Tesi sul tema "USLE Universal soil loss equation"

This thesis is an evaluation of the use the USLE to estimate soil loss from two pastoral land uses - commercial properties and "hobby farms" in Murrumbateman. Sensitivity analysis was used to evaluate the USLE components. Sediment measurement in farm dams was taken to estimate sediment yield from several sites, as an alternative approach to study soil loss. The annual soil loss from entire study area was 0.25 t/ha/year whilst these figures from commercial properties and hobby farms were 0.29 t/ha/year and 0.21 t/ha/year, respectively. The annual average sediment yield from three catchments in hobby farms was 0.3 t/ha/year. The USLE was found to be highly sensitive to slope steepness, ground cover and stocking rates. The critical values were 16% for slopes, 35% for the ground cover and 19 Dry Sheep Equivalent/ha for stocking rate. I tentatively conclude that the USLE is sufficiently sensitive to detect differences in soil loss between the two land uses. There is, however, a need to improve the operation of the model in some respects. The use of farm dams for estimating sediment yield also shows promise.

Orientador: Isabel Cristina Moroz-Caccia Gouveia
Resumo: O presente trabalho tem como objetivo principal analisar a suscetibilidade aos processos erosivos laminares e lineares, identificando áreas mais críticas e seus impactos sobre os recursos hídricos na Unidade de Gerenciamento de Recursos Hídricos da Bacia Hidrográfica do Rio Aguapeí (UGRHI-20), localizada no oeste do Estado de São Paulo. Para determinar a suscetibilidade à erosão laminar utilizou-se a Equação Universal de Perda de Solo (EUPS), desenvolvida por Wischmeier e Smith (1976). Para a suscetibilidade à erosão linear utilizou-se a metodologia de Fragilidade Ambiental proposta por Ross (1994). Os resultados mostraram que na UGRHI-20, as estimativas de perda de solo por erosão laminar estão muito acima do recomendado pela FAO (1965) e por Wischmeier & Smith (1978), pois 73% da área se enquadra na classe indicativa “Alta” com valores entre 50 – 200 t.ha-1 ano -1. Em relação à erosão linear, a condição da UGRHI-20 é considerada crítica, pois apresenta 57% de sua área nível de fragilidade emergente forte. Diante de tais resultados, espera-se que esse trabalho possa subsidiar o planejamento ambiental desta bacia hidrográfica pelo poder público e principalmente por órgãos gestores. Para isso, serão entregues exemplares desse trabalho em meio digital para o Comitê de Bacias Hidrográficas dos Rios Aguapeí e Peixe (CBH-AP).
Abstract: The present work has as main objective to analyze the susceptibility to laminar and linear erosive processes, identifying the most critical areas and their impacts on water resources at the Aguapeí River Basin Water Resources Management Unit (UGRHI 20), located in the west of São Paulo. To determine susceptibility to laminar erosion, The Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE) developed by Wischmeier and Smith (1976) was used. For susceptibility to linear erosion, the Environmental Fragility methodology proposed by Ross (1994) was used. The results showed that in the UGRHI-20 laminar erosion soil loss estimates are far above those recommended by FAO (1965) and Wischmeier & Smith (1978), as 73% of the area falls under the “High” indicative class with values between 50 – 200 t.ha-1year-1. Regarding linear erosion, the condition of UGRHI-20 is considered critical, as it presents 57% of its area strong emerging fragility level. Given these results, it is hoped that this work can subsidize the environmental planning of this watershed by the government and especially by management agencies. To this end, copies of this work will be delivered digitally to the Aguapeí and Peixe River Watershed Committee (CBH-AP).
Mestre

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The objective is to evaluate the environmental fragility and guidelines for environmental zoning (EZ) using geospatial analyses techniques in the Monteiro County, Paraíba State. The purpose of this study was to evaluate two different environmental fragility methodologies to use the results to develop environmental zone classes within Brazilian semiarid region. The two methodologies used in this study were: (a) original purpose developed by Crepani et. al. (2008) and adapted to the local reality, in which it was analyzed the vulnerability to soil loss, its use and occupation, and the Permanent Preservation Areas (PPAs); (b) adopted purpose of Crepani et. al. (2008), that instead of using the map of soil loss vulnerability, it was used the estimation of soil loss achieved from the Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE). The map of soil loss vulnerability was achieved by algebra of maps related to the following themes: Geology, Geomorphology, Pedology, Land Use Cover, and Climatology. The estimative map of soil losses, using USLE, was achieved from the factors of rainfall erosivity, soil erodibility, topographic and management, and conservation practices. As a result, two EZ maps were achieved. In both cases were identified ten types of indicated use, having one of them presented a higher percentage of Environmental Control area, which demands maintenance of both the existent vegetal cover and the quality of hydric sources; while another map has presented a higher percentage of Priority Preservation Area, which presents areas covered by vegetation of dense and preserved forest, but with high erosion degree. This research not only shows the city areas of higher environmental vulnerability, but also proves the importance of EZ to the control of soil use and occupation in an orderly and planned way. It is, then, government duty to elaborate, based on this study, its law to ordainment of territory. From this research it is possible to deepen the studies to create the Ecological-Economic Zoning (EEZ), which is concerned not only with the preservation, rehabilitation and recovery of environmental quality, but also with the social and economic development.
Objetivou-se avaliar a fragilidade ambiental e diretrizes para o Zoneamento Ambiental (ZA) utilizando técnicas de análises geoespaciais para o município de Monteiro, localizado no Estado da Paraíba. A proposta desse estudo foi aplicar duas metodologias diferentes para avaliar a fragilidade ambiental e usar os resultados para criar classes de zonas ambientais em uma porção semiárida da região Nordeste do Brasil. As duas metodologias utilizadas foram: (a) proposta original de Crepani et al. (2008) e adaptada à realidade local, em que foi analisada a vulnerabilidade à perda de solo, o seu uso e ocupação, e as Áreas de Preservação Permanente (APPs); e (b) proposta adaptada de Crepani et al. (2008), que ao invés de utilizar o mapa de vulnerabilidade à perda de solo, utilizou-se a estimativa de perda de solo gerada a partir da Equação Universal de Perda de Solo (EUPS). O mapa de vulnerabilidade à perda de solo foi adquirido por álgebra de mapas relacionados aos temas: Geologia, Geomorfologia, Pedologia, Cobertura Vegetal e Uso da Terra e Climatologia. O mapa de estimativa das perdas de solo, utilizando EUPS, foi gerado a partir dos fatores de erosividade das chuvas, erodibilidade do solo, comprimento de rampa e declividade, uso e manejo e práticas conservacionistas. Como resultado, foi obtido dois mapas de ZA. Em ambos os casos, foram identificadas dez classes de uso indicado, tendo um apresentado maior percentual de área de Controle Ambiental, que requer manutenção da cobertura vegetal existente e da qualidade dos recursos hídricos, e outro apresentou maior percentual de Área de Preservação Prioritária, que apresenta áreas cobertas por vegetação de mata densa e preservada, porém com alto grau de erosão. Essa pesquisa mostra as áreas de maior fragilidade ambiental do município, além de comprovar a importância do ZA para o controle do uso e ocupação do solo de forma ordenada e planejada. Cabe, portanto, ao órgão municipal elaborar, baseado nesse estudo, sua legislação para ordenamento do território. A partir dessa pesquisa é possível aprofundar os estudos para gerar o Zoneamento Ecológico-Econômico (ZEE), onde, além das preocupações com a preservação, reabilitação e recuperação da qualidade ambiental, passa-se a uma maior preocupação com o desenvolvimento econômico e social.

Cette étude évalue la performance d'un modèle hydrologique à base physique, distribué, appelé MARINE, pour la simulation du transport de sédiments en suspension pendant les crues soudaines à l'échelle du bassin versant. Les crues soudaines et intenses peuvent induire une érosion du sol et un transport de sédiments importants, entraînant une perte de sol durable. MARINE permet de prendre en compte la variabilité spatiale des caractéristiques du bassin versant et des précipitations. L'étude est menée sur deux petits bassins versants du sud de la France, la Claduègne en Ardèche (42,3 km2) et Auradé dans le Gers (3,28 km2). MARINE utilise une équation d'advection par l'écoulement moyen pour simuler l'évolution spatio-temporelle de la concentration en sédiments non cohésifs, en prenant en compte des termes sources représentant l'érosion par impact des précipitations et l'érosion par cisaillement.L'étude examine l'influence de divers paramètres sur la simulation de la concentration pendant les crues rapides dans ces bassins versants, y compris : (i) le diamètre médian des particules de sédiments, (ii) la cote de l'interface entre la charge de lit et la charge en suspension, (iii) le coefficient de sensibilité du sol à l'érosion par cisaillement, (iv) le coefficient de sensibilité du sol à l'érosion par impact des gouttes de pluie. Les résultats des analyses de sensibilité appliquées à des crues éclair sélectionnées mettent en évidence la sensibilité du modèle à deux paramètres clés pour les deux bassins versants : le coefficient de sensibilité du sol à l'érosion par cisaillement et le diamètre médian des particules de sédiments. Grâce à l'analyse de sensibilité des paramètres du modèle, les simulations permettent de classer les inondations en deux catégories : les crues dominées par l'érosion par impact des gouttes de pluie et celles dominées par l'érosion par cisaillement. En outre, l'analyse des résultats souligne la nécessité de prendre en compte la variabilité spatiale de la sensibilité du sol à l'érosion en identifiant notamment l'emplacement des sources potentielles de sédiments.Pour évaluer les performances du modèle en matière d'estimation de l'érosion, les résultats sur le bassin versant de la Claduègne sont comparés à deux modèles empiriques largement utilisés, dérivés de l'équation universelle de perte de sol (USLE), à savoir RUSLE et MUSLE. Pour comparer les trois modèles avec MARINE comme référence, une analyse de sensibilité est menée sur le facteur d'occupation du sol intervenant dans MUSLE et RUSLE. Bien que l'érosion simulée par les trois méthodes soit généralement comparable, des variations apparaissent pour les événements dominés par l'érosion par impact des gouttes de pluie, ce qui suggère la nécessité de poursuivre les recherches pour améliorer la modélisation de cette érosion dans le cadre du modèle MARINE.Les simulations du modèle MARINE offrent également la possibilité de générer des cartes d'aléas érosion/déposition qui, combinées à une carte de vulnérabilité, peuvent être utiles aux décideurs et planificateurs environnementaux pour identifier les zones exposées aux risques d'érosion et de dépôt
This study evaluates the performance of a physically-based, distributed hydrological model, called MARINE, for simulating suspended sediment transport during flash floods at the catchment scale. Intense flash floods can induce significant soil erosion and sediment transport, leading to long-lasting soil loss. MARINE takes into account the spatial variability of catchment characteristics and precipitation. The study was carried out on two small catchments in southern France, La Claduègne in Ardèche (42.3 km²) and Auradé in Gers (3.28 km²). MARINE uses a mean-flow advection equation to simulate the spatio-temporal evolution of non-cohesive suspended sediment concentration, taking into account source terms representing raindrop erosion and shear stress erosion.The study examines the impact of various parameters on the simulation of suspended sediment concentration during flash floods in these catchments, including (i) the median diameter of sediment particles, (ii) the location of the interface between bed load and suspended load, (iii) the soil sensitivity coefficient to shear stress erosion, (iv) the soil sensitivity coefficient to raindrop erosion. The results of the sensitivity analyses applied to selected flash flood events highlight the model's sensitivity to two key parameters for both catchments: the soil sensitivity coefficient to shear stress erosion and the median sediment particle diameter. Thanks to the sensitivity analysis of the model parameters, the simulations led to the classification of floods into two categories: those dominated by raindrop erosion and those dominated by shear stress erosion. Analysis of the results also highlights the need to take into account the spatial variability of soil sensitivity to erosion, in particular by identifying the location of potential sources of sediment.To assess the model's performance in estimating erosion, the results for the Claduègne catchment are compared with two widely used empirical models derived from the Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE), namely RUSLE and MUSLE. To compare the three models with MARINE as a reference, a sensitivity analysis is carried out on the land-use factor involved in MUSLE and RUSLE. Although the erosion simulated by the three methods is generally comparable, variations appear for events dominated by raindrop erosion, suggesting the need for further research to improve raindrop erosion modeling within the MARINE model.MARINE model simulations also offer the possibility of generating erosion/deposition hazard maps which, combined with a vulnerability map, can be useful to environmental decision-makers and planners in identifying areas at risk from erosion and deposition

