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Articoli di riviste sul tema "United States. Post-War Programs Committee"
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Berger, Iris. "Cold War Sisterhood: The Women's Africa Committee, 1958–1968". Journal of Women's History 36, n. 1 (marzo 2024): 37–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/jowh.2024.a920128.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Abstract: During the late 1950s, prompted by the US State Department, an interracial group of national leaders of women's organizations in the United States formed the African Women's Committee to reach out to their African counterparts in the wake of successful independence movements throughout the continent. After consulting with numerous African women and leading experts on Africa, the committee initiated a program that brought groups of African women to the United States for short training programs designed to strengthen their leadership skills through both coursework and immersion in women's organizations. This article examines the assumptions both groups of women brought to their interactions and the ways the program changed during this period as a response to racist encounters in the US, new teachers in the classes and African women's evaluations of their experiences.
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Kraly, Ellen Percy, Holly E. Reed, Malay K. Majmundar, Susan McGrath, Pia Orrenius, Romesh Silva e Sarah Staveteig Ford. "The Role of Migration Research in Promoting Refugee Well-Being in a Post-Pandemic Era". Journal on Migration and Human Security 9, n. 3 (settembre 2021): 197–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/23315024211045629.
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This paper summarizes the presentations and discussions of a virtual stakeholder meeting on Refugee Resettlement in the United States which built on the foundation of the May 2019 workshop represented in this special issue. With support from the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation and the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation and hosted by the Committee on Population (CPOP) of the US National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine on Dec 1–2, 2020, 1 the meeting convened migration researchers, representatives of US voluntary resettlement agencies, and other practitioners to consider the role of migration research in informing programs serving refugees and migrants during the COVID-19 pandemic, continuing an emphasis on bringing global learning to those on the ground working with refugees. The goal of CPOP's work in this area has always been to build bridges between communities of research and practice and to create a dialogue for a shared agenda. We present the goals and framework for the 2020 meeting, followed by a summary of each of the four sessions and themes that emerged from these discussions. The paper ends by considering effective ways of amplifying the role of research in refugee policy and programs of refugee resettlement in the United States and how demographers and population researchers might contribute to this goal.
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Cho, Jonathan, Matthew Crotty, Wesley Kufel, Elias Chahine, Amelia Sofjan, Jason Gallagher e Sandy Estrada. "1331. Learning Experiences Within Infectious Diseases Pharmacy Residency Programs Demonstrate High Degrees of Consistency". Open Forum Infectious Diseases 5, suppl_1 (novembre 2018): S406—S407. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ofid/ofy210.1164.
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Abstract Background Pharmacists with residency training in infectious diseases (ID) optimize antimicrobial therapy outcomes in patients and support antimicrobial stewardship programs. The purpose of this study was to describe the learning experiences currently being offered in post-graduate year-2 (PGY-2) ID pharmacy residency programs. Methods A 19-item, cross-sectional, multi-centered, electronic survey was distributed via e-mail to pharmacy residency program directors (RPDs) of all 101 accredited and nonaccredited PGY-2 ID residency programs in the United States. Programs were identified via the ASHP, ACCP, and SIDP residency directories. Program characteristics inquired via the survey included required and elective learning experiences, research and teaching opportunities, and ID-related committee involvement. Results Survey responses were collected from 71 RPDs (70.3%). Most programs were associated with an academic medical center (64.8%), focused primarily in adult ID (97.2%), and accepted one resident per year (91.6%). Forty-eight (67.6%) institutions also offered an ID physician fellowship program. Microbiology laboratory, adult antimicrobial stewardship (AS), and adult ID consult learning experiences were required in 98.6% of residency programs. Only 28.2% of responding programs required pediatric AS and pediatric ID consult rotations. Greater than 90% of RPDs reported that the resident managed bone and joint, lower respiratory tract, sepsis, urologic, and skin and soft-tissue infections at least once weekly. Travel medicine, parasitic infections, hepatitis B, and hepatitis C were either rarely or never encountered by the resident in 77.5%, 76%, 66.2%, and 50.7% programs, respectively. Residents were frequently involved in AS committees (97.2%), pharmacokinetic dosing of antimicrobials (83.1%), precepting pharmacy trainees (80.3%), and performing research projects (91.5%). Conclusion PGY-2 ID pharmacy residency programs in the United States demonstrated consistency in required adult ID consult, antimicrobial management activities, AS committee service, and teaching and research opportunities. Pediatric experiences were less common. PGY-2 ID residency programs prepare pharmacists to become antimicrobial stewards, particularly in adult patients. Disclosures J. Cho, Allergan: Speaker’s Bureau, Speaker honorarium. M. Crotty, Theravance and Nabriva: Consultant, Consulting fee. E. Chahine, Merck: Speaker’s Bureau, Speaker honorarium. Allergan: Scientific Advisor, Consulting fee. J. Gallagher, Allergan, Astellas, Merck, and Melinta: Speaker’s Bureau, Speaker honorarium. Achaogen, Allergan, Astellas, Cempra, Cidara, CutisPharma, Merck, Paratek, Shionogi, Tetraphase, Theravance, and The Medicines Company: Consultant, Consulting fee. Merck: Grant Investigator, Research grant. S. Estrada, Allergan, Astellas, Merck, T2Biosystems and The Medicines Company: Speaker’s Bureau, Speaker honorarium. The Medicines Company and Theravance: Grant Investigator, Research grant. Astellas, CutisPharma, Theravance, and The Medicines Company: Consultant, Consulting fee.
