Articoli di riviste: "Urban heat stress"

1

Katavoutas, George, e Dimitra Founda. "Response of Urban Heat Stress to Heat Waves in Athens (1960–2017)". Atmosphere 10, n. 9 (22 agosto 2019): 483. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos10090483.

Testo completo

Gli stili APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO e altri

Abstract (sommario):

The increasing frequency, intensity and duration of heat waves seem to follow the observed global warming in recent decades. Vulnerability to heat waves is expected to increase in urban environments mainly due to population density and the effect of the urban heat island that make cities hotter than surrounding non-urban areas. The present study focuses on a vulnerable area of the eastern Mediterranean, already characterized as a ‘hot spot’ with respect to heat-related risk and investigates the change in heat stress levels during heat wave compared to non-heat wave conditions as well as the way that heat stress levels respond to heat waves in urban, compared to non-urban, environments. The adoption of a metric accounting for both the intensity and duration of the hot event yielded a total of 46 heat wave episodes over a nearly 60-year period, but with very rare occurrence until the late 1990s and a profound increased frequency thereafter. The results reveal a difference of at least one thermal stress category between heat wave and non-heat wave periods, which is apparent across the entire range of the thermal stress distribution. The analysis demonstrates a robust intensification of nighttime heat stress conditions in urban, compared to non-urban, sites during severe heat waves. Nevertheless, severe heat waves almost equalize heat stress conditions between urban and non-urban sites during midday.

2

D Malcoti, Manisha, Hina Zia e Chitrarekha Kabre. "Heat Stress Vulnerability of Populations and Role of Urban Heat Island". Current World Environment 18, n. 1 (29 aprile 2023): 297–310. http://dx.doi.org/10.12944/cwe.18.1.25.

Testo completo

Gli stili APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO e altri

Abstract (sommario):

A city's ecology and energy use can be affected by an urban heat island (UHI). However, its role in exacerbating populations' heat stress has been extensively studied. This study reviewed and summarized the literature on the UHI, its causes, and its effects. After that, the characteristics of population heat stress vulnerability are examined. The results of studies on UHI, its health effects, and potential mitigation tactics in existing settlements show the necessity of examining various relationships between UHI and the locations of susceptible populations and possible responses. By examining literature from related domains, the present study intends to identify the research potential and convince researchers about the necessity of such a study in the urban area, especially in developing nations, since such case studies were only a few. Further, the study highlighted the relevance of urban planning to mitigate UHI. A fundamental examination of a city's urban climate can be the initial step in creating urban design standards, followed by research and models considering socio-economic and environmental elements.

3

Samal, Sandipta Kumar, Bhabani Sankar Sa e Parna Sarkhel. "Heat Stress and Its Negative Impact on City and its Inhabitants: A Case Study of Bhubaneswar". International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 10, n. 8 (31 agosto 2022): 848–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2022.46293.

Testo completo

Gli stili APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO e altri

Abstract (sommario):

Abstract: This paper aims to analyse how rapid urbanization helps in increasing urban temperature and how urban population suffering due to rise in temperature. Heat stress happens when the body's capability of controlling its inner temperature begins to fail. Temperature rise is of the main reason led to warmness stress. This heat stress related issues are mostly being seen among urban workers and urban poor. Usually, urban areas experience higher temperature than its peri urban & rural areas. These higher temperatures have negative human health impact like respiratory disorder, cardiovascular and heat stroke as well. Therefore, it is important to lower heat risk from urban environment. Deaths & Health hazards due to heat stress can be avoid easily. We just need to identify the high heat risk areas and with the help of proper planning and prevention we can prevent health related issues. Rapid Urbanization & increase of built-up surface is one of the major causes increasing urban heat.

4

Kunz-Plapp, Tina, Julia Hackenbruch e Janus Willem Schipper. "Factors of subjective heat stress of urban citizens in contexts of everyday life". Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 16, n. 4 (19 aprile 2016): 977–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-16-977-2016.

Testo completo

Gli stili APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO e altri

Abstract (sommario):

Abstract. Heat waves and the consequent heat stress of urban populations have a growing relevance in urban risk management and strategies of urban adaptation to climate change. In this context, social science studies on subjective experiencing of heat as stress by urban citizens are a new emerging field. To contribute to the understanding of self-reported subjective heat stress and its major determinants in a daily life perspective, we conducted a questionnaire survey with 323 respondents in Karlsruhe, Germany, after heat waves in July and August 2013. Statistical data analysis showed that subjective heat stress is an issue permeating everyday activities. Subjective heat stress at home was lower than at work and in general. Subjective heat stress in general, at home, and at work was determined by the health impairments experienced during the heat and the feeling of being helplessly exposed to the heat. For subjective heat stress at home, characteristics of the residential building and the built environment additionally played a role. Although the rate of implemented coping measures was rather high, coping measures showed no uniform effect for the subjective heat stress. We conclude that in terms of urban adaptation strategies, further research is needed to understand how various processes of daily social (work) life enable or limit individual coping and that communication strategies are important for building capacities to better cope with future heat waves.

5

Qin, Yue, Weilin Liao e Dan Li. "Attributing the Urban–Rural Contrast of Heat Stress Simulated by a Global Model". Journal of Climate 36, n. 6 (15 marzo 2023): 1805–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-22-0436.1.

Testo completo

Gli stili APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO e altri

Abstract (sommario):

Abstract The two-resistance mechanism (TRM) attribution method, which was designed to analyze the urban–rural contrast of temperature, is improved to study the urban–rural contrast of heat stress. The improved method can be applied to diagnosing any heat stress index that is a function of temperature and humidity. As an example, in this study we use it to analyze the summertime urban–rural contrast of simplified wet bulb globe temperature (SWBGT) simulated by the Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory land model coupled with an urban canopy model. We find that the urban–rural contrast of SWBGT is primarily caused by the lack of evapotranspiration in urban areas during the daytime and the release of heat storage during the nighttime, with the urban–rural differences in aerodynamic features playing either positive or negative roles depending on the background climate. Compared to the magnitude of the urban–rural contrast of temperature, the magnitude of the urban–rural contrast of SWBGT is damped due to the moisture deficits in urban areas. We further find that the urban–rural contrast of 2-m air temperature/SWBGT is fundamentally different from that of canopy air temperature/SWBGT. Turbulent mixing in the surface layer leads to much smaller urban–rural contrasts of 2-m air temperature/SWBGT than their canopy air counterparts. Significance Statement Heat leads to serious public health concerns, but urban and rural areas have different levels of heat stress. Our study explains the magnitude and pattern of the simulated urban–rural contrast in heat stress at the global scale and improves an attribution method to quantify which biophysical processes are mostly responsible for the simulated urban–rural contrast in heat stress. We highlight two well-known causes of higher heat stress in cities: the lack of evapotranspiration and the stronger release of heat storage. Meanwhile, we draw attention to the vegetation types in rural areas, which determine the urban–rural difference in surface roughness and significantly affect the urban–rural difference in heat stress. Last, we find the urban–rural contrasts of 2-m air temperature/SWBGT are largely reduced relative to their canopy air counterparts due to the turbulent mixing effect.