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A degradação dos solos é um dos principais problemas relacionados ao desenvolvimento sustentável, e um dos grandes desafios a serem enfrentados já neste século. A ação do homem no planejamento e desenvolvimento da ocupação do espaço na Terra requer cada vez mais uma visão ampla sobre as necessidades da população, os recursos terrestres e aquáticos disponíveis e o conhecimento sobre o comportamento dos processos naturais, para racionalmente compatibilizar necessidades crescentes com recursos limitados. A crescente degradação do solo sob exploração agrícola em todo o mundo despertou nos últimos anos uma preocupação com a qualidade do solo e a sustentabilidade da produção agrícola. A matéria orgânica do solo é um fator relevante na qualidade deste, sendo uma fonte de energia, de carbono e doadora de elétrons da grande maioria dos organismos, o que evidencia sua importância para a biota desempenhar suas funções no sentido de promover as propriedades do solo. O objetivo deste trabalho é avaliar a degradação do solo na microbacia do arroio Morungava, com uso da Equação Universal de Perda de Solo (EUPS), através de análise da variação temporal da matéria orgânica nos horizontes superficiais, em solos Hidromórficos e Argissolos, sob práticas de cultivo em diferentes períodos de uso (18 meses de cultivo; 10 anos de cultivo; 15 anos de cultivo e mais de 30 anos de cultivo), utilizando áreas de mata nativa como referência. Em condições naturais os argissolos mostram um aumento de matéria orgânica (MO) com a profundidade. Nos horizontes superficiais dos solos cultivados analisados observa-se perda de MO por erosão e oxidação superficial, com pouca translocação vertical. Neste caso, a erosão superficial acelerada antropicamente, faz com que o Horizonte B dos argissolos fique próximo a superfície, eventualmente exposto, com o passar do tempo. Já os solos hidromórficos verificam-se grandes perdas iniciais com a retirada de matas nativas, o que pode ser em parte atribuído à oxidação acelerada da MO, devido às mudanças ambientais. Para os solos hidromórficos com mais de 15 anos de uso, verifica-se um comportamento inverso, ocorrendo um significativo aumento superficial da MO, o que pode ser devido ao aporte de MO originado dos argissolos adjacentes. Assim, as planícies aluvionares, para tempos de uso superiores há 15 anos, devem provavelmente atuar como zonas de acumulação de MO na bacia hidrográfica. Há um provável processo menos intenso de translocação vertical, o qual é observado nos primeiros 10 anos de uso dos hidromórficos. Quanto à avaliação espacial de perda de MO observa-se taxas com variação de 0 até 239,15 t ha¯¹ ano¯¹ com o uso do solo atual. Assim, 54,12 % da área apresentam taxas de perda de MO entre 0 a 0,5 t ha¯¹ ano¯¹ 42,21 % variam de 0,5 a 5 t ha¯¹ ano¯¹e os demais 3,67 % de área apresentam perdas de MO acima de 5 t ha¯¹ ano¯¹. Em um cenário onde a legislação ambiental (Código Florestal Federal - Lei 4.771 de 1965 e Código Florestal Estadual - Lei 9.519 de 1992) é cumprida, com reflorestamento nas Áreas de Preservação Permanente ? APPs, referente às encostas com declividade acima de 45º e faixas de 30 metros de cada lado, ao longo dos cursos d´água, observa-se 62,17 % da área com taxas de perda de MO entre 0 a 0,5 t ha¯¹ ano¯¹, 36,86 % variam de 0,5 a 5 t ha¯¹ ano¯¹e os demais 0,97 % de área apresentam perdas de MO acima de 5 t ha¯¹ ano¯¹, chegando a atingir 37,28 t ha¯¹ ano¯¹em alguns pontos. Para um cenário onde a faixa de preservação é de apenas 5 metros de cada lado, ao longo dos cursos d´águas, de acordo com a legislação ambiental do Estado de Santa Catarina (Art. 114 da Lei Estadual 14.675, de 13 abril de 2009), observa-se que as taxas de perda de MO aumentam. No cenário anterior as perdas acima de 5 t ha¯¹ ano¯¹, atingem apenas 0,97% do total da área. Aplicando a legislação do Estado de Santa Catarina, as taxas de perda acima de 5 t ha¯¹ ano¯¹, atingem 1,03 % do total da área. As taxas baixas de perda de MO (abaixo de 0,5 t ha¯¹ ano¯¹) para o cenário de 30 metros de preservação chegam a 62,17% da área. Já no cenário com faixa de preservação de apenas 5 metros, as taxas baixas de perda de MO chegam a 53,16% da área. Apesar de ser uma diferença pequena de taxas de perda de MO, estas taxas apresentadas comprovam que a diminuição das faixas de preservação de 30 metros para cinco metros, acarretará em prejuízos ao meio ambiente. Em um cenário onde toda a faixa de preservação de 30 metros de cada lado, ao longo dos cursos d´água, é retirada, as taxas de perda de MO variam de 0 até 239,15 t ha¯¹ ano¯¹. Neste caso 53,16 % da área apresenta taxas de perda de MO entre 0 a 0,5 t ha¯¹ ano¯¹, 43,02 % variam de 0,5 a 5 t ha¯¹ ano¯¹ e 3,82 % de área apresentam perdas de MO acima de 5 t ha¯¹ ano¯¹, chegando a atingir 239,15 t ha¯¹ ano¯¹ em alguns pontos. Essas taxas de perda são equivalentes ao uso do solo atual da área. Isto ocorre pelo fato da microbacia do arroio Morungava apresentar grandes extensões de faixa de preservação ao longo desses cursos d´água, totalmente desmatadas. O cenário criado para desmatamento de 30 metros é semelhante à situação real da área. A partir dos resultados obtidos das coletas de campo e dados gerados em laboratório, conclui-se que a micro bacia do arroio Morungava está sofrendo processo erosivo acelerado com o decorrer dos anos, principalmente em zonas de maior declividade, onde predominam os argissolos. Já os solos em posição fisiográficas com baixa erosão potencial superficial, como os hidromórficos, atuam como zonas de acumulação de sedimentos e matéria orgânica. Verifica-se uma variação ampla nas taxas de perda de MO com o uso do solo atual, com teores elevados nas áreas com maior declividade. Estes teores, de acordo com cenários gerados de reflorestamento, podem diminuir com o cumprimento da legislação ambiental. Assim pode-se afirmar que a EUPS foi fundamental para avaliar a perda de matéria orgânica na microbacia.
Soil degradation is one of the main concerns regarding sustainable development, and one of the challenges to be faced on this century. Mankind actions on planning and development of Earth occupation, needs more and more a broader view of population needs, available terrestrial and hydric resources and knowledge over natural processes behavior, to rationally conciliate growing needs with limited resources. The worldwide growing soil degradation due to agricultural exploitation, over the last years awoke a concern with soil quality and agricultural production sustainability. The soil organic matter is a relevant factor for its quality, being energy and Carbone source and an electron donator to most organisms, which only shows how it is important to biota?s functions and promote soil proprieties. The objective of this study is to evaluate the soil degradation at the micro basin of the Morungava stream, using the Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE), through temporal variation analysis of organic matter on superficial horizons, on hydromorphic and argillaceous soils, under cultivation on different usage periods (18 months of cultivation, 10 years of cultivation, 15 years of cultivation and more than 30 years of cultivation), utilizing areas of native forest as reference. In natural conditions argillaceous soils show an increase in organic matter (OM) as it deepens. On the analyzed cultivated soils superficial horizons, was observed a loss of OM due to erosion and superficial oxidation, with low vertical translocation. In this case, the superficial erosion hasten by anthropic influence, causes the B horizon of argillaceous soils to be near the surface, eventually exposed with time. On the hydromorphic soils, there are big initial losses with the removal of native forests, which can be in part caused by hasten oxidation of OM due to environmental changes. To hydromorphic soils with more than 15 years of usage, a inverse behavior is observed, occurring a significant increase of superficial OM, which can be due to the arrive of OM from the adjacent argillaceous soils. So, the alluvial plains, to usage periods greater than 15 years, probably act as OM accumulation zones on the basin. There is a probable process less intense of vertical translocation, which is observed during the first 10 years of hydromorphic soil usage. As for the spatial evaluation of OM loss, its observed with variation from 0 to 239,15 t.ha¯¹.year¯¹ with current soil usage. This way, 54,12% of the area presents OM loss rate between 0 and 0,5 t.ha¯¹.year¯¹, 42,21% varies from 0,5 to 5 t.ha¯¹.year¯¹, and the remaining 3,67% of the area show OM losses superior to 5 t.ha¯¹.year¯¹. In a scenery where the environmental legislation (Federal Forest Code ? Law 4.771 of 1965 and State Forest Code ? Law 9.519 of 1992) is followed, with reforesting of Permanent Preservation Areas (APPs), referring to acclivity superior to 45° and a 30 meters preservation band from the margins of any watercourse, is observed that 62,17% of the area have a OM loss rate between 0 and 0,5 t.ha¯¹.year¯¹, 36,86% varies from 0,5 to 5 t.ha¯¹.year¯¹ and the remaining 0,97% have a OM loss rate superior to 5 t.ha¯¹.year¯¹, peaking 37,28 t.ha¯¹.year¯¹ at some points. In a scenery where the preservation band is only 5 meters from the margin of watercourses, in accordance with the environmental legislation of Santa Catarina state (Art.114 State Law 14.675 from 2009, April 13), its observed an increase in the OM loss Rates. If in the previous scenery the OM losses over 5 t.ha¯¹.ano¯¹, were only 0,97% of total area, applying the Santa Catarina State Law, the OM losses over 5 t.ha¯¹.ano¯¹, are 1,03% of total area. The low OM loss rates (under 0,5 t.ha¯¹.ano¯¹,) on the 30 meters preservation scenery were 62,17% of the area, applying the Santa Catarina state 5 meters preservation scenery it drops to 53,16% of the area. Even if it is a small difference on OM loss rates, these rates testify that the reduction of the preservation bands will incur in harm to the environment. In a scenery where all the preservation band is removed along the watercourses, the OM loss rates varies from 0 to 239,15 t.ha¯¹.year¯¹. In which case 53,16% of the area presents OM loss rates from 0 to 0,5 t.ha¯¹.year¯¹, 43,02% varies from 0,5 to 5 t.ha¯¹.year¯¹ and 3,82% of the area show OM losses over 5 t.ha¯¹.year¯¹, peaking 239,15 t.ha¯¹.year¯¹ at some points. Those loss rates are equivalent to those of the current soil usage in this area. This is due to the fact that the micro basin of the Morungava stream presents great extensions of preservation bands along its watercourses totally depleted. The scenery created with no preservation band is similar to the current situation of the area. From the gotten results of the collections of field and data generated in laboratory, one concludes that the micro basin of the Morungava stream is suffering sped up erosive process with elapsing of the years, mainly in zones of bigger declivity, where the argissolos predominate. Already the ground in position fisiográficas with low superficial potential erosion, as the hidromórficos, act as zones of accumulation of sediments and organic matter. An ample variation in the taxes of loss ME with the use of the ground is verified current, with texts raised in the areas with bigger declivity. These texts, scenes in accordance with generated of reforestation, can diminish with the fulfilment of the ambient legislation. Thus it can be affirmed that the EUPS was basic to evaluate the loss of organic matter in the micron basin.

