Articoli di riviste: "Uniform Law on the International Sale of Goods (1964)"

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Možina, Damjan. "Raskid ugovora: Skica i Zakon o obligacionim odnosima". Anali Pravnog fakulteta u Beogradu 70, n. 5 (29 dicembre 2022): 517–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.51204/anali_pfbu_22mk17a.

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The paper presents an analysis of the regulation of termination of contract due to a breach in the Yugoslav Law on Obligations (1978) and the Draft Code on Obligations and Contracts (1969), prepared by Mihailo Konstantinović. In the area of termination of contract, Konstantinović’s primary source of inspiration was the Uniform Law on the International Sale of Goods (ULIS, 1964). The regulation of breach of contract in the Draft Code is not based on a uniform notion of breach of contract, rather, there are different types of breaches: non-performance (debtor’s default), defective performance, and impossibility of performance. The Legislative Commission, making changes to the Draft Code, retained its structure, including the regulation of different types of breaches, but made changes with regard to termination of contract. Compared to modern model laws, these changes represent some of the key shortcomings of the regulation of this area in the Law on Obligations.

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Ndulo, Muna. "The Vienna Sales Convention 1980 and the Hague Uniform Laws on International Sale of Goods 1964: A Comparative Analysis". International and Comparative Law Quarterly 38, n. 1 (gennaio 1989): 1–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/iclqaj/38.1.1.

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Ferrari, Franco. "‘Forum Shopping’ Despite international uniform Contract law Conventions". International and Comparative Law Quarterly 51, n. 3 (luglio 2002): 689–707. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/iclq/51.3.689.

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One of the asserted advantages and goals of the unification of substantive law lies in the prevention of ‘forum shopping’,1 ie the lawyer's act of seeking the forum that is most beneficial to his client's interest.2 This has been pointed out not only in discussions on unification of law in general,3 but also in discussions on specific international uniform contract law conventions, such as the United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods4 (hereinafter CISG),5 the Geneva Convention on the Contract for the International Carriage of Goods by Road6 (hereinafter CMR)7 and the UNIDROIT Convention on International Factoring8 (hereinafter IFC).9

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Bridge, Michael. "International trade and transnational law". Revija Kopaonicke skole prirodnog prava 2, n. 2 (2020): 9–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/rkspp2002009b.

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This article deals with the globalisation of contract law. It begins with an historical survey before taking an inventory of the various types of uniform law. These range from 'hard' law, such as multilateral treaties, to 'soft' law, an expression that captures various non-binding instruments that can usefully be employed by contracting parties and sovereign states. These include contractual standard terms (e.g. Incoterms 2020) and standard form contracts (e.g. ISDA contracts), as well as UNCITRAL model laws. The influence of national law in the globalisation process is noted, whether it takes the form of influencing the laws of other states or provides input into the creation of uniform law. The UN Convention on the International Sale of Goods (CISG) is examined at key points with reference to the influence exerted by the civil law and the common law in its creation. The importance of maintaining the uniform character of the CISG is underlined. Finally, the role played by the UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts (PICC) is also examined.

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Köhler, Ben. "APPLICATIONAL AMBIGUITY? TAIWAN'S STATUS IN INTERNATIONAL SALES LAW". International and Comparative Law Quarterly 72, n. 2 (aprile 2023): 545–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020589323000106.

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AbstractThe discussion on Taiwan's status under the United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (CISG) has picked up steam. After providing some historical background, it is argued that neither doctrinal nor policy arguments can support the application of the Convention to Taiwanese parties. Drawing on case law in the context of other uniform law treaties, the article concludes that the approbation of the CISG by the People's Republic of China should not bind Taiwan and that, as a consequence, Taiwanese parties should be treated as parties from non-Contracting States.

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Samson, Claude. "La Convention des Nations Unies sur les contrats de vente internationale de marchandises : Étude comparative des dispositions de la Convention et des règles de droit québécois en la matière". Les Cahiers de droit 23, n. 4 (12 aprile 2005): 919–1008. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/042521ar.

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On April 11, 1980, the U.N. Diplomatic Conference held in Vienna approved the Convention on contracts for the International Sale of Goods. This paper deals with the most interesting aspects of the Convention, comparing them with the rules of the Civil Code and the Draft Civil Code of Quebec on this matter. The provisions of this international uniform law are quite close to the rules and remedies existing in civil law juridictions. The major differences between the Convention and the Quebec Law are more technical than substantial. The differences between the uniform law and the national law can also be explained by particular circumstances of international trade which require more celerity and security in the field of international business transactions.

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Kartyshev, D. V. "TRANSFORMATION OF THE INSTITUTIONAL BASE OF WORLD CARGO TRANSPORTATION". Economic innovations 19, n. 2(64) (7 luglio 2017): 124–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.31520/ei.2017.19.2(64).124-128.

