Articoli di riviste: "Urban runoff"

1

Jeong, Dong-Guk, e Beom-Hui Lee. "Urban Watershed Runoff Analysis Using Urban Runoff Models". Journal of Korea Water Resources Association 36, n. 1 (1 febbraio 2003): 75–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.3741/jkwra.2003.36.1.075.

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Wei, Zhang, Li Simin e Tang Fengbing. "Characterization of Urban Runoff Pollution between Dissolved and Particulate Phases". Scientific World Journal 2013 (2013): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/964737.

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To develop urban stormwater management effectively, characterization of urban runoff pollution between dissolved and particulate phases was studied by 12 rainfall events monitored for five typical urban catchments. The average event mean concentration (AEMC) of runoff pollutants in different phases was evaluated. The AEMC values of runoff pollutants in different phases from urban roads were higher than the ones from urban roofs. The proportions of total dissolved solids, total dissolved nitrogen, and total dissolved phosphorus in total ones for all the catchments were 26.19%–30.91%, 83.29%–90.51%, and 61.54–68.09%, respectively. During rainfall events, the pollutant concentration at the initial stage of rainfall was high and then sharply decreased to a low value. Affected by catchments characterization and rainfall distribution, the highest concentration of road pollutants might appear in the later period of rainfall. Strong correlations were also found among runoffs pollutants in different phases. Total suspended solid could be considered as a surrogate for particulate matters in both road and roof runoff, while dissolved chemical oxygen demand could be regarded as a surrogate for dissolved matters in roof runoff.

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VALEO, C., e C. HO. "Modelling urban snowmelt runoff". Journal of Hydrology 299, n. 3-4 (1 dicembre 2004): 237–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0022-1694(04)00368-3.

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4

Garcia, Alfred, e Wesley P. James. "Urban Runoff Simulation Model". Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management 114, n. 4 (luglio 1988): 399–413. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9496(1988)114:4(399).

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Fam, Sami, Michael K. Stenstrom e Gary Silverman. "Hydrocarbons in Urban Runoff". Journal of Environmental Engineering 113, n. 5 (ottobre 1987): 1032–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9372(1987)113:5(1032).

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Chung, N. T., J. S. Ra, K. Park, D. W. Kim e S. D. Kim. "Toxicity of artificial runoff fostered with dry deposition particulates from industrial, commercial, and highway area in Gwangju, Korea". Water Science and Technology 59, n. 11 (1 giugno 2009): 2227–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2009.258.

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The adverse effects of rainwater and artificial urban runoff (an imitation of urban runoff during rainfall event) were investigated using a battery of bioassays employing three test species. Urban dusts were collected at three representative sites; commercial, industrial and highway areas. The water quality parameters of rainwater and artificial runoff revealed low hardness (23.4 ∼ 34.2 mg·L−1 as CaCO3) and alkalinity (7.0 ∼ 34.2 mg·L−1 as CaCO3). High toxicities were observed in the bioassays for the artificial runoffs. The average toxic units for D. magna, S. capricornutum, and O. latipes were 1.26(±0.84), 1.34(±1.10) and 2.05(±1.08), respectively. Of these species, O. latipes revealed significantly higher toxicity compared to D. magna and S. capricornutum (p<0.05). Embryo lesions were observed with 6.25% treatments, and these significantly increased at 12.5% treatments (p<0.05). The EC50 values for each artificial runoff were 22.5, 22.6 and 25.4% for commercial, industrial and highway areas, respectively. With 12.5% treatment, significant delays in hatching times were observed (p<0.05); all embryos tested did not hatched at 100% treatment. Similarly, a significant decrease in hatching success was observed at every sampling point from 25% treatment (p<0.05). The adverse effects of artificial runoff on the three test species suggests that urban surface runoff can cause significant impairment in aquatic ecosystems.

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Kawara, Osami, Manabu Uehara e Kanako Ibaragi. "A study on the water quality of runoff from forest". Water Science and Technology 39, n. 12 (1 giugno 1999): 93–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1999.0534.

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The important non-point sources in Japan are urban areas, rice paddy fields and forest. The forest area in river basins occupies about 70 per cent. Furthermore, Japanese forest is usually on steep mountains. Therefore, pollutant loads from the forest cannot be ignored in Japan. In this study, we discuss the seasonal variations of water quality of runoff from forest, and of component runoffs, inter-surface runoff and groundwater runoff, based on observations and on the results separated by a numerical filter. The seasonal variations of water quality and four types of relations between water quality and flow rates of component runoffs were noted.

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Liu, Yang, Chunyi Wang, Yang Yu, Yongyu Chen, Longfei Du, Xiaodong Qu, Wenqi Peng, Min Zhang e Chenxin Gui. "Effect of Urban Stormwater Road Runoff of Different Land Use Types on an Urban River in Shenzhen, China". Water 11, n. 12 (2 dicembre 2019): 2545. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w11122545.