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Neste presente trabalho buscou-se identificar as diversas variáveis do potencial de perda de solo no município de Ouro Verde/SP, considerando como parâmetro a classificação de solos, geologia, relevo, precipitação pluvial, o uso e ocupação da terra, as práticas de manejo conservacionista, mapeando as áreas com potencial de erosão laminar dos solos e o cruzamento das informações com a situação atual das estradas rurais não pavimentadas. As estradas não pavimentadas foram classificadas em trechos-tipos, destacando-se algumas características importantes, como altura de barranco, se está “encaixada”. O uso do MDE (Modelo Digital de Elevação) possibilitou a representação do relevo da superfície terrestre e com os dados vetoriais do município de Ouro Verde, baixados através do site do IBGE, foi possível a interpretação visual da área de estudo, analisadas através das imagens do satélite Sentinel-2. O objetivo foi identificar as estradas rurais ou trechos prioritários para readequação, através do Sistema de Informação Geográfica (SIG), com mapeamento das áreas do município e realizando o cruzamento de informações e, aplicação da Equação Universal de Perdas de Solo (USLE) e do programa InVEST®, estimando perdas de solo por erosão laminar. Servir de orientação para os gestores públicos (Prefeitura Municipal e FEHIDRO) na análise e tomada de decisão. Para determinação do Fator R para o município de Ouro Verde, a precipitação pluvial foi analisada através de uma série histórica, fornecida pelo Escritório de Desenvolvimento Rural de Dracena. Para determinação dos valores do fator R para os demais municípios que compõem as Unidades de Gerenciamento de Recursos Hídricos 20 e 21, utilizou-se o software livre netErosividade SP. Para realização da priorização dos trechos críticos das estradas, foram utilizados os parâmetros (estruturas e situações), adaptado do Projeto de Desenvolvimento Rural Sustentável – Microbacias Hidrográficas II – Acesso ao mercado, obtendo-se o enquadramento das Classes de priorização. O programa InVEST® possibilitou explorar cenários com resultados futuros prováveis, e assim foram gerados os diversos mapas de potencialidade de erosão para o município de Ouro Verde: Mapa de Susceptibilidade à Erosão Laminar, Mapa do Potencial à Erosão, Mapa do Potencial de Erosão Laminar Total por Microbacias Hidrográficas e Mapa final de Priorização das Estradas Não Pavimentadas. Obteve-se o Mapa Final de Priorização utilizando alguns parâmetros, mas é possível cruzar tantas informações quanto forem necessárias, subjetivas e objetivas, e assim chegar no objetivo, que é a priorização de trechos críticos de Estradas Rurais Não Pavimentadas.
This work aimed to identify the various variables of soil loss potential in the municipality of Ouro Verde / SP, considering as a parameter the classification of soils, geology, relief, rainfall, land use and occupation, management practices conservationist, mapping the areas with potential of laminar erosion of the soils and the crossing of the information with the current situation of the unpaved rural roads. Unpaved roads have been classified into parts-types, highlighting some important characteristics, such as height of ravine, if it is "docked". The use of the MDE (Digital Elevation Model) made possible the representation of the land surface and the vectorial data of the municipality of Ouro Verde, downloaded through the IBGE website, it was possible the visual interpretation of the study area, analyzed through the images of the Sentinel-2 satellite. The objective was to identify the rural roads or priority stretches for readjustment, through the Geographic Information System (GIS), with mapping of the areas of the municipality and carrying out the information crossing and, applying the Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE) and the InVEST® program, estimating soil losses due to laminar erosion. To serve as guidance for public managers (City Hall and FEHIDRO) in the analysis and decision making. To determine the R factor for the municipality of Ouro Verde, rainfall was analyzed through a historical series, provided by the Office of Rural Development of Dracena. To determine the R factor values for the other municipalities that make up the Water Resources Management Units 20 and 21, the free software netErosividade SP was used. For the prioritization of the critical stretches of the roads, the parameters (structures and situations), adapted from the Sustainable Rural Development Project - Hydrographic Microbasins II - Access to the market, were used to obtain the prioritization classes. The InVEST® program made it possible to explore scenarios with probable future results, thus generating the various erosion potential maps for the municipality of Ouro Verde: Laminar Erosion Susceptibility Map, Erosion Potential Map, Total Laminar Erosion Potential Map by Hydrographic Microbasins and Final Map of Prioritization of Non-Paved Roads. The final Prioritization Map was obtained using some parameters, but it is possible to cross as much information as necessary, subjective and objective, and thus reach the objective, which is the prioritization of critical sections of Non-Paved Rural Roads.

This thesis is focused to determine water erosion of soil and drain from basin of štefanov stream. The basin of štefanov stream is unobserved with area 15,1 km2. After evaluation of current status is processed integrated design against the adverse effects of surface runoff.

Die Dissertation erforscht die Unsicherheit, Sensitivität und Grenzen großskaliger Erosionsmodelle. Die Modellierung basiert auf der allgemeinen Bodenabtragsgleichung (ABAG), Sedimenteintragsverhältnissen (SDR) und europäischen Daten. Für mehrere Regionen Europas wird die Bedeutung der Unsicherheit topographischer Modellparameter, ABAG-Faktoren und kritischer Schwebstofffrachten für die Anwendbarkeit empirischer Modelle zur Beschreibung von Sedimentfrachten und SDR von Flusseinzugsgebieten untersucht. Der Vergleich alternativer Modellparameter sowie Kalibrierungs- und Validierungsdaten zeigt, dass schon grundlegende Modellentscheidungen mit großen Unsicherheiten behaftet sind. Zur Vermeidung falscher Modellvorhersagen sind kalibrierte Modelle genau zu dokumentieren. Auch wenn die geschickte Wahl nicht-topographischer Algorithmen die Modellgüte regionaler Anwendungen verbessern kann, so gibt es nicht die generell beste Lösung. Die Ergebnisse zeigen auch, dass SDR-Modelle stets mit Sedimentfrachten und SDR kalibriert und evaluiert werden sollten. Mit diesem Ansatz werden eine neue europäische Bodenabtragskarte und ein verbessertes SDR-Modell für Einzugsgebiete nördlich der Alpen und in Südosteuropa abgeleitet. In anderen Regionen Europas ist das SDR-Modell bedingt nutzbar. Die Studien zur jährlichen Variabilität der Bodenerosion zeigen, dass jahreszeitlich gewichtete Niederschlagsdaten geeigneter als ungewichtete sind. Trotz zufriedenstellender Modellergebnisse überwinden weder sorgfältige Algorithmenwahl noch Modellverbesserungen die Grenzen europaweiter SDR-Modelle. Diese bestehen aus der Diskrepanz zwischen modellierten Bodenabtrags- und maßgeblich zur beobachteten bzw. kritischen Sedimentfracht beitragenden Prozessen sowie der außergewöhnlich hohen Sedimentmobilisierung durch Hochwässer. Die Integration von nicht von der ABAG beschriebenen Prozessen und von Starkregentagen sowie die Disaggregation kritischer Frachten sollte daher weiter erforscht werden.
This dissertation thesis addresses the uncertainty, sensitivity and limitations of large-scale erosion models. The modelling framework consists of the universal soil loss equation (USLE), sediment delivery ratios (SDR) and European data. For several European regions, the relevance of the uncertainty in topographic model parameters, USLE factors and critical yields of suspended solids for the applicability of empirical models to predict sediment yields and SDR of river catchments is systematically evaluated. The comparison of alternative model parameters as well as calibration and validation data shows that even basic modelling decisions are associated with great uncertainties. Consequently, calibrated models have to be well-documented to avoid misapplication. Although careful choices of non-topographic algorithms can also be helpful to improve the model quality in regional applications, there is no definitive universal solution. The results also show that SDR models should always be calibrated and evaluated against sediment yields and SDR. With this approach, a new European soil loss map and an improved SDR model for river catchments north of the Alps and in Southeast Europe are derived. For other parts of Europe, the SDR model is of limited use. The studies on the annual variability of soil erosion reveal that seasonally weighted rainfall data is more appropriate than unweighted data. Despite satisfactory model results, neither the careful algorithm choice nor model improvements overcome the limitations of pan-European SDR models. These limitations are related to the mismatch of modelled soil loss processes and the relevant processes contributing to the observed or critical sediment load as well as the extraordinary sediment mobilisation during floods. Therefore, further research on integrating non-USLE processes and heavy-rainfall data as well as on disaggregating critical yields is needed.

Excessive agricultural phosphorus (P) has been a major contributor to non-point source pollution. North Carolina developed the Phosphorus Loss Assessment Tool (PLAT) to evaluate the potential P loss from agricultural fields to waterbodies via four components. Our overall goal was to evaluate the potential of using spatial data to estimate P loss without physically visiting fields since many PLAT required parameters occur in spatial formats. The objective of the first study was to assess the possibility of spatial implementation of PLAT and to compare the effect of scale on the PLAT numerical results and the associated categorical rankings. Since an important input parameter, the average annual soil loss determined by the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation, is not directly available from field measurement, our objective in the second study was to assess the potential of obtaining RUSLE estimates, specifically the topography factor LS, through Digital Elevation Model data in a Geographic Information System environment. In the first study, two methods of whole field average (WFA) and grid average (GA) were used to compare the difference in modeling P loss at different scales. The same list of PLAT required parameters were prepared from soil test reports and spatial database at the coarse scale of whole agriculture field and the fine scale of 0.4-ha grid. Soil tolerance value was used to temporarily replace the soil loss data. In the second study, a widely used Arc Macro Language (AML) program for estimating RUSLE topographic factor LS was evaluated through two approaches of whole field (WF) and representative profile (RP) analysis on a North Carolina landscape. Watershed delineation technique was adopted to select the representative profiles based on the references of slope distributions and field subdivisions from NRCS water quality specialists. Results from the first study indicated that soluble and particulate P loss, which occupied 59.3% and 26.3% of the total P loss through WFA method, and 56.1% and 39.0% through GA method, were the major pathways. Leaching P loss from PLAT was negligible. Particulate P loss was sensitive to scale as verified by the 12.7% increase of proportion in total P loss. The difference of particulate P loss through two methods was significant (p < 0.05), but no difference of soluble P loss and P source effect was found on a 95% confidence level. The overall P loss potential through two methods exhibited no significant difference due to the neutralization effect of individual pathways. Results from the second study showed that the AML program alone was not suitable for calculating RUSLE topographic factor on a North Carolina landscape because of the significant underestimation (~35% and ~20% through WF and RP approach, respectively). The concept of representative profile indeed improved the estimation accuracy (~15%), however, the linearity of the fitted line between field measured LS and GIS-aided LS estimate was not satisfactory. An adjustment factor was proposed rectifying the RUSLE-based AML program in order to approximate field measurements. This study demonstrated the potential of implementing PLAT model and the soil loss equation using spatial parameters derived from database instead of visiting the fields. The scale of modeling in estimating particulate P loss and RUSLE topographic factor LS was important and the adjustment factor was necessary to adapt the AML program application. The accuracy of model performance needed to be improved before claiming that GIS-aided PLAT modeling will provide a complete replacement for the field measurement.