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Passaretti, C. L., P. Barclay, P. Pronovost e T. M. Perl. "Public Reporting of Health Care–Associated Infections (HAIs): Approach to Choosing HAI Measures". Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology 32, n. 8 (agosto 2011): 768–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/660873.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Objective.To develop a method for selecting health care–associated infection (HAI) measures for public reporting.Context.HAIs are common, serious, and costly adverse outcomes of medical care that affect 2 million people in the United States annually. Thirty-seven states have introduced or passed legislation requiring public reporting of HAI measures. State legislation varies widely regarding which HAIs to report, how the data are collected and reported, and public availability of results.Design.The Maryland Health Care Commission developed an HAI Technical Advisory Committee (TAC) that consisted of a group of experts in the field of healthcare epidemiology, infection prevention and control (IPC), and public health. This group reviewed public reporting systems in other states, surveyed Maryland hospitals to determine the current state of IPC programs, performed a literature review on HAI measures, and developed six criteria for ranking the measures: impact, unprovability, inclusiveness, frequency, functionality, and feasibility. The committee and experts in the field then ranked each of 18 proposed HAI measures. A composite score was determined for each measure.Results.Among outcome measures, the rate of central line–associated bloodstream infections ranked highest, followed by the rate of post–coronary artery bypass grafting surgical-site infections. Among process measures, perioperative antimicrobial prophylaxis, compliance with central-line bundles, compliance with hand hygiene, and healthcare-worker influenza vaccination ranked highest.Conclusions.Our qualitative criteria facilitated consensus on the HAI TAC and provided a useful framework for public reporting of HAI measures. Validation will be important for such approaches to be supported by the scientific community.
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Choi, Cathi. "Protection Against Good Intentions: The Catholic Role in the Campaign to Ban Proxy Adoption, 1956–1961". Journal of Policy History 31, n. 2 (aprile 2019): 242–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0898030619000046.
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Abstract:The debate over the practice of proxy adoption sheds light on changing notions of proper intercountry adoption practices and standards of family planning as they developed in the mid-twentieth century. The practice of proxy adoption was born out of a loophole in U.S. immigration legislation, initially used by Americans to adopt European orphans after World War II. After the Korean War, the practice was again utilized to bring Korean children in even greater numbers to the United States. Through proxy adoption, adoptive parents bypassed the standard checkpoints of the adoption process as established by U.S. social welfare agencies. Although initially hailed as a humane practice, proxy adoption was ultimately banned in 1961 after a successful antiproxy adoption campaign waged by a coalition of social welfare workers, Catholic leaders, and U.S. senators. The role of Catholic agencies in this debate is essential, yet remains largely unexplored. This article sheds light on this significant and underresearched history of the Catholic institutions involved in the proxy adoption debate.The Catholic agencies, namely the National Catholic Welfare Conference and the Catholic Committee for Refugees, stood apart from both the government social welfare establishment and other humanitarian actors. Their actions must instead be understood through the context of their own institutional history of domestic social welfare programs and overseas humanitarian work, dating from the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. This article analyzes their relationship with the U.S. social welfare establishment, as well as joint advocacy efforts to reform intercountry adoption practices.
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Mora, Carol Violet Pinzón, Laura Elisa Brusi, Nadiuska Cristine Platero Alvarado, Paulo Cesar Zapata Giraldo, Jairo Antonio Mercado, Patricia Durán Ospina e Patricia Durán Ospina. "Optometric Education After the Pandemic: Trends in Knowledge Networks and Virtual Internationalization". Revista de Gestão Social e Ambiental 18, n. 2 (17 maggio 2024): e06904. http://dx.doi.org/10.24857/rgsa.v18n2-140.
