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Letteratura scientifica selezionata sul tema "Ventilation"

Autore: Grafiati

Pubblicato: 4 giugno 2021

Ultima modifica: 28 settembre 2024

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Articoli di riviste sul tema "Ventilation"

Daoud, Ehab, Jewelyn Cabigan, Gary Kaneshiro e Kimiyo Yamasaki. "Split-ventilation for more than one patient, can it be done? Yes". Journal of Mechanical Ventilation 1, n. 1 (1 settembre 2020): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.53097/jmv.10002.

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Background: The COVID-19 pandemic crisis has led to an international shortage of mechanical ventilation. Due to this shortfall, the surge of increasing number of patients to limited resources of mechanical ventilators has reinvigorated the interest in the concept of split ventilation or co-ventilation (ventilating more than one patient with the same ventilator). However, major medical societies have condemned the concept in a joint statement for multiple reasons. Materials and Methods: In this paper, we will describe the history of the concept, what is trending in the literature about it and along our modification to ventilate two patients with one ventilator. We will describe how to overcome such concerns regarding cross contamination, re-breathing, safely adjusting the settings for tidal volume and positive end expiratory pressure to each patient and how to safely monitor each patient. Main results: Our experimental setup shows that we can safely ventilate two patients using one ventilator. Conclusion: The concept of ventilating more than one patient with a single ventilator is feasible especially in crisis situations. However, we caution that it has to be done under careful monitoring with expertise in mechanical ventilation. More research and investment are crucially needed in this current pandemic crisis.

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McClelland, Graham, Karl Charlton, Karen Millican, Daniel Haworth, Paul Aitken-Fell e Michael Norton. "EP10 The impact of introducing real time feedback on ventilation rate and volume by ambulance clinicians in the North East in a simulated cardiac arrest scenario: the VANZ study". Emergency Medicine Journal 38, n. 9 (19 agosto 2021): A5.2—A5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/emermed-2021-999.10.

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BackgroundAdequate ventilation is an important aspect of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). Research suggests 80% of caregivers hyperventilate during CPR and that feedback improves compliance with ventilation guidelines. Hyperventilation is associated with increased intrathoracic pressure, impaired haemodynamics and cerebral vasoconstriction and therefore can be deleterious to survival. VANZ aimed to determine if compliance with European Resuscitation Council (ERC) ventilation guidelines could be improved using a real time ventilation feedback deviceMethodsParticipants simulated a two-minute cardiac arrest scenario using a manikin and defibrillator without ventilation feedback. Researchers demonstrated the ventilation feedback device and participants practiced using it. The two-minute scenario was then repeated with ventilation feedback. The ventilation rate, volume and CPR quality were recorded during each scenario. The primary outcome was based on achieving ≥50% compliance with ERC ventilation guidelines of ventilating at 8-12 breaths per minute and 500-600ml per breath. Following the study participants were asked to complete a short survey on the ventilation feedback deviceResultsDuring September 2020 106 participants (58% male, mean age 42, 74% paramedics) completed the study. The primary outcome showed a significant improvement from 9% of participants achieving ≥50% compliance without feedback to 91% of participants achieving ≥50% compliance with feedback (McNemars test p<0.0001). Survey data from participants was overwhelmingly positive about the ventilation feedback device.ConclusionsUse of real time ventilation feedback during CPR significantly improved participants ability to deliver ventilations compliant with ERC guidelines in a simulated scenario. The fact that this was a manikin study is a limitation but the low rate of compliance with ventilation guidelines without feedback raises questions about ventilation quality when CPR is performed on patients. Future research should examine the quality of ventilations performed on patients, the ability of feedback to improve compliance with guidelines and the impact this has on patient outcomes.

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Bhoyar, Ankit D. "Evolution and Characteristics of Bag-Valve-Mask Ventilation During Pandemic: A Review of the Literature". International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 9, n. VII (10 luglio 2021): 25–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2021.36227.

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Mass casualty incidents such as those that are being experienced during the novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic can overwhelm local healthcare systems, where the number of casualties exceeds local resources and capabilities in a short period of time. The introduction of patients with worsening lung function as a result of COVID-19 has strained traditional ventilator supplies. To bridge the gap during ventilator shortages and to help clinicians triage patients, manual resuscitator devices can be used to deliver respirations to a patient requiring breathing support. For patients who require ventilatory support, manual ventilation is a vital procedure. It has to be performed by experienced healthcare providers that are regularly trained for the use of bag-valve-mask (BVM) in emergency situations. We will present, a historical view on manual ventilation’s evolution throughout the last decades. Artificial ventilation has developed progressively and research is still going on to improve the actual devices used. Throughout the past years, a brand-new generation of ventilators was developed, but little was done for manual ventilation. Manual ventilation through BVM can be replaced by automatic ventilation which illustrates that the Tidal Volume vs. Time graph of the automated system is similar to the graph produced by manual operation of the BVM and to the graph produced by a human subject. The use of an automatic manually operated device may improve ventilation efficiency and decrease the risk of pulmonary overdistention, while decreasing the ventilation rate.

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Vincent-Lambert, Craig, Andrew Makkink e Fredrick Kloppers. "Keep pushing! Limiting interruptions to CPR; bag-valve mask versus i-gel® airway ventilation". Health SA Gesondheid 21 (11 ottobre 2016): 21–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/hsag.v21i0.931.

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Background: Recent recommendations made by ILCOR have de-emphasised the role of advanced airway management such as “endotracheal intubation” (ETI) during cardiac arrest in favour of maximising the number of chest compressions performed by rescuers. Maximising time available for compressions is achieved by minimising hands-off time (HOT). This has led to first responders and paramedics performing single rescuer CPR using a bag-valve-mask (BVM) device as opposed to the historical practice of intubating and ventilating via an endotracheal tube. Bag-valve-mask ventilations, especially during single rescuer CPR, are however associated with complications potentially resulting in increased ventilation times. More time spent on ventilations in the single rescuer scenario naturally leads to an increase in HOT and less time being available for compressions. It is postulated that the use of an appropriate supraglottic airway device (SAD) may decrease the time spent on the ventilation component of CPR and result in a decrease in HOT.Objectives: This pilot study evaluated how interruptions to chest compressions or hands-off time (HOT) are affected by the placement of an i-gel® airway vs. simple BVM ventilation during single rescuer CPR.Method: 16 participants performed two, ten-minute single rescuer CPR simulations, firstly using the BVM and later the i-gel® airway for ventilation. Data pertaining to ventilations and HOT in each scenario was statistically analysed and compared.Results: The i-gel® airway demonstrated a superior ease of ventilation compared to BVM alone and resulted in a reduction of time spent on ventilations overall. The i-gel® however took a mean of 29 s, ± 10 s, to secure which contributes considerably to HOT.Conclusion: The use of the i-gel® airway resulted in a considerable decrease in the amount of time spent on ventilations and in more compressions being performed. The overall reduction in HOT was, however, offset by the time it took to secure the device. Further investigation into the use and securing of the i-gel® airway in single rescuer CPR is recommended.