The error associated with the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE) was determined by utilizing data from 21 U.S. sites representing 1704 years of measurements from 206 plots. RUSLE estimates were compared to the measured values for each year and the average value for each plot duration. The model efficiency coefficient on an annual basis was (.58) and on an average annual basis was (.73). The RUSLE was consistent with a previous study of the USLE which tended to over predict on plots with low erosion rates and under predict on plots with high erosion rates. Also the Topographic Factor (LS) value and the Cover and Management Factor (C) value had the most influence on model efficiency. The basis for this study was to compare the RUSLE with the USLE and to compare RUSLE simulations with observed data that was not a part of its critical development.

Digital satellite remote sensing and Geographic Information Systems (GIS) have been used effectively to determine the Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE) output for a number of North Texas watersheds. This method involves determining the values of each of the USLE factors and using these factors as information layers within the GIS.

According to previous studies, the study area of Göta Älv river has high risk of landslides along the river banks due to the water flow. Soil erosion can affect the increase of the landslides in an area with unstable soils caused by the increase rainfall. The Swedish climate is getting more vulnerable thus there is a potential increased risk in erosion and landslides due to unpredictable rainfall intensity. This study aims to calculate soil erosion for the Göta Älv river using the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE) where a comparison of data from remote sensing and meteorological and geological agencies were completed. Two research questions will be addressed, first if the different calculation of the soil erodibility (K) factor affects RUSLE result, and second how much soil erosion occurs and will potentially occur in the future. Factors including rainfall erosivity (R), soil erodibility (K), slope length and steepness (LS), land cover management (C) and conservation practices (P) were analyzed and used as inputs for the RUSLE model. Moreover, three scenarios were applied for the calculation of K factor in order to show how each one can affect the soil erosion result. The scenarios includes the K-scenario 1, 2 and 3, where the values were derived from a world soil database, a table with literature values and estimated field measurements, respectively. Also, three scenarios for R factor were applied for the periods 2000-2018, 2021-2050 and 2069-2098 (R-scenarios 1, 2 and 3) in order to show how future changes to rainfall patterns could affect soil erosion in the Göta Älv river and if it increases the risk of the landslides. The results suggest that the soil erosion varied between 0 – 0.5 t/ha for all the time periods with mean annual soil loss between 20 – 22 t/ha/yr and maximum soil loss between 2158- 5443 t/ha. The difference between the three K factor scenarios is almost 4%, which is pretty low thus, no influence on the soil erosion results. In conclusion, the different calculations of the K factor affected more the estimated maximum soil loss instead of the mean annual soil loss. The different calculations of R factor showed that more than 90% of the total area was not affected by the soil erosion when the soil loss will not be increased considerably in the future due to the rainfall increase.

Orientador: Antonio Cesar Germano Martins
Banca: Roberto Wagner Lourenço
Banca: Darllan Collins da Cunha e Silva
Resumo: A perda de solos em bacias hidrográficas pode causar prejuízos ambientais e comprometer os usos múltiplos potenciais desta bacia. Ações como desmatamento, atividades agrícolas, entre outras, expõem o solo aos agentes naturais (precipitação, vento) e estes desprendem e carreiam o solo para as porções mais baixas na bacia, promovendo o assoreamento dos corpos d'água. Estudos sobre o tema são importantes para auxiliar na gestão, manejo e entendimento destes ambientes e mitigação do fenômeno. Neste sentido, este trabalho tem como objetivo estimar a perda de solo na sub-bacia do Pirajibu-Mirim. Para isto, foram utilizadas ferramentas de análise de imagens e de dados da bacia para calcular a Equação Universal da Perda de Solos (EUPS) definida por Wischmeier & Smith (1978). A sub-bacia está inserida no município de Sorocaba-SP e tem uma área de aproximadamente 54 km². Para compor a equação, todas as variáveis foram levantadas separadamente para então calcular a EUPS em ambiente SIG para os anos de 2000 a 2016. Os resultados indicaram que os anos de 2003 e 2012 apresentaram os maiores valores de perdas de solo acima de 200 ton/ha.ano e em 2013 os menores valores de perdas de solo acima de 200 ton/ha.ano. Outra informação importante foi que no período estudado, aproximadamente 50% da área tem perdas de solo abaixo de 15 ton/ha.ano, indicando boa preservação do solo.
Abstract: The loss of soil in watershed can cause environmental damage and compromise the multiple potential uses of this watershed. Action as deforestation, agricultural activities, among others, expose the soil to natural agents (precipitation, wind) that causes the release of these soils to lower portion of watershed, promoting silting of the water bodies. Studies about the theme are important to improve the management and understanding of these environments and phenomenon mitigation of silting. Therefore, this work had as aim the estimation of soil loss in sub basin Pirajibu-Mirim. For this, tools of image and data analysis were used to estimate the Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE) defined by Wischmeier & Smith (1978). The sub basin is inserted in Sorocaba city, São Paulo state and has an area 54km². To compose the equation, the variables were obtained separately and then the USLE was calculated from 2000 to 2016. The results indicated that the years 2003 and 2012 demonstrated the highest values of soil loss above 200 ton/ha.a and 2013 the lowest value of soil loss above 200 ton/ha.a. Other important information is that in studied period, almost 50% of the area had soil lower than 15 ton/ha.a, indicating satisfactory soil preservation.
Mestre

Digital satellite remote sensing and Geographic Information Systems (GIS) have been used in conjunction with the Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE) to model soil erosion potential within watersheds. This study compared erosion estimates calculated by the remote sensing method to results obtained in the field by soil conservationists using conventional methods.

Surface mining operations require a comparison of post-mining erosion rates with pre-mining soil loss to ascertain if remedial measures are needed. In this study the Universal Soil-Loss Equation (USLE) was modified to reflect conditions of western rangelands to develop a procedure for estimating pre-mining soil loss rates. The modification used back-calculation for the C-Factor and an adjusted R-Factor based on storm size. Soil loss simulation based on stochastic precipitation patterns is appropriate to the site--the La Plata mine area in northern New Mexico--and increases the flexibility of the USLE as a soil loss predictor for western rangelands.

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Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq
The erosive process ocurrs naturally, however it is being accelerated by anthropic action causing changes in the natural characteristics of soil, reduction of crop productivity, rivers silting and several environmental problems. The implementation of sustainable studies models in watershed, aims preservation, utilization and dinamic of the environment, having an important role as environmental resources management tool. This study aims to establish estimation of soil loss to upper course of Chopim River watershed through aplication of Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE), applying Qgis 3.0 software. The study area is located in the south of Paraná State. Were considered pluviosity rainfall data from 1985 to 2015 to calculate annual average erosivity and was obtained a variation from 9752 Mj/ha.mm/year to 8180Mj/ha.mm/year, constituting an moderate to strong erosivity. The present soils in the study area have an average erosivity of 0,02030, 0,02092, 0,02410 and 0,02681 Mg.ha.h.ha-1.MJ-1.mm-1 for Nitosol, Latosol, Cambisol, Neosol, respectively. The declivity degree associated with ramp length results in topographic factor, which indicated the study area with flat and smooth wavy relief. The factors of use, management and conservation practices of soil, were estimated according to soil use classification and literature review, alternating from 0 to 0,143. The types of use soil classes were differentiated by Pine, Forest, Open Fields, Conventional Cultivation and Exposed Soil, Urban Area. The annual average soil loss was estimated in 39,36 ton/ha.year what can be considered as moderated soil loss. In the maps analysis were not possible to identificate only one factor that individualizes as soil losses. However, was observed that the association of the erosivity factor and the topographic factor, indicates the high values of soil loss. Nevertheless, the soil loss estimation map in the upper course of the watershed of Chopim River provides enough data to the analysis and environmental planning of study area.
O processo erosivo ocorre de maneira natural, porém pode ser acelerado pela ação antrópica ocasionando mudanças nas características naturais do solo, redução da produtividade de culturas, degradação dos solos, assoreamento de rios e diversos problemas ambientais. A implementação de estudos de modelos sustentáveis em bacias hidrográficas visando a preservação, utilização e dinâmica do meio ambiente possui um papel importante como ferramenta de gestão dos recursos ambientais. Este estudo visou estabelecer estimativas de perda de solo para o setor do Alto Curso da Bacia Hidrográfica do Rio Chopim por meio da aplicação da Equação Universal de Perda de Solos (EUPS), com o auxílio do software QGis 3.0. A área de estudo localiza-se no Sul do estado do Paraná, abrange grande parte do município de Palmas. A erosividade anual média, considerando os dados pluviométricos de 1985 a 2015, teve uma variação de 9752 MJ/ha.mm/ano a 8180 MJ/ha.mm/ano, constituindo uma erosividade moderada a forte. Os solos presentes na área de estudo possuem uma erodibilidade média tendo valores mínimos de 0,02030, 0,02092, 0,02410 e 0,02681 Mg.ha.h.ha-1.MJ-1.mm-1 para o Nitossolo, Latossolo, Cambissolo e Neossolo respectivamente. O grau de declividade associado ao comprimento de rampa resulta no fator topográfico o que indicou a área de estudo com um relevo plano e suave ondulado. Os fatores de uso e manejo do solo e práticas conservacionistas foram valorados de acordo com a classificação do uso do solo e a revisão da literatura, e alternaram de 0 a 0,143. As classes dos tipos de uso de solos se diferenciaram por Pinus, Floresta, Campo Limpos, Cultivo convencional e solo exposto, área urbana. A perda de solo média anual foi estimada em 39,36 ton/ha.ano o que pode ser considerada como perda de solo moderada. Na análise dos mapas não foi possível identificar apenas um fator que individualize as perdas de solos. A associação da erosividade com o fator topográfico indicam os valores elevados de perda de solo, sendo os elementos principais que estariam influenciando na perda de solo na área. Ainda assim, o mapa de estimativa de perdas de solo do Alto Curso da Bacia hidrográfica do Rio Chopim fornece dados suficientes para a análise e planejamento ambiental da área de estudo.

