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1
Jaremko, Christina. "Union of Soviet Socialist Republics". Ethnomusicology 29, n. 1 (1985): 153. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/852345.
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Melkonyan, Ashot A., Karen H. Khachatryan e Igor V. Kryuchkov. "Проблемы советского национально-государственного строительства (историко-критический анализ на примере Армении)". Oriental studies 16, n. 2 (1 giugno 2023): 340–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.22162/2619-0990-2023-66-2-340-352.
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Introduction. Throughout the shaping of the Soviets, the Armenian nation passed its historical way of development as a union member and grew to be administratively represented by two Soviet Armenian ethnic entities — the Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic (ranked a union republic) and Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast (a territory within the Azerbaijan SSR). The First Republic was established in late May 1918 to be replaced by the Second Republic, or Soviet Armenia, in early December 1920. In 1920–1922, the latter was officially referred to as ‘independent Socialist Soviet Republic of Armenia’, and then as a territory within the Transcaucasian Soviet Federation (1922–1936) and the Soviet Union (1936–1991). After Transcaucasian Federation was abolished in 1936, Soviet Armenia was incorporated into the USSR as a self-sufficient union republic under the name Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic. Goals. The study seeks to show the process of nation-state building in the USSR through the example of Armenia. Materials and methods. The article analyzes archival materials represented by official documents and acts dealing with Soviet nation-state building, as well as collections of laws and party decrees. The main research methods employed are the historical/comparative and historical/genetic ones. Results. Soviet Armenia within the USSR, as well as other Soviet republics and autonomies, was no independent state in the conventional sense, but at the same time it was endowed with many attributes and symbols of statehood. Finally, it was Soviet Armenia that — for first time in the history of Armenian statehood — obtained its own Constitution. Conclusions. Soviet Armenia was a nation in the unified Soviet state, and in the conditions of seven decades of unlimited power of the Communist Party preserved and developed the Armenian Soviet statehood to a maximum possible then and there. Most Armenian historians believe the present-day independent Third Republic would never have emerged (since 1991) but for the period of Soviet Armenia.
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Lubkov, Alexey, e Mikhail Novikov. "Soviet aid to the Communist Party of China in 1937—1945". OOO "Zhurnal "Voprosy Istorii" 2022, n. 7-2 (1 luglio 2022): 31–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.31166/voprosyistorii202207statyi50.
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The publication deals with issues related to the support of the leadership of the Soviet Union and the Comintern to the Communist Party of China in the period from autumn 1937 to autumn 1945 in violation of confidential agreements accompanying the NonAggression Treaty between the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics and the Republic of China dated August 21, 1937.
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Wiedlack, Katharina. "A feminist becoming? Louise Thompson Patterson’s and Dorothy West’s sojourn in the Soviet Union". Feminismo/s, n. 36 (3 dicembre 2020): 103. http://dx.doi.org/10.14198/fem.2020.36.05.
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This article follows the socialist activist Louise Thompson (later Patterson) and the writer Dorothy West on their infamous journey to Soviet Russia to shoot a film about North American anti-Black racism in 1932. The film about the US history of racial oppression was ultimately never made, but the women stayed in the Soviet Union for several months, travelling to the Soviet republics, meeting famous Soviets, and experiencing Soviet modernization. Looking at the travel writings, correspondence, and memoirs of Thompson and West through the lens of intersectionality, this article analyses the women’s distinctly gendered experiences and their experience of socialist women’s liberation movements. It argues that a close reading of the literary writing, travel notes, letters, and memoirs and their biographical trajectories after they returned to the United States reveals how their experiences in the Soviet Union created a feminist consciousness within the two women that crucially altered their political and personal views of Black women’s agency and significantly altered their life trajectories.
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Wiedlack, Katharina. "A feminist becoming? Louise Thompson Patterson’s and Dorothy West’s sojourn in the Soviet Union". Feminismo/s, n. 36 (3 dicembre 2020): 103. http://dx.doi.org/10.14198/2020.36.05.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
This article follows the socialist activist Louise Thompson (later Patterson) and the writer Dorothy West on their infamous journey to Soviet Russia to shoot a film about North American anti-Black racism in 1932. The film about the US history of racial oppression was ultimately never made, but the women stayed in the Soviet Union for several months, travelling to the Soviet republics, meeting famous Soviets, and experiencing Soviet modernization. Looking at the travel writings, correspondence, and memoirs of Thompson and West through the lens of intersectionality, this article analyses the women’s distinctly gendered experiences and their experience of socialist women’s liberation movements. It argues that a close reading of the literary writing, travel notes, letters, and memoirs and their biographical trajectories after they returned to the United States reveals how their experiences in the Soviet Union created a feminist consciousness within the two women that crucially altered their political and personal views of Black women’s agency and significantly altered their life trajectories.
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Frenkel, William G. "Union of Soviet Socialist Republics: Law on Cooperatives". International Legal Materials 28, n. 3 (maggio 1989): 719–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020782900021902.
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Saidov, Shavkat J. "SCIENTIFIC, THEORETICAL AND METHODOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF THE RESEARCH OF KHOREZM-RUSSIAN RELATIONS IN THE SOVIET ERA (XIX CENTURY AND THE FIRST HALF OF THE XX CENTURY)". American Journal of Social Science and Education Innovations 6, n. 4 (1 aprile 2024): 38–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.37547/tajssei/volume06issue04-06.
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This article is dedicated to studying the scientific-theoretical and methodological aspects of bilateral relations during the historical period from the early 19th century to the first quarter of the 20th century between the Khiva Khanate and the Russian Empire (1806-1917), the Provisional Government (March-October 1917), the Soviet state (1917-1920), and the Khorezm People's Soviet Republic (KPSR) with the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (RSFSR) and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) (1920-1924) in the historiography of the Soviet period. The author attempts to illuminate the scientific-theoretical and methodological aspects of studies conducted during the Soviet era on international relations and foreign policy, based on the "class" approach and commissioned historical research.
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Lityński, Adam. "Ukraina na drodze do suwerenności. Uwagi historyka prawa. Recenzja: A. Olechno, Ewolucja konstytucyjnych podstaw systemu rządów Ukrainy, Białystok 2019, ss. 290". Miscellanea Historico-Iuridica 20, n. 2 (2021): 233–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.15290/mhi.2021.20.02.13.