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Lozano-Zahonero, Sara, Matthias Schneider, Sashko Spassov e Stefan Schumann. "A novel mechanical ventilator providing flow-controlled expiration for small animals". Laboratory Animals 54, n. 6 (19 febbraio 2020): 568–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0023677220906857.

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For investigating the effects of mechanical ventilation on the respiratory system, experiments in small mammal models are used. However, conventional ventilators for small animals are usually limited to a specific ventilation mode, and in particular to passive expiration. Here, we present a computer-controlled research ventilator for small animals which provides conventional mechanical ventilation as well as new type ventilation profiles. Typical profiles of conventional mechanical ventilation, as well as flow-controlled expiration and sinusoidal ventilation profiles can be generated with our new ventilator. Flow control during expiration reduced the expiratory peak flow rate by 73% and increased the mean airway pressure by up to 1 mbar compared with conventional ventilation without increasing peak pressure and end-expiratory pressure. Our new ventilator for small animals allows for the application of various ventilation profiles. We could analyse the effects of applying conventional ventilation profiles, pressure-controlled ventilation and volume-controlled ventilation, as well as the novel flow-controlled ventilation profile. This new approach enables studying the mechanical properties of the respiratory system with an increased freedom for choosing independent ventilation parameters.

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Mammel, Mark C., Janice P. Ophoven, Patrick K. Lewallen, Margaret J. Gordon, Marylyn C. Sutton e Stephen J. Boros. "High-Frequency Ventilation and Tracheal Injuries". Pediatrics 77, n. 4 (1 aprile 1986): 608–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.77.4.608.

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Recent reports linking serious tracheal injuries to various forms of high-frequency ventilation prompted this study. We compared the tracheal histopathology seen following standard-frequency, conventional mechanical ventilation with that seen following high-frequency, conventional mechanical ventilation, and two different forms of high-frequency jet ventilation. Twenty-six adult cats were examined. Each was mechanically ventilated for 16 hours. Seven received standard-frequency, conventional mechanical ventilation at 20 breaths per minute. Seven received high-frequency, conventional mechanical ventilation at 150 breaths per minute. Six received high-frequency jet ventilation at 250 breaths per minute via the Instrument Development Corporation VS600 jet ventilator (IDC). Six received high-frequency jet ventilation at 400 breaths per minute via the Bunnell Life Pulse jet ventilator (BLP). A semiquantitative histopathologic scoring system graded tracheal tissue changes. All forms of high-frequency ventilation produced significant inflammation (erosion, necrosis, and polymorphonuclear leukocyte infiltration) in the trachea in the region of the endotracheal tube tip. Conventional mechanical ventilation produced less histopathology than any form of high-frequency ventilation. Of all of the ventilators examined, the BLP, the ventilator operating at the fastest rate, produced the greatest loss of surface cilia and depletion of intracellular mucus. IDC high-frequency jet ventilation and high-frequency, conventional mechanical ventilation produced nearly identical histologic injuries. In this study, significant tracheal damage occurred with all forms of high-frequency ventilation. The tracheal damage seen with high-frequency, conventional mechanical ventilation suggests that ventilator frequency, not delivery system, may be responsible for the injuries.

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Riley, Cheryl, e Jobeth Pilcher. "Volume-Guaranteed Ventilation". Neonatal Network 22, n. 2 (gennaio 2003): 17–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/0730-0832.22.2.17.

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Pressure-limited, time-cycled ventilation has been the primary mode of ventilation for neonates for several decades. But the realization that volume rather than pressure causes ventilator-induced lung injury has led to the development of new strategies for ventilation. Volume guarantee is a mode of ventilation that automatically adjusts the inspiratory pressure to achieve a set tidal volume according to changes in lung compliance or resistance or the patient’s respiratory drive. Volume-guaranteed ventilation delivers a specific, preset volume of gas, and inspiration ends when it has been delivered. This mode of ventilation requires careful attention to the infant and to ventilator settings.

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Sanderson, Ronald, Denise Whitley e Christopher Batacan. "Automated mechanical ventilation using Adaptive Support Ventilation versus conventional ventilation including ventilator length of stay, mortality, and professional social aspects of adoption of new technology." Journal of Mechanical Ventilation 2, n. 2 (1 giugno 2021): 48–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.53097/jmv.10021.

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Background Automation of mechanical ventilation allows for reduction of variation in patient management and has the potential to provide increased patient safety by strict adherence to computer driven ventilator protocols. Methods: A retrospective, observational study compared a group of 196 of general ICU patients managed exclusively on automated mechanical ventilation, adaptive support ventilation (ASV), to another group of 684 managed by usual, non-automated mechanical ventilation (No ASV). The data was collected in a unique access database designed to collect data for assessment of mechanical ventilation outcomes in a small medical center ICU. Results: The length of ventilator stay was non-significant between both groups, (81.7 ± 35.2 hours) in the ASV group; vs. (94.1 ± 35.1 hours) in the No ASV. Percent mortality was significantly less in the ASV group, 8.6% compared to 27.3% in the No ASV. Conclusion: Automated ventilation appears to be a safe ventilator strategy; however, cause effect relationships cannot be determined without further, more sophisticated studies. Keywords: Closed loop ventilation, ASV, Ventilator length of stay, Percent minute ventilation

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Kolandaivelu, Kumaran, e Chi-Sang Poon. "A miniature mechanical ventilator for newborn mice". Journal of Applied Physiology 84, n. 2 (1 febbraio 1998): 733–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1998.84.2.733.