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Urban storm runoff is a major source of pollutants in receiving water bodies. To assess the impact of urban stormwater runoff on an urban river, the runoff process of total suspended solids (TSS), chemical oxygen demand (COD), ammonium (NH4), and total phosphorus (TP) were investigated on road surfaces classified as arterial road (AR), residential area (RA), and industrial area (IA) in the Pingshan River (PSR) watershed in Shenzhen, China. Event mean concentration (EMC) was calculated to analyze the water quality of road runoff, and the dimensionless M(V) cumulative curves were used to estimate the course of decreasing concentration of runoff pollutants during each rainfall event. Multicriteria decision making methods (PROMETHEE-GAIA) were used to identify the linkage between runoff pollutants, land use types, and rainfall intensity. The EMCs of COD and TP in runoff exceeded the class IV level of the water quality standard for surface water (China). RA was a major potential source for NH4, COD, and TP in the river. Controlling the first flush is critical to decrease the effect of road runoff on receiving water bodies, as most runoff pollutants in AR, RA, and IA had a first flush effect during heavy rainfall. The specific management measure for runoff pollution varied with land use type. Reducing road TSS concentrations was effective for controlling runoff pollution in AR and RA because NH4, TP, and COD attached to particulate matter. In IA, the collection and reuse of stormwater in the initial rainfall period were effective for reducing the effect of soluble pollutants in runoff on receiving water bodies. This study provides new information for managing urban road stormwater runoff in different land use types.

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Hackett, Donna B., John Schenk, David Crawford, Sri Rangarajan e Mary Stinson. "VERIFICATION OF URBAN RUNOFF MODELS". Proceedings of the Water Environment Federation 2002, n. 8 (1 gennaio 2002): 93–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.2175/193864702785072605.

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10

Lee, J. "Characterization of urban stormwater runoff". Water Research 34, n. 6 (1 aprile 2000): 1773–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0043-1354(99)00325-5.

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11

Almakki, Ayad, Estelle Jumas-Bilak, Hélène Marchandin e Patricia Licznar-Fajardo. "Antibiotic resistance in urban runoff". Science of The Total Environment 667 (giugno 2019): 64–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.02.183.

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12

Fisher, Thomas S., Douglas G. Hayward, Robert D. Stephens e Michael K. Stenstrom. "Dioxins and Furans Urban Runoff". Journal of Environmental Engineering 125, n. 2 (febbraio 1999): 185–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9372(1999)125:2(185).

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13

Galster, Susanne, e Brigitte Helmreich. "Copper and Zinc as Roofing Materials—A Review on the Occurrence and Mitigation Measures of Runoff Pollution". Water 14, n. 3 (19 gennaio 2022): 291. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w14030291.

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Stormwater runoff from metal roofs has been a significant subject of discussion, especially when it comes to its treatment and the target concentrations that need to be achieved prior to discharge into the aquatic environment. To raise further awareness on this issue, occurrence, characterization, and also mitigation measures for metal roof runoff were analyzed using the example of copper and zinc roofs. These stormwater runoffs were found to contain metals in significant concentrations, mainly due to the wash-off of corrosion products by precipitation. Factors influencing metal corrosion and runoff concentrations were compiled. As Cu and Zn mainly occur in dissolved and thus bioavailable forms in roof runoff, harmful effects on the environment were detected. Therefore, adequate treatment of the runoff before discharge to groundwater or surface water is necessary to protect the aquatic environment. Vegetated infiltration swales as an sustainable urban drainage system enable a reduction in pollution loads. However, especially in densely built-up urban areas, stormwater quality improvement devices (SQIDs) offer an attractive alternative for pre-treating metal roof runoff, as they are mostly located underground. There is not yet a uniform legal approval system for SQIDs in Germany, but the German state of Bavaria has approved four types of SQIDs according to its own developed test criteria.

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14

Gromaire-Mertz, M. C., S. Garnaud, A. Gonzalez e G. Chebbo. "Characterisation of urban runoff pollution in Paris". Water Science and Technology 39, n. 2 (1 gennaio 1999): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1999.0071.

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Runoff was collected from 4 roofs, 3 courtyards and 6 streets on an experimental catchment in central Paris, and analysed for SS, VSS, COD, BOD5, hydrocarbons, heavy metals both as regards dissolved and particle fractions. Whereas street runoff showed important SS, COD and hydrocarbon loads, roof runoff was noticeable for its high concentration of heavy metals. These concentrations in comparison with water quality standards enhance the importance of runoff pollution. The use of sample settling for runoff treatment is discussed on the basis of data concerning the distribution between dissolved and particle bound pollution loads, along with settling velocity measurements. Runoff particles were found to be highly contaminated with heavy metals and hydrocarbons, which raised the problem of sludge disposal.

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Lee, Won Jin, e Eui Hoon Lee. "Runoff Prediction Based on the Discharge of Pump Stations in an Urban Stream Using a Modified Multi-Layer Perceptron Combined with Meta-Heuristic Optimization". Water 14, n. 1 (4 gennaio 2022): 99. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w14010099.

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Runoff in urban streams is the most important factor influencing urban inundation. It also affects inundation in other areas as various urban streams and rivers are connected. Current runoff predictions obtained using a multi-layer perceptron (MLP) exhibit limited accuracy. In this study, the runoff of urban streams was predicted by applying an MLP using a harmony search (MLPHS) to overcome the shortcomings of MLPs using existing optimizers and compared with the observed runoff and the runoff predicted by an MLP using a real-coded genetic algorithm (RCGA). Furthermore, the results of the MLPHS were compared with the results of the MLP with existing optimizers such as the stochastic gradient descent, adaptive gradient, and root mean squared propagation. The runoff of urban steams was predicted based on the discharge of each pump station and rainfall information. The results obtained with the MLPHS exhibited the smallest error of 39.804 m3/s when compared to the peak value of the observed runoff. The MLPHS gave more accurate runoff prediction results than the MLP using the RCGA and that using existing optimizers. The accurate prediction of the runoff in an urban stream using an MLPHS based on the discharge of each pump station is possible.