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The author deals with the history of the formation of a sovereign state – Ukraine in the twentieth century. The author begins with the activities of Ukrainians after the Russian Revolution of 1917. Among Ukrainian politicians, there were different ideas: autonomy within the Federation Republic of Russia or as a sovereign state. The idea of fighting for a sovereign Ukraine was prevalent. Simon Petlura was the main proponent of this direction. Territorial affairs were very contentious. Which country should compose a sovereign Ukraine in the future? In this matter, the Ukrainians came into conflict with all their neighbours. Thus, the Ukrainians were almost in a siege. Between 1918 and 1920 the Ukrainians fought the most serious battles against the Russian Bolsheviks. In Ukraine there was also a civil war with the Ukrainian Bolsheviks. At that time Simon Petlura allied himself with Poland against the Russian Bolsheviks. The Ukrainian people did not support this alliance. Ukraine was conquered by Bolshevik Russia. For several decades, Ukraine became one of the republics of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. As you know, the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics – contrary to its name – was a centralised state in which terror prevailed for decades. In 1991 – under Michael Gorbachev – Ukraine was one of the republics of the USSR that left the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics fastest. For the first time in its history, Ukraine became a sovereign state.
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Triggs, Gillian. "Asian Nations in Transition to Market Economies and the World Trade Organisation: The Shrimp Case". International Journal of Legal Information 28, n. 2 (2000): 336–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0731126500009124.
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Since the late 1970's the Asian region has witnessed the paradox of socialist nations moving to market or “capitalist” economies. The experiment began with economic reforms in the People's Republic of China (PRC), spreading to the Soviet Union in 1985 with the adoption ofperestroika, to Viet Nam underdoi moiin 1986 and since then to the former republics of the Soviet Union after the ‘cold war’ in 1991. There are now nine countries in transition in the Asian region; the PRC, Viet Nam, Cambodia, Lao PDR, Mongolia, Myanmar, Kazakstan, Krygyz Republic and Uzbekistan.
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Spytska, Liana. "Prohibition in the USA, the USSR, and the UAE: Ideological and Procedural Differences, Causes of Failures or Successes". Novum Jus 17, n. 3 (15 settembre 2023): 67–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.14718/novumjus.2023.17.3.3.
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This study is relevant in light of a thorough investigation of alcohol control and prohibition in the United States of America, the United Arab Emirates, and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. In order to establish the causes of their successes or failures on the matter it is necessary to analize experiences in the regulation of alcohol abuse and consumption in the modern world, as well as ideological and procedural differences in alcohol control campaigns. The purpose of this study is to investigate the features of the introduction of prohibition in the United States of America, the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics and the United Arab Emirates, looking to establish and interpret the results of their anti-alcohol campaigns. A wide array of methods were used to carry out the investigation, such as: dialectical method; formalisation; cognitive method; formal-legal method; hermeneutical method; logical-legal method; systemic method; structural-functional method; axiomatic method; method of induction and deduction; and method of analysis and synthesis. The study analysed various anti-alcohol campaigns; established the background to the introduction of Prohibition in the United States of America, the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics and the United Arab Emirates; assessed the main successes and failures of Prohibition; identified reasons for the repeal of alcohol bans; and highlighted differences between the various anti-alcohol campaigns in the United States of America,the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics and the United Arab Emirates. The findings include: a definition ofthe phenomenon of “prohibition” itself, and what preceded it; a study of the anti-alcohol campaign in the United States and the consequences arising from the introduction of Prohibition; an examination of thenature of alcohol restrictions and bans in the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics and the many failures ofGorbachev's anti-alcohol campaign; and a study of the reasons for keeping alcohol restrictions in the United Arab Emirates. The provisions enshrined in this article are of practical value primarily to government officials whose responsibilities include campaigning against alcohol and its effects on law enforcement, economic policy, regulatory entities and other spheres of public life.
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Cutter, Zdzisław. "Deportations and distribution of Polish citizens of the Mosaic faith in the territories of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics in 1939-1943". Scientific Journal of the Military University of Land Forces 198, n. 4 (15 dicembre 2020): 749–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0014.5857.
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The presented article addresses the history of the Second Polish Republic’s political relations with the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics in 1939-1943. The study aims to characterize the mass deportations and the distribution of Polish citizens in the territory of the Soviet Union, with emphasis on the population of the Mosaic faith. The statistical method was used to analyze and assess the fundamental issues related to the exploration of the Jewish population against the background of the national structure of Poland in the years 1918-1939, mass deportations of the people of the Eastern Borderlands by the Soviet authorities in 1940-1941, and the areas of the Soviet state where people from the occupied territories of the Second Polish Republic were deployed. The substantive considerations also indicated that mass deportation actions and everyday life on “inhuman land” reached not only Poles but also Polish citizens of the Mosaic faith.
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Zinoviev, Vasily P. "A chronicle of state associations on the territory of Russia during the Revolution and the Civil War (1917-1922)". Vestnik Tomskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta, n. 482 (2023): 104–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.17223/15617793/482/11.
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The article analyzes the collapsing of the Russian Empire and the formation of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. The process is presented as a chronicle of the creation and liquidation of state formations from 28 February 1917 to 30 December 1922 on the territory of the country, including Poland, Finland and the territories of Turkey and Austria, where Russian troops were stationed. The chronicle records the formation of 150 different authorities that claimed to be all-Russian or regional power, organized by Russian political forces or interventionist troops. The chronicle is based on information from encyclopedias and reference books. Statistics on the creation of organizations show that state construction was most intensive in 1917 (24 new formations were created), 1918 (60), and 1918 (22). During this three-year period, Anti-Bolshevik forces were more active than others and formed 50 governments, interventionists formed 17 governments, the Soviet authorities established 31 states. Some governments claimed the all-Russian status -- the Omsk government of Alexander Kolchak, the Special Meeting of Anton Denikin, the Government of the South of Russia of Pyotr Wrangel. The governments of the RSFSR, Ukraine, Belarus, Lithuania, Finland, Poland, Latvia, Estonia, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Armenia, Khiva and Bukhara had nationwide claims. Most of the governments were regional and opportunistic, formed by local political and military circles, which were supported by the Whites, the Reds, or the interventionists. In 1920-1922, anti-Soviet forces were able to organize 4 governments, the interventionists 1, the construction of Soviet state structures was confidently underway = 32 states of different levels and 3 democratic state structures were created in the Far East under the control of the Bolsheviks. The result of state construction on 30 December 1922 recorded 7 sovereign states (USSR, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, the Tannu-Tuva People's Republic) and two governments without territory - the Belarusian People's Republic and the Karelian United government in Vyborg. The Soviet Union was a unique, extremely complex state entity: it included 4 union republics - the RSFSR, the Transcaucasian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic, the Ukrainian SSR, the Belarusian SSR. The Transcaucasian SFSR consisted of the Azerbaijani SSR, the Armenian SSR and the union of the Georgian SSR and the Abkhaz SSR. In addition, formally, the Soviet Union did not include two People's Soviet republics - Bukhara and Khorezm, with which the RSFSR had union treaties. The USSR included 2 labor communes, 8 autonomous republics and 12 autonomous regions. The basis of Soviet state-building was the principle of national self-determination. The Soviet experience of assembling a single state is now in demand again due to the growth of nationalism on the territory of the former USSR and the desire of Russia's geopolitical opponents to use it to destroy the country and seize its resources.
