avaient tous les deux un impact significatif sur la microstructure des os, mais les relations entre les forces de tension, de compression et de cisai

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6

Hedrick, Michael Scott. "Aspects of cardiovascular oxygen transport in vertebrates". PDXScholar, 1985. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/3404.

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The hematological and rheological characteristics of blood from a number of vertebrates was compared to assess possible species differences in blood viscosity that may influence cardiovascular oxygen transport. Nucleated red blood cells (RBCs) were more viscous (measured by cone-plate viscometry) in comparison with enucleate (mammalian) RBCs at hematocrits greater than 40% when measured at equivalent temperatures. The lower viscosity of enucleate RBCs is attributed to an enhanced deformability of enucleate cells in comparison to nucleated cells.

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7

Nephew, Benjamin Charles. "Simultaneous modulation of behavioral, cardiovascular, and corticosterone responses to acute stress, with an emphasis on arginine vasotocin /". Thesis, Connect to Dissertations & Theses @ Tufts University, 2003.

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Thesis (Ph.D.)--Tufts University, 2003.
Adviser: L. Michael Romero. Submitted to the Dept. of Biology. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 158-180). Access restricted to members of the Tufts University community. Also available via the World Wide Web;

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8

Le, Moine Christophe Marie Renaud. "Evolution of the PGC-1 protein family in the control of oxidative metabolism in vertebrates". Thesis, Kingston, Ont. : [s.n.], 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1974/1307.

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9

Weber, Jean-Michel. "Lactate turnover in fast-moving vertebrates : the control of plasma metabolite fluxes". Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/27561.

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During sustained exercise, working muscles must be supplied with adequate kinds and amounts of exogenous fuels, and the delivery rates of oxygen and oxidizable substrates should be matched. The study of metabolite fluxes and their regulation is therefore critical to the understanding of exercise metabolism. Lactate has received renewed attention from physiologists and biochemists with the realization that it is not only an end product of glycolysis, but also an important fuel for aerobic work. As an oxidizable fuel, this substrate may provide some performance advantage over other fuels such as glucose and free fatty acids. The goals of this thesis were: 1) to determine whether endurance-adapted animals can support higher plasma lactate turnover rates than sedentary animals; and 2) to investigate the major factors involved in the regulation of plasma metabolite turnover at the whole-organism level - using lactate as a model. Lactate turnover rates were measured by bolus injection of [U-¹⁴C]lactate in skipjack tuna, Katsuwonus pelamis, and in thoroughbred racehorses, Equus caballus. In tuna, turnover rates ranged from 112 to 431 umol min⁻¹ kg⁻¹ and they were positively correlated with lactate concentration (slope = 15.1, r = 0.92). This teleost is able to support higher plasma lactate turnover rates than expected for a mammalian lower temperature, and lactate is probably an important oxidizable fuel in this species. For comparative purposes, resting turnover rates of lactate and glucose were plotted versus body mass on a log-log scale for a wide range of mammalian species. These plots were linear, and they showed the same slope as the classic body mass vs metabolic rate relationship. Thoroughbred horses are likely to have an aerobic scope of 40-fold or more. One of their main physiological adaptations to exercise is the ability to increase hematocrit by more than one and a half-fold in response to exercise. In the present study, this adjustment allowed them to reach an A-V difference in 0₂ content of more than 23 vol% during maximal exercise, a much higher value than other mammals. Their lactate turnover rate and cardiac output were measured at rest and two levels of submaximal exercise (45 and 55 V0₂ max) to investigate the relationship between cardiovascular adjustments on plasma lactate turnover rate. Cardiac output ranged from 106 to 571 ml min⁻¹ kg⁻¹, and mean lactate turnover rate from 9.3 at rest, to 75.9 umol min⁻¹ kg⁻¹ at 55% V0₂ max. In contrast with the situation found in tuna, the lactate turnover rates of thoroughbreds were not elevated compared with other mammals, showing that the metabolic adaptations of these outstanding athletes do not include the ability to sustain higher lactate fluxes than sedentary animals. In horses, the contribution of plasma lactate oxidation to V0₂ is minimal, and this substrate is not an important oxidative fuel; lipid oxidation may represent their major pathway for aerobic energy production during exercise. The ability to oxidize plasma lactate at high rates is therefore not necessarily required for the "elite" performance of endurance exercise. This study also shows that both, plasma lactate concentration and cardiac output are positively correlated with turnover rate. The correlation between cardiac output and lactate turnover rate is independent of the relationship between plasma lactate concentration and turnover rate. Plasma metabolite concentration and cardiac output can be regulators of plasma metabolite turnover rate. It is proposed that these two variables are, respectively, the fine and coarse controls for flux rate adjustments during exercise.
Science, Faculty of
Zoology, Department of
Graduate