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Viklander, M., J. Marsalek, P. A. Malmquist e W. E. Watt. "Urban drainage and highway runoff in cold climates: conference overview". Water Science and Technology 48, n. 9 (1 novembre 2003): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2003.0479.

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This overview of research findings presented at the conference on urban drainage and highway runoff in cold climates starts with generation of urban runoff and snowmelt, followed by snowmelt and winter runoff quality, best management practices for urban snowmelt and winter runoff, and snow management in urban areas. Research on the urban hydrological cycle is lagging behind the needs in this field, particularly in terms of data availability. The current studies of winter urban runoff quality focus on road salts in the urban environment and their environmental effects. The needs for better source controls in salt applications, improved management of chloride-laden runoff, and selective adoption of environmentally safer alternative de-icers were reported. Adaptation of the conventional stormwater best management practices (BMPs) for winter operation remains a challenge. The first step in refining the existing BMPs for winter operation is to advance the understanding of their operation, as reported for some cases at the conference. Finally, snow management in urban areas may require local storage of fresh (unpolluted) snow and disposal of more polluted snow at central snow disposal sites.

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Kim, Seog Ku, Hye Cheol Oh, Sung Won Kang, Sang Leen Yun e Jae Hwan Ahn. "Efficiency Evaluations of Filter Media for Reduction of Non Point Source in Urban Area". Materials Science Forum 658 (luglio 2010): 316–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.658.316.

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In this study, to effectively control urban non point source pollution, natural and artificial materials which were processed in various ways were charged as a filter media in a real size urban non point source pollution plant(EcoTank) and compared and evaluated the efficiency of filtering solid and organic compounds. The efficiency of filter media was evaluated after collecting dust from urban surface and artificially producing runoffs to evaluate runoff control efficiency of pollutants that caused from pollution in urban streets. To evaluate the efficiency of pollutants runoff control depending on different filter types, EPP(Expanded polypropylene), GAC(Granular activated carbon), Zeolite, Mix-1(EPP in the upper part, GAC in the lower part), Mix-2(GAC in the upper part, EPP in the lower part) was charged to the EcoTank and conducted experiments in an identical condition[6]. As a result of the filter evaluation using real size reactor, EPP was identified as the best filter media for non point source pollution runoff control, and the efficiency was in the following order: EPP > Mix-1 > Mix-2 > GAC > Zeolite.

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Kumar, Sumant, Absar Ahmad Kazmi, Narayan Chandra Ghosh, Vinod Kumar e Ankur Rajpal. "Urban stormwater runoff treatment of Nainital Lake's catchment: an application of ballasted sand flocculation technology". Water Supply 19, n. 4 (23 agosto 2018): 1017–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2018.148.

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Abstract Stormwater runoffs are one of the primary causes for deteriorating water quality in the Nainital Lake, India – a prominent tourist attraction and the sole drinking water source for the habitants of Nainital City. Treatment of fluctuating runoffs and contaminant influxes before mixing with the lake's water by conventional methods would require a large land footprint, which is a big constraint in the Nainital because of the hilly region. Ballasted sand flocculation (BSF) technology requires much less land footprint; a full-scale 1 MLD capacity pilot plant was applied for treatment of stormwater runoffs of the Nainital Lake. Twenty-eight storm events were monitored for runoff characterization and for evaluating the performance of BSF technology. The runoff water showed marked variation especially for total suspended solids (TSS), total phosphorus (TP), chemical oxygen demand (COD), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), total coliform (TC) and fecal coliform (FC) with maximum concentrations of 964 mg/l, 2.35 mg/l, 520 mg/l, 299 mg/l, 21 × 105 MPN/100 ml and 14 × 104 MPN/100 ml. The performance analyses results of the pilot plant revealed that the contaminants including trace metals in the stormwater runoff were reduced appreciably and the pollutant removal efficiencies were found to be largely unaffected by fluctuation of the influent contaminants' concentration.

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Shinya, M., K. Funasaka, K. Katahira, M. Ishikawa e S. Matsui. "Lead isotope ratios in urban road runoff". Water Science and Technology 53, n. 2 (1 gennaio 2006): 185–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2006.052.

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Lead isotopic analyses of road runoff and airborne particulate matter have been carried out to elucidate sources of lead pollution at urban and suburban sites. While lead is often observed in road runoff in suspended form, suspended particle size had no relation to the lead isotopic distribution, as a result of comparison between runoff samples with total suspended solids and those with minute particles passed through a 75 μm sieve. Lead isotope ratios in airborne particulate matter in urban areas fell within a wider range than those in road runoff. Since there was little difference of the ratios between a heavy traffic-flow site and residential sites, airborne lead derived from vehicle exhaust was found to make little contribution to the contamination of road runoff. On the other hand, the ratios in road runoff at a suburban site showed the same range as those at an urban site. Lead in road runoff was therefore suggested to be produced on site by traffic related substances, such as tire wear, other than vehicle exhaust.