6

Kunz-Plapp, T., J. Hackenbruch e J. W. Schipper. "Factors of subjective heat stress of urban citizens in contexts of everyday life". Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences Discussions 3, n. 8 (5 agosto 2015): 4619–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhessd-3-4619-2015.

Testo completo

Gli stili APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO e altri

Abstract (sommario):

Abstract. Heat waves and the consequent heat stress of urban populations have a growing relevance in urban risk management and strategies of urban adaptation to climate change. In this context, social science studies on subjective heat stress of urban citizens are a new emerging field. To contribute to the understanding of subjective heat stress and its major determinants in a daily life perspective, we conducted a questionnaire survey with 323 respondents in Karlsruhe, Germany, after a heat wave in July and August 2013. Statistical data analysis showed that heat stress is an issue permeating everyday activities. It was found that the subjective heat stress at home is lower than at work and in general. Subjective heat stress in general, at home, and at work was determined by the health impairments experienced during the heat and the feeling of being helplessly exposed to the heat. For heat stress at home, additionally characteristics of the residential building and the built environment played a role. Although the rate of implemented coping measures was rather high, coping measures showed no uniform effect for the subjective heat stress. The results furthermore show that coping with heat is performed within the scopes of action in daily life. We conclude that in terms of urban adaptation strategies, further research is needed to understand how various processes of daily social (work) life enable or limit individual coping and adaptation capacities and that communication strategies are important for building capacities to better cope with future heat waves.

7

Soltani, Ali, e Ehsan Sharifi. "Understanding and Analysing the Urban Heat Island (UHI) Effect in Micro-Scale". International Journal of Social Ecology and Sustainable Development 10, n. 2 (aprile 2019): 14–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijsesd.2019040102.

Testo completo

Gli stili APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO e altri

Abstract (sommario):

The shortage of vegetation cover alongside urban structures and land hardscape in cities causes an artificial temperature increase in urban environments known as the urban heat island (UHI) effect. The artificial heat stress in cities has a particular threat for usability and health-safety of outdoor living in public space. Australia may face a likely 3.8°C increase in surface temperature by 2090. Such an increase in temperature will have a severe impact on regional and local climate systems, natural ecosystems, and human life in cities. This paper aims to determine the patterns of the UHI effect in micro-scale of Adelaide metropolitan area, South Australia. The urban near-surface temperature profile of Adelaide was measured along a linear east-west cross-section of the metropolitan area via mobile traverse method between 26 July 2013 and 15 August 2013. Results indicate that the while the maximum UHI effect occurs at midnight in the central business district (CBD) area in Adelaide, the afternoon urban warmth has more temperature variations (point-to-point variation), especially during the late afternoon when local air temperature is normally in its peak. Thus, critical measurement of heat-health consequences of the UHI effect need to be focused on the afternoon heat stress conditions in UHIs rather than the commonly known night time phenomenon. This mobile traverse urban heat study of Adelaide supports the hypothesis that the UHI effect varies in the built environment during daily cycles and within short distances. Classical UHI measurements are commonly performed during the night – when the urban-rural temperature differences are at their maximum. Thus, they fall short in addressing the issue of excess heat stress on human participants. However, having thermally comfortable urban microclimates is a fundamental characteristic of healthy and vibrant public spaces. Therefore, urban planning professionals and decision makers are required to consider diurnal heat stress alongside nocturnal urban heat islands in planning healthy cities. The results of this article show that the diurnal heat stress varies in the built environment during daily cycles and within short distances. This study confirms that the maximum urban heat stress occurs during late afternoon when both overall temperature and daily urban warmth are at their peak. Literature indicates that diurnal heat stress peaks in hard-landscapes urban settings while it may decrease in urban parklands and near water bodies. Therefore, urban greenery and surface water can assist achieving more liveable and healthy urban environments (generalisation requires further research). A better understanding of daily urban warmth variations in cities assists urban policy making and public life management in the context of climate change.

8

Sharifi, Ehsan, e Ali Soltani. "Patterns of Urban Heat Island Effect in Adelaide: A Mobile Traverse Experiment". Modern Applied Science 11, n. 4 (10 marzo 2017): 80. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/mas.v11n4p80.

Testo completo

Gli stili APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO e altri

Abstract (sommario):

Urban structure, hard surfaces and shortage of vegetation cause an artificial temperature increase in cities, known as the urban heat island effect. This paper determines the daily patterns of urban heat in Adelaide, Australia. The near-surface temperature profile of Adelaide was mapped in 60 journeys alongside a straight cross route connecting Adelaide Hills to the West Beach between 26 July and 15 August 2013. Results indicate that the most intense urban-rural temperature differences occurred during midnight in Adelaide. However, the afternoon urban heat had more temperature variation in the urban area. In the late afternoon, the near-surface urban heat fluctuates by 2°C within three kilometres and by 1.2°C in just one kilometer. Afternoon heat stress can vary based on space configurations and urban surface covers. Afternoon heat stress causes the highest heat load on urban dwellers. A better understanding of daily urban heat variations in cities assists urban policy making and public life management in the context of climate change.

9

Zahn, Einara, Claire Welty, James A. Smith, Stanley J. Kemp, Mary‐Lynn Baeck e Elie Bou‐Zeid. "The Hydrological Urban Heat Island: Determinants of Acute and Chronic Heat Stress in Urban Streams". JAWRA Journal of the American Water Resources Association 57, n. 6 (31 ottobre 2021): 941–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1752-1688.12963.

Testo completo

Gli stili APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO e altri

10

Ramsay, Emma E., Genie M. Fleming, Peter A. Faber, S. Fiona Barker, Rohan Sweeney, Ruzka R. Taruc, Steven L. Chown e Grant A. Duffy. "Chronic heat stress in tropical urban informal settlements". iScience 24, n. 11 (novembre 2021): 103248. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.isci.2021.103248.

Testo completo

Gli stili APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO e altri

11

Hatvani-Kovacs, Gertrud, Judy Bush, Ehsan Sharifi e John Boland. "Policy recommendations to increase urban heat stress resilience". Urban Climate 25 (settembre 2018): 51–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.uclim.2018.05.001.

Testo completo

Gli stili APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO e altri

12

Mehrotra, Surabhi, Ronita Bardhan e Krithi Ramamritham. "Urban Informal Housing and Surface Urban Heat Island Intensity". Environment and Urbanization ASIA 9, n. 2 (17 luglio 2018): 158–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0975425318783548.