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The practice of international merchant shipping and the practice of international trade in goods are interrelated at different levels - from historical to the level of a separate treaty. Here, contracts for the purchase and sale of goods, transportation, insurance, financing, transport and warehouse documents of title are intertwined and interact. The necessary degree of awareness in these issues is an indispensable condition for both successful business activity and for solving the problems of unification of maritime and commercial law. The process of the unification of law began primarily in the field of international transport law. Universal international legal unification of material norms of contracts of sale of goods was held in 1980 in the form of the Vienna Convention. The creation of the Brussels Convention and the Hamburg Rules was preceded by the study of the commercial and economic aspects of the bill of lading in the trade turnover. For example, in 53 paragraphs of the report of the UNCTAD secretariat on a bill of lading, the following issues were covered in various ways: 1) the inversion of a bill of lading; 2) the effectiveness of its role in the sale of goods - in terms of transfer of ownership or risk of damage, as well as in operations related to shipping conditions (for example, FOB, CIF); 3) the role of the bill of lading in the sale of documents; 4) the role of the bill of lading in bank letters of credit; 5) the effectiveness of the bill of lading as a receipt for the goods; 6) the status of a bill of lading as a contract of carriage; 7) the status of a bill of lading as a document of title. In 1996, UNCTAD discussed the proposal to include in its work program a review of existing practices and legislation in the field of international maritime transport of goods with a view to identifying areas that require uniform rules, and with a view to achieving greater harmonization of laws . The proposal was accompanied by information that in existing national laws and international conventions there are significant gaps regarding the functioning of bills of lading and sea waybills, the connection of these transport documents with the rights and obligations of the seller and buyer of goods, the legal status of entities providing financing to one of the parties to the contract of carriage Cargo. In some states there is a regulatory framework for these issues, but it is not uniform. And in many states there is no regulatory framework in this sphere at all. This circumstance is an obstacle to the free movement of goods and increases the value of transactions. The widespread use of electronic means of communication in the transport of goods further exacerbates the consequences of the fragmentation and non-unification of various laws and leads to the need to develop uniform provisions on specific issues related to the use of the applied technologies.

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Alam, Md Habib. "Application of CISG in Arbitration: A Combined Procedure or Parallel Procedure?" International Journal of Community Service & Engagement 2, n. 1 (2 marzo 2021): 50–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.47747/ijcse.v2i1.192.

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CISG and arbitration are connected with each other. They may work through a combined or parallel procedure. Globalization of trade desires uniformity in trade. For uniformity of trade, we require uniform law. The arbitration may not work to make it uniform, but choosing any uniform law (i.e. CISG), it may lead to deal a particular arbitration in the international standard. The international standard may be maintained while considering the uniform law. Choosing uniform law (i.e. CISG), it may minimize the risk of wrong interpretation and put the arbitral parties on “equal footing”. Parties may consider CISG as the applicable law in their arbitral agreements. As of 13 February 2021, 94 states signed the United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods 1980 (CISG). The frontline trading states like the USA, Australia, Israel, Canada, China, Germany, France, Russia, and Japan are contracting states of CISG. This research emphasizes providing guidelines as to how parties may apply CISG into their arbitral agreements by maintaining the international standard.

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Schwenzer, Ingeborg. "The Danger of Domestic Pre-Conceived Views with Respect to the Uniform Interpretation of the CISG: The Question of Avoidance In the Case of Non-Conforming Goods and Documents". Victoria University of Wellington Law Review 36, n. 4 (18 luglio 2019): 795. http://dx.doi.org/10.26686/vuwlr.v36i4.5626.

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Professor Schwenzer compares common law notions about a party's ability to avoid a sales contract with the position under article 49 of the Convention on the International Sale of Goods. Having noted that the approach of the CSIG has given rise to criticism, she then argues that such criticism is unfounded and that, moreover, the CSIG's provisions reflect the reality of international sales practice and case law.

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Coetzee, Juana. "A Pluralist Approach to the Law of International Sales". Potchefstroom Electronic Law Journal/Potchefstroomse Elektroniese Regsblad 20 (3 aprile 2017): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/1727-3781/2017/v20i0a1355.

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International trade can support economic development and social upliftment. However, people are often discouraged from contracting internationally due to differences in legal systems which act as a non-tariff barrier to trade. This article focuses on the private law framework regulating international contracts of sale. During the twentieth century, the problem of diverse laws was primarily addressed by global uniform law such as the United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (CISG). However, uniform law is rarely complete and has to be supplemented by national law, trade usage or party agreement. Because of gaps that exist in the CISG the Swiss government made a proposal for a new global contract law. But is this a feasible solution to the fragmentary state of international trade law? In Europe, signs of reluctance are setting in towards further harmonisation efforts. The Proposal for a Common European Sales Law (CESL) was recently withdrawn, and now Britain has voted to leave the European Union; rumour having it that more countries might follow. The current private law framework for international sales contracts consists of a hybrid system where international, national, state and non-state law function side by side. This article submits that universalism is not per se the most efficient approach to the regulation of international sales law and that economic forces require a more varied approach for business-to-business transactions. The biggest challenge, however, would be to manage global legal pluralism. It is concluded that contractual parties, the courts and arbitral tribunals can effectively manage pluralism on a case-by-case basis.