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10

Barrott, Jared James. "Wnt5a Signaling Independently of the Planar Cell Polarity Pathway Resulting in Convergent Extension and Neural Tube Closure During Vertebrate Development". Diss., CLICK HERE for online access, 2008. http://contentdm.lib.byu.edu/ETD/image/etd2612.pdf.

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Più fonti

Libri sul tema "Vertebrates Physiology"

1

Nilsson, Goran E., a cura di. Respiratory Physiology of Vertebrates. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cbo9780511845178.

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2

Lewis, Jessica H. Comparative hemostasis in vertebrates. New York: Plenum Press, 1996.

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3

A, Klyne M., a cura di. Vision in vertebrates. New York: Plenum Press, 1985.

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4

L, Doty Richard, Müller-Schwarze Dietland e International Conference on Chemical Signals in Vertebrates (6th : 1991 : Philadelphia, Pa.), a cura di. Chemical signals in vertebrates 6. New York: Plenum Press, 1992.

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5

Kisia, Seth M. Vertebrates: Structures and functions. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 2010.

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6

Hormones and reproduction of vertebrates. Amsterdam: Elsevier/Academic Press, 2011.

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7

Vertebrates: Structures and functions. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 2010.

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8

Chemical ecology of vertebrates. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006.

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9

Bouverot, Pierre. Adaptation to altitude-hypoxiain vertebrates. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1985.

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10

Jameson, E. W. Vertebrate reproduction. New York: Wiley, 1988.

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Più fonti

Capitoli di libri sul tema "Vertebrates Physiology"

1

Ali, M. A., e M. A. Klyne. "Physiology of the Retina". In Vision in Vertebrates, 19–41. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-9129-6_2.

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2

Volianitis, S., e Niels H. Secher. "Human Exercise Physiology". In Cardio-Respiratory Control in Vertebrates, 501–38. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-93985-6_20.

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3

Gallardo, Pedro A., e Carlos P. Vio. "Osmoregulation in Non-mammalian Vertebrates". In Renal Physiology and Hydrosaline Metabolism, 113–36. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-10256-1_6.

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4

Ito, F., M. Sokabe e N. Fujitsuka. "Muscle Mechanoreceptors in Nonmammalian Vertebrates". In Advances in Comparative and Environmental Physiology, 261–80. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-76690-9_12.

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5

Kaba, H., C. S. Li, E. B. Keverne, H. Saito e K. Seto. "Physiology and Pharmacology of the Accessory Olfactory System". In Chemical Signals in Vertebrates 6, 49–54. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-9655-1_9.

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6

Crews, David, e Rae Silver. "Reproductive Physiology and Behavior Interactions in Nonmammalian Vertebrates". In Reproduction, 101–82. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-4832-0_5.

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7

Coles, J. A. "Homeostasis of Extracellular Fluid in Retinas of Invertebrates and Vertebrates". In Progress in Sensory Physiology 6, 105–38. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-70411-6_3.

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8

Raison, R. L. "The Interface Between Invertebrates and Vertebrates: Complement vs Ig". In Advances in Comparative and Environmental Physiology, 199–209. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-79693-7_8.

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9

Fitzpatrick, Lloyd C., Carlos G. Guerra e Marcos A. Cikutovic. "Reproductive Energetics and Physiology of the Desert-Nesting Gray Gull, Larus modestus". In Reproductive Biology of South American Vertebrates, 181–97. New York, NY: Springer New York, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-2866-0_13.

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10

Korsgaard, B., e R. E. Weber. "Maternal-Fetal Trophic and Respiratory Relationships in Viviparous Ectothermic Vertebrates". In Advances in Comparative and Environmental Physiology, 209–33. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-74510-2_7.