Testo completo

Gli stili APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO e altri

Abstract (sommario):

Urbanization leads to the densification of built-up areas, and thereby increases surface heat island intensity which is one of the growing concerns in the rapidly urbanizing cities. Another notable aspect of cities like Mumbai is the uncontrolled growth of informal slum housing clusters, which have emerged as a significant urban built form in the landscape of cities. This study presents a case of Mumbai that aims to explore the linkages between slum housing—here referred as ‘slum urban form’ (SUF)—and surface urban heat island (SUHI) supported by spatial-statistical analysis. The magnitude of the impact of urban form on SUHI, measured by land surface temperature (LST), is examined using Cohen’s d index, which measures the effect size for two groups—SUF and ‘formal’ housing—on LST. The results confirm a ‘large’ effect indicating a significant difference in mean LST between the two groups. The spatial analysis reveals a statistically significant spatial clustering of LST and SUF ( p-value < 0.05), and bivariate local indicator of spatial association (LISA) confirms that the spatial association of SUF is surrounded by ‘high’ LST (Moran I: 0.49). The exploratory spatial analysis indicates that the contribution of SUF in elevating SUHI intensity is more than the formal housing areas and has increased vulnerability to heat stress. The results were validated on the ground using environmental sensors, which confirms the susceptibility of SUF to heat stress.

13

Van de Walle, J., O. Brousse, L. Arnalsteen, C. Brimicombe, D. Byarugaba, M. Demuzere, E. Jjemba et al. "Lack of vegetation exacerbates exposure to dangerous heat in dense settlements in a tropical African city". Environmental Research Letters 17, n. 2 (21 gennaio 2022): 024004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ac47c3.

Testo completo

Gli stili APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO e altri

Abstract (sommario):

Abstract Both climate change and rapid urbanization accelerate exposure to heat in the city of Kampala, Uganda. From a network of low-cost temperature and humidity sensors, operational in 2018–2019, we derive the daily mean, minimum and maximum Humidex in order to quantify and explain intra-urban heat stress variation. This temperature-humidity index is shown to be heterogeneously distributed over the city, with a daily mean intra-urban Humidex Index deviation of 1.2 ∘C on average. The largest difference between the coolest and the warmest station occurs between 16:00 and 17:00 local time. Averaged over the whole observation period, this daily maximum difference is 6.4 ∘C between the warmest and coolest stations, and reaches 14.5 ∘C on the most extreme day. This heat stress heterogeneity also translates to the occurrence of extreme heat, shown in other parts of the world to put local populations at risk of great discomfort or health danger. One station in a dense settlement reports a daily maximum Humidex Index of > 40 ∘C in 68% of the observation days, a level which was never reached at the nearby campus of the Makerere University, and only a few times at the city outskirts. Large intra-urban heat stress differences are explained by satellite earth observation products. Normalized Difference Vegetation Index has the highest (75%) power to predict the intra-urban variations in daily mean heat stress, but strong collinearity is found with other variables like impervious surface fraction and population density. Our results have implications for urban planning on the one hand, highlighting the importance of urban greening, and risk management on the other hand, recommending the use of a temperature-humidity index and accounting for large intra-urban heat stress variations and heat-prone districts in urban heat action plans for tropical humid cities.

14

Lemonsu, A., V. Viguié, M. Daniel e V. Masson. "Vulnerability to heat waves: Impact of urban expansion scenarios on urban heat island and heat stress in Paris (France)". Urban Climate 14 (dicembre 2015): 586–605. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.uclim.2015.10.007.

Testo completo

Gli stili APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO e altri

15

Konstantinov, P. I., M. I. Varentsov, M. Y. Grishchenko, T. E. Samsonov e N. V. Shartova. "Thermal stress assessment for an Arctic city in summer". Arctic: Ecology and Economy 11, n. 2 (giugno 2021): 219–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.25283/2223-4594-2021-2-219-231.

Testo completo

Gli stili APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO e altri

Abstract (sommario):

Despite the fact, that against the background of global warming the Russian Arctic is still a region with severe winters and cool summers; the likelihood of thermal stress conditions in summer is also increasing. At the same time, urban conditions can significantly affect the human heat perception due to the appearance of the urban heat island effect and other factors. Using the example of the city of Nadym (Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug), the authors have assessed the possibility of the summer urban heat stress occurrence and analyzed its spatial heterogeneity. The article presents the detailed modeling results of the meteorological regime of the city within the framework of the COSMO-CLM model and the assessment of bioclimatic comfort using the Physiologically Equivalent Temperature (PET) index and Universal Thermal Climate Index (UTCI). During periods of the extremely hot weather events in Nadym, the territory meso- and microclimatic mosaicism clearly manifests itself. In anthropogenically altered territories, the frequency of strong heat stress events can exceed that in the background areas by 1.7 times. Urban planning solutions should take into account not only the climatic resistance of Arctic cities to the winter cold, but also be adapted to the occurrence of summer heat.

16

Franck, Ulrich, Michael Krüger, Nina Schwarz, Katrin Grossmann, Stefan Röder e Uwe Schlink. "Heat stress in urban areas: Indoor and outdoor temperatures in different urban structure types and subjectively reported well-being during a heat wave in the city of Leipzig". Meteorologische Zeitschrift 22, n. 2 (1 aprile 2013): 167–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/0941-2948/2013/0384.

Testo completo

Gli stili APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO e altri

17

Ma, Shaoxiu, Andy Pitman, Jiachuan Yang, Claire Carouge, Jason P. Evans, Melissa Hart e Donna Green. "Evaluating the Effectiveness of Mitigation Options on Heat Stress for Sydney, Australia". Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology 57, n. 2 (febbraio 2018): 209–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jamc-d-17-0061.1.

Testo completo

Gli stili APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO e altri

Abstract (sommario):

AbstractGlobal warming, in combination with the urban heat island effect, is increasing the temperature in cities. These changes increase the risk of heat stress for millions of city dwellers. Given the large populations at risk, a variety of mitigation strategies have been proposed to cool cities—including strategies that aim to reduce the ambient air temperature. This paper uses common heat stress metrics to evaluate the performance of several urban heat island mitigation strategies. The authors found that cooling via reducing net radiation or increasing irrigated vegetation in parks or on green roofs did reduce ambient air temperature. However, a lower air temperature did not necessarily lead to less heat stress because both temperature and humidity are important factors in determining human thermal comfort. Specifically, cooling the surface via evaporation through the use of irrigation increased humidity—consequently, the net impact on human comfort of any cooling was negligible. This result suggests that urban cooling strategies must aim to reduce ambient air temperatures without increasing humidity, for example via the deployment of solar panels over roofs or via cool roofs utilizing high albedos, in order to combat human heat stress in the urban environment.

18

Zendeli, D., N. Colaninno e E. Morello. "Investigating the Impact of Heat Stress and Green Space Accessibility for At-Risk Communities". Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2600, n. 9 (1 novembre 2023): 092024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2600/9/092024.

Testo completo

Gli stili APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO e altri

Abstract (sommario):

Abstract This work addresses the urban heat island issue and its impact on vulnerable populations in cities. Urban heat islands refer to the phenomenon where temperatures in built-up areas exceed those of surrounding rural regions due to the absorption and retention of heat by built-up surfaces and the lack of vegetation. The study focuses on Milan and uses data from Daytime Near-Surface Air Temperature estimates and the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index to assess accessibility to green spaces during an extreme heat event. The goal is to establish a practical approach for assessing urban areas that are particularly vulnerable to extreme heat and have low accessibility to possible ‘urban cool islands’ to inform climate-proof urban planning, design, and policies and promote equitable access to green spaces. The methodology involves constructing a 3x3 table containing nine classes based on matrix logic, representing different degrees of thermal perception-based accessibility to green. The results of this study could be used to prioritize interventions to increase thermal comfort and achieve a more sustainable urban environment.