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Introduction: The world has undergone an educational transformation during the confinement of the year 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Higher education has taken an abrupt turn towards virtuality, the internationalization of research, the creation of knowledge networks and the exchange of experiences in online linking and research. Objective: The objective is to socialize experiences among optometry schools and associations of eye care professionals to show the changes in the training of optometrists post pandemic in Latin America. Methodology: Through the action-participation methodology, networks were created between 21 higher education institutions, associations and research groups and international organizations in the area of knowledge of visual health in several countries: Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Colombia, Peru, Argentina, Chile, Bolivia, United States, Puerto Rico among others where projects in continuing education, mirror classes and through the leadership of the ethics committee of the Latin American Association of Optometry and Optics (ALDOO) and the Volunteers Optometry services for humanity (VOSH) courses were designed on the Zoom platform and Meet as part of the collaborative work of the network. Results: Through these alternatives, knowledge networks in optometry were consolidated in order to disseminate experiences in different countries. Likewise, a curricular framework was created as a guide for institutions that offer optometry with basic competencies and flexibility to allow in the future to strengthen international mobility, improve the quality of scientific writing and the creation of macro research projects that respond to the public policies of the World Health Organization. Some experiences developed within optometry programs and schools in Latin America have allowed the different actors to be articulated: teachers, administrators, students, international experts in order to build and enrich global networks and alternative virtual strategies to improve significant learning, technology transfer and local development in optometry and the development of joint research projects in order to improve the quality of publications. The objective of this article is to socialize educational experiences during the pandemic in the area of optometry. Conclusions: The trend of optometry education is to work in networks from research groups created and directed by experts, training in alternative areas such as the applications of artificial intelligence, non-technology at the service of visual health, through the delivery of mirror classes, virtual mobility of researchers and strengthening the internationalization of optometry and visual health in different academic settings. These are some of the points that the authors have been consolidating to prepare for virtuality, uniting the actors in the educational process that will undoubtedly remain over time as part of the strengthening of computer communication technologies and virtual education.
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Bull, Jonathan, e Michele Gibney. "Programmatic Characteristics of Open Education Initiatives at U.S. Post-Secondary Institutions". Journal of Open Educational Resources in Higher Education 1, n. 1 (26 ottobre 2022): 180–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.13001/joerhe.v1i1.7143.
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Although a number of academic research papers showcase the benefits of Open Educational Resources (OER) on student success metrics, the literature still lacks a central collection of knowledge identifying programmatic characteristics between 4 year public, 4 year private, and 2 year community colleges that support these OER initiatives in the United States. To address this gap in the literature and provide evidential statistics that suggest common programmatic characteristics, this quantitative study collected 149 survey responses from program managers of OER-related initiatives at institutions of higher education in the United States. While some previous research on this topic has focused on regional adoption or other aspects of OER usage, this research focuses on how these initiatives are started, funded, governed, and assessed. The results of this study build on existing evidence that OER programs tend to be overseen by committees, are more likely to offer incentive payments for faculty, and offer at least some form of program assessment.
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Phillips, Lisa A. W. "Mickey Goes to Haiti and Leaves: Disney's Transnational Quest for Cheap Labor in the post-Cold War Era". International Labor and Working-Class History 101 (2022): 144–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0147547922000072.
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After the collapse of the Soviet Union, Disney and other United States-based companies found themselves in the position to create a “new world order.” The National Labor Committee (NLC), Haitian grassroots labor organizers, a multimillion member international labor community, concerned shareholders, members of the U.S. Congress, and activists around the world pressured Disney to lead the way to a new global standard by paying a living wage and investing in local infrastructure wherever it did business. Whatever standards Disney enacted, they argued, the rest would follow. Rather than assume the “corporate mantle of responsibility,” Disney ran from the United States to Haiti, then to China, in search of cheap labor, a bigger profit margin, and the ability to do business without scrutiny. Seeing itself as just one entity in a global garment supply chain, Disney claimed responsibility only for licensing its brand to the contractors (U.S.-based) and subcontractors (in Haiti and later China) who handled the actual production of Disney merchandise.
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Korsmo, Fae, e Michael Sfraga. "From Interwar to Cold War: Selling Field Science in the United States, 1920s Through 1950s". Earth Sciences History 22, n. 1 (1 gennaio 2003): 55–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.17704/eshi.22.1.du8819810600gq16.