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Fang, Zihang, Shixiong Song, Chunyang He, Zhifeng Liu, Tao Qi, Jinxi Zhang e Jian Li. "Evaluating the Impacts of Future Urban Expansion on Surface Runoff in an Alpine Basin by Coupling the LUSD-Urban and SCS-CN Models". Water 12, n. 12 (3 dicembre 2020): 3405. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12123405.

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Effective evaluations of the future urban expansion impacts (UEI) on surface runoff in alpine basins are full of challenges due to the lack of reliable methods. Our objective was to provide a new approach by coupling the Land Use Scenario Dynamics-urban (LUSD-urban) and Soil Conservation Service-Curve Number (SCS-CN) models to estimate the future UEI on surface runoff. Taking the Qinghaihu-Huangshui basin (QHB) in the Tibetan Plateau, China, as an example, we first applied the SCS-CN model to quantify the surface runoff in 2000 and 2018 and analyzed the changes in surface runoff. Next, we applied the LUSD-urban model to simulate urban expansion under five localized shared socioeconomic pathways (SSPs) from 2018 to 2050. Finally, we assessed the UEI on surface runoff in the QHB from 2018 to 2050. We found that coupling the LUSD-urban and SCS-CN models could effectually evaluate the future UEI on surface runoff. Compared with the combination of the Future Land Use Simulation (FLUS) and SCS-CN models, our method reduced the absolute evaluation errors from 3.40% and 11.78% to 0.18% and 4.23%, respectively. In addition, the results showed that future urban expansion will have severe impacts on surface runoff in the valley region. For example, as a result of urban expansion, the surface runoff in the Huangzhong, Xining, and Datong catchments will increase by 4.90–9.01%, 4.25–7.36%, and 2.33–3.95%, respectively. Therefore, we believe that the coupled model can be utilized to evaluate the future UEI on surface runoff in alpine basins. In addition, the local government should pay attention to flood risk prevention, especially in the valley region, and adopt reasonable urban planning with soft and hard adaptation measures to promote the sustainable development of alpine basins under rapid urban expansion.

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Liu, Y., W. Che e J. Li. "Monitor-based evaluation of pollutant load from urban stormwater runoff in Beijing". Water Science and Technology 52, n. 9 (1 novembre 2005): 191–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2005.0317.

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As a major pollutant source to urban receiving waters, the non-point source pollution from urban runoff needs to be well studied and effectively controlled. Based on monitoring data from urban runoff pollutant sources, this article describes a systematic estimation of total pollutant loads from the urban areas of Beijing. A numerical model was developed to quantify main pollutant loads of urban runoff in Beijing. A sub-procedure is involved in this method, in which the flush process influences both the quantity and quality of stormwater runoff. A statistics-based method was applied in computing the annual pollutant load as an output of the runoff. The proportions of pollutant from point-source and non-point sources were compared. This provides a scientific basis for proper environmental input assessment of urban stormwater pollution to receiving waters, improvement of infrastructure performance, implementation of urban stormwater management, and utilization of stormwater.

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Swathi, V., K. Srinivasa Raju, Murari R. R. Varma e S. Sai Veena. "Automatic calibration of SWMM using NSGA-III and the effects of delineation scale on an urban catchment". Journal of Hydroinformatics 21, n. 5 (18 luglio 2019): 781–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/hydro.2019.033.

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Abstract The study aims at calibration of the storm water management model (SWMM) with non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm-III (NSGA-III) for urban catchment in Hyderabad, India. The SWMM parameters calibrated were Manning's roughness coefficient (N), depression storage for pervious and impervious areas (DP and Di), sub-catchment width (W), curve number (CN), drying time (dry) of soil and percentage of imperviousness (I). The efficacy of calibration was evaluated by comparing the observed and simulated peak flows and runoff using goodness-of-fit indices. The calibration takes into consideration eight event rainfalls resulting in eight calibrated sets. Weights of goodness-of-fit indices were estimated and the best calibrated set was further validated for five continuous rainfalls/runoffs. Simulated runoff volume and peak runoff over the five continuous rainfalls deviated by 7–22% and 2–20% with respect to observed data. Results indicated that parameters calibrated for an event rainfall could be used for continuous rainfall-runoff modelling. The effect of catchment delineation scale on runoff was also studied. The study indicated that output of the model was sensitive to variation in parameter values of infiltration and imperviousness.

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Shukla, Saurabh, Tesfa Worku Meshesha, Indra S. Sen, Roland Bol, Heye Bogena e Junye Wang. "Assessing Impacts of Land Use and Land Cover (LULC) Change on Stream Flow and Runoff in Rur Basin, Germany". Sustainability 15, n. 12 (20 giugno 2023): 9811. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su15129811.

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Understanding the impact of land use/land cover (LULC) change on hydrology is the key to sustainable water resource management. In this study, we used the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) to evaluate the impact of LULC change on the runoff in the Rur basin, Germany. The SWAT model was calibrated against the observed data of stream flow and runoff at three sites (Stah, Linnich, and Monschau) between 2000 and 2010 and validated between 2011 and 2015. The performance of the hydrological model was assessed by using statistical parameters such as the coefficient of determination (R2), p-value, r-value, and percentage bias (PBAIS). Our analysis reveals that the average R2 values for model calibration and validation were 0.68 and 0.67 (n = 3), respectively. The impacts of three change scenarios on stream runoff were assessed by replacing the partial forest with urban settlements, agricultural land, and grasslands compared to the 2006 LULC map. The SWAT model captured, overall, the spatio-temporal patterns and effects of LULC change on the stream runoffs despite the heterogeneous runoff responses related to the variable impacts of the different LULC. The results show that LULC change from deciduous forest to urban settlements, agricultural land, or grasslands increased the overall basin runoff by 43%, 14%, and 4%, respectively.