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Kolandaivelu, Kumaran, and Chi-Sang Poon.A miniature mechanical ventilator for newborn mice. J. Appl. Physiol. 84(2): 733–739, 1998.—Transgenic/knockout mice with predefined mutations have become increasingly popular in biomedical research as models of human diseases. In some instances, the resulting mutation may cause cardiorespiratory distress in the neonatal or adult animals and may necessitate resuscitation. Here we describe the design and testing of a miniature and versatile ventilator that can deliver varying ventilatory support modes, including conventional mechanical ventilation and high-frequency ventilation, to animals as small as the newborn mouse. With a double-piston body chamber design, the device circumvents the problem of air leakage and obviates the need for invasive procedures such as endotracheal intubation, which are particularly important in ventilating small animals. Preliminary tests on newborn mice as early as postnatal day 0 demonstrated satisfactory restoration of pulmonary ventilation and the prevention of respiratory failure in mutant mice that are prone to respiratory depression. This device may prove useful in the postnatal management of transgenic/knockout mice with genetically inflicted respiratory disorders.

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Pearson, Steven D., Jay L. Koyner e Bhakti K. Patel. "Management of Respiratory Failure". Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 17, n. 4 (10 marzo 2022): 572–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.2215/cjn.13091021.

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Mechanical ventilation is a lifesaving therapy for critically ill patients with respiratory failure, but like all treatments, it has the potential to cause harm if not administered appropriately. This review aims to give an overview of the basic principles of invasive and noninvasive mechanical ventilation. Topics covered include modes of mechanical ventilation, respiratory mechanics and ventilator waveform interpretation, strategies for initial ventilator settings, indications and contraindications for noninvasive ventilation, and the effect of the ventilator on kidney function.

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Più fonti

Tesi sul tema "Ventilation"

Ramsay, Michelle Clare. "Patient-ventilator interaction in domiciliary non-invasive ventilation". Thesis, King's College London (University of London), 2018. https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/patientventilator-interaction-in-domiciliary-noninvasive-ventilation(9b60bd3e-84b6-4605-96a8-22b4546b1e90).html.

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Introduction: Patient-ventilator asynchrony (PVA) can adversely affect the initiation of home mechanical ventilation (HMV). The aim was to quantify the prevalence of PVA during HMV and determine the relationships between PVA and adherence to therapy, respiratory muscle loading, nocturnal gas exchange, health-related quality of life measures and sleep quality. Method: A pilot randomised control trial was conducted to compare a physiological led set-up of HMV, using neural respiratory drive to optimise ventilator set-up, to an expert led set-up. Type and frequency of PVA were measured by surface parasternal muscle electromyography, thoraco-abdominal plethysmography and mask pressure during initiation of HMV and 3 months post therapy. Severe PVA was defined as affecting ≥10% of breaths. Results: 40 patients (25 male) were enrolled with an age of 58±17years and a body mass index(BMI) of 33±10kg/m2. Underlying diagnoses were neuromuscular ± chest wall disease (NMD-CWD,n=11), obesity-related chronic respiratory failure (ORRF,n=13) and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD, n=16). Overall, PVA affected 25.6(16.4-35.7)% breaths at initiation of HMV, with ineffective efforts as the predominant type of PVA affecting 10.9(4.6-23.7)% breaths. No difference was observed in the frequency of PVA between physician led and physiological led set-up of HMV at initiation or 3 months(28.4(17.4-37.6)%vs 25.6(14.0-30.4)%;p=0.6 and 22.4(13.3-37.1)%vs23.3(15.2-41.5)%;p=0.7,respectively). No correlations were observed between PVA and ventilator adherence(rs=0.02,p=0.90), nocturnal oxygen saturations(rs =0.04,p=0.85), nocturnal carbon dioxide levels(rs=0.15,p=0.41), respiratory muscle unloading(rs=0.06,p= 0.76), patient perception of ventilator synchronisation(rs=0.03,p=0.9) at 3 months of HMV therapy. 10 patients (7 male) underwent polysomnography assessment of sleep quality. No further correlations were observed between PVA during sleep and sleep efficiency (rs=-0.6,p=0.1), wake after sleep onset(rs=0.5,p= 0.2) or total sleep time(rs=-0.4,p= 0.3) at 3 months of HMV therapy. Conclusion: Severe PVA was identified in the majority of patients irrespective of pathophysiological disease. This was not associated with inappropriate delivery of effective ventilation. These data suggest that elimination of PVA may not be required to successfully set-up HMV.

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Sperber, Jesper. "Protective Mechanical Ventilation in Inflammatory and Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia Models". Doctoral thesis, Uppsala universitet, Infektionssjukdomar, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-282602.

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Severe infections, trauma or major surgery can each cause a state of systemic inflammation. These causes for systemic inflammation often coexist and complicate each other. Mechanical ventilation is commonly used during major surgical procedures and when respiratory functions are failing in the intensive care setting. Although necessary, the use of mechanical ventilation can cause injury to the lungs and other organs especially under states of systemic inflammation. Moreover, a course of mechanical ventilator therapy can be complicated by ventilator-associated pneumonia, a factor greatly influencing mortality. The efforts to avoid additional ventilator-induced injury to patients are embodied in the expression ‘protective ventilation’. With the use of pig models we have examined the impact of protective ventilation on systemic inflammation, on organ-specific inflammation and on bacterial growth during pneumonia. Additionally, with a 30-hour ventilator-associated pneumonia model we examined the influence of mechanical ventilation and systemic inflammation on bacterial growth. Systemic inflammation was initiated with surgery and enhanced with endotoxin. The bacterium used was Pseudomonas aeruginosa. We found that protective ventilation during systemic inflammation attenuated the systemic inflammatory cytokine responses and reduced secondary organ damage. Moreover, the attenuated inflammatory responses were seen on the organ specific level, most clearly as reduced counts of inflammatory cytokines from the liver. Protective ventilation entailed lower bacterial counts in lung tissue after 6 hours of pneumonia. Mechanical ventilation for 24 h, before a bacterial challenge into the lungs, increased bacterial counts in lung tissue after 6 h. The addition of systemic inflammation by endotoxin during 24 h increased the bacterial counts even more. For comparison, these experiments used control groups with clinically common ventilator settings. Summarily, these results support the use of protective ventilation as a means to reduce systemic inflammation and organ injury, and to optimize bacterial clearance in states of systemic inflammation and pneumonia.

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Carteaux, Guillaume. "Optimisation des interactions patient-ventilateur en ventilation assistée : intérêt des nouveaux algorithmes de ventilation". Thesis, Paris Est, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PESC0027/document.