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Golichenkov, Aleksander. "The Legislation of the USSR and the RSFSR on Natural Resources and on Nature Protection in 1982—1985: Its State and Main Development Features". ISTORIYA 14, n. 10 (132) (2023): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.18254/s207987840028516-6.
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The article is devoted to the legislation of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics and the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic on natural resources and on nature protection in 1982—1985. Based on the analysis of normative legal acts and other documents adopted during this period, a description of its state and main development features is given. The article is dedicated to the 270th anniversary of Lomonosov Moscow State University. It was prepared using the Consultant Plus legal information system.
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Topolski, Patryk. "Wpływ zimnej wojny na ukształtowanie i rozwój międzynarodowego prawa kosmicznego". Miscellanea Historico-Iuridica 21, n. 2 (2022): 317–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.15290/mhi.2022.21.02.14.
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The beginning of the Cold War took place with the collapse of the anti-Hitler coalition in 1945, and the conflict itself lasted until the collapse and disintegration of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics in 1991. The Cold War arms race was a manifestation of the multifaceted rivalry between East and West. One sphere of conflict was the space race. The apogee of the space race occurred between 1957 and 1985. With the launch of the first artificial satellite “Sputnik 1” in 1957 by the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics into orbit around the Earth, efforts to conquer space began. The main research objective of this article is to answer the question of how the Cold War influenced the formation and development of international space law. The author will also provide answers to specific research questions, such as: How was the space policy of the United States of America and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics shaped during the Cold War? What legal matter was regulated in acts of international space law during the Cold War period? How did the norms and principles of international space law introduced during the Cold War period affect relations between the United States of America and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics? To verify the main research objective and research questions, the author used the dogmatic-legal method to systematize the international legal norms governing space activity during the Cold War conflict. The main sources used in the article are the international conventions developed on the grounds of the United Nations, data containing summaries of the most important space missions in the period from 1957 to 1985, and the body of doctrine of international space law from the Cold War era.
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Altymyshova, Zuhra. "October Revolution and Soviet Class Struggle Policy in Kyrgyzstan". Central Asia 81, Winter (30 giugno 2018): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.54418/ca-81.100.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
In the middle of the XIX century, the territory of contemporary Kyrgyzstan was conquered by the Tsarist Russia. Later, in 1917, as a result of the October Revolution, the Tsarist regime was replaced by the Soviet rule. In the territory of Kyrgyzstan, it was established firstly in the southern and western regions of the country, such as Suluktu and Kyzyl-Kiya, Osh and Talas, where the largest industrial enterprises, mines, railway junctions and most of the workers and soldiers were concentrated. However, already by the mid 1918, the Soviet government managed to spread its power to the entire region of Kyrgyzstan.
In 1924, the Turkestan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, established on April 30, 1918, was reorganized into a new administrative division. As the part of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (RSFSR), on October 24, 1924 the Kara Kyrgyz Autonomous Region was formed. On May 25, 1925 the Kara Kyrgyz Autonomous Region was renamed into the Kyrgyz Autonomous Region. Then on February 01, 1926 it was restructured into the Kyrgyz Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic. On December 05, 1936 it became a separate constituent republic of the Union of the Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) known as the Kyrgyz Soviet Socialist Republic. Along with other 15 Soviet Socialist states, Kyrgyzstan had been the member of the USSR for about 70 years, from 1919 till 1991.
The current paper focuses on the processes of social transformation under the Soviet regime, especially the implementation of class struggle policy and its impact on Kyrgyzstan. In comparison with the interventions from the Tsarist Russia, the social transformation process undertaken under the Soviet system was quite different. In the territory of the Kyrgyz traditional society, the Tsarist Russia made only some social reorganization, but the Soviets brought radical changes in to the socio-political organizations of the Kyrgyz people. The paper seeks to understand how the Soviet Union tried to reconstruct the Kyrgyz society during the 1920s and 1930s. In addition, the paper will analyze the methods and mechanisms of the social transformation processes and the measures used by the Soviet government in their socio-political ‘battles’ against the local elites, and the influence of the new system on the existing socio-economic stratification in the context of the Kyrgyz society. During the Soviet period the prevalent scientific vision about the major historical events of the time was based on the Communist ideology. Therefore, the main aim of the paper is to analyze and describe an objective overview of the history of Soviet class struggle policy. The paper is based on the research of local archival documents, published sources and oral materials.
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Ushakov, I. B., A. A. Blaginin e S. I. Lustin. "To the 90th birthday of professor Stanislav Alekseevich Bugrov". Bulletin of the Russian Military Medical Academy 22, n. 2 (15 giugno 2020): 252–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/brmma50082.
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June 10, 2020 it is the 90th anniversary of the birth of major General of the medical service, doctor of medical Sciences, Professor, honored doctor of Russia, head of the State research and testing Institute of aviation and space medicine of the Ministry of defense of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (1984-1988), head of the air force aviation and space medicine service - Deputy head of the Central military medical Department of the Ministry of defense of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (1988-1991), Head of the faculty of training doctors for the Air force of the S.M. Kirov Military Medical Academy (from 1975 to 1982), Chairman of the State medical Commission for selection of cosmonauts, Chairman of the State Commission for the preparation and launch of a series of biosatellites Cosmos, co-chair of the subgroup Space medicine joint Soviet-American working group on space exploration (1988-1991), member of the International Academy of Astronautics, a member of the fighting in Afghanistan, Chevalier of the order of the red Star, For service to Motherland in the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics Armed forces III degree, and numerous medals, veteran of the Armed forces of the Russian Federation, honorary doctor of the State research and testing Institute of the Ministry of defense of the Russian Federation (aviation and space medicine) and honorary Professor of the Voronezh N.N. Burdenko state medical University.
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Hove, Mediel. "The Emergence of the New Cold War: The Syrian and Ukraine Conflicts". Jadavpur Journal of International Relations 20, n. 2 (dicembre 2016): 135–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0973598416680432.
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This article evaluates the emergence of the new Cold War using the Syrian and Ukraine conflicts, among others. Incompatible interests between the United States (US) and Russia, short of open conflict, increased after the collapse of the former Soviet Union. This article argues that the struggle for dominance between the two superpowers, both in speeches and deed, to a greater degree resembles what the world once witnessed before the collapse of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) in 1991. It asserts that despite the US’ unfettered power, after the fall of the Soviet Union, it is now being checked by Russia in a Cold War fashion.
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Reshetnikov, Vladimir, Evgeny Arsentyev, Sergey Bolevich, Yuriy Timofeyev e Mihajlo Jakovljević. "Analysis of the Financing of Russian Health Care over the Past 100 Years". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, n. 10 (24 maggio 2019): 1848. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16101848.
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H. R. H. "Editorial Note: “Mission Accomplished? Or a New Agenda?”". Nationalities Papers 20, n. 2 (1992): iii—iv. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00905999208408229.