19

Kim, Meeri. "How urban geometry influences air flow and heat stress". Scilight 2022, n. 29 (22 luglio 2022): 291102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/10.0012224.

Testo completo

Gli stili APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO e altri

20

Hatvani-Kovacs, Gertrud, Martin Belusko, Natalie Skinner, John Pockett e John Boland. "Heat stress risk and resilience in the urban environment". Sustainable Cities and Society 26 (ottobre 2016): 278–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2016.06.019.

Testo completo

Gli stili APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO e altri

21

Arifwidodo, Sigit D., e Orana Chandrasiri. "Urban heat stress and human health in Bangkok, Thailand". Environmental Research 185 (giugno 2020): 109398. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2020.109398.

Testo completo

Gli stili APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO e altri

22

Qureshi, Aiman Mazhar, Ahmed Rachid e Debbie Bartlett. "Quantifying the cooling effect of urban heat stress interventions". International Journal of Global Warming 30, n. 1 (2023): 60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijgw.2023.130493.

Testo completo

Gli stili APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO e altri

23

Rachid, Ahmed, Debbie Bartlett e Aiman Mazhar Qureshi. "Quantifying the cooling effect of urban heat stress interventions". International Journal of Global Warming 30, n. 1 (2023): 60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijgw.2023.10055642.

Testo completo

Gli stili APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO e altri

24

Nanayakkara, Srimalee, Weimin Wang, Jie Cao, Jia Wang e Weiqi Zhou. "Analysis of Urban Heat Island Effect, Heat Stress and Public Health in Colombo, Sri Lanka and Shenzhen, China". Atmosphere 14, n. 5 (8 maggio 2023): 839. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos14050839.

Testo completo

Gli stili APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO e altri

Abstract (sommario):

Human health, energy and comfort are determined by the climate that remains in the physical environment. Regarding urban climate, few studies assess the urban heat island effect, heat stress, and public health as geographical representations. This study seeks to fill this gap by selecting Colombo, Sri Lanka, and Shenzhen, China, comparatively, two coastal cities with different climate conditions. We quantified and compared the effects of heat waves and their impacts on public health and the effect of urbanization on urban heat islands (UHI). Heat-related public health issues have been calculated using the Wet-Bulb Globe Temperature (WBGT) index. The Urban Heat Island (UHI) effect was analyzed using Land Surface Temperature (LST), created based on Landsat images obtained in 1997, 2009 and 2019. A rapid increase in temperature and humidity creates an uncomfortable environment in both cities, but apparent differences can be observed in climatic phenomena. During the summer (June to August), the prevailing atmospheric condition in Shenzhen makes a “Very severe stress” with Heatstroke highly likely. Nevertheless, seven months (November to April) are found as “Comfortable” without having any heat-related health injuries. However, Colombo has never been classified as “Comfortable” throughout the year. Out of twelve, five months (April to August) are found as “Very severe stress” with Heatstroke highly likely. When considering the urban expansion and UHI, a fast expansion can be observed in Colombo than in Shenzhen. Consequently, with the more severe heat-related public health and rapid urban heat island expansion, Colombo makes it more stressful than Shenzhen city. Our findings highlight the comparison between heat-related public health and urban heat island between two coastal cities with different climate conditions and under rapid urbanization processes. Therefore, it is imperative to assess these risks and respond effectively.

25

Muhamad, Siti Nurfahirah, Vivien How, Abdah Md Akim, Fang Lee Lim e Nur Shabrina Azreen Mohd Shabri. "Exploring variations in heat shock protein 70 expression among vulnerable populations across urban and rural areas in Klang Valley". E3S Web of Conferences 485 (2024): 07008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202448507008.

Testo completo

Gli stili APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO e altri

Abstract (sommario):

As global temperatures rise due to climate change, the occurrence and intensity of heat waves are anticipated to increase. Despite this anticipation, there remains a gap in comprehending the underlying defense mechanisms against heat stress, particularly exhibited by Heat Shock Proteins (HSP) within vulnerable populations. Hence, this study aims to assess the expression of heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) in response to heat exposure among vulnerable populations residing in both urban and rural areas. A total of 108 respondents were recruited using multistage sampling. This study consists of three (3) methods: Part I: face-to-face questionnaire; Part II: indoor heat exposure monitoring using Universal Thermal Climate Index (UTCI) classification; and Part III: blood sample collection to determine HSP70 protein expression using HSP70 High Sensitivity Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) kit. The results show that urban areas were exposed to strong UTCI thermal stress, whereas rural areas experienced moderate UTCI thermal stress. A higher level of HSP70 protein expression was observed in urban (2.524 ± 0.26) than in rural respondents (2.095 ± 0.27). This study concludes that both urban and rural vulnerable populations demonstrated different patterns of HSP70 protein expression in response to various levels of heat exposure.

26

Xu, Jiawei. "Impact of Urbanization on Global and Regional Humid Heat and Population Humid Heat Exposure". E3S Web of Conferences 490 (2024): 03001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202449003001.

Testo completo

Gli stili APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO e altri

Abstract (sommario):

Extreme heat events pose great threats to public health and socioeconomic development, particularly in cities where the urban heat island (UHI) effect can exacerbate heat stress. The heat stress can be assessed by various heat indexes that vary in their weightings of air temperature and humidity. Utilizing the data from a global climate model, this study investigates the spatiotemporal pattern of the urban humid heat island measured by wet-bulb temperature (Tw), Humidex, and Heat Index (HI) and assesses its effect on the number of heat stressed days and the population humid heat exposure. Different heat indexes generate distinct spatiotemporal patterns of urban humid heat island and result in various number of additional heat-stressed days in cities, with the largest disparities observed in arid regions. The urban effect decreases the number of heat-stressed days in arid climate by 0.5 days when measured by Tw but Humidex and HI show an increase. This discrepancy arises from the differing reliance of these indexes on air temperature and humidity, with wet-bulb temperature exhibiting a greater dependence on humidity and HI showing the greatest sensitivity to air temperature. After accounting for the urbanization effect, the global population exposure to humid heat measured by Tw, Humidex, and HI increase by 11.2%, 46.4%, 72.1%, respectively. We highlight that it is crucial to exercise caution when interpreting assessment of humid heat using different heat indexes due to disparities in their spatial patterns of the urban humid heat island.

27

Laue, Franziska, Olumuyiwa Bayode Adegun e Astrid Ley. "Heat Stress Adaptation within Informal, Low-Income Urban Settlements in Africa". Sustainability 14, n. 13 (5 luglio 2022): 8182. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14138182.