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En ventilation assistée, les interactions patient-ventilateur, qui sont associés au pronostic, dépendent pour partie des algorithmes de ventilation. Objectifs : Caractériser l'intérêt potentiel des nouveaux algorithmes de ventilation dans l'optimisation des interactions patient-ventilateur : 1) en ventilation invasive, deux modes et leurs algorithmes nous ont semblé novateurs et nous avons cherché à personnaliser l'assistance du ventilateur en fonction de l'effort respiratoire du patient au cours de ces modes proportionnels : ventilation assistée proportionnelle (PAV+) et ventilation assistée neurale (NAVA) ; 2) en ventilation non-invasive (VNI) nous avons évalué si les algorithmes VNI des ventilateurs de réanimation et des ventilateurs dédiés à la VNI diminuaient l'incidence des asynchronies patient-ventilateur. Méthodes : 1) En PAV+ nous avons décrit un moyen de recalculer le pic de pression musculaire réalisée par le patient à chaque inspiration à partir du gain réglé et de la pression des voies aériennes monitorée par le respirateur. Nous avons alors évalué la faisabilité clinique d'ajuster l'assistance en ciblant un intervalle jugé normal de pression musculaire. 2) Nous avons comparé une titration de l'assistance en NAVA et en aide inspiratoire (AI) en se basant sur les indices d'effort respiratoire. 3 et 4) En VNI, nous avons évalué l'incidence des asynchronies patient-ventilateur avec et sans l'utilisation d'algorithmes VNI : sur banc d'essai au cours de conditions expérimentales reproduisant la présence de fuites autour de l'interface ; en clinique chez des patients de réanimation. Résultats : En PAV+, ajuster le gain dans le but de cibler un effort respiratoire normal était faisable, simple et souvent suffisant pour ventiler les patients depuis le sevrage de la ventilation mécanique jusqu'à l'extubation. En NAVA, l'analyse des indices d'effort respiratoire a permis de préciser les bornes d'utilisation et de comparer les interactions patient-ventilateur avec l'AI dans des intervalles d'assistance semblables. En VNI, nos données pointaient l'hétérogénéité des algorithmes VNI sur les ventilateurs de réanimation et retrouvaient une meilleure synchronisation patient-ventilateur avec l'utilisation de ventilateurs dédiés à la VNI pour des qualités de pressurisation par ailleurs identiques. Conclusions : En ventilation invasive, personnaliser l'assistance des modes proportionnels optimise les interactions patient-ventilateur et il est possible de cibler une zone d'effort respiratoire normale en PAV+. En VNI, les ventilateurs dédiés améliorent la synchronisation patient-ventilateur plus encore que les algorithmes VNI sur les ventilateurs de réanimation, dont l'efficacité varie grandement selon le ventilateur considéré
During assisted mechanical ventilation, patient-ventilator interactions, which are associated with outcome, partly depend on ventilation algorithms.Objectives: : 1) during invasive mechanical ventilation, two modes offered real innovations and we wanted to assess whether the assistance could be customized depending on the patient's respiratory effort during proportional ventilatory modes: proportional assist ventilation with load-adjustable gain factors (PAV+) and neurally adjusted ventilator assist (NAVA); 2) during noninvasive ventilation (NIV): to assess whether NIV algorithms implemented on ICU and dedicated NIV ventilators decrease the incidence of patient-ventilator asynchrony.Methods: 1) In PAV+ we described a way to calculate the muscle pressure value from the values of both the gain adjusted by the clinician and the airway pressure. We then assessed the clinical feasibility of adjusting the gain with the goal of maintaining the muscle pressure within a normal range. 2) We compared titration of assistance between neurally adjusted ventilator assist (NAVA) and pressure support ventilation (PSV) based on respiratory effort indices. During NIV, we assessed the incidence of patient-ventilator asynchrony with and without the use of NIV algorithms: 1) using a bench model; 2) and in the clinical settings.Results: During PAV+, adjusting the gain with the goal of targeting a normal range of respiratory effort was feasible, simple, and most often sufficient to ventilate patients from the onset of partial ventilatory support until extubation. During NAVA, the analysis of respiratory effort indices allowed us to precise the boundaries within which the NAVA level should be adjusted and to compare patient-ventilator interactions with PSV within similar ranges of assistance. During NIV, our data stressed the heterogeneity of NIV algorithms implemented on ICU ventilators. We therefore reported that dedicated NIV ventilators allowed better patient-ventilator synchronization than ICU ventilators, even with their NIV algorithms engaged.Conclusions: During invasive mechanical ventilation, customizing the assistance during proportional ventilatory modes with the goal of targeting a normal range of respiratory effort optimizes patient-ventilator interactions and is feasible with PAV+. During NIV, dedicated NIV ventilators allow better patient-ventilator synchrony than ICU ventilators, even with their NIV algorithm engaged. ICU ventilators' NIV algorithms efficiency is however highly variable among ventilators

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Fjellborg, Anders. "Energieffektiv ventilation". Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Energisystem, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-76910.

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Syftet med detta examensarbete är att konkretisera och visa på de grundläggande problemen med inomhusklimatet i Brogårdsfabriken i Vetlanda, för att utifrån detta komma fram med åtgärdsförslag för att minska dem. Detta samt att utreda möjligheterna att ta till vara den i fabriken internt genererade överskottsvärmen och minska energianvändningen. Arbetet har skett i ett top-down-perspektiv, vilket betyder att fabriken ses som ett slutet system där tillförd energi in i systemet ställs mot bortförd energi ut ur systemet. Stor del av arbetet har bedrivits i simuleringsprogrammet IDA – Indoor Climate and Energy till vilket data samlats in genom fysiska mätningar i fabriken och genom intern dokumentation på företaget. Problemen med inomhusklimatet för de anställda ute i produktionen är av olika karaktär i olika delar av fabriken och varierar även i intensitet beroende på vilken tid på året som studeras. Dock är de bakomliggande orsakerna till problemen alltid desamma. Det handlar bland annat om bristfällig processventilation, stora öppna lokaler som är svårkontrollerade, problem med infiltration genom portar och andra öppningar i klimatskalet. Förslag att återskapa en tidigare befintlig vägg rekommenderas för att lösa problemet med kalldrag i packhallen. Väggen skulle förhindra luftrörelser i områden där problemen upplevs och nästintill eliminera dem. Fokus på att minska energianvändningen har skett genom att titta på en optimering av ventilationsdriften vilket har resulterat i en kostnadsbesparing på cirka 370 tkr/år vid reducering av driften under enbart helger. Det finns ytterligare potential till kostnadsbesparingar för ventilationsdriften under andra tillfälliga driftstopp eller semesterstängningar av fabriken, om ventilationsdriften anpassas efter detta.