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In 1989, with the start of this series—so many momentous events ago—there existed a Soviet Union and, within it, there had been Soviet republics (all socialist!). The entirety was imperially presided over by Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev, Chairman of the Communist Party and President of the USSR.
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Modest, Kolerov. "World Revolution Against Russia: the Factor of the Ukraine in the Cause of Russia Fragmentation for the Sake of World Soviet Republics (1923)". Almanac “Essays on Conservatism” 1, n. 2014 (28 febbraio 2024): 127–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.24030/24092517-2024-0-1-127-136.
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The history of Russia transforming into the USSR is the history of fragmentation of Russian into the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic and other union republics of the USSR initiated by the Bolsheviks on the basis of their doctrine. In other words, the history of the Bolshevik project of world revolution, or the World Soviet Republics, that was supposed to be realized in the world mosaic of ethno national states. This concept was clearly evident in the process of USSR Constitution preparation in 1924 (it came into force in 1923)
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Dudchenko, Oksana. "Constitutional and legal principles of formation of governance and governance of the Moldovan ASSR (1924–1940) as part of the Ukrainian USSR". Law Review of Kyiv University of Law, n. 4 (30 dicembre 2020): 52–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.36695/2219-5521.4.2020.07.
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The constitutional and legal basis for the establishment and functioning of state authorities and administration of the MoldavianAutonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (1924–1940) as a part of the Ukrainian Socialist Soviet Republic were analyzed in the article.The Constitution of the USSR of 1919 enshrined the system and powers of state authorities and administration of Soviet Ukraine.Amendments to the Constitution of the USSR in 1925. Reorganized it in accordance with the All-Union Constitution of 1924.An importantissue in the formation of Soviet Ukraine was the formation of the Moldavian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic. The systemof state authorities and administration of the Autonomous Moldavian Socialist Soviet Republic and their powers were determined byResolution of the IX All-Ukrainian Congress of Soviets “On Amendments to the Constitution of the Ukrainian Socialist Soviet Republic”№ 302 of May 10, 1925, the Constitution of the Autonomous Moldavian Socialist Republic. The Constitution of the USSR of 1929enshrined the system, powers and structure of state authorities and administration of the Autonomous Moldavian Socialist SovietRepublic: the Congress of Soviets of Moldova, the Central Executive Committee of Moldova, the Council of People’s Commissars ofthe USSR also regulated their relations with state authorities and administration of Soviet Ukraine. The Autonomous Soviet SocialistRepublic of Moldova had its permanent representative to the Council of People’s Commissars of the USSR, who had the right to anadvisory vote in all central bodies of Soviet Ukraine. Based on the analysis of normative legal acts of the USSR, the order of creationand powers of state authorities and administration of the Autonomous Moldavian Socialist Soviet Republic and their interaction withstate authorities and administration of Soviet Ukraine are studied. The law-making activity and types of normative-legal acts of theAutonomous Moldavian Socialist Soviet Republic and their place in the system of normative-legal acts of the USSR are characterized.
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Birn, Anne-Emanuelle, e Nikolai Krementsov. "‘Socialising’ primary care? The Soviet Union, WHO and the 1978 Alma-Ata Conference". BMJ Global Health 3, Suppl 3 (ottobre 2018): e000992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2018-000992.
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In September 1978, the WHO convened a momentous International Conference on Primary Health Care in Alma-Ata, capital of the Soviet republic of Kazakhstan. This unprecedented gathering signalled a break with WHO’s long-standing technically oriented disease eradication campaigns. Instead, Alma-Ata emphasised a community-based, social justice-oriented approach to health. Existing historical accounts of the conference, largely based on WHO sources, have characterised it as a Soviet triumph. Such reasoning, embedded in Cold War logic, contradicts both the decision-making processes in Geneva and Moscow that led the conference to be held in the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) and the reality that the highest Soviet authorities did not consider it a significant ideological or political opportunity. To redress the omissions and assumptions of prior accounts, this article examines the Alma-Ata conference in the context of Soviet political and health developments, drawing from Soviet archival and published sources as well as WHO materials and interviews with several key Soviet protagonists. We begin by outlining the USSR’s complicated relationship to WHO and the international health sphere. Next, we trace the genesis of the proposal for—and realisation and repercussions of—the primary healthcare (PHC) meeting, framed by Soviet, Kazakh, WHO and Cold War politics. Finally, we explore misjudgements and competing meanings of PHC from both Soviet and WHO perspectives, in particular focusing on the role of physicians, community participation and socialist approaches to PHC.
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Kamchybek uulu, Myrzabek. "SELF-UNDERSTANDING OF PERSONAL AND SOCIAL IDENTITY OF KYRGYZ PEOPLE DEPENDING ON SOCIO-DEMOGRAPHIC STATUS". Alatoo Academic Studies 22, n. 2 (30 giugno 2022): 288–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.17015/aas.2022.222.37.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
This article presents the results of a study of cultural and family socialization, which is certainly important for revealing the topic of self-understanding through the study of parents who lived in the Soviet period and their socialization. The study interviewed only adults of different age groups, including people who lived for a long time in the Kyrgyz Republic, which is part of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, and including a generation of young people who were born after the collapse of the Soviet Union and the independence of Kyrgyzstan. Thus, the temporal aspect and the aspect of cultural-family socialization were studied, which is certainly important for revealing the topic of self-understanding, namely, not through the study of parents and their teenage children, but due to the inclusion in a group of adults of different ages with different experiences of living under the socialist regime, which has a significant impact on both cultural and family socialization of Kyrgyz.
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Hasanova, Dilbarhon. "Teaching and learning English in Uzbekistan". English Today 23, n. 1 (gennaio 2007): 3–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266078407001022.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Only A couple of decades ago, few could imagine that one of the most powerful countries in the world – the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) – would collapse, and Russian – the most prestigious and predominant language of the Soviet people – would be overtaken by English, the language once considered ‘the language of Western imperialism’ (Dushku, 1998:372). Today, because of both its unique international role and the fall of the Iron Curtain, English has become the most popular foreign language taught in schools and other educational institutions in former Soviet republics. The present paper will focus on the teaching and learning of English in Uzbekistan – a Soviet republic until 1990. In addition, issues related to foreign-language curriculum innovations, to teacher training, and to teaching resources will be discussed.
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Chichinadze, B. "CHALLENGES AND PROSPECTS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF SELF-GOVERNMENTS IN POST- SOVIET REPUBLICS". Food Industry Economics 11, n. 3 (16 ottobre 2019): 73–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.15673/fie.v11i3.1470.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The article analyzes the situation with local self-government in the former Soviet republics, the path that they followed after gaining independence, information has been given on the socio-economic situation in local governments. The activities and plans of the central authorities of these countries for the nearest future have also been given. The implemented effective policy should guarantee the real development of local selfgovernment of the former Soviet republics. After the collapse of the Soviet Union, one of the most acute problems in the post-socialist republics was the formation and strengthening of local self-government.The situation in the former Soviet states , from the point of view of the development of local self-government, is almost identical (except are the Baltic republics).