Testo completo

Gli stili APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO e altri

Abstract (sommario):

Climate projections indicate that persistent high temperatures and related heat stress will become a common experience in the future, across Africa. It is, therefore, important to understand challenges that might result from increasing extreme heat conditions, and how humans within urban centres can adapt. In this article, we provide a review that considers the experience of poor urban residents with extreme temperatures and adaptation strategies in relation to low-income, informal urban contexts in Africa. Our analysis is carried out across four focus countries: Nigeria, South Africa, Kenya, and Egypt. Only cursory insights exist in the context of informal settlements. We found that heat stress remains an overlooked topic in comparison to other climate change adaptation needs. Evidence shows that adaptation strategies varied and differed in framing, scale, and applied methods across the contexts. Adaptation strategies dominantly examine a broad variety of alternative building measures and, to a lesser degree, greening/nature-based strategies. It is important to highlight heat stress as a cross-cutting, focal topic in urban research in relation to informal settlements and generally broaden the spectrum. It is worthwhile to pay special attention to strategic actions and research designs that foresee win–win and co-beneficial options for local urban communities.

28

Lee, Shih-Yu, Shih-Chun Candice Lung, Ping-Gin Chiu, Wen-Cheng Wang, I.-Chun Tsai e Thung-Hong Lin. "Northern Hemisphere Urban Heat Stress and Associated Labor Hour Hazard from ERA5 Reanalysis". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, n. 13 (3 luglio 2022): 8163. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19138163.

Testo completo

Gli stili APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO e altri

Abstract (sommario):

Increasing surface air temperature is a fundamental characteristic of a warming world. Rising temperatures have potential impacts on human health through heat stress. One heat stress metric is the wet-bulb globe temperature, which takes into consideration the effects of radiation, humidity, and wind speed. It also has broad health and environmental implications. This study presents wet-bulb globe temperatures calculated from the fifth-generation European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts atmospheric reanalysis and combines it with health guidelines to assess heat stress variability and the potential for reduction in labor hours over the past decade on both the continental and urban scale. Compared to 2010–2014, there was a general increase in heat stress during the period from 2015 to 2019 throughout the northern hemisphere, with the largest warming found in tropical regions, especially in the northern part of the Indian Peninsula. On the urban scale, our results suggest that heat stress might have led to a reduction in labor hours by up to ~20% in some Asian cities subject to work–rest regulations. Extremes in heat stress can be explained by changes in radiation and circulation. The resultant threat is highest in developing countries in tropical areas where workers often have limited legal protection and healthcare. The effect of heat stress exposure is therefore a collective challenge with environmental, economic, and social implications.

29

Koopmans, Sytse, Reinder Ronda, Gert-Jan Steeneveld, Albert Holtslag e Albert Klein Tank. "Quantifying the Effect of Different Urban Planning Strategies on Heat Stress for Current and Future Climates in the Agglomeration of The Hague (The Netherlands)". Atmosphere 9, n. 9 (13 settembre 2018): 353. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos9090353.

Testo completo

Gli stili APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO e altri

Abstract (sommario):

In the Netherlands, there will be an urgent need for additional housing by the year 2040, which mainly has to be realized within the existing built environment rather than in the spatial extension of cities. In this data-driven study, we investigated the effects of different urban planning strategies on heat stress for the current climate and future climate scenarios (year 2050) for the urban agglomeration of The Hague. Heat stress is here expressed as the number of days exceeding minimum temperatures of 20 °C in a year. Thereto, we applied a diagnostic equation to determine the daily maximum urban heat island based on routine meteorological observations and straightforward urban morphological properties including the sky-view factor and the vegetation fraction. Moreover, we utilized the Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute’s (KNMI) climate scenarios to transform present-day meteorological hourly time series into the future time series. The urban planning strategies differ in replacing low- and mid-rise buildings with high-rise buildings (which reduces the sky-view factor), and constructing buildings on green areas (which reduces the vegetation fraction). We found that, in most cases, the vegetation fraction is a more critical parameter than the sky-view factor to minimize the extra heat stress incurred when densifying the neighbourhood. This means that an urban planning strategy consisting of high-rise buildings and preserved green areas is often the best solution. Still, climate change will have a larger impact on heat stress for the year 2050 than the imposed urban densification.

30

Founda, Dimitra, George Katavoutas, Fragiskos Pierros e Nikolaos Mihalopoulos. "The Extreme Heat Wave of Summer 2021 in Athens (Greece): Cumulative Heat and Exposure to Heat Stress". Sustainability 14, n. 13 (25 giugno 2022): 7766. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14137766.

Testo completo

Gli stili APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO e altri

Abstract (sommario):

The Mediterranean has been identified as a ‘climate change hot spot’, already experiencing faster warming rates than the global average, along with an increased occurrence of heat waves (HWs), prolonged droughts, and forest fires. During summer 2021, the Mediterranean faced prolonged and severe HWs, triggering hundreds of wildfires across the region. Greece, in particular, was hit by one of the most intense HWs in its modern history, with national all-time record temperatures being observed from 28 July to 6 August 2021. The HW was associated with extreme wildfires in many parts of the country, with catastrophic environmental and societal consequences. The study accentuated the rarity and special characteristics of this HW (HW2021) through the analysis of the historical climate record of the National Observatory of Athens (NOA) on a centennial time scale and comparison with previous HWs. The findings showed that HW2021 was ranked first in terms of persistence (with a total duration of 10 days) and highest observed nighttime temperatures, as well as ‘cumulative heat’, accounting for both the duration and intensity of the event. Exceptionally hot conditions during nighttime were intensified by the urban heat island effect in the city of Athens. Human exposure to heat-related stress during the event was further assessed by the use of bioclimatic indices such as the Universal Thermal Climate Index (UTCI). The study points to the interconnected climate risks in the area and especially to the increased exposure of urban populations to conditions of heat stress, due to the additive urban effect.

31

Hamilton, Billy, e Christina L. Erickson. "Urban Heat Islands and Social Work: Opportunities for Intervention". Advances in Social Work 13, n. 2 (31 maggio 2012): 420–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.18060/1937.

Testo completo

Gli stili APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO e altri

Abstract (sommario):

The urban heat island (UHI), formed by surface modification of soil and vegetation, increases minimum nighttime temperatures within cities and causes heat-stress among dwellers. Children, elders and low-income persons are disproportionately burdened by the UHI. These populations often lack the necessary biological, economic and social resources to cope with or prevent heat stress. Because UHI’s are expected to increase with climate change, more social workers will be expected to serve the populations most affected by UHI. This paper addresses how the social work profession can play a role in efforts to address the effects of UHI’s on vulnerable populations.

32

Lundgren Kownacki, Karin, Chuansi Gao, Kalev Kuklane e Aneta Wierzbicka. "Heat Stress in Indoor Environments of Scandinavian Urban Areas: A Literature Review". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, n. 4 (15 febbraio 2019): 560. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16040560.