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A comparison of why proposed science programs succeed or fail to attract public financial support in the American political arena, this article examines three cases ranging from the 1920s to the 1950s: a unique, multi-disciplinary proposal emerging from the U.S. Navy's 1924 conference on oceanography, U.S. participation in the Second International Polar Year of 1932-1933, and U.S. participation in the International Geophysical Year of 1957-1958. Each proposal emphasized societal benefits and applications of the earth, ocean, or atmospheric sciences. Each began from the bottom up, i.e., people trained and working in the scientific disciplines originated the idea and expressed their support through reports, letters, and participation in committees or conferences. However the proposals experienced different fates. While the promoters of the International Geophysical Year succeeded in gaining relatively substantial federal support, and the backers of the Second International Polar Year gained a modest amount, the U.S. Navy failed to persuade the Coolidge White House to request congressional appropriations for an oceanographic program. The concepts and tools from policy analysis can help to explain why the proposals experienced different outcomes.
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Heinicke, Craig, e Wayne A. Grove. "Labor Markets, Regional Diversity, and Cotton Harvest Mechanization in the Post-World War II United States". Social Science History 29, n. 2 (2005): 269–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0145553200012955.
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As hand-harvest labor disappeared from the American cotton fields after World War II, labor market dynamics differed between two key production regions, the South and the West. In the South, predominantly resident African Americans and whites harvested cotton, whereas in the West the labor market was composed of white residents, domestic Latino migrant workers, and Mexican nationals temporarily immigrating under the sponsorship of the U.S. government (braceros). We use newly reconstructed data for the two regions and estimate for the first time the regional causes of the demise of the hand-harvest labor force from 1949 to 1964. Whereas cheaper harvest mechanization substantially affected both regions, the downward trend in cotton prices and government programs to control cotton acreage played important roles in the disappearance of hand–harvested cotton in the South, but not in the West.
Tesi sul tema "United States. Post-War Programs Committee"
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Kinuthia, Wanyee. "“Accumulation by Dispossession” by the Global Extractive Industry: The Case of Canada". Thèse, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/30170.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
This thesis draws on David Harvey’s concept of “accumulation by dispossession” and an international political economy (IPE) approach centred on the institutional arrangements and power structures that privilege certain actors and values, in order to critique current capitalist practices of primitive accumulation by the global corporate extractive industry. The thesis examines how accumulation by dispossession by the global extractive industry is facilitated by the “free entry” or “free mining” principle. It does so by focusing on Canada as a leader in the global extractive industry and the spread of this country’s mining laws to other countries – in other words, the transnationalisation of norms in the global extractive industry – so as to maintain a consistent and familiar operating environment for Canadian extractive companies. The transnationalisation of norms is further promoted by key international institutions such as the World Bank, which is also the world’s largest development lender and also plays a key role in shaping the regulations that govern natural resource extraction. The thesis briefly investigates some Canadian examples of resource extraction projects, in order to demonstrate the weaknesses of Canadian mining laws, particularly the lack of protection of landowners’ rights under the free entry system and the subsequent need for “free, prior and informed consent” (FPIC). The thesis also considers some of the challenges to the adoption and implementation of the right to FPIC. These challenges include embedded institutional structures like the free entry mining system, international political economy (IPE) as shaped by international institutions and powerful corporations, as well as concerns regarding ‘local’ power structures or the legitimacy of representatives of communities affected by extractive projects. The thesis concludes that in order for Canada to be truly recognized as a leader in the global extractive industry, it must establish legal norms domestically to ensure that Canadian mining companies and residents can be held accountable when there is evidence of environmental and/or human rights violations associated with the activities of Canadian mining companies abroad. The thesis also concludes that Canada needs to address underlying structural issues such as the free entry mining system and implement FPIC, in order to curb “accumulation by dispossession” by the extractive industry, both domestically and abroad.
Libri sul tema "United States. Post-War Programs Committee"
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United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Veterans' Affairs. Women Veterans Health Programs Act of 1992: Report of the Committee on Veterans' Affairs, United States Senate to accompany S. 2973. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 1992.
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Office, General Accounting. Post-hospital care: Efforts to evaluate Medicare prospective payment effects are insufficient : report to the Chairman, Special Committee on Aging, United States Senate. Washington, D.C: The Office, 1986.
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Office, General Accounting. Post-hospital care: Efforts to evaluate Medicare prospective payment effects are insufficient : report to the Chairman, Special Committee on Aging, United States Senate. Washington, D.C: The Office, 1986.
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Office, General Accounting. Post-hospital care: Efforts to evaluate Medicare prospective payment effects are insufficient : report to the Chairman, Special Committee on Aging, United States Senate. Washington, D.C: The Office, 1986.
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Office, General Accounting. Post-hospital care: Efforts to evaluate Medicare prospective payment effects are insufficient : report to the Chairman, Special Committee on Aging, United States Senate. Washington, D.C: The Office, 1986.