26
Snapkouski, Uladzimir. "Cooperation of the USSR, the Ukrainian SSR and the Belarusian SSR in the UN during the Perestroika Period". Mìžnarodnì zv’âzki Ukraïni: naukovì pošuki ì znahìdki, n. 30 (1 novembre 2021): 113–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/mzu2021.30.113.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The article examines the main directions of activity and forms of interaction between the USSR, the Ukrainian SSR and the Belarusian SSR in the UN and its specialized institutions during the years of perestroika (1985 - 1991). To disclose the topic, materials from the journal “International Affair” were used (reviews of the USSR Ministry of Foreign Affairs on the foreign policy of the USSR, articles by the foreign ministers of the Union republics, primarily Ukraine and Belarus), book and journal publications of Union / Russian, Ukrainian and Belarusian scientists, documents of the United Nations and foreign policy of the USSR, the Ukrainian SSR and the Belarusian SSR. The author’s conscious emphasis on the union level reflects the real situation in relations between the Union Center and the republics in the Soviet federation during the perestroika period, when these relations rapidly evolved from the foreign policy dictate of the Center to greater autonomy of the republics in the international arena, which ultimately has led to the collapse of the USSR and the proclamation of independence all union republics. The article analyzes such issues as the new approach of the Soviet Union to the UN in the years of perestroika, the formation of new relations between the Union republics and the Center, diplomatic cooperation of Soviet delegations and representatives of socialist countries in the UN, Belarusian initiatives at the 45th session of the UN General Assembly (1990). During the years of perestroika, the Soviet leadership and the union Foreign Ministry did a tremendous job of clearing the rubble of the Cold War, developing broad international cooperation and integration the USSR into the world economy. The Belarusian and Ukrainian diplomatic services have made a significant contribution to this activity within the framework of the UN and its specialized agencies and have received much broader opportunities for realizing the national interests and needs of their peoples within the framework of radically renewed relations between the Union Center and the republics. The article is one of the first attempts in post-Soviet historiography to investigate the activities of the USSR, the Ukrainian SSR and the BSSR in the UN and its specialized institutions during the period of perestroika
27
Eremyan, Vitaliy V. "The Soviet Union as a composite state structure: education, development trends and causes of disintegration". RUDN Journal of Law 26, n. 4 (15 dicembre 2022): 747–807. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2313-2337-2022-26-4-747-807.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
This article is devoted to a critical comparative-legal analysis of the process of formation, development, transformation and disintegration of the first multinational political-territorial entity with a republican form of government of the “Soviet” type, which over time has become a clear example for such complex European states as Yugoslavia and Czechoslovakia. This theme is unique not only in terms of solving the ethnic issue, but also as the “model” of territorial structure since the basis of one federation, the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, formed another federation, the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, which integrated, along with traditional administrative units, national political-territorial entities in the form of autonomous republics, regions, and districts. The article emphasizes the fact that one of the consequences of the appearance on the political map of the Soviet Union, which defeated Nazi Germany and its numerous satellites in World War II, was not only the formation of “popular democracy” countries and the so-called “socialist camp” that existed for over forty years and represented a civilizational alternative to the capitalist path of social development, but also the collapse of the colonial system and acquisition of independence and sovereignty by the peoples inhabiting the regions of Africa, Asia, and the Middle East. The Soviet model of the state structure and democracy institutions as antipodes to bourgeois populism and liberal demagogy facilitated an accelerated transition from declarations of constituent and constitutional documents proclaiming human and civil rights and freedoms to their practical implementation in the economic and political sphere in countries that had associated themselves with Western-style democracy; it resulted in a more socially oriented role of state and its structures. The Soviet experience clearly demonstrates what real results the state and society can achieve in solving the women's issue, elimination of total illiteracy, and growth of the well-being of citizens. At the same time, manifestations of authoritarianism and totalitarianism that took place at certain stages reveal that the power mechanism was subject not only to voluntaristic tendencies or official personification, but also to relapses into a personality cult, one of the most negative consequences of state disintegration and local civil wars within its former territory.
28
Shailieva, M. M., e K. N. Sergeeva. "Machine-tool industry retrospective analysis in member countries of the Commonwealth of Independent States". UPRAVLENIE / MANAGEMENT (Russia) 11, n. 3 (18 ottobre 2023): 28–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.26425/2309-3633-2023-11-3-28-37.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The article examines the dynamics of machine tool production in the countries of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) and post-Soviet states from the standpoint of statistical science. In the course of the work a data was obtained, the tabular and graphical presentation of which made it possible to identify certain periods of time in the machine tool industry of the USSR and the Commonwealth of Independent States (including the Baltic states), characterized by different dynamics and production structure in individual states. The initial stage of development fell on the territory of modern Russia, but during the years of the existence of the USSR, a number of machine-tool industries were opened in the Union Republics. This gave impetus to industrial development on the periphery of the Soviet state, and by the time the domestic machine tool industry flourished in the late 1970s, the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic accounted for less than half of the all-Union output. However, after 1978 there was a significant decline in the dynamics of production in the industry. And after the collapse of the country there is almost complete destruction of the machine-tool industry on the territory of the countries of the former USSR. The results obtained in the course of the study can be useful in scientific and practical activities in assessing the current situation, as well as prospects for the production and consumption of machine tools in the countries of the Commonwealth of Independent States, including Ukraine and the Baltic states.
29
ALDIYAROVA, Aidana. "KAZAKHSTAN: A CASE STUDY IN STATE SUCCESSION TO INVESTMENT TREATIES". Public Administration and Civil Service, n. 3-78 (29 settembre 2021): 143–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.52123/1994-2370-2021-319.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Two arbitral cases were initiated against Kazakhstan on the basis of the 1989 Agreement between the Government of Canada and the Government of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics for the Promotion and Reciprocal Protection of Investments. The tribunal of the first case (World Wide Minerals v. Republic of Kazakhstan) determined that Kazakhstan was a legal successor to the Canada-USSR BIT and found breaches of fair and equitable treatment. While in the second case (Gold Pool Limited Partnership v. Republic of Kazakhstan) the tribunal rejected the claimant’s argument that the Canada-USSR BIT was applicable to Kazakhstan. Since the decisions in these two cases have not been published, there is currently speculation that investors from other states besides Canada can take advantage of the Soviet Union’s treaties, even if there is no treaty in force with Kazakhstan. Thus, the aim of this paper is to show the legal framework and practice for treaty-making related to investment in Kazakhstan both pre-and post- collapse of the Soviet Union. In particular, this paper examines the relevant international treaties, diplomatic notes, intergovernmental-level statements regarding the succession to the USSR treaties, and the USSR and Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic investment legislations. It also provides recommendations for the future development of state succession and investment treaties.