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A expansão territorial do agronegócio e da área urbana na Alta Bacia Hidrográfica do Rio Jacaré Pepira impacta a preservação de seus recursos naturais. A erosão se destaca como um processo do meio físico que possui uma relação estreita com o uso do solo. Para estudo da vulnerabilidade à erosão realizou-se uma análise segmentada dos fatores naturais e antrópicos, apoiando-se no modelo matemático da Equação Universal de Perda de Solo (EUPS). O meio físico foi compartimentado nas sub-bacias que estão parcial ou totalmente inseridas na Área de Proteção Ambiental (APA) de Corumbataí. As sub-bacias foram consideradas como unidades de análise, com a medição de parâmetros morfométricos. Para estudo dos fatores antrópicos, realizou-se levantamentos de campo para caracterização do uso e manejo do solo praticado nas principais explorações agropecuárias com a identificação de feições erosivas lineares. As informações de ocupação do solo foram extraídas da classificação automática de imagens de satélite dos anos de 1988 (TM/Landsat) e 2004 (CBERS) com controle de campo. O trabalho apresentou como resultado o zoneamento da área quanto à susceptibilidade natural, vulnerabilidade e adequação ao uso do solo. As informações integradas em um banco de dados em SIG/SPRING permitem fornecer instrumentos para trabalhos de gerenciamento ambiental.
Territorial expansion of agrobusiness and urban areas in the Jacaré Pepira River watershed impact its natural resources. Erosion stands out as a physical environment process that has a close relationship with land use. The study of erosion vulnerability was accomplished on a natural and human factors segmented analysis, based on Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE) model. Physical environmental was shared on the sub-basin belong to APA de Corumbataí (Corumbataí Environmental Protection Area). Sub-basins were considered as units of analysis, witch the morfometric parameters measurements. Field work was used on human factor study, aiming the management characterization for main crops, including the identify of areas affected by gullies. Data about land use were obtained by automatic classification of 1988 (TM/Landsat) and 2004 (CBERS) satellite images with field control. Zoning of the area was accomplished based on natural erosion potential (PNE), erosion vulnerability and wishing land use. Data input to a GIS/SPRING database can provide tools for environmental management.

A method for estimating long-term average annual soil loss under different land management scenarios from the Marquis and Soufriere watersheds on St. Lucia is presented. The Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE) was used, and a GIS was employed to generate the required input parameters. Model execution and results were also generated within the GIS. Modelling soil loss for the different land management scenarios was based upon a land capability classification and associated conservation treatments. Soil losses under current agricultural land-use patterns were analyzed and compared to potential soil losses under conservation treatments following the criteria specified in the land capability classification. The model predicted substantial declines in soil loss where conservation treatments were assigned, as compared to soil loss under current land-use patterns. It was found that predicted soil losses from the Soufriere watershed were four times that predicted for the Marquis watershed for all the land management scenarios modelled. Of the input parameters in the model, slope steepness was most highly correlated to predicted soil loss. It is anticipated that the findings of this study will be used in the development of a decision support system for agricultural and forestry land planning on St. Lucia.

Orientador: Carlos de Almeida Nóbrega
Banca: Luiz Roberto Cottas
Banca: Henry Lesjak Martos
Resumo: A expansão territorial do agronegócio e da área urbana na Alta Bacia Hidrográfica do Rio Jacaré Pepira impacta a preservação de seus recursos naturais. A erosão se destaca como um processo do meio físico que possui uma relação estreita com o uso do solo. Para estudo da vulnerabilidade à erosão realizou-se uma análise segmentada dos fatores naturais e antrópicos, apoiando-se no modelo matemático da Equação Universal de Perda de Solo (EUPS). O meio físico foi compartimentado nas sub-bacias que estão parcial ou totalmente inseridas na Área de Proteção Ambiental (APA) de Corumbataí. As sub-bacias foram consideradas como unidades de análise, com a medição de parâmetros morfométricos. Para estudo dos fatores antrópicos, realizou-se levantamentos de campo para caracterização do uso e manejo do solo praticado nas principais explorações agropecuárias com a identificação de feições erosivas lineares. As informações de ocupação do solo foram extraídas da classificação automática de imagens de satélite dos anos de 1988 (TM/Landsat) e 2004 (CBERS) com controle de campo. O trabalho apresentou como resultado o zoneamento da área quanto à susceptibilidade natural, vulnerabilidade e adequação ao uso do solo. As informações integradas em um banco de dados em SIG/SPRING permitem fornecer instrumentos para trabalhos de gerenciamento ambiental.
Abstract: Territorial expansion of agrobusiness and urban areas in the Jacaré Pepira River watershed impact its natural resources. Erosion stands out as a physical environment process that has a close relationship with land use. The study of erosion vulnerability was accomplished on a natural and human factors segmented analysis, based on Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE) model. Physical environmental was shared on the sub-basin belong to APA de Corumbataí (Corumbataí Environmental Protection Area). Sub-basins were considered as units of analysis, witch the morfometric parameters measurements. Field work was used on human factor study, aiming the management characterization for main crops, including the identify of areas affected by gullies. Data about land use were obtained by automatic classification of 1988 (TM/Landsat) and 2004 (CBERS) satellite images with field control. Zoning of the area was accomplished based on natural erosion potential (PNE), erosion vulnerability and wishing land use. Data input to a GIS/SPRING database can provide tools for environmental management.
Mestre

Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Geografia, Florianópolis, 2008.
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O presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a presença de processos erosivos e mensurar a quantidade de material erodido durante o período de um ano na bacia hidrográfica do Ribeirão Reis, Maringá - PR, não foram constatadas cicatrizes como voçorocamentos, somente alguns sulcos provenientes de chuvas torrenciais. As perdas de solo relacionada ao uso e ocupação da área, rotação soja e milho apresentaram as maiores perdas 17,92 ton/ha, abrangendo uma área de 92,2 % da área total, seguido pelos arbustos com perdas de 8,73 ton/ha, porém representa a menor área 1,3 %, em terceiro, o cultivo de café com perdas de 3,52 ton/ha e 1,6 % da área, em quarto, as pastagens com 2,68 ton/ha e área de 1,7 % e por último a vegetação arbórea com apenas 0,16 ton/ha e área de 3,1% do total. As perdas com relação ao tipo de solo apresentaram no gleissolo 8,52 ton/ha, seguido pelo latossolo vermelho 5,46 ton/ha e o nitossolo 3,93 ton/ha dentro da rotação de cultura soja/milho. As perdas de solo relacionada as três classes de solo ficaram abaixo da tolerância que são de 10,9 à 12,5 ton/ha para o latossolo vermelho e 11,6 à 13,6 ton/ha para o nitossolo. O uso adequado de práticas conservacionistas por parte dos produtores com rotação de culturas, plantio em contorno e uso de curvas de nível contribuiu para esses valores ficarem abaixo da tolerância. O modelo selecionado para o cálculo da quantidade de perda de solo foi a RUSLE (Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation), dentro de um ambiente SIG, no software Idrisi Andes, o modelo apresentou-se satisfatório quanto à mensuração da perda de solo, bem como o resultado dessa dissertação servindo como base em tomadas de decisões no planejamento do uso do solo. Portanto, fica constatado que o fator de maior relevância no tocante à perda de solo, é a cobertura vegetal, pois os períodos com maiores índices pluviométricos como os meses de fevereiro, março, setembro e dezembro não apresentaram as maiores perdas, no entanto períodos com pouca cobertura vegetal e menor índice pluviométrico como os meses de setembro, outubro e novembro apresentaram maiores perdas, o único mês coincidente é o de setembro, pois, além de apresentar elevado índice pluviométrico, foi o mês em que estava ocorrendo o plantio de lavouras.

Com a preocupação em minimizar a ação antrópica no meio ambiente e possibilitar o desenvolvimento econômico, social e cultural sustentável, cada vez mais se busca uma ferramenta capaz de gerir todos os recursos naturais de uma determinada região. Neste sentido, é consensual que se deva administrar os recursos, de maneira sustentável e racional. Para tanto, há uma necessidade de se ter uma região delimitada, conhecia, um ecossistema fechado, que desde os anos 1990 no Brasil se propõem o uso de bacias hidrográficas como delineamento territorial na gestão dos recursos naturais. Utilizando a delimitação da bacia hidrográfica do Rio dos Sinos - RS e com o intuito de se obter um ambiente sustentável, foi realizado um projeto com o objetivo de indicar possíveis locais susceptíveis à erosão na região delimitada e com isto poder prever sítios onde se poderia haver risco de contaminação, principalmente através de efluente ricos em matéria orgânica, nutrientes e poluentes e ainda diagnosticar se estas áreas estão em situação irregular, como área de preservação permanente. Deste projeto sairão subsídios técnicos e científicos para uma gestão integrada da bacia. Para se obter este estudo foram elaborados, com o auxilio do sensoriamento remoto e o geoprocessamento, diversos modelos, fatores e análises como modelo digital de elevação, declividade, comprimento de encosta, fatores topográficos, de erosividade, de erodibilidade e de conservação e uso do solo. Com estes dados e com o auxilio da equação universal de perda de solo (EUPS) foram analisados possíveis sítios com susceptibilidade à erosão, através de mapas tematizados que demonstram os níveis de susceptibilidade na região. Podendo assim verificar os pontos de maior probabilidade a ocorrer uma erosão, que no caso do presente trabalho são as áreas mais íngremes no terceiro trecho da bacia mais ao norte e próximo ao leito dos rios principalmente onde se há um plantio elevado. No presente trabalho também é possível verificar a diferença entre as susceptibilidades à erosão com ações antrópicas e sem a mesma ação, podendo verificar o malefício ou beneficio da humanização nesta área. Para demonstrar estes mapas tematizados, houve grandes processamentos, demandando tempo e software, como foi os processos de mosaicagem e classificação das imagens. Estes processos são descritos ao longo do trabalho.
With the concern to minimize the human action on the environment and enable the economic, social and cultural development, we are increasingly seeking for a tool to manage all natural resources in a given region. In this sense, it is agreed that we should manage resources in a sustainable and rational way. Therefore, there is a need to having a bounded region, known, a closed ecosystem, which since the 1990 in Brazil propose the use of watersheds as territorial delineation in natural resource management. Using the definition of Rio do Sinos watersheds - RS and in order to achieve a sustainable environment, a project was done with the objective of identifying potential sites susceptible to erosion in the region delimited and this may predict sites where there could be risk of contamination, primarily through effluent rich in organic matter, nutrients and pollutants and also diagnose if these areas are undocumented, as permanent preservation area. This project will leave allowances for technical and scientific integrated management of the basin. To achieve this study, with the help of remote sensing and GIS, were prepared several models, factor, and analyzes such as digital elevation model of the terrain, slope, length of slope, topographic factors, erosivity, erodibility and conservation and use of the soil. With this data and with the aid of universal soil loss Equation (USLE) possible sites were analyzed with susceptibility to erosion through thematized maps that show the levels of susceptibility in the region. Therefor, beging able to check areas with higher probability to occur erosion, which in the case of this work are the steeper areas in the third part to the north of the basin and near riverbeds especially where there is a high planting. In this work it is possible to see the difference between susceptibility to erosion with human actions and without the same action, may verify the harm or benefit of humanizing this area. To demonstrate these maps thematized, there were large processing, requiring time and software, as the mosaicking process and classification of images. These processes are described throughout the study.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES
The aim of this study was to determine if the soil losses by erosion in Alto Paraíba basin soils are below the maximum tolerance determined by the Soils Department and Rural Engineering of Paraíba Federal University, campus of Areia/PB. by the Soils Department and Rural Engineering of Paraíba Federal University, campus of Areia/PB. This analysis was based on the Universal Soil Loss Equation mathematic model. Operational procedures were carried out with satellite images and GIS/SPRING. The comparative map obtained between the Losses of Soil Map and Losses of Soil Tolerance Map, was the result of a vectorial combination between these maps. About 61% of the area is under acceptable conditions of soil losses, into the expected studies developed by UFPB/AREIA, and approximated 38% with override values of non acceptable soil losses. This tolerance depends essentially of the soil characteristics, of its depth and topography, and constitutes, this way, important information that allows to the land owner or planner, to know what the best way of soil usage is, and avoiding its degradation and exploitation it with high productivity level allowing the sustainable development of the land. The values of lower erosivity occurred in minor steepest area and open vegetal cover and dense caatinga (a xeric shrubland). It was obtained through data analyses, the tax of 76% representing open and sparse vegetal cover or exposed soil and little crops, that corroborates to erosive process. The largest values of erodibility are associated to planosols. Calculating the soil losses of that basin, with the usage of Universal Soil Loss Equation by laminar erosion, it was considered the intervals for theses losses as being: null or light, to values minor than 2 t ha-1 year-1 (76,13 %); moderate soil losses among 2 and 4 t ha-1 year-1 (9,77 %); high soil losses, among 4 and 6 t ha-1 year-1 (4,79 %) and very high soil losses, over 6 t ha-1 year-1 (9,31 %).
O objetivo deste trabalho é o de determinar se a perda de solo por erosão para os solos existentes na Bacia Hidrográfica do Alto-Paraíba estão compatíveis com as tolerâncias máximas já determinadas para os solos do Estado da Paraíba, em estudo realizado pelo Departamento de Solos e Engenharia Rural da UFPB, campus Areia/PB. No presente trabalho, realizou-se o estudo sobre a vulnerabilidade à erosão, avaliando-se a adequação das atuais formas de uso e ocupação do solo frente a esta vulnerabilidade. Esta análise foi feita com base na aplicação do modelo matemático representado pela Equação Universal de Perda de Solo - USLE. Os procedimentos operacionais foram feitos com o apoio de imagens de satélite, e com SIGs e utilização do software SPRING. O mapa comparativo entre as Perdas de Solo e as Tolerâncias de Perdas de Solo foi resultado de uma combinação vetorial entre estes mapas temáticos. Cerca de 61 % da área encontra-se sob condição aceitável de perda de solos, ou seja, os valores estão dentro do esperado pelos estudos efetuados pela UFPB / Campus Areia, e cerca de 38 % ficaram com valores acima do previsto, ou seja, perdas de solo não aceitáveis. Esta tolerância depende essencialmente das características dos solos, da profundidade e da topografia, e, constitui-se, dessa forma, em informação de significativa importância, visto que permite ao planejador ou proprietário de terra, saber que tipo de uso pode fazer para que não haja degradação dos solos e estes possam ser explorados com elevados níveis de produtividade, permitindo o desenvolvimento sustentável da terra. Os valores de erosividade mais baixos ocorreram na área de menor declividade e cobertura vegetal do tipo caatinga aberta e densa. Obtivemos através da análise dos dados, o percentual de 76% representando cobertura vegetal aberta, rala, solo exposto e pequenas culturas de subsistência, o que corroboram para a existência de processos erosivos. Os maiores valores de erodibilidade estão associados, à classe de solo Planossolo. Ao calcular as perdas de solo dessa bacia hidrográfica, com a utilização da Equação Universal de Perdas de Solo por erosão laminar, considerou-se os intervalos para essas perdas sendo: nula ou ligeira, para valores inferiores a 2 t ha-1 ano-1 (76,13 %); perda de solo moderada, entre 2 e 4 t ha-1 ano-1 (9,77 %); perda de solo alta, entre 4 e 6 t ha-1 ano-1 (4,79%) e perda de solo muito alta, para valores superiores a 6 t ha-1 ano-1 (9,31 %).

