Letteratura scientifica selezionata sul tema "Véhicules électriques – Matériaux – Essais de comportement au feu"
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Tesi sul tema "Véhicules électriques – Matériaux – Essais de comportement au feu":
Dilger, Melvin. "Flame retardant expanded polypropylene for applications in electric vehicles : design and mechanism of action". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lille (2022-....), 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023ULILR066.
Today the sector of transport is changing with the transition from thermal vehicles to electrical vehicles. Thus, the materials widely used in vehicles as EPP also have to change due to higher requirements in terms of fire properties.In this thesis, three approaches were considered to increase the fire properties of EPP and reach a V0 rating at UL-94 vertical test, according to the three steps of manufacturing EPP. In fact, to manufacture EPP, three steps are necessary: (1) the polypropylene (PP) is melt blended with various additives via an extrusion process, (2) the blended PP is expanded, i.e. an expansion gas is introduced into it to form EPP beads and (3) the EPP beads are then molded into the desired shape. Before investigating the different approaches, the UL-94 vertical test was instrumented in order to obtain more information and have a better understanding in terms of fire properties. The different approaches considered were: (1) incorporating flame retardants and synergists into the PP matrix before expansion, this is the most common approach. This approach was deeply investigated with a comparison between several FRs with different modes of action (intumescent FR, free radical generator, etc), an optimization of the most efficient FRs combination and a study of the influence of industrial manufacturing, especially the expansion step. Indeed, the FRs can disrupt the foaming processability (expansion step), due to the high amount of FRs needed and the fact that FRs can play the role of nucleating agents. Moreover, the mechanism of action of the chosen FRs was studied before and after the expansion step. To counter the complexity of the expansion step in the approach (1), alternative approaches were studied in order to validate others concept. The alternative (2), applying a flame-retardant coating on the EPP beads (before molding) and (3) applying a flame-retardant coating to the molded final piece (EPP bars). However, these approaches have also some drawbacks. Indeed, the EPP has poor adhesion properties because it has no functional groups. Thus, an optimization of a plasma treatment was needed in order to increase the adhesion of EPP. Several flame retardant coatings were applied on the surface and the moldability of the coated EPP beads was studied. Finally, the fire properties at UL-94 vertical test of the molded coated EPP beads and coated EPP bars were studied
Delaval, Damien. "Développement et caractérisation de systèmes intumescents retardateurs de flamme pour polypropylènes recyclés issus des véhicules usagés". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Lille 1, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009LIL10015.
The impact of recycling and pollutants (engine oil (EO) and ethylene glycol (EG)) on the intrinsic properties of polypropylene-based materials coming from end-of-life cars was investigated. Recycling (limited here to six extrusion cycles) is not detrimental to the mechanical properties of the polymeric matrices. The crystallization kinetics study realized on the polluted polymers showed that the presence of EG delays crystallization. The degradation kinetics allowed to simulate and quantify the different degradation steps of the materials. Pollutants and recycling also lead to an improvement of the reaction to fire of our copolymer, especially in the case of EO-containing samples. The second part of the work was devoted to the study of the flame retardant properties of our materials provided by ammonium polyphosphate (APP) with or without zinc borate (ZB) (synergistic agent)). In all cases recycled and polluted materials show satisfying performances. It was found that the efficiency of the protective barrier provided by the char is governed by the rapidity of its formation and its thermal conductivity which are positively influenced by EO (with APP/ZB) and recycling (with APP) (increase of the formation rate and decrease of the conductivity). Chemical characterization of the structures formed in a fire scenario reveals the formation of a phosphocarboneous structure containing polyaromatics, pyrophosphates and phosphoric acid and when zinc borate is used, borophosphates which can reinforce the intumescent structure
Delaval, Damien. "Développement et caractérisation de systèmes intumescents retardateurs de flamme pour polypropylènes recyclés issus des véhicules usagés". Thesis, Lille 1, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009LIL10015/document.