30
Kodan, Sergei Vladimirovich. "Fundamentals of the Legislation of the Union SSR and the Union Republics in the Centralization of the Legislative Space of the USSR (the Second Half of the 1950s - 1970s)". Юридические исследования, n. 1 (gennaio 2023): 22–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.25136/2409-7136.2023.1.39510.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The problem of centralization and formation of a single legislative space in the USSR was one of the directions of maintaining the unity of the Soviet Union state. Even during the creation and the first years of the RSFSR's existence in the first Soviet Federal Republic, this issue was among the priorities in the policy of the RCP (b) and the Soviet state, which considered the "revolutionary codification" of Soviet legalizations as the main means of forming "proletarian legality and law and order". Already the first codes of the RSFSR laid down a steady trend of using the systematization of legislation to create a single regulatory space in the conditions of the Soviet socialist federation. With the creation of the USSR in 1922, the issue of coordinating and ensuring the unity of legislative activity and legislation within the USSR was actualized due to the presence of their own legislation in the Union republics and the need to streamline approaches to legal regulation within the Union and republican legal space. In this regard, the second half of the 1950s was a period of increasing the level of legislative centralization through the use of the Fundamentals of the Legislation of the USSR and the Union Republics as an instrument of unification and the creation of single approaches to sectoral legal regulation in the USSR. The scientific novelty of the article is that the analysis of the phenomena under consideration and the main conclusions allow us to talk about a new stage in the creation of sufficiently effective mechanisms to ensure the unity of the legislative space as one of the main elements of the unity of the USSR as a federal state as a whole.
31
Samarukha, Viktor I., Aleksei V. Samarukha e Ivan V. Samarukha. "To the question of national, economic and financial security of Russia". Siberian Financial School, n. 3 (20 dicembre 2022): 5–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.34020/1993-4386-2022-3-5-14.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The article reveals the theoretical aspects of the national, economic and financial security of Russia before the Great October Socialist Revolution, in the period from the formation of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) to its collapse and in the period of the modern history of the Russian Federation. the author's position of the activation of the global geopolitical crisis and geo-economic crisis (caused by the creation of new geo-economic centers for the development of the world economy) is given, which is an objective reason for the redistribution of the world caused by the next phase of the reproductive crisis and the global financial crisis in the world economy. the role of finance in economic development and ensuring economic and financial security at different historical stages of Russia, the USSR and the Russian Federation is shown. It is concluded that in the conditions of the global monocentric model of the functioning of financial capital, led by the United States, the countries of the economic "periphery" are forced to bear losses due to the monopoly dictate of the world financial centers of emission (primarily the dollar and the euro). the reasons for the destruction of the USSR are formulated, the main of which is: the destruction of the country's national security system by the top leaders of the USSR, the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (RSFSR) and other union republics of the Soviet Union. the principled character of the Soviet leadership in conducting a sovereign, national monetary policy is shown. the creation by the global financial system of conditions for overproduction of two world fully unsecured currencies (the dollar and the euro) and the formation of the potential of the global financial crisis are argued.
32
Danielewski, Mateusz. "Polityka zagraniczna Związku Socjalistycznych Republik Radzieckich i Federacji Rosyjskiej wobec Koreańskiej Republiki Ludowo-Demokratycznej (1948–2016)". Poliarchia 5, n. 9 (25 gennaio 2019): 5–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.12797/poliarchia.05.2017.09.01.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Foreign Policy of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics and the Russian Federation toward the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea (1948–2016) Foreign relations between the Soviet Union and the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea (DPRK) during the Cold War were based on support of the North Korean regime and a distrustful attitude toward Kim Il‑sung, who remained neutral in the Soviet‑Chinese split. After the political transformation, the Russian Federation is pursuing pragmatic policy toward the DPRK. Moscow seeks to deepen economic cooperation in order to maintain security in Northeast Asia. The aim of this article is to analyse the USSR’s and Russia’s relations with the DPRK. The author describes events before, during and after the Cold War. The article draws attention to the extent to which national interests and the foreign policy of the Russian Federation coincide and differ from those pursued by the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea.
33
Chotiner, Barbara Ann. "The 1982 Reorganization of Agricultural Administration in the Soviet Union: The Role of the Communist Party in Agenda Setting". Carl Beck Papers in Russian and East European Studies, n. 907 (1 gennaio 1992): 58. http://dx.doi.org/10.5195/cbp.1992.107.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Soviet politics under Mikhail S. Gorbachev became the arena for wide-ranging institutional and policy change across a broad spectrum of issue areas. These alterations were supported and opposed by sometimes unpredictable coalitions; victories were engineered using novel as well as familiar techniques. As a consequence, there has often been a tendency to treat the political scene in the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) from March 1985 through August 1991 as almost sui generis. In many respects, the period of Gorbachev's General Secretaryship of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU) has been treated as the antithesis of the political regime during the so-called "era of stagnation" under Leonid I. Brezhnev.
34
Vartanian, Felix. "Continuing Medical Education in the Union of the Soviet Socialist Republics". JAMA 258, n. 10 (11 settembre 1987): 1358. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.1987.03400100092028.
Testo completo
35
Hoxha, Artan R. "From Missionaries of Socialism to Spies of Imperialism: The Shifting Position of Soviet Women in Communist Albania". Histories 1, n. 4 (27 ottobre 2021): 256–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/histories1040021.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
After the establishment of the communist regime in Albania, many Albanian students, mainly males, went to study in the Mecca of Revolution—the Union of Soviet Socialist Republic (USSR). Many of them fell in love there and married Soviet girls who returned with them to the tiny Balkan country to build socialism with their Albanian husbands. These women were considered as missionaries who were helping Albania to build a communist future. In 1960, however, their position changed when the Albanian leadership refused de-Stalinization and denounced the Soviet Union as an imperialist power. After Enver Hoxha’s split with Khrushchev, many Soviet women left Albania, but others decided to remain with their husbands in that country. Albanian authorities, considering Soviet women spies of the KGB (The Soviet Committee of State Security), persecuted many of them.
36
Iordanishvili, Andrey K. "Dental research carried out by the scientific academician, Fyodor Ivanovich Komarov". Russian Journal of Dentistry 25, n. 3 (19 aprile 2022): 287–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/1728-2802-2021-25-3-287-292.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
To date, the contributions of Professor F.I. Komarov and his students to the field of dentistry are little known to a wide range of doctors and teachers in medical universities across the country.
This paper summarizes the achievements of Professor Fedor Ivanovich Komarov, an outstanding scientist and clinician, veteran of the great Patriotic war, academic at the Russian Academy of Sciences, Hero of Socialist Labor, Laureate of the State Prize of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, honored scientist of Russia, doctor of medical sciences, General Colonel of medical services, and a forerunner of modern medicine on the occasion of the anniversary of his 100th birthday. As head of the central military medical department of the Ministry of Defense and Vice-President of the Academy of Medical Sciences of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, Professor F.I. Komarov made a significant contribution to the development of medical science and practical and military health care. This paper focus on his contributions to some of the lesser-known areas of research in the field of dentistry.