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O planejamento do uso e ocupação do solo em uma bacia hidrográfica pode servir como um instrumento preventivo à erosão. É objeto deste estudo, detalhar o fenômeno da erosão hídrica e a produção de sedimentos na microbacia do arroio Morungava, Gravataí, RS. Esse estudo avaliou os indicadores de erosão aqui descritos como matéria orgânica e argila dos solos Argissolos e Hidromórficos, caracterizados neste estudo como perfis-tipo para a realização da caracterização pedológica. A análise quantitativa foi obtida através da coleta do horizonte superficial dos solos, que foi realizada com a aplicação do método do anel volumétrico e a análise espacializada é resultante do uso da Equação Universal de Perda de Solo (EUPS) e do emprego de técnicas dos Sistemas de Informações Geográficas (SIG?s). A avaliação da produção de sedimentos, bem como a distância e a fração deste que chega a atingir a rede de drenagem superficial foi obtida com a aplicação de equações empíricas da Taxa de Produção de Sedimentos (TPS). Os resultados mostram que os indicadores de erosão apresentam correlação, sugerindo que a fração argila exerça um efeito de proteção, reduzindo a oxidação e a perda de matéria orgânica. A erosão da microbacia é de aproximadamente 52.000 t.ano-1, sendo que destes 15.452 t.ano-1 resulta na Produção de Sedimentos (PS). A distância indicativa estimada da área de captação anual desses sedimentos pela rede hídrica é de 42 m.
Use planning and land use in basins can serve as a preventive tool to erosion. It is the object of this study, detailing the phenomenon of erosion and sediment yield in the micro basin of Morungava, Gravataí, RS. This study evaluated the erosion indicators described herein as organic matter and Clay soils and Hydromorphic soils, characterized in this study as profile types to perform the pedological characterization. The quantitative analysis was obtained by collecting the soil surface horizon, which was accomplished with the application of the volumetric ring method is spatially and analysis resulting from the use of Equation Universal Soil Loss (USLE) and the use of techniques of Geographical Information System (GIS). The assessment of sediment yield, and the distance and the fraction of that reaches the surface drainage network was obtained by applying empirical equations of Sediment Production Rate (SPR). The results show that the erosion indicators correlate, suggesting that the clay exerts a protective effect, reducing oxidation and loss of organic matter. The erosion of the watershed is approximately 52,000 t.year-1, out of which 15,452 t.year-1 results in the Production of Sediment (PS). The estimated distance indicative of the catchment area of these sediments by the annual water supply is 42 m.

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Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos
Ecoturism hás been blunting inside the industry of the tourism as a promissing revenue source for the local population. However, to make one of its main objectives be accomplished, wich is to help keeping the natural resources, that activity should be planned inside a keeping context. Inside this context, the soil conservation is one of the main features because the soil is the physical, chemical and biological support of the vegetation, either natural or exotic. To conservation it, it s necessary to indentify the erosinal areas, wich can be accomplished by the use of empirical models. Among the different existent models, the Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE) is one of the most remarkable and used in the use of Geografic Information System (GIS), the applying of this model, by the use of this computacionsl tool, has almost been turned to be necessary due to the speed and to the easiness of simulating different sceneries. Therefore, the present work, through the development of a simple methodology, applied the model EUPS through GIS in the area of Santo Antônio do Pinhal-SP, wich has developed ecoturism activities through the use of trails. Information of the physical site (geology, geomorphology, pedology and topography), area of acceptable and non-acceptable soil losses, areas of everlasting keeping and roads, and the topographical profiles of ecoturism trails of the area, were mixed. The results showed the great weakness of the area when it comes to erosive processes, the unfitness of roads and profiles of the trails concerning the control of erosive processes and the importance of the ecoturism as a revenue alternative for the local population, due the restrict agronomy aptitude of the area.
O ecoturismo tem despontado dentro da indústria do turismo como uma promissora fonte de receita para a população do local em que se desenvolve. Porém, para que se faça cumprir um de seus objetivos primordiais, que é contribuir para a conservação dos recursos naturais, essa atividade deve ser planejada dentro de um enfoque preservacionista. Dentro deste contexto, a conservação dos solos é um dos aspectos primordiais, visto que o solo é o suporte físico, químico e biológico da vegetação, seja ela natural ou exótica. Para conservá-lo, faz-se necessária a identificação de áreas mais ou menos erodíveis, que pode ser realizada através da utilização de modelos empíricos. Dentre os diferentes modelos existentes, a Equação Universal de Perdas de Solo (EUPS) é um dos mais consagrados e utilizados na previsão de processos erosivos laminares. Com a crescente popularização do uso de Sistemas de Informação Geográficas (SIG), a aplicação deste modelo, utilizando-se desta ferramenta computacional, tem-se tornado quase obrigatória, graças à rapidez e à facilidade de simular diferentes cenários. Dessa maneira, o presente trabalho do desenvolvimento de uma metodologia simples, aplicou o modelo EUPS via SIG na região de Santo Antônio do Pinhal-SP, em cuja área têm-se desenvolvido atividades ecoturísticas através da utilização de trilhas e estradas. Foram então cruzadas informações do meio físico (geologia, geomorfologia, pedologia e topografia), regiões de perdas de solo toleráveis e não toleráveis e áreas de preservação permanente (APP) com trajetos e perfis topográficos das principais vias ecoturísticas da região. Os resultados mostraram a acentuada fragilidade da área de estudo a processos erosivos, a inadequação de traçados e perfis das vias frente a concentração de processos erosivos e a importância do ecoturismo como uma alternativa de receita para a população local, visto a restrita aptidão agropastoril da área.

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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico
Universidade Federal Fluminense. Instituto de Química. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Geociências-Geoquímica. Niterói, RJ
Esta dissertação foi realizada no âmbito da pesquisa Delineamento da Ecorregião Aquática Xingu-Tapajós – “AquaRios”, desenvolvida no Centro de Tecnologia Mineral – CETEM. A ecorregião aquática em foco está localizada integralmente na Amazônia Legal, sendo por sua vez um interflúvio dos rios Tapajós e Xingu, ambos afluentes da margem direita do rio Amazonas. A presente dissertação traz para a Geoquímica Ambiental a discussão sobre ecorregião aquática, bacia hidrográfica, meio ambiente, e suas relações com a hidrogeoquímica das águas fluviais por meio da análise espacial dos diferentes temas bióticos, abióticos e antrópicos individualizados em um conceito atual e oficial de recorte espacial para a gestão territorial, as Ottobacias, no caso presente Ottobacias de nível 4. O marco ordenador dos temas ambientais, ou seja, a ferramenta utilizada na integração de temas e processos relacionados foi a Equação Universal de Perdas de Solo – EUPS, calculada através de diversos procedimentos presentes no que atualmente é convencionado como Geotecnologia. O resultado obtido foi uma inovadora criação e distribuição geográfica dos clusters de Ottobacias evidenciando uma situação de degradação ambiental na ecorregião, especialmente nos setores nordeste, noroeste e sul provocado em grande parte pela destruição da cobertura vegetal original. De acordo com os dados coletados em campo essa situação reflete na hidrogeoquímica e na fauna aquática. O resultado desta dissertação fornece um subsídio consistente a ser utilizado na gestão dos recursos hídricos, essencialmente no tocante a qualidade e gestão de bacias hidrográficas na Amazônia
This dissertation was made by the research’s ambit Delineamento da Ecorregião Aquática Xingu-Tapajós – “AquaRios”, developed at the Centro de Tecnologia Mineral - CETEM. The aquatic ecoregion in focus is fully located in Legal Amazon, being an interfluve between the Tapajós and Xingu rivers, both tributaries of the right Amazon River’s side. This paper brings into the Environmental Geochemistry the discussion about aquatic ecoregion, watershed, environment, and its relations with the freshwater’s hydrogeochemistry by a spatial analysis of the different biotic, abiotic and anthropogenic themes individualized in a modern and official concept with a spatial look to territorial management, the Ottobacias, in this case level 4 Ottobacias. The originator mark of environmental issues, it means, the tool used in the themes’ integration and related processes was Universal Equation of Soil Loss calculated by several procedures present in what is currently agreed as Geotechnology. The result was an innovative creation and geographic distribution of Ottobacias clusters showing the situation of environmental degradation in ecoregion, especially in the northeast, northwest and south areas, caused mostly by the destruction of the original coverage vegetation. According to the collected data it reflects directly in the hydrogeochemistry and aquatic fauna. The result of this dissertation provides a consistent subsidy that is to be used in the water resources management, essentially with regard to the quality and Amazon’s watershed management

Master´s thesis intends to establish the degree of erosion hazard in the given area using ArcGIS and based on the evaluation suggest flood measures. The work contains a description and photographs of the site address, general treatises erosion, the distribution of erosion, formation of erosion, erosion rate calculation faktorek threat and that it affect erosion control measures - water erosion (organizational, cultural and technical), the method used and a description of the software ArcGIS. This thesis describes how to determine the degree of erosion risk using software used. Based on the results obtained, proposal of erosion control measures on the most vulnerable places.