Testo completo

Gli stili APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO e altri

Abstract (sommario):

Climate change increases the risks of heat stress, especially in urban areas where urban heat islands can develop. This literature review aims to describe how severe heat can occur and be identified in urban indoor environments, and what actions can be taken on the local scale. There is a connection between the outdoor and the indoor climate in buildings without air conditioning, but the pathways leading to the development of severe heat levels indoors are complex. These depend, for example, on the type of building, window placement, the residential area’s thermal outdoor conditions, and the residents’ influence and behavior. This review shows that only few studies have focused on the thermal environment indoors during heat waves, despite the fact that people commonly spend most of their time indoors and are likely to experience increased heat stress indoors in the future. Among reviewed studies, it was found that the indoor temperature can reach levels 50% higher in °C than the outdoor temperature, which highlights the importance of assessment and remediation of heat indoors. Further, most Heat-Health Warning Systems (HHWS) are based on the outdoor climate only, which can lead to a misleading interpretation of the health effects and associated solutions. In order to identify severe heat, six factors need to be taken into account, including air temperature, heat radiation, humidity, and air movement as well as the physical activity and the clothes worn by the individual. Heat stress can be identified using a heat index that includes these six factors. This paper presents some examples of practical and easy to use heat indices that are relevant for indoor environments as well as models that can be applied in indoor environments at the city level. However, existing indexes are developed for healthy workers and do not account for vulnerable groups, different uses, and daily variations. As a result, this paper highlights the need for the development of a heat index or the adjustment of current thresholds to apply specifically to indoor environments, its different uses, and vulnerable groups. There are several actions that can be taken to reduce heat indoors and thus improve the health and well-being of the population in urban areas. Examples of effective measures to reduce heat stress indoors include the use of shading devices such as blinds and vegetation as well as personal cooling techniques such as the use of fans and cooling vests. Additionally, the integration of innovative Phase Change Materials (PCM) into facades, roofs, floors, and windows can be a promising alternative once no negative health and environmental effects of PCM can be ensured.

33

Chandra, Suresh, Swatantra Kumar Dubey, Devesh Sharma, Bijon Kumer Mitra e Rajarshi Dasgupta. "Investigation of Spatio–Temporal Changes in Land Use and Heat Stress Indices over Jaipur City Using Geospatial Techniques". Sustainability 14, n. 15 (25 luglio 2022): 9095. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14159095.

Testo completo

Gli stili APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO e altri

Abstract (sommario):

Heat waves are expected to intensify around the globe in the future, with a potential increase in heat stress and heat-induced mortality in the absence of adaptation measures. India has high current exposure to heat waves, and with limited adaptive capacity, impacts of increased heat waves might be quite severe. This paper presents a comparative analysis of urban heat stress/heatwaves by combining temperature and vapour pressure through two heat stress indices, i.e., Wet Bulb Globe Temperature (WBGT) and humidex index. For the years 1970–2000 (historical) and 2041–2060 (future), these two indicators were estimated in Jaipur. Another goal of this research is to better understand Jaipur land use changes and urban growth. For the land use study, Landsat 5 TM and Landsat 8 OLI satellite data from the years 1993, 2010, and 2015 were examined. During the research period, urban settlement increased and the majority of open land is converted to urban settlements. In the coming term, all months except three, namely July to September, have seen an increase in the WBGT index values; however, these months are classified as dangerous. Humidex’s historical value has been 21.4, but in RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 scenarios, it will rise to 25.5 and 27.3, respectively, and slip into the danger and extreme danger categories. The NDVI and SAVI indices are also used to assess the city’s condition during various periods of heat stress. The findings suggest that people’s discomfort levels will rise in the future, making it difficult for them to work outside and engage in their usual activities.

34

Qureshi, Aiman Mazhar, e Ahmed Rachid. "Review and Comparative Study of Decision Support Tools for the Mitigation of Urban Heat Stress". Climate 9, n. 6 (21 giugno 2021): 102. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cli9060102.

Testo completo

Gli stili APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO e altri

Abstract (sommario):

Over the last few decades, Urban Heat Stress (UHS) has become a crucial concern of scientists and policy-makers. Many projects have been implemented to mitigate Urban Heat Island (UHI) effects using nature-based solutions. However, decision-making and selecting an adequate framework are difficult because of complex interactions between natural, social, economic and built environments. This paper contributes to the UHI issue by: (i) identifying the most important key factors of a Decision Support Tool (DST) used for urban heat mitigation, (ii) presenting multi-criteria methods applied to urban heat resilience, (iii) reviewing existing spatial and non-spatial DSTs, (iv) and analyzing, classifying and ranking DSTs. It aims to help decision-makers through an overview of the pros and cons of existing DSTs and indicate which tool is providing maximum support for choosing and planning heat resilience measures from the designing phase to the heat mitigation phase. This review shows that Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA) can be used for any pilot site and the criteria can be adapted to the given location accordingly. It also highlights that GIS-based spatial tools have an effective decision support system (DSS) because they offer a quick assessment of interventions and predict long-term effects of urban heat. Through a comparative study using specific chosen criteria, we conclude that the DSS tool is well suited and fulfils many prerequisites to support new policies and interventions to mitigate UHS.

35

Mendonça, José Carlos, Renata Silva Barreto Sales e Dhiego da Silva Sales. "Balanço de Energia no perímetro urbano de Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ: Um estudo de caso". Revista Brasileira de Geografia Física 15, n. 6 (2022): 3093–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.26848/rbgf.v15.6.p3093-3105.

Testo completo

Gli stili APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO e altri

Abstract (sommario):

According to the UN, the urbanization trend is growing, with a global growth projected in absolute terms reaching 665 in 2050. Using orbital digital images and remote sensing techniques, this work aimed to evaluate the behavior of the energy balance of the city of Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ contextualizing water stress and correlating it with surface temperature. It was observed that the urbanized land compared to the non-built-up area presented the highest fluxes of sensible heat and heat in the soil. In urban areas, the lowest values of radiation balance and latent heat flux were found, generating higher temperatures in the urban soil, and vegetated areas presented a greater latent heat flux and lower soil heat flux. There was also a correlation of 96% between water stress and temperature, strongly influencing energy flows, or for changes in the energy balance of the environment, further analyzes are proposed in different water conditions to compare with the results obtained with this work.

36

Hoffmann, Peter, Jana Fischereit, Stefan Heitmann, K. Schlünzen e Ingenuin Gasser. "Modeling Exposure to Heat Stress with a Simple Urban Model". Urban Science 2, n. 1 (24 gennaio 2018): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/urbansci2010009.

Testo completo

Gli stili APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO e altri

37

Zander, Kerstin K., Jake Rom Cadag, Jacquelyn Escarcha e Stephen T. Garnett. "Perceived heat stress increases with population density in urban Philippines". Environmental Research Letters 13, n. 8 (27 luglio 2018): 084009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/aad2e5.

Testo completo

Gli stili APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO e altri

38

Koch, Kyra, Tess Ysebaert, Siegfried Denys e Roeland Samson. "Urban heat stress mitigation potential of green walls: A review". Urban Forestry & Urban Greening 55 (novembre 2020): 126843. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2020.126843.

Testo completo

Gli stili APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO e altri

39

Fischer, E. M., K. W. Oleson e D. M. Lawrence. "Contrasting urban and rural heat stress responses to climate change". Geophysical Research Letters 39, n. 3 (febbraio 2012): n/a. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2011gl050576.