37
Mark, Rudolf A. "National Self-Determination, as Understood by Lenin and the Bolsheviks". Lithuanian Historical Studies 13, n. 1 (28 dicembre 2008): 21–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.30965/25386565-01301004.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The article gives an abridged introduction to the genesis of the term ‘right to self-determination’ from the mid-nineteenth century. It also illustrates the term’s usage before and after the Bolshevik Revolution. The right to self-determination played a crucial role in the political discourse of socialist parties in Central and Eastern Europe on the eve of World War One. The Bolsheviks made use of the term as a slogan to fight imperialism and to make non-Russian nationalities side with the Soviet project of establishing the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics.
38
Saidov, Ilkhomjon M. "PARTICIPATION OF UZBEK SOLDIERS IN THE LIBERATION OF THE BALTIC STATES". RSUH/RGGU Bulletin. Series Eurasian studies. History. Political science. International relations, n. 4 (2020): 69–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.28995/2686-7648-2020-4-69-75.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The article is devoted to the participation of natives of the Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic in the Baltic operation of 1944. The author states that Soviet historiography did not sufficiently address the problem of participation of individual peoples of the Soviet Union in the Great Patriotic War, and therefore their feat remained undervalued for a long time. More specifically, according to the author, 40–42% of the working age population of the Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic fought on the fronts of the Great Patriotic War. Such figure was typical only for a limited number of countries participating in the anti-fascist coalition. Analyzing the participation of Soviet Uzbekistan citizens in the battles for the Baltic States, the author shows that the 51st and 71st guards rifle divisions, which included many natives of the Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic, were particularly distinguished. Their heroic deeds were noted by the soviet leadership – a number of Uzbek guards were awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union. In addition, Uzbekistanis fought as part of partisan detachments – both in the Baltic States, Belarus, Ukraine, the Western regions of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic and Moldova. Many Uzbek partisans were awarded the medal “Partisan of the Patriotic War” of I and II degrees.
39
BĂNCILĂ, Andi Mihail. "TRANSNISTRIA FROM THE FORMATION OF THE MOLDAVIAN AUTONOMOUS SOVIET SOCIALIST REPUBLIC TO ITS INTEGRATION INTO THE MOLDAVIAN SOVIET SOCIALIST REPUBLIC (1924-1940)". Strategic Impact 85, n. 1 (8 giugno 2023): 122–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.53477/1842-9904-23-07.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The creation of autonomous regions on the territory of the union republics of the newly created Soviet state was a practice often used by the communist regime to resubordinate the provinces lost at the end of the First World War. In order to theoretically preserve the chance to integrate the former province of Bessarabia into the new empire during 1924, the new Kremlin leader Joseph Stalin decided to form a republic and a new people, the Moldavian SSR and the Moldavian people distinct from the Romanian one. This decision proved to be catastrophic for the Romanians living in Bessarabia over the next 100 years, who in this way could be forced to link their fate to Russia.
40
Gleason, Gregory. "National Self-Determination and Soviet Denouement". Nationalities Papers 20, n. 2 (1992): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00905999208408231.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
On the theatrical stage, the term “dénouement“ refers to the resolution of a dramatic complication. On the stage of world events, few historical periods can rival the present situation in the Soviet successor states for satisfying this definition more exactly. On December 21, 1991, eleven men—all, ironically, former communist party officials—signed an agreement in Alma-Ata, Kazakhastan, resolving that the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics “henceforth will cease to exist.” With this announcement, the “Soviet experiment” came to an end and a new world, inchoate and uncertain, began to emerge.
41
Zhang, Xiaoyue. "Review of Literature and Study on Origins of "Cold War"". BCP Education & Psychology 4 (31 maggio 2022): 87–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.54691/bcpep.v4i.777.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The study of the origins of the Cold War has often been heavily influenced by ideology and one's own standpoint at the outset, and the "absence" of the U.S.S.R (Union of Soviet Socialist Republics) in Western studies of Cold War history and its dominant position in the socialist’s side have made the issue seriously polarized. After the collapse of the Soviet Union and the end of the Cold War, both Western and Chinese academics have tried to break away from the ideological influence in the academy and attempt to make a comprehensive assessment of the Cold War with a global perspective and a relatively objective view.
42
Marková, Alena. "Society and Language: Debates Surrounding the National Language in Belarusian Society at the Beginning of the 1990s". HISTORICKÁ SOCIOLOGIE 14, n. 2 (15 novembre 2022): 27–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.14712/23363525.2022.15.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The dissolution of the Soviet Union at the end of the 1980s and beginning of the 1990s sparked a wave of political and national emancipation in its republics that led to the creation of new successor states. This also applied to the former Belarusian Soviet Socialist Republic (BSSR), which declared its independence on 27 July 1990. Even before this, however, a project concerning a wholly new and groundbreaking law was introduced in the country for public debate. According to the law, the Belarusian language – as the national language of the majority population – would become the one and only state and official language in the republic.
43
Lavins, Imants. "Decorative Art of the Latvian SSR, Searching the Way Between Party-Mindedness and National-Mindedness". Contemporary Issues of Literary Studies - International Symposium Proceedings 16 (11 dicembre 2023): 204–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.62119/cils.16.2023.7546.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The basic principle of socialist realism was the belief in the political ideals proposed by the ruling Communist party (party-mindedness) of the Soviet Union, enriched by national-mindedness and ideinost (ideological-content). Already since the early 1930s, in the Soviet Union every single cultural worker in every single discipline of art had to strictly follow the method of socialist realism. The canon of socialist realism was equally applicable to fine art as well as applied art, the specific function of which was supposed to be purely utilitarian use. Decorative art in the national republics of the Soviet Union usually took the forms of folk art, and decorative art since the beginning of the 1960s was perceived as an integral component of Soviet culture. The essence of Soviet culture had already been formulated several decades earlier, and it had to be socialist in content and national in form, emphasizing the importance of national traditions.
It was possible to treat this principle in various, even very disparate ways, so the problem of adherence to the party principles and the manifestastion of national distinctiveness was an inexhaustible topic of theoretical and practical discussions. Conceptual ambiguity, as well as very different visions among artists, theoreticians, as well as party officials, did not allow to develop a unified theory of applied art. Due to the afore mentioned ambiguity and the pluralism of opinions artists of applied art could enjoy some space of freedom for creativity, without directly violating the canons of socialist realism.
The author of the paper examines and analyzes the development of professional decorative art in the Latvian SSR of that time, ideological currents in art theory, and center–periphery relationship.