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United, States Congress House Committee on Post Office and Civil Service Subcommittee on Census Statistics and Postal Personnel. Review of major Census Bureau programs in 1993: Hearing before the Subcommittee on Census, Statistics, and Postal Personnel of the Committee on Post Office and Civil Service, House of Representatives, One Hundred Third Congress, first session, Tuesday, March 2, 1993. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 1993.
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United States. General Accounting Office., a cura di. Sex discrimination: Agencies' handling of sexual harassment and related complaints : statement by Richard C. Stiener, Director, Office of Special Investigations, before the Subcommittee on Oversight and Investigations, Committee on Post Office and Civil Service, House of Representatives. [Washington, D.C.]: The Office, 1994.
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Stiener, Richard C. Sex discrimination: Agencies' handling of sexual harassment and related complaints : statement by Richard C. Stiener, Director, Office of Special Investigations, before the Subcommittee on Oversight and Investigations, Committee on Post Office and Civil Service, House of Representatives. [Washington, D.C.]: The Office, 1994.
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Services, United States Congress Senate Committee on Armed. Hearing on National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2012 and oversight of previously authorized programs before the Committee on Armed Services, House of Representatives, One Hundred Twelfth Congress, first session: Full committee hearing on fiscal year 2012 national defense authorization budget requests for U.S. European Command, U.S. Southern Command, and U.S. Northern Command, hearing held March 30, 2011. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 2011.
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United States. Congress. House. Committee on Veterans' Affairs. Subcommittee on Health. Status of Department of Veterans Affairs post-traumatic stress disorder programs: Hearing before the Subcommittee on Health of the Committee on Veterans' Affairs, House of Representatives, One Hundred Eighth Congress, second session, March 11, 2004. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 2005.
Cerca il testo completoCapitoli di libri sul tema "United States. Post-War Programs Committee"
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Luke, Christina. "Open Intelligence". In A Pearl in Peril, 78–108. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190498870.003.0004.
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From the League of Nations’ International Committee on Intellectual Cooperation (ICIC) to the urban and rural planning of Le Corbusier and his colleagues, governments explored modernist templates and programs of social engineering, such as those presented in the Russian five-year plans and the United States Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA). In this chapter, I investigate interwar and Cold War heritage through the lens of Izmir’s Kültürpark and the technopolitics of the Aegean-TVA. Grafted onto the face of the Gediz basin, the industrial heritage of the Demirköprü hydroelectric dam and irrigation infrastructure represents a window into the strategic nature of US foreign assistance to Turkey. Pivotal figures such as Ismet Inönü, Fezvi Lufti Karaosmanoğlu and Süleyman Demirel are discussed, as is the American consulting firm Tippetts, Abbett, McCarthy, and Stratton (TAMS).
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Casavantes Bradford, Anita. "Collateral Humanitarianism". In Suffer the Little Children, 39–69. University of North Carolina Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5149/northcarolina/9781469669175.003.0003.
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This chapter explores the period between 1940 and 1945, when the non-sectarian childsaving coalition brought together by the failed campaign for the Wagner Rogers Bill rebranded as the United States Committee for the Care of European Children in order to bring British children to the US after Britain’s entry into the war. Buoyed by overwhelming public support, USCOM’s leaders would establish a new working relationship with the federal government to facilitate the children’s admission; still deeply concerned with the ongoing threat to European Jewish children, they would also seek to use policies, programs, and procedures developed to accommodate British children to continue bringing a limited number of Jewish children to the US during and after World War II. However, to maintain their privileged relationship with the US government, USCOM was compelled to work within the confines of an extraordinarily strict immigration policy, adapting its efforts in ways that served foreign policy and domestic political interests at the expense of children’s needs. In doing so, they ended up practicing a ‘collateral humanitarianism’ that produced ambivalent good for a small number of children, while excluding many of the most desperately needy children from receiving shelter and care in the US.
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Field, Alexander J. "What Kind of Miracle Was the U.S. Synthetic Rubber Program?" In The Economic Consequences of U.S. Mobilization for the Second World War, 70–143. Yale University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.12987/yale/9780300251029.003.0003.