Testo completo

Gli stili APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO e altri

40

Zander, Kerstin K., e Supriya Mathew. "Estimating economic losses from perceived heat stress in urban Malaysia". Ecological Economics 159 (maggio 2019): 84–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2019.01.023.

Testo completo

Gli stili APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO e altri

41

Mittermüller, Julia, Sabrina Erlwein, Amelie Bauer, Tatjana Trokai, Sophie Duschinger e Michael Schönemann. "Context-Specific, User-Centred: Designing Urban Green Infrastructure to Effectively Mitigate Urban Density and Heat Stress". Urban Planning 6, n. 4 (14 ottobre 2021): 40–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.17645/up.v6i4.4393.

Testo completo

Gli stili APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO e altri

Abstract (sommario):

<p>Green infrastructure plays a vital role for cities facing the challenges of urbanisation and climate change. It has the potential to mitigate the adverse effects of urban density and the heat island effect, enhancing the ecological and social resilience of cities and their inhabitants. This study identifies contextual, psychological, and social factors which influence people’s subjective evaluation of urban green infrastructure (UGI), density, and heat stress. Planning recommendations for effective, context-specific, user-centred design are developed to increase the social and health benefits of UGI in limited space. To do so, a mixed-methods approach that combines social surveys, GIS-analysis, and microclimate modelling was employed. The field studies were undertaken in two contrasting neighbourhoods in Munich, Germany: a densely built and scarcely vegetated inner-city neighbourhood and a declaimed “green and compact” neighbourhood at the outskirts. Both sites are assessed in terms of their supply of green infrastructure, building and population density, and outdoor summer heat loads drawing on geostatistical data and mean radiant temperature modelling. This assessment is compared to the inhabitants’ subjective evaluation thereof retrieved from face-to-face questionnaires, and semi-standardised interviews. The results indicate that the existence and the amount of UGI per se are not decisive for people’s perception of urban heat, density, and neighbourhood attractiveness. It is rather the perceived accessibility of green spaces, their design, quality, and contextual factors like traffic or the presence of other people that define its value for urban dwellers.</p>

42

Li, Dan, e Elie Bou-Zeid. "Synergistic Interactions between Urban Heat Islands and Heat Waves: The Impact in Cities Is Larger than the Sum of Its Parts". Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology 52, n. 9 (settembre 2013): 2051–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jamc-d-13-02.1.

Testo completo

Gli stili APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO e altri

Abstract (sommario):

AbstractCities are well known to be hotter than the rural areas that surround them; this phenomenon is called the urban heat island. Heat waves are excessively hot periods during which the air temperatures of both urban and rural areas increase significantly. However, whether urban and rural temperatures respond in the same way to heat waves remains a critical unanswered question. In this study, a combination of observational and modeling analyses indicates synergies between urban heat islands and heat waves. That is, not only do heat waves increase the ambient temperatures, but they also intensify the difference between urban and rural temperatures. As a result, the added heat stress in cities will be even higher than the sum of the background urban heat island effect and the heat wave effect. Results presented here also attribute this added impact of heat waves on urban areas to the lack of surface moisture in urban areas and the low wind speed associated with heat waves. Given that heat waves are projected to become more frequent and that urban populations are substantially increasing, these findings underline the serious heat-related health risks facing urban residents in the twenty-first century. Adaptation and mitigation strategies will require joint efforts to reinvent the city, allowing for more green spaces and lesser disruption of the natural water cycle.

43

Nichol, Janet E., e Pui Hang To. "Temporal characteristics of thermal satellite images for urban heat stress and heat island mapping". ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing 74 (novembre 2012): 153–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.isprsjprs.2012.09.007.

Testo completo

Gli stili APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO e altri

44

Abdel-Ghany, A. M., I. M. Al-Helal e M. R. Shady. "Human Thermal Comfort and Heat Stress in an Outdoor Urban Arid Environment: A Case Study". Advances in Meteorology 2013 (2013): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/693541.

Testo completo

Gli stili APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO e altri

Abstract (sommario):

To protect humans from heat stress risks, thermal comfort and heat stress potential were evaluated under arid environment, which had never been made for such climate. The thermal indices THI, WBGT, PET, and UTCI were used to evaluate thermal comfort and heat stress. RayMan software model was used to estimate the PET, and the UTCI calculator was used for UTCI. Dry and wet bulb temperatures (Td,Tw), natural wet bulb temperature (Tnw), and globe temperature (Tg) were measured in a summer day to be used in the calculation. The results showed the following. (i) The thermal sensation and heat stress levels can be evaluated by either the PET or UTCI scales, and both are valid for extremely high temperature in the arid environment. (ii) In the comfort zone, around 75% of individuals would be satisfied with the surrounding environment and feel comfortable during the whole day. (iii) Persons are exposed to strong heat stress and would feel uncomfortable most of the daytime in summer. (iv) Heat fatigue is expected with prolonged exposure to sun light and activity. (v) During the daytime, humans should schedule their activities according to the highest permissible values of the WBGT to avoid thermal shock.

45

Pfafferott, Jens, Sascha Rißmann, Guido Halbig, Franz Schröder e Sascha Saad. "Towards a Generic Residential Building Model for Heat–Health Warning Systems". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, n. 24 (10 dicembre 2021): 13050. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182413050.

Testo completo

Gli stili APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO e altri

Abstract (sommario):

A strong heat load in buildings and cities during the summer is not a new phenomenon. However, prolonged heat waves and increasing urbanization are intensifying the heat island effect in our cities; hence, the heat exposure in residential buildings. The thermophysiological load in the interior and exterior environments can be reduced in the medium and long term, through urban planning and building physics measures. In the short term, an increasingly vulnerable population must be effectively informed of an impending heat wave. Building simulation models can be favorably used to evaluate indoor heat stress. This study presents a generic simulation model, developed from monitoring data in urban multi-unit residential buildings during a summer period and using statistical methods. The model determines both the average room temperature and its deviations and, thus, consists of three sub-models: cool, average, and warm building types. The simulation model is based on the same mathematical algorithm, whereas each building type is described by a specific data set, concerning its building physical parameters and user behavior, respectively. The generic building model may be used in urban climate analyses with many individual buildings distributed across the city or in heat–health warning systems, with different building and user types distributed across a region. An urban climate analysis (with weather data from a database) may evaluate local differences in urban and indoor climate, whereas heat–health warning systems (driven by a weather forecast) obtain additional information on indoor heat stress and its expected deviations.

46

Renard, Florent, Lucille Alonso, Yasmin Fitts, Adeline Hadjiosif e Jacques Comby. "Evaluation of the Effect of Urban Redevelopment on Surface Urban Heat Islands". Remote Sensing 11, n. 3 (1 febbraio 2019): 299. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs11030299.