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Ichiki, A., K. J. Hall, Y. Maruta e K. Yamada. "Comparison of pollutant runoff in Lake Biwa tributaries, Japan and the brunette river watershed, Canada". Water Science and Technology 44, n. 7 (1 ottobre 2001): 69–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2001.0392.

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This study is aimed at verifying runoff pollutant loadings from urban areas. Urban runoff has been considered an important source of diffuse pollution especially during storm events. This paper describes the pollutant runoff during storm events, mainly in terms of effects of watershed characteristics. Data collected from Lake Biwa tributaries, Japan, have shown fundamental information to control pollutant runoff into receiving water. Also, data from the Brunette River watershed, Canada, which is a highly urbanized watershed in the Vancouver region, have been used for a comparative analysis. In the results, available information for the environmental management of urban storm water runoff was obtained by comparing the data on pollutant runoff in both watersheds.

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Li, Tang, Cunyou Chen, Qizhen Li, Luyun Liu, Zhiyuan Wang, Xijun Hu e Saroj Thapa. "Evolution Characteristics of Landscape Patterns and the Response of Surface Runoff in a Rapid Urbanization Area: Focus on the Chang–Zhu–Tan Metropolitan Area of China". Water 15, n. 19 (30 settembre 2023): 3467. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w15193467.

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With the acceleration of urbanization, the disturbance to urban landscape patterns causes changes to urban surface runoff and increases the risk of urban waterlogging. We studied the response relationship between landscape pattern change and surface runoff in the Chang–Zhu–Tan metropolitan area for the period from 2000 to 2020, analyzing the driving factors that affected surface runoff. The influence of landscape pattern evolution on surface runoff was studied using the SCS-CN flow generation model, the moving window method, and Pearson’s analysis. The analysis showed that between 2000 and 2020, the forest area decreased, while the impermeable land area increased substantially. At the same time, the landscape spread degree (CONTAG) decreased, whereas the landscape fragmentation degree (DIVISION) increased, and the Shannon diversity index (SHDI) and landscape shape index (LSI) increased. The surface runoff in the main urban areas of Chang–Zhu–Tan increased substantially. The results showed that surface runoff is negatively correlated with SHDI, LSI, and DIVISION but displays a positive relationship to CONTAG. Soil texture and precipitation had the greatest impact on surface runoff. This study emphasizes the importance of landscape pattern evolution to surface runoff in rapidly developing metropolitan areas in terms of reducing surface runoff, alleviating urban waterlogging and preventing regional floods. Our research additionally seeks to optimize the landscape pattern of the Chang–Zhu–Tan metropolitan area.

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Oraei Zare, S., B. Saghafian e A. Shamsai. "Multi-objective optimization for combined quality–quantity urban runoff control". Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 16, n. 12 (3 dicembre 2012): 4531–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-16-4531-2012.

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Abstract. Urban development affects the quantity and quality of urban surface runoff. In recent years, the best management practices (BMPs) concept has been widely promoted for control of both quality and quantity of urban floods. However, means to optimize the BMPs in a conjunctive quantity/quality framework are still under research. In this paper, three objective functions were considered: (1) minimization of the total flood damages, cost of BMP implementation and cost of land-use development; (2) reducing the amount of TSS (total suspended solid) and BOD5 (biological oxygen demand), representing the pollution characteristics, to below the threshold level; and (3) minimizing the total runoff volume. The biological oxygen demand and total suspended solid values were employed as two measures of urban runoff quality. The total surface runoff volume produced by sub-basins was representative of the runoff quantity. The construction and maintenance costs of the BMPs were also estimated based on the local price standards. Urban runoff quantity and quality in the case study watershed were simulated with the Storm Water Management Model (SWMM). The NSGA-II (Non-dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm II) optimization technique was applied to derive the optimal trade off curve between various objectives. In the proposed structure for the NSGA-II algorithm, a continuous structure and intermediate crossover were used because they perform better as far as the optimization efficiency is concerned. Finally, urban runoff management scenarios were presented based on the optimal trade-off curve using the k-means method. Subsequently, a specific runoff control scenario was proposed to the urban managers.

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Grodek, T., J. Lange, J. Lekach e S. Husary. "Urban hydrology in mountainous middle eastern cities". Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 15, n. 3 (17 marzo 2011): 953–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-15-953-2011.