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This chapter evaluates the U.S. Synthetic Rubber Program, which was designed as a response to the loss of Southeast Asian rubber imports during World War II. The initiative was hampered both by flawed design and by prewar denialism that the United States would or should become involved in the war, which led to delays in facilities construction. The U.S. Synthetic Rubber Program started late, failed to meet production targets before the last quarter of 1943, produced an imperfect substitute for natural rubber, and involved hundreds of millions of dollars of unnecessary expenditure. In the wake of a politicized battle over what feedstock should be used in the program, and after his veto of the Rubber Supply Act of 1942, President Roosevelt appointed a committee and instructed it to examine the perilous economic, military, and political situation in which the country then found itself. The chapter then discusses the crisis that brought the committee into existence and the substance of its September 1942 Report of the Rubber Survey Committee, referred to as the Survey Committee Report. It looks at the attempts to develop alternative plant-based sources of latex; the program's emphasis on petroleum; and the nationwide program of gas rationing to save rubber.
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Parshall, Karen Hunger. "Waging War". In The New Era in American Mathematics, 1920-1950, 339–96. Princeton University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691197555.003.0008.
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This chapter follows American mathematicians as they first mobilized for and then actively engaged in the war effort. It analyzes the creation of a new program of advanced instruction and research in mechanics that aimed, once and for all, to begin to fill the United States' institutional lacuna in applied mathematics. The chapter also looks at how mathematicians at Brown University engaged in teaching relatively elementary mathematics to the country's Armed Forces. Others contributed to the solution of specific problems posed by the military in contexts such as the Ballistics Research Laboratory; the Applied Mathematics Panel of the National Defense Research Committee with its pockets of expertise; Eighth Army's Operations Research Service; and the Manhattan Project. As they engaged in this war work, the chapter argues that mathematicians also managed to sustain their research momentum and other professional activities.
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Moffett, Luke. "Reparations in Contemporary International Law". In Reparations and War, 97—C4N219. Oxford University PressOxford, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192865588.003.0005.
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Abstract Since the Second World War, reparations have become a mainstay in international law. This chapter discusses some of the international legal frameworks and reparations measures made at the United Nations (UN) and in state practice. This includes the laws around resorting to force and waging an aggressive war under jus ad bellum, international humanitarian law, and international human rights law. Despite the progress being made in recognizing reparations under international law for violations committed during war, there are still significant gaps, exclusions, and limitations with regards to the extent of the right to reparation, in particular under the laws of war. While there are emerging developments in international criminal law, this chapter focuses on the more substantive areas of international law that are more often invoked in addressing the question of reparations.
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Wellman, Kathleen. "Evil Abroad and at Home". In Hijacking History, 247–68. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197579237.003.0016.
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This chapter revisits the Cold War world, divided between capitalists and communists, a conflict that these curricula cast as a good-versus-evil morality play. American evangelicals allied with the Republican Party. They connected religion and corporate capitalism and rejected Democrats as New Deal socialists. These curricula praise Joseph McCarthy’s campaign to root out communism in the United States and condemn internationalism, especially the United Nations, as fostering a totalitarian, one-world government. They see the United States’ wars in Korea and Vietnam as insufficiently committed to the fight against communism. These textbooks weigh whether other nations developed collective political actions or social welfare programs; they deplore both as socialism or incipient communism. Decolonization made new parts of the world ripe for American capitalism or Soviet communism. They and their leaders were good or evil depending on whether they subscribed to the agenda of Christian conservatives.
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Guldi, Jo. "China and the Battle over Memory". In The Long Land War, 229–57. Yale University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.12987/yale/9780300256680.003.0009.
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This chapter discusses China and its grand schemes of the twentieth century, wherein land redistribution had a bipolar nature. Sun Yat-sen's promises of land redistribution were fated never to pass, but the early land redistribution projects begun by the Chinese Communist Party in the 1940s were voluntary and were successful by almost any measure. The chapter examines how Mao Zedong's Great Leap Forward committed the nation to a rapid program of industrialization and urbanization, resulting in one of the worst famines in human history and marked by 12–38 million deaths. It looks at stories that circulated about China that would shape how the leadership of world powers interpreted the course of contemporary events. In the United States, anti-communist campaigners would be increasingly mobilized by reports of Chinese violence, fearing that the violent phase of land reform presaged an epoch of anarchy and slaughter around the world.
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Allen, Lori. "Palestine, the Third World, and the UN as Seen from a Special Commission". In Land of Blue Helmets. University of California Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/california/9780520286931.003.0003.
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This chapter examines the United Nations's engagement with Palestine through its Special Committee to Investigate Israeli Practices Affecting the Human Rights of the Population of the Occupied Territories (“Special Committee”) in a broader Third World context of “global war against the forces of imperialism and neo-imperialism.” It first discusses the history of Palestinian commitment to UN special commissions as a means to the just resolution of the conflict with Israel before turning to the symbolic aspects of UN politics. It then provides a background on the UN Special Committee, whose stated mission was to investigate human rights violations in the Occupied Palestinian Territory. In particular, it considers the key challenges faced by the committee, such as the refusal of the government of Israel to cooperate with it. The chapter suggests that UN special commissions came and went in Palestine, but little progress was made in terms of an emancipatory politics.