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Bengtsson, Patrik, e Joel Blomfelt. "Variabel Ventilation". Thesis, KTH, Energiteknik, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-190163.

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A lot of people today spend most of their lives indoors. Both at home and at work time is spent in areas where the climate is not governed by the weather but by ventilation systems meant to create a suitable indoor climate. Despite having such a central part in society the subject of ventilation seldom gets very much attention, and in the current situation it is not a foregone conclusion that indoor air quality and climate is satisfactory. Those who build the homes and premises normally explain this as a result of cost considerations, but essentially the situation originates from other issues. A more accurate explanation is that there are some problems concerning the planning stage of ventilation systems, which implies both a highly simplified designing approach and the price, not the function and quality, being decisive. The problems have been confirmed by several sources and research is in progress within the area in order to address the underlying issues. Among other things, various types of test-bed housing is constructed in several parts of the world, designed for measurement and data collection in a real living environment. Such projects can both verify different system´s function and promote the development of new innovations, but also help in creating well-justified research material regarding, among other things, different ventilation solutions such as for example variable ventilation. One of these projects, called KTH Live-in Lab, is located at KTH in Stockholm. This report presents a work regarding comparisons of different ventilation solutions for such a student apartment as constructed in the ongoing research project KTH Live-in Lab. The work focuses on both finding a suitable system and then link the results to an adequate combination for use with variable ventilation. In order to deal with today´s problems within the area, the work is focused on deviating from the current conventional approach and ventilation design. The result is illustrated digitally in the form of computer simulations of air flow in a virtual model of the apartment, and comparisons led both to a number of conclusions, and proposals of suitable and unconventional solutions. For non-variable ventilation systems, a suitable system consisted of one ventilation inlet placed at ceiling level and two outlets whereof one at ceiling level and one at floor level. For variable ventilation, the results showed that the system solution should suitably be combined with the ability to switch to an inlet at floor level at nights and other scenarios without activity and movement in the apartment. Other conclusions are mainly about findings regarding how certain design variations affect the characteristics of the ventilation system.
Många människor spenderar idag större delen av sitt liv inomhus. Det är vanligt att man både hemma och på jobbet vistas i utrymmen där klimatet inte styrs av väder och vind utan av ventilationssystem som är tänkta att skapa ett lämpligt inomhusklimat. Trots ventilationens centrala del av samhället hamnar ämnet dock ofta i skymundan, och i dagens läge är det ingen självklarhet att inomhusklimaten och dess luftkvalité är tillfredställande. Av dem som bygger bostäderna och lokalerna förklaras detta ofta bero på kostnadsaspekter, men i grund och botten är det annat som ligger till grund för dagens situation. En bättre förklaring är att det finns viss problematik kring ventilationens planeringsskede, vilket innebär ett väldigt förenklat arbetssätt och att kostnad prioriteras framför funktion och kvalité. Problemen har bekräftats från flera håll och forskning pågår inom området i syfte att möta de bakomliggande orsakerna. Bland annat uppförs på flera håll i världen olika typer av testbädd-bostäder utformade för mätning och datainsamling i en verklig boendemiljö. Med hjälp av dessa kan man både verifiera olika systems funktion och gynna framtagning av nya innovationer och välgrundat forskningsmaterial gällande bland annat olika ventilationslösningar som exempelvis variabel ventilation. Ett av dessa projekt, med namnet KTH Live-in Lab, utförs på KTH i Stockholm. I denna rapport presenteras ett arbete gällande jämförelser av olika ventilationslösningar för en sådan studentlägenhet som uppförs i det pågående bygg- och forskningsprojektet KTH Live-in Lab. Arbetet fokuseras på att dels hitta en lämplig ventilationslösning och sedan även koppla resultatet till en möjlig kombination att använda för variabel ventilation. I syfte att möta dagens problematik fokuserades på att frångå dagens konventionella arbetssätt och ventilationsdesign. Resultatet illustreras digitalt i form av datorsimuleringar av luftflöden i en virtuell modell av bostaden, och jämförelserna ledde till ett antal slutsatser och förslag på lämpliga okonventionella lösningar. För icke-variabel ventilation var det lämpligt att placera ett inlopp i taknivå, samt två utlopp varav ett i taknivå och ett i golvnivå. För variabel ventilation visade det sig att denna systemlösning bör kombineras med möjlighet att växla inloppet till lågt inlopp på nätter och andra scenarion utan aktivitet och rörelse i bostaden. Övriga slutsatser gäller vilka egenskaper som bör varieras beroende på vad man vill uppnå med ventilationen.

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Hammash, Muna Hassan. "CARDIAC RHYTHM DURING MECHANICAL VENTILATION AND WEANING FROM VENTILATION". UKnowledge, 2010. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/gradschool_diss/56.

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The transition from mechanical ventilation (MV) to spontaneous ventilation during weaning is associated with hemodynamic alterations and autonomic nervous system (ANS) alterations (reflected by heart rate variability [HRV]). Although cardiac dysrhythmias are an important manifestation of hemodynamic alterations, development of dysrhythmias during MV and weaning and subsequent impact on length of MV has received little attention. The purposes of this dissertation were to 1) evaluate the relationship of heart rate variability (HRV) during weaning to the development of cardiac dysrhythmias and 2) determine the relationship of cardiac dysrhythmias to length of MV. A convenience sample of 35 patients (66.7% men; mean age 53.3 years) who required MV was enrolled in this study. Continuous 3-lead electrocardiographic data were collected for 24 hours at baseline during MV and for the first 2 hours during the initial weaning trial. HRV was evaluated using spectral power analysis. Twenty- seven patients out of 30 were exposed to a combination of pressure support (8-15 cm H2O) and continuous positive airway pressure 5 cm H2O during weaning trial. Three patients self- extubated and received supplemental oxygen through either a partial rebreathing or non-rebreathing mask. Low frequency (LF) power HRV decreased, while high frequency (HF) and very low frequency (VLF) power HRV did not change during weaning. Multiple regression analyses showed that LF and HF HRV were significant predictors of occurrence of ventricular and supraventricular ectopic beats during weaning, while VLF power predicted occurrence of ventricular ectopic beats only. The mean of occurrence of supraventricular ectopic beats per hour during weaning was double the mean at baseline, while the mean of ventricular ectopic beats per hour did not change. Mean number of supraventricular ectopic beats per hour during weaning was a significant predictor of length of MV. This dissertation has fulfilled an important gap in the evidence base for cardiac dysrhythmias during weaning from MV. Cardiac dysrhythmias and HRV alterations should be systemically evaluated during MV and weaning trials in order to decrease length of MV.