In this thesis, the issue of incorporating uncertainty for environmental modelling informed by imagery is explored by considering uncertainty in deterministic modelling, measurement uncertainty and uncertainty in image composition. Incorporating uncertainty in deterministic modelling is extended for use with imagery using the Bayesian melding approach. In the application presented, slope steepness is shown to be the main contributor to total uncertainty in the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation. A spatial sampling procedure is also proposed to assist in implementing Bayesian melding given the increased data size with models informed by imagery. Measurement error models are another approach to incorporating uncertainty when data is informed by imagery. These models for measurement uncertainty, considered in a Bayesian conditional independence framework, are applied to ecological data generated from imagery. The models are shown to be appropriate and useful in certain situations. Measurement uncertainty is also considered in the context of change detection when two images are not co-registered. An approach for detecting change in two successive images is proposed that is not affected by registration. The procedure uses the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test on homogeneous segments of an image to detect change, with the homogeneous segments determined using a Bayesian mixture model of pixel values. Using the mixture model to segment an image also allows for uncertainty in the composition of an image. This thesis concludes by comparing several different Bayesian image segmentation approaches that allow for uncertainty regarding the allocation of pixels to different ground components. Each segmentation approach is applied to a data set of chlorophyll values and shown to have different benefits and drawbacks depending on the aims of the analysis.

Thesis (M.S.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1987.
Typescript. eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 143-151).

Είναι ευρέως γνωστό ότι οι διαδικασίες της διάβρωσης του εδάφους επηρεάζονται από ένα πλήθος βιοφυσικών και ανθρώπινων παραγόντων και εμφανίζονται με διαφορετικές εντάσεις σε διαφορετικά περιβάλλοντα. Εντούτοις, οι χωρικές και χρονικές κλίμακες των διαδικασιών είναι ακόμα ανεπαρκώς κατανοητές. Ως εκ τούτου, ο έλεγχος και ο υπολογισμός της διάβρωσης και της απόθεσης αποτελεί ένα σύνθετο και δύσκολο στόχο. Επομένως, είναι ανάγκη να βελτιωθεί η κατανόηση των διαδικασιών λαμβάνοντας υπόψη την ποσοτική τους έκφραση, ώστε να είναι σε θέση ειδικοί επιστήμονες να αναλύσουν το αντίκτυπο του φαινομένου αυτού. Αντικείμενο της παρούσας μεταπτυχιακής διατριβής είναι η εκτίμηση μοντέλου διάβρωσης και στερεοπαροχής στον ταμιευτήρα του ομώνυμου φράγματος του ποταμού Πηνειού, στην περιοχή του Νομού Ηλείας. Απώτερος στόχος αυτής της μελέτης είναι ο υπολογισμός και η εκτίμηση του όγκου των φερτών υλών που έχουν αποτεθεί στον ταμιευτήρα του φράγματος, με αποτέλεσμα την πολυετή δυσλειτουργία του, με σκοπό την εφαρμογή πρακτικών που θα δώσουν παράταση στην οικονομική ζωή του έργου. Προς την κατεύθυνση αυτή αναπτύχθηκε μια μέθοδος η οποία συνδυάζει την Παγκόσμια Εξίσωση Εδαφικής Απώλειας (Universal Soil Loss Equation - USLE) με τα Γεωγραφικά Συστήματα Πληροφορίας (GIS), συγκεκριμένα το λογισμικό ArcGIS 10. Η USLE υπολογίζει την μακροπρόθεσμη μέση ετήσια απώλεια εδάφους πολλαπλασιάζοντας πέντε συγκεκριμένους παράγοντες που περιγράφουν τα χαρακτηριστικά λεκανών, όπως η διαβρωτικότητα της βροχόπτωσης, η διαβρωσιμότητα του εδάφους, η μορφολογία του εδάφους, η φυτοκάλυψη του εδάφους και η διαχείριση των εδαφών κατά της διάβρωσης. Το GIS χρησιμοποιείται για την αποθήκευση των συντελεστών της USLE ως μεμονωμένα ψηφιακά επίπεδα τα οποία πολλαπλασιάζονται μεταξύ τους για να δημιουργήσουν έναν δυναμικό χάρτη εδαφικής διάβρωσης. Αυτός ο συνδυασμός παρέχει έναν τρόπο εκτίμησης της πιθανής διάβρωσης του εδάφους σε μια περιοχή με τις υπάρχουσες πηγές δεδομένων. Ο εντοπισμός των περιοχών που παρουσιάζουν μεγαλύτερο κίνδυνο διάβρωσης και η χαρτογράφησή τους, συμβάλουν στην πρόληψη της περαιτέρω υποβάθμισης του εδάφους με χρήση των απαραίτητων αντιδιαβρωτικών μέτρων. Για τον υπολογισμό του συντελεστή διαβρωτικότητας της βροχόπτωσης (R) και για την εξαγωγή του χάρτη κατανομής της χρησιμοποιήθηκαν οι μηνιαίες και ετήσιες μετρήσεις βροχόπτωσης από πέντε μετεωρολογικούς σταθμούς που εντοπίζονται στην λεκάνη απορροής ανάντη του φράγματος. Ο συντελεστής διαβρωσιμότητας του εδάφους (Κ) απαιτεί μετρήσεις πεδίου για την εκτίμηση των ιδιοτήτων του εδάφους. Στην παρούσα μελέτη, λόγω αδυναμίας συγκέντρωσης δειγμάτων, οι ιδιότητες του εδάφους εκτιμήθηκαν με γεωλογικά κριτήρια και εν συνεχεία με τη χρήση του GIS δημιουργήθηκε χάρτης κατανομής διαβρωσιμότητας του εδάφους. Με βάση το Ψηφιακό Μοντέλο Αναγλύφου της περιοχής μελέτης υπολογίστηκε ο τοπογραφικός συντελεστής (LS), ενώ βάσει του CORINE και σύμφωνα με τη βιβλιογραφία υπολογίστηκε ο παράγοντας κάλυψης και διαχείρισης γης (C). Τέλος, ο συντελεστής διαχείρισης των εδαφών κατά της διάβρωσης (P) ορίστηκε ίσος με τη μονάδα (1) καθώς δεν έχει παρθεί κανένα μέτρο για την προστασία των εδαφών κατά της διάβρωσης σε όλη την λεκάνη απορροής. Βάσει των παραπάνω υπολογισμών προέκυψε η μέση ετήσια απώλεια εδάφους ανά μονάδα επιφάνειας της λεκάνης απορροής ανάντη του φράγματος, η οποία ανέρχεται στους ----- t/ha ή SE=---- t/km2. Κατόπιν υπολογισμού της μέσης ετήσιας εδαφικής διάβρωσης, βάσει εμπειρικής μεθόδου υπολογίστηκε ο συντελεστής (%) στερεοαπορροής και κατ' επέκταση η μέση ετήσια στερεοαπορροή της λεκάνης ανάντη του φράγματος Πηνειού, η οποία ανέρχεται σε ----- t/ha ή ----- t/km2. Για την συγκεκριμένη λεκάνη απορροής το ----- των παραγόμενων φερτών υλών είναι αυτό που τελικά μεταφέρεται και αποτίθεται κάθε χρόνο στον ταμιευτήρα του φράγματος, τα οποία ανέρχονται σε ------ t.
It’s widely known that the procedures of soil erosion are affected by a number of biophysical and human factors and appeared with different intensities in different places. However, the spatial and temporal scales of the procedures are still poorly understood. Therefore, the control and the calculation of soil erosion and deposition are a complex and difficult task. So, it’s necessary to improve the understanding of the procedures, taking into account their quantitative expression, in order to scientists be able to analyze the impacts of this phenomenon. The main purpose of this thesis is the estimation of the erosion and sediment model in the reservoir of the homonymous dam of river Peneus, in the prefecture of Ilia. The ultimate goal of this study is to calculate and estimate the volume of sediment that have been deposited in the reservoir of the dam, resulting in perennial dysfunction , in order to implement practices that will give extension in the economic life of the project. For this propose a method has been developed that combines the Universal Soil Loss Equation- USLE with Geographic Information Systems- GIS. This method is the software ArcGIS 10. The USLE equation calculates the long-term average annual soil loss by multiplying five specific factors that describe the characteristics of the basins, such as the rainfall erosivity, the soil erodibility, the topography, the vegetation cover of the soil and the management of soil erosion. The GIS system is used to store the USLE’s factors as individual digital levels that are multiplied together to create a dynamic map of soil erosion. This combination provides a way of estimating of the possible erosion of the soil in an area with the existing data sources. The identification of the areas of greatest risk of erosion and their cartography, helped to prevent further soil degradation by using the necessary corrosion measures. For calculating the rainfall erosivity factor (R) and for the extraction of the distribution map of erosion are used monthly and annual rainfall measurements from five meteorological stations located in the watershed upstream of the dam. The soil erodibility factor (K) requires field measurements to estimate the properties of the soil. In this study, due to our inability to obtain samples, soil properties were evaluated with geological criteria and subsequently using the GIS created map distribution of soil erodibility. Based on the digital elevation model of the study area, was calculated the topographic factor (LS), while under CORINE and the literature was calculated the capper and land administration (C). Finally, the factor of soil management against erosion (P) was set equal to one (1) as there has not been taken any step to protect soils against erosion throughout the basin. Based on the above calculation showed average annual soil loss per unit area of the watershed upstream of the dam, which amounts to ---- t/ha or SE=---- t/km2. After calculation the average annual soil erosion, based on the empirical method has calculated the sediment delivery ratio and thus the average annual sediment yield of the watershed upstream of the dam Peneus, which is -----t/ha or ----- t/km2. For this specific watershed the ----% of the produced sediment is what ultimately transported and deposited annually in the reservoir of the dam, which amount to ---- t.