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Woods, Randall B. "Fulbright Internationalism". In The Legacy of J. William Fulbright, 19–31. University Press of Kentucky, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5810/kentucky/9780813177700.003.0002.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
For decades after World War II, Senator J. William Fulbright was one of the most influential foreign policy thinkers in the United States. Especially given the importance of the eponymous academic exchange program he founded, he is often held as an avatar of the midcentury American liberal internationalist philosophy that undergirded postwar US foreign policy. From his early notoriety as a leading foreign policy spokesperson to his long-standing perch as chairman of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, he helped carve out an active role for the United States in the world and an approach that defined American global hegemony. His views were not consistent over time, however, and he would undergo a long period of evolution. Starting out during the war as an early advocate of a “one-world” approach to global cooperationalism, he would become by the Vietnam era a critic of many of the liberal assumptions that he had famously championed. His career thus represents not only key consistencies in US postwar foreign policy but many of the fundamental internal contradictions that bipartisan consensus had disguised for many years.
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Tromly, Benjamin. "The Real Anti-Soviet Russians?" In Cold War Exiles and the CIA, 217–40. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198840404.003.0009.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Chapter 9 examines Soviet defectors, citizens who fled Soviet rule, with a focus on Germany. The United States developed elaborate programs to utilize defectors as sources of unattainable information about the enemy, as recruits for psychological warfare or espionage operations, and as symbols of Western superiority in the clash of ideological systems. This chapter draws on previously unused sources to draw a collective portrait of Soviet defectors. Rather than committed cold warriors, most defectors were low-level soldiers or personnel who fled the Soviet bloc for non-political reasons and then experienced an isolated and fearful existence in West Germany. They constituted an unreliable cohort in American political-warfare efforts, as shown by the history of TsOPE, the CIA’s defector organization. They were also a problematic addition to the Russian political exiles in Germany, as the defectors blended into and even encouraged the internecine conflict that was the norm in Russian diaspora politics.
Atti di convegni sul tema "United States. Post-War Programs Committee"
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Watkins, Tom, Jeyhun Najafov, Edward K. Watson e Silviu Livescu. "Novel Carbon Reduction Calculations for Fracturing Completions Using Sleeves and Darts". In Offshore Technology Conference. OTC, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4043/32590-ms.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Abstract Hydraulic fracturing is credited with making the United States immune to global energy disruptions and giving it one of the lowest electricity and fuel costs of all OECD nations. So important is fracturing that by 2015, more than two-thirds of all natural gas and more than one-half of all oil produced in the US came from fracturing (Energy Central 2018). One estimation is that electricity costs would be 31% higher, and motor fuel prices would be 43% greater without fracturing (Aardvark Packers 2019). Most fracturing uses the "Plug-and-Perf" method, where a wireline is used to plug a production well and position a perforating gun into the desired location to initiate fractures into the rock formation. This is then followed by pumping fracturing fluid to produce the fracture network that drains the reservoir's target zone. A key problem is greenhouse gas emissions (GHG), also known as CO2-equivalent [CO2e] emissions, during the fracturing completion stage. This is because the machinery used to position the plugs and perforation guns, the post-frac work such as milling out the plugs, and the additional pumped water used in the pumpdown process require the combustion of diesel fuel, which produces GHG. However, diesel combustion during completions is not the only source of GHG. To credibly quantify the amount of GHG produced due to completions, a cradle-to-grave assessment is needed. This includes considering the diesel GHG impact during: Upstream operations (exploration and production), Midstream operations (surface processing and transport to the refinery inlet), Downstream operations (refinery production and the delivery of the diesel to the bulk terminal storage), and Delivery from the bulk terminal to the machinery on the well pad. But this is not all. The plug-and-perf equipment also have a cradle-to-grave GHG effect – the mineral extraction and refining, production and assembly, testing and storage, packaging and transportation, handling and operation, and equipment end-of-life – all generate GHG. This paper attempts to quantify the direct and indirect amounts of GHG associated with the plug-and-perf fracturing completion stage of one horizontal well while acknowledging that it is not possible to come up with a figure that takes all factors into account since the oil and gas industry is only at the initial stages of identifying and reporting the product carbon footprint (PCF) of all equipment and products associated with the industry. However, this attempt is very valuable, as the authors hope this study will trigger other researchers to quantify GHG for all oil and gas operations. The point this paper makes is that steps must be taken wherever possible to lower GHG given the severe impact of Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) on the oil and gas industry, where capital for projects becomes expensive or even nonexistent. Identifying areas of improvement can have an outsized impact on the success and even survival of a company, given current financial and regulatory trends. For instance, HSBC announced in December 2022 that it would no longer finance new oil and gas fields to pressure the industry to decarbonize (Yahoo Finance 2022). HSBC now joins Lloyds, Bank of America, Citi, JPMorgan Chase, Morgan Stanley, Goldman Sachs, Wells Fargo, and other Net-Zero Banking Alliance members committed to a carbon-neutral future. Since the Glasgow Financial Alliance for Net Zero started on April 21, 2021, its members now represent 41% of global banking assets or $73 trillion (UN Environment Programme 2023). Given the ESG and the decarbonization challenges, this paper introduces a sleeve-and-dart solution to replace plug-and-perf that can reduce a company's GHG emissions by 95% for the first well and 76-77% for the second to fiftieth wells during the pumpdown period. For companies who prefer to continue using plug-and-perf, it identifies areas where significant CO2e reductions are possible.