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Jerräng, Carlstedt Ludwig. "A comparison between emergency ventilation systems semi-transvers ventilation and natural ventilation in Road Tunnel A". Thesis, Luleå tekniska universitet, Byggkonstruktion och brand, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-65671.

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Rashid, Dewan Md Harunur Mechanical &amp Manufacturing Engineering Faculty of Engineering UNSW. "Wake survey behind a rotating ventilator". Awarded by:University of New South Wales. School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, 2002. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/19076.

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With environmental concern growing in both affluent and developing countries, roof top ventilators, a form of natural ventilation requiring only wind energy to ensure quality air circulation and comfort is becoming a considered choice of many households and industries. Unfortunately, however, many of these ventilators have evolved through trial and error and the flow physics associated with these ventilators is barely understood. The present experimental project was, therefore, undertaken as part of UNSW- Industry collaboration program funded under an Australian Research Council Grant to explore whether the aerodynamics forces acting on these ventilators during their operation could be obtained. A commercial roof top ventilator supplied by industry was, therefore, tested in an open jet wind tunnel of the University of New South Wales and the results are presented in this thesis. A novel feature of this project is the examination of the suitability of ???the three dimensional wake traverse??? technique to the wake of rotating ventilator. This technique has so far been applied with limited success to the wake of lifting bodies of fixed wing configuration only. In the absence of adequate data in the literature on rotating ventilator, the aerodynamics force components obtained by this technique have been compared against force balance measurements. The results show that the wake traverse technique is capable of determining lift and total drag forces associated with the ventilator flow during its operation from the pressure and velocity information gathered downstream of a ventilator in its wake. Generally, from these data, the technique also allows isolation of the profile and induced components of the drag force. However, from the induced drag value, while it is possible to determine the lift force, it is however, found that a more accurate value of lift force can be evaluated using axial vorticity formulation. The availability of the above technique which does not require measurements on the test specimen itself, will aid in providing a cost efficient investigation of the aerodynamic forces and consequently the performance of a roof top ventilator.

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Todd, Susan Katharine. "Shock assisted ventilation". Thesis, University of Surrey, 1999. http://epubs.surrey.ac.uk/843314/.

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Respiratory distress syndrome is the major cause of mortality in premature babies. Increasing numbers of neonates are now surviving the disease due to advances in techniques used in neonatal intensive care units. Mechanical ventilation is an essential part of the treatment for respiratory distress syndrome and is an area in which improvements and modifications are constantly being made. In the early 1980's a new infant ventilator was introduced involving ventilation by a distal jet. As yet, the mechanisms by which the distal jet ventilator enhances gas exchange are unknown. Original experiments are carried out to record the attenuation and speeds of the pressure wave produced by the distal jet ventilator. The observed changes in wave shape and the high wave speed imply that the ventilator produces waves operating within an acoustic regime. An understanding of the gas exchange mechanisms active in shock assisted ventilation is initiated by a comprehensive investigation of the transport properties of acoustic waves. The advection and diffusion that result from a linear concentration gradient in an acoustic flow are analysed, from the Eulerian and Lagrangian viewpoints. The Eulerian investigation shows that the total flux of tracer through a given pipe can be optimized by choosing the frequency appropriately. The Lagrangian transport is increased as both frequency and radius increase. For all values of parameters, Lagrangian streaming is observed, with a steady net flow in the pipe core away from the tube entrance and an opposing net flow near the tube walls.

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CHAIPRASIT, KRIRKPHAN. "Designing for Ventilation". The University of Arizona, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/555319.

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Più fonti

Libri sul tema "Ventilation"

Arnal, Jean-Michel. Monitoring Mechanical Ventilation Using Ventilator Waveforms. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-58655-7.

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Clark, Nancy. Ventilation. New York: Lyons & Burford, 1987.

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Tukkaraja, Purushotham. Mine Ventilation. London: CRC Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003188476.

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Baker, David J. Artificial Ventilation. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-32501-9.

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Baker, David J. Artificial Ventilation. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-55408-8.

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Aloy, Alexander, e Eva Schragl. Jet-Ventilation. Vienna: Springer Vienna, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7091-9355-6.

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Sierra, Carlos. Mine Ventilation. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-49803-0.

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Lemaire, François, a cura di. Mechanical Ventilation. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-87448-2.

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Slutsky, Arthur S., e Laurent Brochard, a cura di. Mechanical Ventilation. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/b138096.

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Fordham, Max. Natural ventilation. [U.K.]: Pergamon, 1999.

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Capitoli di libri sul tema "Ventilation"

Arnal, Jean-Michel. "Noninvasive Ventilation". In Monitoring Mechanical Ventilation Using Ventilator Waveforms, 107–27. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-58655-7_5.

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Hamzah, Mohammed, e Michael Wilhelm. "Ventilation". In Fundamentals of Pediatric Surgery, 87–91. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-27443-0_12.

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Barre, H. J., L. L. Sammet e G. L. Nelson. "Ventilation". In Environmental and Functional Engineering of Agricultural Buildings, 141–69. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-1443-1_8.

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Klauwer, Dietrich. "Ventilation". In A Practical Handbook on Pediatric Cardiac Intensive Care Therapy, 45–77. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-92441-0_2.

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Yates, W. David. "Ventilation". In Safety Professional’s Reference and Study Guide, 259–78. Third edition. | Boca Raton : CRC Press, 2020.: CRC Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780429293054-7.

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Whitehead, Tom, e Arthur S. Slutsky. "Ventilation". In Classic Papers in Critical Care, 1–29. London: Springer London, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84800-145-9_1.

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Lorente-Ros, Marta, Antonio Artigas e José A. Lorente. "Ventilation". In The Very Old Critically Ill Patients, 277–97. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-94133-8_18.