44
Mukhachev, Vadim. "On behalf of socialism and in the name of humanity (to the 100th anniversary of the formation of the USSR)". Science. Culture. Society 29, n. 1 (31 marzo 2023): 116–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.19181/nko.2023.29.1.9.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The article is devoted to the 100th anniversary of the formation on the ruins of the Russian Empire of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics– the main brainchild of the Great Socialist Revolution, which began in October 1917. Being a natural product of the historical development of capitalism and the class struggle of the international proletariat against the bourgeoisie, the USSR became the highest stage in the history of socialism in the 19th-20th centuries. Realizing the vital tasks of Soviet power, the USSR at the same time acted on behalf of and in the name of the working people of all countries, demanding their liberation from any form of oppression and exploitation. Noting the generally recognized merits of the USSR to mankind, its huge contribution to the struggle against imperialism, fascism and colonialism of capitalist states, the author pays special attention to the reasons for its collapse, and also rejects the ideological (perverse and false) nature of liberal criticism of the history of the Soviet state. In conclusion, it is emphasized that humanity has no reasonable alternative to socialism.
45
T., Tishkina, e Tishkina K. "EXHIBITIONS IN BARNAUL DEDICATED TO THE 100TH ANNIVERSARY OF THE FORMATION OF THE UNION OF SOVIET SOCIALIST REPUBLICS". Preservation and study of the cultural heritage of the Altai Territory 29 (2023): 342–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.14258/2411-1503.2023.29.52.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics existed from December 30, 1922 to December 26, 1991. During this period of time, significant successes were achieved in industry, agriculture, science and culture, and a victory was won over the Fascist conquerors was won in 1945. To the 100th anniversary of the formation of the USSR in Barnaul, there were exhibitions: “Soviet Porcelain” and “The Country of the Soviets” (the State Art Museum of the Altai Territory); “The USSR in the Mirror of Art” (exhibition hall of “Museum “City”); “Art that has become History” (“Shchetinins Art Gallery”); “Greetings from the USSR” (Altai State Museum of Local Lore). The exhibitions displayed photos, works of fine and decorative art, and items of material culture created in the 1920s-1980s. The purpose of the exhibitions is to expand visitors’ knowledge of the history of Russia, form a positive image of the USSR in the minds of the younger generation and improve the patriotic mood of the citizens.
46
Иван Андреевич, Иванников. "LIQUIDATION OF THE UNION OF SOVIET SOCIALIST REPUBLICS: STATE AND LEGAL ANALYSIS". NORTH CAUCASUS LEGAL VESTNIK 1, n. 1 (marzo 2021): 96–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.22394/2074-7306-2021-1-1-96-102.
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47
Sharma, C. L. "Ethnicity, national integration, and education in the Union of Soviet socialist republics". Journal of East and West Studies 18, n. 2 (ottobre 1989): 75–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/12265088908422810.
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48
Fisun, A. Ya, V. A. Yakovlev e Yu S. Malov. "In memory of Komarov Fyodor Ivanovich (on the occasion of his centenary)". Bulletin of the Russian Military Medical Academy 22, n. 3 (15 dicembre 2020): 232–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/brmma50566.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Abstract. Fyodor Ivanovich Komarov (08/26/1920 01/25/2020) was a participant in the Great Patriotic War, a prominent domestic therapist, an outstanding figure in military medicine, a Hero of Socialist Labor, an academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences, a laureate of the State Prize of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, an honorary doctor of the S.M. Kirov Military Medical Academy, a professor and a retired colonel-general of the medical military service. F.I. Komarovs scientific heritage is huge. Over 600 scientific works, including 33 monographs, were published by him personally and in co-authorship. Due to his comprehensive clinical background and deep knowledge of physiology and biochemistry, urgent problems of gastroenterology, cardiology, pulmonology, chronobiorhythmology and military professional pathology could be successfully solved. He made a great contribution to improve and reform the military medical service. Twenty six doctors and sixty candidates of medical sciences were educated under his leadership. Being a military doctor and holding high leadership positions, he was constantly engaged in the improvement of military medicine and military field therapy. He was also the head of medical support for the troops during the hostilities in Afghanistan, during the accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant and following the consequences of the earthquake in Armenia. He was elected chairman of the All-Union Society of Physicians several times. He was also a member of the Lenin and State Prize Awarding Committee under the Council of Ministers of the Soviet Union, chairman of the expert council of the Supreme Attestation Commission of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics and editor-in-chief of the journal Clinical Medicine and an honorary member of a number of foreign academies. In 1999, he was awarded the title Man of the XX century, became a laureate of four personal prizes: M.P. Konchalovsky (1979), S.P. Botkin (1985), N.I. Leporsky (1992), V. Kh. Vasilenko (2001). For his merits to the Fatherland, F.I. Komarov was awarded the title Hero of Socialist Labor (1980) in addition to forty five orders and medals.
49
Krga, Branko. "The disintegration of Yugoslavia and the Soviet Union: Similarities and differences". Napredak 2, n. 3 (2021): 31–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/napredak2-34927.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The aim of this paper is to consider the important factors in the disintegration of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (hereinafter SFRY) and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (hereinafter USSR). The basic assumption is that there is a certain correlation, i.e., similarities and differences between the two processes. During the research of this question, standard methods were applied, such as analysis, synthesis, the historical method, comparative method, and the content analysis method, and in a sense, modeling or searching for a way to avoid the problems our country has faced over the past decades. Research has shown that this topic is still important for at least three reasons. First, it is obvious that the breakup of the SFRY and the USSR caused significant and multifarious problems in those countries, their successors, and beyond. Secondly, the security of these regions is still unstable and almost none of the problems that led to the conflicts of the 1990s and the disintegration of these countries have been completely resolved. Third, the Republic of Serbia and the Russian Federation, the main successors of the two countries, continue to experience risks and threats to their international position, defense, and security. Although the research showed that there is a certain correlation between the two processes - the disintegration of the SFRY and the USSR, it is obvious that this was not the key factor that led to the destruction of these two complex states, but that in both cases certain specific factors were decisive.
50
Guleva, Mariia. "Through the Looking Glass of Intimate Friendship and Common Enemies: Images of Sino–Soviet Relations in Chinese and Soviet Political Cartoons of the 1950s". AUC PHILOLOGICA 2021, n. 3 (15 febbraio 2022): 79–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.14712/24646830.2022.5.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
This article examines Sino–Soviet relations in the 1950s through the medium of political cartoons in Manhua and Krokodil, satire magazines published in the People’s Republic of China and the Soviet Union. Images of friendship and enmity produced an intricate narrative about world affairs and the paths of socialism and capitalism. By comparing the stories and visual representations in Krokodil and Manhua, this study underscores the similarities and contradictions existing between the Soviet Union and China in the years before their split. This approach provides an example of two ideological machines working to reflect unexpected shifts in alliances while maintaining a claim on the teleological coherence of socialist development. It also exemplifies the mechanics of visual propaganda under the stress of contradictory policies and purposes.