Rapporti di organizzazioni sul tema "United States. Post-War Programs Committee"
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Barton, Frederick D. Testimony: Statement of Frederick D. Barton, Senior Fellow and Director, Post-Conflict Reconstruction Project, Center for Strategic and International Studies, before the Committee on Foreign Relations, United States Senate on Accelerating Economic Progress in Iraq"". Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, luglio 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada438876.
Testo completo
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Lazonick, William, Philip Moss e Joshua Weitz. The Unmaking of the Black Blue-Collar Middle Class. Institute for New Economic Thinking Working Paper Series, maggio 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36687/inetwp159.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
In the decade after the Civil Rights Act of 1964, African Americans made historic gains in accessing employment opportunities in racially integrated workplaces in U.S. business firms and government agencies. In the previous working papers in this series, we have shown that in the 1960s and 1970s, Blacks without college degrees were gaining access to the American middle class by moving into well-paid unionized jobs in capital-intensive mass production industries. At that time, major U.S. companies paid these blue-collar workers middle-class wages, offered stable employment, and provided employees with health and retirement benefits. Of particular importance to Blacks was the opening up to them of unionized semiskilled operative and skilled craft jobs, for which in a number of industries, and particularly those in the automobile and electronic manufacturing sectors, there was strong demand. In addition, by the end of the 1970s, buoyed by affirmative action and the growth of public-service employment, Blacks were experiencing upward mobility through employment in government agencies at local, state, and federal levels as well as in civil-society organizations, largely funded by government, to operate social and community development programs aimed at urban areas where Blacks lived. By the end of the 1970s, there was an emergent blue-collar Black middle class in the United States. Most of these workers had no more than high-school educations but had sufficient earnings and benefits to provide their families with economic security, including realistic expectations that their children would have the opportunity to move up the economic ladder to join the ranks of the college-educated white-collar middle class. That is what had happened for whites in the post-World War II decades, and given the momentum provided by the dominant position of the United States in global manufacturing and the nation’s equal employment opportunity legislation, there was every reason to believe that Blacks would experience intergenerational upward mobility along a similar education-and-employment career path. That did not happen. Overall, the 1980s and 1990s were decades of economic growth in the United States. For the emerging blue-collar Black middle class, however, the experience was of job loss, economic insecurity, and downward mobility. As the twentieth century ended and the twenty-first century began, moreover, it became apparent that this downward spiral was not confined to Blacks. Whites with only high-school educations also saw their blue-collar employment opportunities disappear, accompanied by lower wages, fewer benefits, and less security for those who continued to find employment in these jobs. The distress experienced by white Americans with the decline of the blue-collar middle class follows the downward trajectory that has adversely affected the socioeconomic positions of the much more vulnerable blue-collar Black middle class from the early 1980s. In this paper, we document when, how, and why the unmaking of the blue-collar Black middle class occurred and intergenerational upward mobility of Blacks to the college-educated middle class was stifled. We focus on blue-collar layoffs and manufacturing-plant closings in an important sector for Black employment, the automobile industry from the early 1980s. We then document the adverse impact on Blacks that has occurred in government-sector employment in a financialized economy in which the dominant ideology is that concentration of income among the richest households promotes productive investment, with government spending only impeding that objective. Reduction of taxes primarily on the wealthy and the corporate sector, the ascendancy of political and economic beliefs that celebrate the efficiency and dynamism of “free market” business enterprise, and the denigration of the idea that government can solve social problems all combined to shrink government budgets, diminish regulatory enforcement, and scuttle initiatives that previously provided greater opportunity for African Americans in the government and civil-society sectors.