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Zhivov, Alexander. "Ventilation". In SpringerBriefs in Applied Sciences and Technology, 29–85. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-77295-6_6.

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Worthing, Derek, Nigel Dann e Roger Heath. "Ventilation". In Marshall and Worthing’s The Construction of Houses, 415–24. 6^a ed. Sixth edition. | Abingdon, Oxon; New York, NY: Routledge, 2021. | Revised edition of: The construction of houses / Duncan Marshall ... [et al.]. 5th ed. London; New York: Routledge, 2013.: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780429397820-19.

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von Zabeltitz, Christian. "Ventilation". In Integrated Greenhouse Systems for Mild Climates, 193–231. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-14582-7_9.

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Atti di convegni sul tema "Ventilation"

Abdelmaksoud, Waleed A., e Essam E. Khalil. "Personal Ventilation and Displacement Ventilation Assessment in Cubicle Workstations". In ASME 2013 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2013-62774.

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Personal ventilation (PV) strategy is increasing very rapidly in ventilating the indoor spaces. Compared to the traditional ventilation system, the use of PV system can provide several advantages such as: energy reduction, comfort and healthy environment. Previous study reported in earlier paper [Schiavon et al. 2010] indicated that the use of PV system may reduce the energy consumption substantially (up to 51%) compared to mixing ventilation. Additionally, healthy environment is assured in the PV system due to the direct supply of fresh “clean” air to the occupant face. In the current study, detailed assessment of PV system and displacement ventilation (DV) system in a cubicle workstation (office cubicle) is presented. This assessment is based on CFD simulations. Five ventilation cases have been studied on the office cubicle. One case is performing a DV system only; another is performing a PV system only; the remaining three cases are performing a combined of PV and DV system. These cases have been evaluated using the PMV and PPD comfort indices, developed by Fanger 1970 and 1982. The target was to achieve a ventilation case that satisfies the best comfort indices near the occupant in the office cubicle. The five cases conditions and the best case conditions are presented in this paper.

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Chen, Fengmei, e Bingrui LI. "Anomaly diagnosis of ventilator in ventilation system". In International Conference on Mechanisms and Robotics (ICMAR 2022), a cura di Zeguang Pei. SPIE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2652507.

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Singru, Pravin, Bhargav Mistry, Rachna Shetty e Satish Deopujari. "Design of MEMS Based Piezo-Resistive Sensor for Measuring Pressure in Endo-Tracheal Tube". In ASME 2015 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2015-50838.

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Mechanical ventilation is the process of providing artificial breathing support to a patient. More than half of critically ill patients require mechanical ventilation[1]. Though mechanical ventilation increases time for recuperation, it is known to have given rise to complications arising from over-distention of lungs leading to ventilator associated lung injury (VALI) and ventilator induced lung injury (VILI). This paper aims to develop a sensor to identify breathing efforts initiated by the patient and give back responses to the ventilator to regulate ventilation modes and tidal volumes delivered by the ventilator. This will significantly aid in reducing asynchrony between the patient efforts and the ventilator input, thus preventing lung injury. Towards this end, we have simulated and studied the effect of different kinds of dynamic loading and diaphragm membrane thickness of the sensor on its sensitivity on a basic design.

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Hegeman, M. A., S. N. T. Hemmes, M. T. Kuipers, Lieuwe D. J. Bos, G. Jongsma, K. F. van der Sluijs e M. J. Schultz. "Prolonged Mechanical Ventilation Aggravates Ventilator-Induced Lung Injury". In American Thoracic Society 2012 International Conference, May 18-23, 2012 • San Francisco, California. American Thoracic Society, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1164/ajrccm-conference.2012.185.1_meetingabstracts.a1707.

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Matilde, I. N. E., E. P. Oliveira, R. F. Palazzo e C. S. V. Barbas. "Pressure Support Ventilation Versus Proportional Assist Ventilation Plus Ventilation Profiles a Bench Study". In American Thoracic Society 2020 International Conference, May 15-20, 2020 - Philadelphia, PA. American Thoracic Society, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1164/ajrccm-conference.2020.201.1_meetingabstracts.a5256.

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Park, Sunghoon, e Jae Hwa Cho. "Noninvasive ventilation for acute respiratory failure: pressure support ventilation versus pressure controlled ventilation". In ERS International Congress 2019 abstracts. European Respiratory Society, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/13993003.congress-2019.pa3698.

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Tian, Maolin, Wenxi Tian, Guanghui Su e Suizheng Qiu. "3D Flow Field Analysis for a Traditional II+ PWR Containment Under Normal Condition". In 2014 22nd International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone22-30634.

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Flow field analysis is a foundation to many thermal-dynamic phenomena in the nuclear containment. There are several ventilation systems under normal condition to assure the proper environment for staff and facilities, and the two main ventilation systems are the Reactor Pit Ventilation system (EVC) and the Containment Continuous Ventilation system (EVR). The fans of the ventilation systems recycle the air in the containment to various rooms, and cooling coils are cooled by the Nuclear Island Chilled Water system (DEG). In this paper, we simulated the 3D flow field in a Chinese traditional generation II+ PWR reactor containment under normal conditions with a commercial CFD software ANSYS FLUENT. According the actual geometry data of the reactor plant, we built the geometry model, including the EVC and EVR system, and they were checked by plant experts to assure authenticity. Proper maximum mesh sizes were set for different parts at the ICEM CFD, and the grid number was about ten millions. We used the fan model in the ANSYS FLUENT to simulate fans in the ventilations. The calculated values of flow rate in ventilation systems were in good agreement with the design values.

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Nadeau, Mathieu, Philippe Micheau, Raymond Robert, Jonathan Vandamme, Julien Mousseau, Renaud Tissier, Olivier Avoine et al. "Lumped Thermal Model of a Newborn Lamb and a Liquid Ventilator in Total Liquid Ventilation". In ASME 2014 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2014-40108.