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Abstract. The Mediterranean climate together with the type of urban setting found in mountainous Middle Eastern cities generate much lower runoff yields than previously reported and than usually estimated for urban design. In fact, a close analysis shows that most of the rainwater remains within the cities as a possible source for urban groundwater recharge. The present study examined two locales – Ramallah, an old traditional Palestinian Arab town, and Modiin, a new township in Israel – both situated on the karstic Yarkon Taninim aquifer. This aquifer supplies the only high-quality drinking water in the region (one quarter of the Israeli-Palestinian water demand), which is characterized by dense populations and limited water resources. This paper provides the first measured information on the hydrological effects of urbanization in the area. It was found that the shift of the mountainous natural steep slopes into a series of closed-terraces with homes and gardens create areas that are disconnected from the urban runoff response. Roofs drained into the attached gardens create favorable recharge units. Mainly low-gradient roads became the principal source for urban runoff already following 1–4 mm of rainfall. Parallel roads converted single peak hydrographs towards multi-peak runoff responses, increasing flow duration and reducing peak discharges. The remaining urban area (public parks, natural areas, etc.) generated runoff only as a result of high-magnitude rainstorms. All of the above conditions limited urban runoff coefficients to an upper boundary of only 35% and 30% (Ramallah and Modiin, respectively). During extreme rainstorms (above 100 mm) similar runoff coefficients were measured in urban and natural catchments as a result of the limited areas contributing to runoff in the urban areas, while natural terrain does not have these artificial limits. Hence, the effects of urbanization decrease with event magnitude and there is significant potential for urban groundwater recharge. However, frequent low-magnitude rainstorms often generate highly polluted stormwater in urban sewer systems and this water should only be used with great caution.

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28

Grodek, T., J. Lange, J. Lekach e S. Husary. "Urban hydrology in mountainous middle eastern cities". Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions 7, n. 5 (27 settembre 2010): 7305–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hessd-7-7305-2010.

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Abstract (sommario):

Abstract. The Mediterranean climate together with the type of urban setting found in mountainous Middle Eastern cities generate much lower runoff yields than previously reported and than usually estimated for urban design. In fact, a close analysis shows that most of the rainwater remains within the cities as a possible source for urban groundwater recharge. The present study examined two locales – Ramallah, an old traditional Palestinian Arab town, and Modiin, a new township in Israel – both situated on the karstic Yarkon Taninim aquifer. This aquifer supplies the only high-quality drinking water in the region (one quarter of the Israeli-Palestinian water demand), which is characterized by dense populations and limited water resources. This paper provides the first measured information on the hydrological effects of urbanization in the area. It was found that the shift of the mountainous natural steep slopes into a series of closed-terraced homes and gardens created areas that are disconnected from the urban runoff response. Roofs drained into the attached gardens and created favorable recharge units. Mainly low-gradient roads became the principal source for urban runoff already following 1–4 mm of rainfall. Parallel roads converted single peak hydrographs towards multi-peak runoff responses, increasing flow duration and reducing peak discharges. The remaining urban area (public parks, natural areas, etc.) generated runoff only as a result of high-magnitude rainstorms. All of the above conditions limited urban runoff coefficients to an upper boundary of only 22% and 30% (Ramallah and Modiin, respectively). During extreme rainstorms (above 100 mm) similar runoff coefficients were measured in urban and natural catchments as a result of the limited areas contributing to runoff in the urban areas, while natural terrain does not have these artificial limits. Hence, it was found, the effects of urbanization decrease with event magnitude and there is significant potential for urban groundwater recharge. However, frequent low-magnitude rainstorms often generate highly polluted stormwater in urban sewer systems and this water should only be used with great caution.

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29

Zuraini, Noor Atiqah, Noraliani Alias, Zainab Mohamed Yusof, Muhammad Nassir Hanapi e Sobri Harun. "First flush analysis of urban stormwater runoff from an urban catchment in Johor, Malaysia". MATEC Web of Conferences 250 (2018): 06014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201825006014.

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An increase of pollutants that are present in the initial stage of stormwater runoff hydrograph compared to a later stage of runoff is defined as a first flush phenomenon. This study aims to investigate the occurrence of first flush from samples of urban stormwater runoff obtained from the grounds of a University in Skudai, Johor, Malaysia. In order to achieve the study’s objective; field investigations, manual sampling of urban stormwater runoff, laboratory testing and data analysis were carried out and the evaluation of the first flush phenomenon was calculated using concentration-based first flush (CBFF) and mass-based first flush (MBFF. A total of 90 stormwater samples were collected from six (6) rainfall events and were tested for total suspended solids (TSS). For each rainfall event, the pollutographs and the dimensionless curves of the cumulative pollutant mass versus the cumulative discharged volume were plotted. The first flush coefficient was also determined in order to evaluate the occurrence of first flush. The results indicated that the storm events demonstrated a weak presence of first flush.

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30

Son, Jinkwan, e Taegeun Kwon. "Evaluation and Improvement Measures of the Runoff Coefficient of Urban Parks for Sustainable Water Balance". Land 11, n. 7 (18 luglio 2022): 1098. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land11071098.

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As the impermeable sidewalk area increases in urban areas, diverse problems related to water occur. The purposes of this research were to increase the rainwater infiltration rate through water balance analysis and estimate the runoff coefficient according to land cover types in urban parks. The regression equations and runoff coefficients relative to the rainwater infiltration rate were estimated according to the land cover types and applied to eight urban parks. In the results of the experiment, the runoff coefficient was 0.245 for vegetation areas, 0.583 for permeable sidewalks, 0.963 for sidewalk blocks, and 1.000 for impervious sidewalks, which had 100% outflow. The results show that the vegetation area in urban parks is significantly related to rainfall–runoff, infiltration, and evapotranspiration. The average of eight urban parks was 126.52 mm, indicating that 11.80% of the rainfall was recharged into groundwater. Additionally, the average runoff rate was 498.56 mm, indicating that 46.52% was leaked externally. Therefore, it is suggested to decrease the impermeable sidewalk areas in urban parks. Additionally, extending the waterway, swamp, and gravel sidewalk areas is suggested. Urban parks should be developed in order to contribute to hydrological control through the water balance in urban land use.