Testo completo

Gli stili APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO e altri

Abstract (sommario):

Climate change is a global challenge with multiple consequences. One of its impacts is the increase in heatwave frequency and intensity. The risk is higher for populations living in urban areas, where the highest temperatures are generally identified, due to the urban heat island effect. This phenomenon has recently been taken into account by local elected officials. As a result, developers have decided to use solutions in redevelopment projects to combat high temperatures in urban areas. Consequently, the objective is to study the land-surface temperature evolution of six main urban redevelopments in Lyon, France, from 2000 to 2017. Three of them (the Confluence, Kaplan, and Museum sites) were composed of industrial areas that have undergone major transformations and are now tertiary or residential areas. Two sites have been more lightly transformed, particularly by increasing vegetation to reduce heat stress and urban flooding (Dock and Garibaldi Street). Finally, the Groupama Stadium has been built into agricultural and wooded areas. Changes in vegetation cover (NDVI), water (MNDWI), and moisture (NDMI) content, built areas (NDBI) and bare soil (NDBaI) are also monitored. The results show that the Confluence and Kaplan sites were accompanied by a decrease in surface temperature and an increase in vegetation and moisture, whereas the Groupama Stadium displayed a rise in surface temperature and a decrease in vegetation. On the other hand, the Museum, Dock, and Garibaldi sites did not exhibit clear and uniform trends, although an increase in surface temperature was shown in some statistical tests. The disparity of the results shows the necessity to include a significant amount of vegetation during redevelopment operations in order to reduce heat stress.

47

Mueller, Christian, Ulrike Klein e Angela Hof. "Locating Urban Heat Stress Vulnerability: A GIS-based Spatial Cluster Analysis of Urban Heat Load, the Elderly and Accessibility of Urban Green Spaces". GI_Forum 1 (2017): 315–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1553/giscience2017_01_s315.

Testo completo

Gli stili APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO e altri

48

Garuma, Gemechu Fanta. "How the Interaction of Heatwaves and Urban Heat Islands Amplify Urban Warming". Advances in Environmental and Engineering Research 3, n. 2 (29 marzo 2022): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.21926/aeer.2202022.

Testo completo

Gli stili APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO e altri

Abstract (sommario):

An increase in global temperature will likely result in more intense and frequent heatwaves that would last longer. Simultaneously, the growth of urban population requires more areas of land incorporated into urbanization, because most people are expected to live in cities, which will increase the intensity and duration of urban heat islands. However, the extent of the link between global warming induced heatwaves and urbanization caused heat islands is barely understood. Understanding the link would give a new information about catastrophic heat mitigation strategies. This paper, therefore, quantifies, at the sub-continental scale of Eastern North America, the effects of background perturbations by the synergies between heatwaves and urban heat islands using simulations from the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model, and focusing on the responses of urban energy balances, boundary layer height and vertical profiles of heat, momentum and moisture. Results showed that urban heat islands exacerbate heatwaves by deepening the turbulent boundary layer height, modifying the urban surface energy and regional winds. The fractional energy shift from latent to sensible heat fluxes and the consequent changes to the urban planetary boundary layer tends to amplify the intensity, extent and duration of extensive heatwaves. The response of ground heat fluxes to urban surfaces lags, while urban canopy humidity dissipates earlier because at the onset of the heatwave the surface water evaporates quickly to the point where there is less water left for evaporation leaving the urbanized regions vulnerable to more heating. During the heatwave event, the mean wind speed dropped by 2.5 m/s, hence less cool air is available for ventilation. The planetary boundary layer deepens by a maximum of 90-m over urban compared to rural and this may prolong urban surface heating. Based on the results, it can be concluded that the best heat-stress management strategies from the perspectives of urban energy balance and planetary boundary layer height is an integral approach that would lower sensible heat fluxes and increase surface albedo, latent heat fluxes and wind flows towards urban centers.

49

Garuma, Gemechu Fanta. "How the Interaction of Heatwaves and Urban Heat Islands Amplify Urban Warming". Advances in Environmental and Engineering Research 3, n. 2 (29 marzo 2022): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.21926/aeer.2202022.

Testo completo

Gli stili APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO e altri

Abstract (sommario):

An increase in global temperature will likely result in more intense and frequent heatwaves that would last longer. Simultaneously, the growth of urban population requires more areas of land incorporated into urbanization, because most people are expected to live in cities, which will increase the intensity and duration of urban heat islands. However, the extent of the link between global warming induced heatwaves and urbanization caused heat islands is barely understood. Understanding the link would give a new information about catastrophic heat mitigation strategies. This paper, therefore, quantifies, at the sub-continental scale of Eastern North America, the effects of background perturbations by the synergies between heatwaves and urban heat islands using simulations from the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model, and focusing on the responses of urban energy balances, boundary layer height and vertical profiles of heat, momentum and moisture. Results showed that urban heat islands exacerbate heatwaves by deepening the turbulent boundary layer height, modifying the urban surface energy and regional winds. The fractional energy shift from latent to sensible heat fluxes and the consequent changes to the urban planetary boundary layer tends to amplify the intensity, extent and duration of extensive heatwaves. The response of ground heat fluxes to urban surfaces lags, while urban canopy humidity dissipates earlier because at the onset of the heatwave the surface water evaporates quickly to the point where there is less water left for evaporation leaving the urbanized regions vulnerable to more heating. During the heatwave event, the mean wind speed dropped by 2.5 m/s, hence less cool air is available for ventilation. The planetary boundary layer deepens by a maximum of 90-m over urban compared to rural and this may prolong urban surface heating. Based on the results, it can be concluded that the best heat-stress management strategies from the perspectives of urban energy balance and planetary boundary layer height is an integral approach that would lower sensible heat fluxes and increase surface albedo, latent heat fluxes and wind flows towards urban centers.

50

Donner, Julie, Juliana Mercedes Müller e Johann Köppel. "Urban Heat: Towards Adapted German Cities?" Journal of Environmental Assessment Policy and Management 17, n. 02 (giugno 2015): 1550020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1464333215500209.

Testo completo

Gli stili APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO e altri

Abstract (sommario):

Is heat becoming a major threat to cities? Following the heat wave in Europe in 2003, which is estimated to have caused the deaths of 70,000 people, municipal authorities began to develop adaptation and mitigation plans and programs. Legal obligations to consider climate change within various development projects have been defined, e.g. by the latest amendment of the EU EIA (Environmental Impact Assessment) Directive (2014/52/EU) and the Federal Building Code (BauGB §1a (5)). However, urban heat hazards have not yet received as much attention as, for example, carbon dioxide emissions as drivers of global warming. Dense urban structures, high buildings, dark surfaces, and high population densities trigger urban heat effects. With about 3/4 of Europeans living in cities, measures to reduce heat-related impacts are needed. This paper evaluates how German cities have implemented measures towards climate change adaptation. The results show that 24 out of 30 cities have developed mitigation and/or adaptation plans, with a majority focusing on mitigating CO 2, indicating less awareness of urban heat hazards. Moreover, we found elaborate and comprehensive examples which might serve as blue-prints for adaptation strategies. Based on the inhomogeneous scope of the different plans and programs, there remains a need for guidance and more knowledge exchange among the cities on mitigation/adaptation options and preferably information on their effectiveness, to further assist cities in tackling heat stress.

Articoli di riviste sul tema "Urban heat stress"

Cita una fonte nei formati APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard e in molti altri stili