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Total liquid ventilation (TLV) is an emerging and promising mechanical ventilation method in which the lungs are filled with a breathable liquid. Perfluorocarbon (PFC) is the predominant liquid of choice due to its high O2 and CO2 solubility. In TLV, a dedicated liquid ventilator ensures gas exchange by renewing a tidal volume of PFC, which is temperature-controlled, oxygenated and free of CO2. A fundamental difference between TLV and conventional mechanical ventilation relates to the fact that PFCs are approximately 1500 times denser than air. This high density provides PFCs with a large heat capacity, turning the lungs into an efficient heat exchanger with circulating blood. The originality of this study is the development of a lumped thermal model of the body as a heat exchanger coupled to a liquid ventilator. The model was validated with an animal experimentation on a newborn lamb with the Inolivent-5.0 liquid ventilator prototype. TLV was initiated with a fast hypothermia induction, followed successively by a slow posthypothermic rewarming, a fast rewarming and finally a second fast hypothermia induction. Results demonstrate that the model was able to aptly predict, in every phase, the temperature of the lungs, the eardrum, the rectum as well as the various compartments of the liquid ventilator.

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Westenskow, D. R., J. X. Brunner e J. Byrd. "A ventilator and ventilation supervisor for the NASA Space Station". In Proceedings of the Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. IEEE, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iembs.1988.95026.

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Fresnel, Emeline, Adrien Kerfourn, Jean-François Muir, Maxime Patout e Antoine Cuvelier. "A dynamical model for patient-ventilator interactions during noninvasive ventilation". In ERS International Congress 2018 abstracts. European Respiratory Society, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/13993003.congress-2018.pa2365.

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Rapporti di organizzazioni sul tema "Ventilation"

Fisk, William J., Mark J. Mendell, Molly Davies, Ekaterina Eliseeva, David Faulkner, Tienzen Hong e Douglas P. Sullivan. Demand controlled ventilation and classroom ventilation. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), gennaio 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1127147.

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Fisk, William J., Mark J. Mendell, Molly Davies, Ekaterina Eliseeva, David Faulkner, Tienzen Hong e Douglas P. Sullivan. Demand Controlled Ventilation and Classroom Ventilation. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), maggio 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1171485.

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V. Chipman. Ventilation Model. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), ottobre 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/837038.

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H. Yang. Ventilation Model. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), novembre 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/828102.

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Kerber, Steve. Impact of Ventilation on Fire Behavior in Legacy and Contemporary Residential Construction. UL Firefighter Safety Research Institute, dicembre 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.54206/102376/gieq2593.

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Under the United States Department of Homeland Security (DHS) Assistance to Firefighter Grant Program, Underwriters Laboratories examined fire service ventilation practices as well as the impact of changes in modern house geometries. There has been a steady change in the residential fire environment over the past several decades. These changes include larger homes, more open floor plans and volumes and increased synthetic fuel loads. This series of experiments examine this change in fire behavior and the impact on firefighter ventilation tactics. This fire research project developed the empirical data that is needed to quantify the fire behavior associated with these scenarios and result in immediately developing the necessary firefighting ventilation practices to reduce firefighter death and injury. Two houses were constructed in the large fire facility of Underwriters Laboratories in Northbrook, IL. The first of two houses constructed was a one-story, 1200 ft, 3 bedroom, bathroom house with 8 total rooms. The second house was a two-story 3200 ft, 4 bedroom, 2.5 bathroom house with 12 total rooms. The second house featured a modern open floor plan, two- story great room and open foyer. Fifteen experiments were conducted varying the ventilation locations and the number of ventilation openings. Ventilation scenarios included ventilating the front door only, opening the front door and a window near and remote from the seat of the fire, opening a window only and ventilating a higher opening in the two-story house. One scenario in each house was conducted in triplicate to examine repeatability. The results of these experiments provide knowledge for the fire service for them to examine their thought processes, standard operating procedures and training content. Several tactical considerations were developed utilizing the data from the experiments to provide specific examples of changes that can be adopted based on a departments current strategies and tactics.

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Kerber, Steve. Study of the Effectiveness of Fire Service Vertical Ventilation and Suppression Tactics in Single Family Homes. UL Firefighter Safety Research Institute, giugno 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.54206/102376/iwzc6477.

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Under the United States Department of Homeland Security (DHS) Assistance to Firefighter Grant Program, Underwriters Laboratories examined fire service ventilation and suppression practices as well as the impact of changes in modern house geometries. There has been a steady change in the residential fire environment over the past several decades. These changes include larger homes, more open floor plans and volumes, and increased synthetic fuel loads. This investigation examined the influence of these changes to the fire behavior and subsequent impact on firefighter tactics relative to horizontal and vertical ventilation and suppression. It is anticipated that the results of this investigation will be incorporated into improved firefighting tactics and decision making to reduce firefighter injuries and fatalities. Vertical ventilation has been used successfully but also resulted in firefighter fatalities in the past, as it is not easily coordinated with suppression and other fire ground tasks such as horizontal ventilation. It is not straightforward for firefighters to train on the effects of vertical ventilation since fire service training structures and props do not allow for ventilation-limited fire conditions with representative fuel loads and floor plans that will be encountered on the fire ground. Thus, guidance on the effectiveness of vertical ventilation comes from experience gained during real incidents, but under many different fire ground conditions. This has made it difficult to develop comprehensive guidance on the coordination of vertical ventilation with other firefighter tactics, and how these tactics may influence the fire dynamics in the burning home. The purpose of this study was to improve the understanding of the fire dynamics associated with the use of vertical ventilation so that it may be more effectively deployed on the fire ground. Two houses were constructed in the large fire facility of Underwriters Laboratories in Northbrook, IL. The first house was a one-story house (1200 ft, three bedrooms, one bathroom) with a total of 8 rooms. The second house was a two-story house (3200 ft, four bedrooms, two and a half bathrooms) with a total of 12 rooms. The second house featured a modern open floor plan, two-story great room and open foyer. A total of seventeen experiments were conducted varying the ventilation locations and the number of ventilation openings. Ventilation scenarios included ventilating the front door and a window near the seat of the fire (with modern and legacy furnishings) to link to the previous research on horizontal ventilation, opening the front door and ventilating over the fire and remote from the fire. Additional experiments examined controlling the front door, making different sized ventilation holes in the roof and the impact of exterior hose streams. The results from the experiments led to identification of tactical considerations for the fire service to integrate into their education and fire ground strategies and tactics where applicable.

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V. Chipman e J. Case. Ventilation Model Report. US: Yucca Mountain Project, Las Vegas, Nevada, dicembre 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/899287.

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Marella, J. R. Purge ventilation operability. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), aprile 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/122015.

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Vance, Robert W. Emplacement Ventilation System. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), aprile 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/837087.

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V. Chipman. VENTILATION MODEL REPORT. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), ottobre 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/859898.

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