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31

Cho, Eunsaem, e Chulsang Yoo. "Rainfall-runoff Analysis Method Considering the Effect of High-rise Buildings". Journal of the Korean Society of Hazard Mitigation 20, n. 6 (31 dicembre 2020): 407–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.9798/kosham.2020.20.6.407.

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In this study, a rainfall runoff process analysis method considering the effect of high-rise buildings was proposed. The proposed method was applied to the Yeoksam urban basin in Seoul. For rainfall-runoff analysis, a shot noise process based model was used to independently analyze the runoff from the wall and roof of a high-rise building. Thus, the Yeoksam urban basin was divided into 155 sub-basins for analysis. It was observed that the peak runoff increased by 22.0% in the 9-2 sub-basin. However, in a sub-basin in which the peak runoff increased by 10.0% or more due to high-rise buildings, there was no case where the increase rate of peak runoff was maintained greater than 5.0% until the next sub-basin outlet. Finally, by deriving the runoff hydrograph for the entire Yeoksam urban basin, it was observed that there was no significant difference in rainfall-runoff process, regardless of whether the building was considered. Therefore, it was concluded that the phenomenon of increase in peak runoff due to high-rise buildings occurs only in sub-basin units.

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32

Walker, Kevin P., e Richard N. Deguida. "Urban runoff and combined sewer overflow". Water Environment Research 67, n. 4 (giugno 1995): 414–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.2175/106143095x133428.

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33

Haiping, Zhang, e Kiyoshi Yamada. "Estimation for urban runoff quality modeling". Water Science and Technology 34, n. 3-4 (1 agosto 1996): 49–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1996.0415.

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Many models have been developed which simulate the quality of runoff from urban impervious areas. Common to these models is the use of exponential accumulation and washoff equations. The two equations have often been calibrated separately by trial and error. However, field data of nonpoint source investigations are usually collected at the watershed outlet or at a few points on impervious surfaces, both of which reflect the combining effects of accumulation in dry weathers and washoff in wet weathers. It is therefore preferable to estimate these parameters simultaneously to obtain the global optimal values. In this study, the accumulation and washoff equations have been formulated into one model. And optimization techniques for estimating the best fit values of the parameters in the model have been developed using adaptive step size random search and Marquardt method. Bounds of these parameters have been set during optimal search to make sure that the calibrated values are physically meaningful. The method is demonstrated in Kyoto catchment in Japan. Results show that the simulated and measured data match quite well and the calibration approach can generate accurate estimates efficiently.

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34

Bengtsson, Lars. "Wetland systems to control urban runoff". Urban Water Journal 4, n. 2 (giugno 2007): 133. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15730620701398372.

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35

Eckley, Chris S., e Brian Branfireun. "Mercury mobilization in urban stormwater runoff". Science of The Total Environment 403, n. 1-3 (settembre 2008): 164–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2008.05.021.

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36

Turčan, Jozef. "Rainfall versus runoff in urban hydrology". Atmospheric Research 27, n. 1-3 (dicembre 1991): 93–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0169-8095(91)90010-t.

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37

Choi, Kyung-sook, e James E. Ball. "Parameter estimation for urban runoff modelling". Urban Water 4, n. 1 (marzo 2002): 31–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1462-0758(01)00072-3.

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38

Rasmus, James, Brad Fowler e David A. Cover. "Meeting New Demands: Treating Urban Runoff". Proceedings of the Water Environment Federation 2006, n. 12 (1 gennaio 2006): 1177–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.2175/193864706783749972.

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39

ANDOH, R. Y. G. "Urban Runoff: Nature, Characteristics and Control". Water and Environment Journal 8, n. 4 (agosto 1994): 371–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-6593.1994.tb01120.x.

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40

Walker, Kevin P. "Urban runoff and combined sewer overflow". Water Environment Research 64, n. 4 (giugno 1992): 408–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.1554-7531.1992.tb00020.x.

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41

Walker, Kevin. "Urban runoff and combined wastewater overflow". Water Environment Research 65, n. 4 (giugno 1993): 305–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.1554-7531.1993.tb00053.x.

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42

Walker, Kevin P. "Urban runoff and combined sewer overflows". Water Environment Research 66, n. 4 (giugno 1994): 305–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.1554-7531.1994.tb00096.x.

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43

Wong, Brandon P., e Branko Kerkez. "Adaptive measurements of urban runoff quality". Water Resources Research 52, n. 11 (novembre 2016): 8986–9000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2015wr018013.

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44

Jr. DuPoldt, Carl A. "Managing Stormwater Runoff in Urban Watersheds". Opflow 22, n. 10 (ottobre 1996): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.1551-8701.1996.tb00580.x.

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45

Schultz, Colin. "Forest organic runoff breaks down faster than agricultural and urban runoff". Eos, Transactions American Geophysical Union 94, n. 23 (4 giugno 2013): 212. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2013eo230017.

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46

Morrison, G. M., C. Wei e M. Engdahl. "Variations of Environmental Parameters and Ecological Response in an Urban River". Water Science and Technology 27, n. 12 (1 giugno 1993): 191–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1993.0299.