The thesis is focused on the system erosion and the flood control measures in the cadastral territory of Smetanova Lhota. For the calculation of the erosion threat was used universal soil loss equation (USLE) and runoff characteristics are calculated using the runoff CN - curves. The proposal has the influence of several factors. It's rainfall, vegetation cover, soil characteristics, morphology and other. Several calculations were carried out using the program ERCN.

The aim of this work is to determine the effect of the application of catch crops in crop rotation in the cadastral territory Vrábče in Czech Budweis. Erosion washing away from the land is calculated using the USLE, also compared washing off using conventional crop rotation and intercropping with the application process. Analyze here the influence of intercropping to increase anti-erosion effect of vegetation cover. The resulting values of erosion are transported using erosion of crop rotations with intercropping significantly reduced.

The aim of this work is to explore the area of the Complex Land Consolidation Poněšice in the view of the pedology, hydrogeology and climatology. Further make a erosion threat calculations using the USLE and Curve Number method and afterwards review the application of the erosion control measures in another section of the chapter Main terriorial systems. In conclusion, to estimate the economic aspects of the proposed measures.

Thesis (M.S.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1997.
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Field experinents on soil erosion under natural rainfall were conducted in 1986 and 1987 on Gretna clay, Leary sandy loam, Ryerson sandy clay loam, and Carroll clay loam soils. The aim was to develop a data base for evaluating the soil erodibility (K) and the crop-management (C) factors of the Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE) under Manitoba agricultural conditions. Experimental design conformed closely to that used when the USLE was developed. Crop-management treatments were continuous and included alfalfa, conventional tillage wheat, minimum tillage wheat, conventional tillage corn and summerfallow. Rainfall data were measured with a tipping bucket rain gauge and were used to determine rainfall erosivity (R) values. Surface runoff and soil loss data measurements were done using a Coshocton sampling system. Crop cover measurements were done regularly with a modified point-line method to determine different crop growth stage periods. Antecedent soil moisture was measured using the gravimetric analysis method. Soil losses were observed to be extremely variable among different crop-management treatments and soil types. This was mainly due to the extreme variability of rainfall erosivity, antecedent soil moisture, cultivation, crop cover changes, residual effects of mulch and previous crop cover and possible undersampling of soil loss. As a result, the measured K and C factor values were observed to be extremely variable. The measured K values were compared to those estimated using the USLE nomograph equation (NE) and the Modified Young and Mutchler Equation (MYME). The estimated values for both equations were not very different for most soils except Gretna clay soil. The average measured K values for Gretna clay and Leary sandy loam soils were quite comparable to the NE estimated values. These values showed that the two equations could possibly be underestimating the K values for these soils. The measured K values for Ryerson sandy clay loam and Carroll clay loam soils were extremely low, possibly due to the effects of the previous crop residues. The measured ratios of soil loss fron the cropped treatments to that from summerfallow treatment were observed to be extremely variable among similar and different treatments for similar growth stages. These ratios were not easily comparable to the USLE estimated values, due to the differences in the crop-management systems for the experiments and those used when the USLE was developed. The effects of antecedent soil moisture and cultivation in modifying observed soil losses and the measured K and C factor values were found to be important. This observation suggested the need for the modification of the USLE to account for the effects of these field factors so as to ensure accurate estimation of soil loss. The results obtained reflect the need for long-term measurements of soil loss and influencing factors before effective evaluation of factor values can be obtained. The short-term duration of this study and the absence of comparable crop-managenent systems and proper summerfallow conditions in the experiments limited the ability of this study to come up with conclusive results.

碩士
國立中興大學
水土保持學類
84
In recent years,intense development on steep slopes has resulted inrapid erosion and induced environment deterioration. Thorough assessmentof soil erosion problem is, therefore, necessary to ensure proper slopelanddevelopment and appropriate soil and water conservation practices.Some soil erosion predition models, such as USLE and AGNPS have been appliedto evaluate the soil erosion on slopeland. However, these models raise theequation of what must be done to adapt them to Taiwan.The Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE) is a new soil erosion preditiontechnology and is developed to extend the applicability of USLE. RUSLE is a computersoftware and every factor of RUSLE incorporates new data, new parameters that havebeen found to have an impact on erosion, and new empirical relationships to reflectthose impacts.The suitability of applying RUSLE model in Taiwan also need to be validated.The objective of this study is to evaluate the capability of RUSLE in predicting soilerosion on hillslope. The soil loss predicted by the RUSLE was validated with datacollected from field experiments conducted at Yuchih Tea experiment station.The results indicated that RUSLE was able to adequately predict soil loss on hillslope.In the initial factors, for example C factor and P factor, a large database and inputof a new field practice must be constructed. These can be used for hillside and benchterrace on Taiwan's conservation practices. The more exact the input data, the moreaccurate is the result.The city, crop, and management database at Yuchih Tea experiment station have beenconstructed. The preliminary research results are:the R index is 756 and is approximatelyequal to 0.85 times to USLE's R index. The C values range from 0.14 to 0.04 for the 1-yearto 10-years' old Assam tea plants.

Soil erosion in the upstream river basins, its transport and deposition play a major role in understanding many activities of global significance. In recent activities of man like interfering with nature, like changing of river course by construction of dams, weirs and barrages have affected the sediment yield. At first the watershed is generated in Arc GIs on spatial data of upper Mahanadi basin by using Raijm as controlling station. Spatial data from upstream of Mahanadi catchment are analyzed for computation of sediment yield. The factor responsible for this variation are also analyzed. Universal Soil Loss Equation is used for computation of sediment yield in Raijm gauging station present in Raipur district of Chhattisgarh. Analysis of data indicated that the distribution of rainfall and topographical characteristics are the major factors influencing the variation of sediment flux in upper Mahanadi Basin. Data collected from India Wris are used for computation of observed sediment yield. The maximum erosion found per hector is less than 47 tons per year. The location for maximum erosion prone area was also found out. It was observed that sediment yield was maximum in monsoon. The maximum error obtained between observed and computed sediment yield is less than 30%.

The target of this thesis is to project a precaution against a flood and erosion in the particular land arrangement. The cadastral unit of Dlouhá Stropnice has been chosen for this purpose which is interesting for its rugged topography and the river system from the erosion and the flood point of view. The description of the area is aimed on its location and its hydrological, geological, climatic and pedologic conditions. In the beginning it was important to consider the present situation of the erosion and flood danger in the cadastral unit of Dlouhá Stropnice. For the creation of the possible danger in this cadastral unit was used the universal equation of the soil loss caused by the water erosion according to Wischmeier and Smith. Thanks to results the problematic areas were defined. The result of this thesis is to project the nature close arrangement against flood and erosion and to evaluate their influence on the erosion and the water outflow in this area.

The aim of my graduation thesis deals with problems of erosion and that is above all the water erosion which impends the pieces of arable lands almost on the half of the the Czech republic territory. That is why we should suggest convenient remedies that prevent the washing off the soil within the frame of comprehensive land adjustment. It will be assured one of the main objectives of the land adjustments by these remedies and it is the protection and fertilization of the soil fund. The work shows the summary of possible erosion protection remedies which are the part of the common plan that is integral element of the land adjustment project. The plan forms coming framework of the farming landscape structure and it is the form of scenic plan inside of the land adjustment. Therefore the land adjustments are the most significant instruments for the interest enforcement in the land formation and protection. There will be described the methods for an evaluation of erosion processes in my work where the selection depends on the purpose of the research. For the evaluation could be used empirical and simulation models. There will be used the most widespread empirical model in the world as well as in the Czech republic in this work and it is Wischmeier?s and Smith?s universal soil loss equation formulated in 1978 in the USA. For the application of this model was chosen cadastral land Slabčice in the South Bohemian region. There had been chosen the lands for the determination of the possible water erosion jeopardy after the research of the accessible information wher was made the calculation of the average long term soil loss of all explored lands. There will be propose erosion control remedies in the case of overrun of allowed soil loss by the water erosion which can have organizational, agricultural and technical type. The results obtained will be compared with comprehensive land adjustment Slabčice.

Accelerated soil erosion is drawing a growing attention with the recognition that the rate of soil loss is too great to be met by soil formation rate. Weenen Game Reserve (WGR) is an area with an unfortunate history of prolonged soil erosion due to excessive overgrazing that led to severe land degradation with prominent visible scars. This problem triggered the general objective of estimating and mapping potential soil erosion in WGR. Assessing soil loss in the area objectively has important implications for the overall management plans as it is reserved for ecological recovery. The most important variables that affect soil erosion are considered as inputs in soil loss estimation models. In this study the RUSLE model, which uses rainfall, soil, topography, and cover management data, was employed. From the rainfall data, an erosivity factor was generated by using a regression equation developed by relating EI30 index and total monthly rainfall. The soil erodibility factor was calculated using the soil erodibility nomograph equation after generating the relevant data from laboratory analysis of soil samples gathered from the study area. Using exponential ordinary kriging, the point values of this factor were interpolated to fill in the non-sampled areas. The topographic effect, which is expressed as the combined impact of slope length and slope steepness, was extracted from the DEM of the study area using the flow accumulation method. For mapping of the land cover factor, in situ measurements of cover from selected sites were undertaken and assigned values from the USLE table before being related with MSAVI of Landsat 7 ETM+ image. These values were then multiplied to get the final annual soil loss map. The resulting potential soil loss values vary between 0 and 346 ton ha-1 year-l with an average of 5 ton ha-1 year-l. About 58% of the study area experiences less than 1 ton ha-1 year-1 indicating the influence of the highest values on the average value. High soil erosion rates are concentrated in the central part extending as far as the south and the north tips along the eastern escarpments and these areas are the ones with the steepest slopes. The results indicate a high variation of soil loss within the study area. Nevertheless, the majority of the area falling below the average might foresee that the soil erosion problem of the area can be minimized significantly depending largely on soil management. The most important areas for intervention are the medium and low erosion susceptible parts of WGR, which are mainly found in the flatter or gently sloping landscapes. The steepest areas are mostly covered with rocks and/or vegetation and hence less effort must be spent in managing them. Overall, the reported increasing density of the vegetation community in the area that reduces the exposure of soil from the impact of direct raindrops and surface-flowing water must be pursued further.
Thesis (M.Sc.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2004.

The aim of this thesis is to assess and evaluate the erosion phenomena at the model catchment of Malče Budský stream. This site is located on the cadastral areas Besednice, Soběnov and Malče. This survey was conducted in aspects of pedology, hydrogeology and climate. Further evaluations were rain amount for the nearest meteorological station, which is located in Soběnov. To evaluate and calculate erosion parameters for a given locality the methods of universal soil loss equation by Wishmeier and Smith and modified universal soil loss equation by Williams and Berndt have been used. The CN method was used for calculations and following evaluation of soil loss. The result of this thesis is designing, generalization and refinement of individual factors in solved area.

The contents of this thesis is an examination and assessment of erosion processes in the catchment Budského stream. The area of interest falls into three cadastral territory, Malče, Besednice a Soběnov. Catchment area is 7.1 km2. Integral part of work is the pedological and hydrological research. It was evaluated the impact of waste in the surrounding villages. In the catchment basin, has a significant influence Besednice reservoir. It was assessing its impact on the environment and erosion control functions. Using the acquired information has been calculated N-year water and the amount of drifted soil by Wischmeier and Smith. Another goal is to process this data using software modeling and evaluate output. Against this background and the results are recommended measures to reduce soil loss from these plots.