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Atti di convegni sul tema "Vertebrates Physiology"

1

Favaron, Anna, Elisabetta Ancona, Simone Bramuzzo, Erica Callegaro, Laura Guidolin, Paola Irato e Gianfranco Santovito. "AN INNOVATIVE TEACHING APPROACH TO CIRCULATORY AND SKELETAL SYSTEMS BASED ON COMPARATIVE VERTEBRATE ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY". In International Conference on Education and New Learning Technologies. IATED, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.21125/edulearn.2017.1015.

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2

Yoganandan, Narayan, Frank A. Pintar, Recai Aktay, Glenn Paskoff e Barry S. Shender. "Bone Mineral Density of Cervical Spine Vertebrae Using Quantitative Computed Tomography". In ASME 2004 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2004-59726.

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Abstract (sommario):

While numerous studies exist quantifying the bone mineral content of the human lumber vertebrae, such information is not available for the cervical spine. This study determined the bone mineral densities of cervical vertebrae. Adult healthy human volunteers, ages ranging from 18 to 40 years, underwent quantitative computed tomography scanning of the neck. BMD data were divided according to subject weight (above and below 50th percentile, termed low and heavy mass) and gender. Low-mass subjects did not consistently have higher bone mineral density at all levels of the cervical column. Bone mineral were higher (259 ± 6 mg/cc) for females than males (247 ± 8 mg/cc); for the entire ensemble the mean density was 253 ± 9 mg/cc. Altered strength of cervical vertebrae coupled with the increased mobility of the disc at the inferior levels of the neck may explain regional biomechanical differences and subsequent physiologic effects secondary to aging. This study quantifies BMD of the human neck vertebrae and offers explanations to the biomechanical behaviors of the human cervical spine.

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3

Truman, Mari S., Lisa A. Ferrara, Ryan Milks, Illya Gordon e Jason Eckhardt. "Acute Thoracic Vertebral Injury Thresholds". In ASME 2004 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2004-62178.

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Abstract (sommario):

This study measures select static and dynamic characteristics of the human mid-thoracic spine, and compares them to previously published data for the thoraco-lumbar and cervical regions. Little information is available on the acute injury threshold for mid-thoracic intervertebral discs. The aim of this study was to characterize injury thresholds for the thoracic spine. Non-destructive combined flexion-compression loading experiments were conducted on 5 fresh human T5-T10 functional spinal units (FSU) at quasi-static and physiologic strain rates, and the resulting load-deflection responses were converted into global and local stiffness. Subsequently, 29 thoracic vertebrae (T5-T10) from 6 spines were subjected to moderate to severe impact loading in flexion. The peak forces and pressures were not statistically different between the thoracic disc levels. However, the mean injury forces and pressures were statistically different from mean failure forces found in the literature for both the lumbar and cervical spine regions, with the thoracic values falling between the cervical and lumbar values.

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Gobbi, Massimiliano, Gianpiero Mastinu, Giorgio Previati e Ermes Tarallo. "Dynamic Performance of Neck Protection Devices: Performance Analysis Based on a Simplified Multibody Model of the Human Neck". In ASME 2012 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2012-70888.

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Abstract (sommario):

This work is focused on the evaluation of the dynamic performance of different neck protection devices. In order to evaluate the mechanical response of the safety devices, a multibody model of the human neck has been developed in Matlab™ SimMechanics™. The mechanical behavior of the neck is described in the paper and different injury indices are presented and compared. The information about anatomy and physiology of the cervical spine of the neck has been collected from the literature, with particular focus on the mechanism of damage of vertebrae, disks and soft tissues. The multibody model has been validated against experimental data available in the literature concerning impulsive loads representative of crash phenomena. By means of the presented model, some relevant injury indices are computed for an accident involving a motorcyclist. Since the focus has been set on mild injuries of the neck, the simulated crash should cause a high probability of injuries of the neck together with a low probability of damages of the head while wearing a standard helmet. The performance of neck safety devices that link the helmet with the thoracic-shield are evaluated and compared. For sake of clearness, three types of neck safety devices are considered referencing to US patents: an airbag jacket, a 3D cushion wrapping the motorcyclist’s neck, and a “spring and dampers” system. The airbag jacket has been modeled as a high stiffness and low deformation system by considering the airbag in its fully deployed configuration and by neglecting its dynamic performance during inflation phase. The other safety devices have been modeled as lumped parameters spring-damper systems. A sensitivity analysis on the injury indexes has been performed by changing the stiffness and the damping parameters of these safety systems. The injury indexes collected by simulating the different neck safety systems have been compared.

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