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Water and sediment quality deterioration in an urban river was assessed during and after stormwater runoff and sewer overflow. Stormwater runoff bad a noticeable effect on continuous measurements of water quality in the urban river; oxygen sag and increased conductivity was a typical response. Sediment toxicity was found at sites directly exposed to urban runoff, while concentrations of copper and lead exceeded sediment quality criteria. The enzyme activity of the sediment-dwelling bacteria was found to be more sensitive with inhibition downstream and upstream of urban discharge.

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47

Love, Cheyenne H., e Brian G. Laub. "Precipitation-Driven Anthropogenic Pollutant Fluctuations Within Standing Water Sources of the Edwards Aquifer Region, Texas". Air, Soil and Water Research 15 (gennaio 2022): 117862212211082. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/11786221221108213.

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The objective of this study was to assess the contribution of urban runoff in pollutant delivery to standing water pools within the Edwards Aquifer region of Texas. Grab samples of water were collected weekly over 5 months at one urban pool, one undeveloped pool, and one control pond that received minimal runoff. Samples were tested for nitrates, total dissolved phosphorus, Escherichia coli, and other coliform bacteria. The urban site had higher nitrate, E. coli, and other coliform bacteria concentrations than the undeveloped site. Significant positive linear relationships between weekly antecedent rainfall and both nitrate and E. coli were found at the urban site but not the undeveloped site. Water quality parameters at the control site remained stable, suggesting increases in nitrate and E. coli at the urban site were caused by runoff. Using publicly available data, relationships between water quality and weekly antecedent discharge were tested at 24 additional sites varying in land use. Positive relationships for E. coli were found at several urban sites, supporting runoff as a contributor to bacterial loading. Relationships for nitrate were variable, but all additional sites had flowing water, suggesting a unique response of water quality to urban runoff at the sampled urban pool.

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48

Seo, Y., N. J. Choi e A. R. Schmidt. "Contribution of directly connected and isolated impervious areas to urban drainage network hydrographs". Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions 10, n. 5 (2 maggio 2013): 5605–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hessd-10-5605-2013.

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Abstract. This paper addresses the mass balance error observed in runoff hydrographs in urban watersheds by introducing assumptions regarding the contribution of infiltrated rainfall from pervious areas and isolated impervious area (IIA) to the runoff hydrograph. Rainfall infiltrating into pervious areas has been assumed not to contribute to the runoff hydrograph until Hortonian excess rainfall occurs. However, mass balance analysis in an urban watershed indicates that rainfall infiltrated to pervious areas can contribute to direct runoff hydrograph, thereby offering an explanation for the long hydrograph tail commonly observed in runoff from urban storm sewers. In this study, a hydrologic analysis based on the width function is introduced, with two types of width functions obtained from both pervious and impervious areas, respectively. The width function can be regarded as the direct interpretation of the network response. These two width functions are derived to obtain distinct response functions for directly connected impervious areas (DCIA), IIA, and pervious areas. The results show significant improvement in the estimation of runoff hydrographs and suggest the need to consider the flow contribution from pervious areas to the runoff hydrograph. It also implies that additional contribution from flow paths through joints and cracks in sewer pipes needs to be taken into account to improve the estimation of runoff hydrographs in urban catchments.

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49

Hu, Shanshan, Yunyun Fan e Tao Zhang. "Assessing the Effect of Land Use Change on Surface Runoff in a Rapidly Urbanized City: A Case Study of the Central Area of Beijing". Land 9, n. 1 (10 gennaio 2020): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land9010017.

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The change in land use during the process of urbanization affects surface runoff and increases flood risk in big cities. This study investigated the impact of land use change on surface runoff in Beijing’s central area during the period of rapid urbanization from 1984 to 2019. Land use maps of 1984, 1999, 2009, and 2019 were generated by image classification of Landsat images. Surface runoffs were calculated with the Soil Conservation Service curve number (SCS-CN) model. Correlation analysis was used to identify the dominant factor of land use change affecting surface runoff. The result showed that the variation trend of surface runoff was consistent with the trend of impervious land in Beijing’s central area, which increased during 1984~2009 and decreased during 2009~2019. Correlation analysis showed that changes in surface runoff were most strongly correlated with changes in impervious surfaces when compared with the correlation of runoff with other types of land use. The results of this study may provide a reference for city flood control and urban planning in fast growing cities worldwide, especially in developing countries.

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50

Marko, I., R. Wittmanová, J. Hrudka, A. Raczková e I. Škultétyová. "Quality of first flush of rainwater from urban area: short review". IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1252, n. 1 (1 settembre 2022): 012075. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1252/1/012075.

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Abstract As a result of changes in social, economic, and political relations, undesirable phenomena are created that have an adverse effect on the urban environment. Surface runoff represents one of several risks to environmental policy, causing the major problem in urban agglomerations. In an urbanized area, it causes an increased runoff volume and the flood peak. Also, it affects increasing the contamination of urban rainwater. The significant problem of surface runoff formation in urban river basins is the accumulation of pollutants on the surface of paved areas during the rainless period. In the case of the formation of surface runoff, these substances come into movement. It is assumed that the most polluted rainwater is in the initial phase of runoff formation. However, not all authors agree with the statement. In some literature, this phenomenon is termed the first flush. Given the above facts, the study focuses on surface runoff characteristics in terms of its quality and quantity in the initial phase of surface runoff formatting. The study aims to summarize and compare the results of several studies to evaluate the first rainwater flush in an urbanized area.

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