The impact of recycling and pollutants (engine oil (EO) and ethylene glycol (EG)) on the intrinsic properties of polypropylene-based materials coming from end-of-life cars was investigated. Recycling (limited here to six extrusion cycles) is not detrimental to the mechanical properties of the polymeric matrices. The crystallization kinetics study realized on the polluted polymers showed that the presence of EG delays crystallization. The degradation kinetics allowed to simulate and quantify the different degradation steps of the materials. Pollutants and recycling also lead to an improvement of the reaction to fire of our copolymer, especially in the case of EO-containing samples. The second part of the work was devoted to the study of the flame retardant properties of our materials provided by ammonium polyphosphate (APP) with or without zinc borate (ZB) (synergistic agent)). In all cases recycled and polluted materials show satisfying performances. It was found that the efficiency of the protective barrier provided by the char is governed by the rapidity of its formation and its thermal conductivity which are positively influenced by EO (with APP/ZB) and recycling (with APP) (increase of the formation rate and decrease of the conductivity). Chemical characterization of the structures formed in a fire scenario reveals the formation of a phosphocarboneous structure containing polyaromatics, pyrophosphates and phosphoric acid and when zinc borate is used, borophosphates which can reinforce the intumescent structure
Findik, Busra. "Formulations innovantes pour la résistance au feu de systèmes actifs par addition physique et génération in situ de charges minérales". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Lyon 1, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022LYO10117.
One of Nexans' major challenges is to develop fire-resistant cables for buildings, industry and infrastructure networks. In this context, one of the systems developed is a three-layer insulated electric cable. The main disadvantage of the composite material used in the composition of this electrical cable is its high filler content, necessary to obtain a material that meets the expected electrical and thermal performance. This high filler rate can constitute an obstacle to the fabrication process of the material due to the high viscosity induced, but also deteriorate its final properties such as flexibility and hardness. The alternative strategy developed aiming to reduce the filler rate and thus reduce the viscosity of the materials to facilitate their implementation was to synthesize the fillers directly in the molten polymer. The sol-gel process by which an inorganic phase can be generated in situ during the extrusion process through the use of inorganic precursors is particularly suitable. Indeed, the inorganic precursors can play the role of solvent or plasticizer prior to their reaction, thus making it possible to lower the viscosity of the complete system. From these observations stems the main objective of the work of this thesis, which is to develop fire-resistant materials by integrating charges generated in situ by reactive extrusion in a pre-charged polymer matrix
Bouchard, Jonas. "Développement de nouvelles fibres thermostables fonctionnelles chargées en nanotubes de carbone pour des matériaux composites structuraux dans des applications aéronautiques et ferroviaires". Thesis, Lille 1, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013LIL10052/document.
This study falls within the framework of the European project IMS&CPS (Innovative Material Synergies & Composite Processing Strategies) and aims at developing new carbon-nanotubes-based thermostable polyethersulfone (PES) fibres. The main goal of this project is the alignment, orientation and integration of carbon nanotubes (CNT) in structural composite materials in order to obtain improved mechanical, thermal and electrical properties, for shielding against electromagnetic interference (EMI) and protection against lightning strike. Using CNT as conductive fillers allows the improvement of electrical conduction inside the fibres and then in the composites by the fibres’ dissolution and the CNT migration in the epoxy composite matrix. A first part focuses on the conductibility and the fire behaviour of the nanocomposites PES/CNT. In a second part, melt and wet spinning were studied as methods for producing nanocomposite fibres. To process PES/CNT by melt spinning it was necessary to add a plasticizer and adapt the heating panels, and this allowed PES melt-spun fibres containing up to 1.5 wt. % CNT to be obtained. CNT pre-orientation and alignment in the production axis of the fibres was also noticed. Then, a weaving process permitted CNT orientation in different directions. Using the wet spinning process, a higher CNT content (2 wt. %) was incorporated in the PES fibres. An electrical percolation threshold of around 1 wt. % CNT incorporated in the PES wet-spun fibres was reached. In both spinning methods, a correlation between processing, morphologies, mechanical and electrical properties of the elaborated fibres was established. The evolution of the fibres’ morphologies and electrical properties after their dissolution in epoxy resins is also mentioned and reveals a significant improvement of their electrical conductivity in the composite matrix
Poyo, Julien. "Synthèse de polymères aromatiques pour la conception de membranes conductrices ioniques en conditions anhydres". Grenoble INPG, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010INPG0145.
Reducing emissions of greenhouse gases (Kyoto, 1997) is, actually a major issue in the fight against global warning. One solution being considered is the development of electric vehicles whose power can be achieved by integrating a fuel cell. The heart of a fuel cell consists of an membrane/electrode assembly (MEA). This membrane must possess ionic conduction properties and a large thermal resistance, in the case of electric vehicles. My work involves the development and characterization of membranes that meet these conditions by the preparation of functionalized polymers (sulfonic functions or ammonium functions) to allow the transport of protons, which possess high temperatures resistance units (triphenylphosphine oxide units) and associated with a solvent other than water (ionic liquid) to annihilate the problem of dehydration of the membrane. These studies demonstrate that the performance of the membranes are intrinsically related to the structure of polymers, to the nature and rate of the ionic solvent and to the experimental conditions of the membrane production