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Moghaddam Abrishami, Ali. "Should Iran join the United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods?" Uniform Law Review 25, n. 4 (1 dicembre 2020): 634–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ulr/unaa015.

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Abstract After 40 years of the United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (CISG), it is still controversial whether the CISG has been a successful uniform law in practice. It is, nevertheless, evident that the number of ratifications of the CISG has been increasing. This article aims to highlight the important question of whether Iran should implement the CISG. In addition, it argues that irrespective of the possible ratification of the CISG, the Iranian contract law needs to be modernized. In particular, advantages and disadvantages of the possible adoption of the CISG in Iran are explored. This article argues that acceding to the CISG will provide Iran with a number of opportunities, including the promotion of international trade with its trading partners. In proposing a model for the modernization of the Iranian Civil Code (CCI), the author, however, argues that the CISG is not the best option. Instead, the Unidroit Principles of International Commercial Contracts (PICC) is the most appropriate model for reforming the Iranian contract law. This article concludes by suggesting that the combination of the CISG and the PICC is the best way forward for the Iranian legal system.

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Chen, Kai. "On the judicial application of United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods in China". Advances in Education, Humanities and Social Science Research 7, n. 1 (22 settembre 2023): 541. http://dx.doi.org/10.56028/aehssr.7.1.541.2023.

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Under the background of economic globalization and the increasing and in-depth trade among countries, the United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (CISG), which was implemented in 1988, has become the most important international uniform law to regulate international trade conflicts. In recent years, with the continuous improvement of globalization, CISG has been widely applied in the judicial practice of various countries. But as a result of the treaty is a compromise between different countries, the adjustment principle, causes in the judicial practice there are some limitations. This situation means that although the Treaty is applicable to many countries, each country may have different standards and interpretations. Although China is a party to the CISG, it was only after China became the world's second largest economy that the convention really received attention in academia. But the new civil code of the international treaty to make no rules. Although the Interpretation of the Supreme People's Court on Several Issues concerning the Application of Law in the Trial of Cases concerning International Sale of Goods issued by the Supreme People's Court in 1987 can be applied in judicial practice, the lack of specific provisions has led to different judgments by different courts and arbitration bodies. The Supreme People's Court on the international sale of goods cases to explain some issues of applicable law in the regulation of content is extremely limited, unable to cope with the complexity of case treatment, there is no specific steps to perform the convention provides guidance. Against this background, this article discusses the judicial application of the CISG in China, and offers suggestions and recommendations based on the study of the Convention and its practical application.

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Aksoy, Hüseyin Can. "Status Quo Bias, CISG and the Future of the Common European Sales Law". European Business Law Review 24, Issue 4 (1 agosto 2013): 459–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/eulr2013024.

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Common European Sales Law ("CESL") is not the first legal instrument directed at the formation of a uniform legal regime applicable to international commercial sales. Not surprisingly its scope overlaps with the scope of the already existing United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods ("CISG"), which is the default cross-border sales law regime in 23 European Union member states that have adopted the Convention. Unlike the CISG, the CESL has acknowledged an "opt-in" mechanism. However the studies show that when they can choose among alternatives, individuals prefer to leave things as they are. The author argues that status quo bias is a huge barrier in front of the CESL's future success.

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Whittington, Nicholas. "Comment on Professor Schwenzer's paper". Victoria University of Wellington Law Review 36, n. 4 (1 dicembre 2005): 809. http://dx.doi.org/10.26686/vuwlr.v36i4.5630.

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The author comments on Ingeborg Schwenzer's paper found in this volume (Ingeborg Schwenzer "The Danger of Domestic Preconceived Views with Respect to the Uniform Interpretation of the CISG: The Question of Avoidance in the Case of Non-Conforming Goods and Documents" (2005) 36 VUWLR 795). This author argues for a "single standard concept" in relation to the application of the Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods ('CISG'), meaning that the broad and ambitious document should have a uniform application. Unfortunately, the author notes that the CISG's application has been anything but in both the international and domestic contexts. The author provides potential solutions to this lack of uniformity: first, encourage decision-makers to have regard to case law from other countries; and secondly, encourage courts, when dealing with the CISG, to distance themselves from domestic preconceptions and to look at the case through CISG-tinted glasses.

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Vincent K Mutai. "Regulation of Interest in International Contracts Under UN Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods". African Journal of Commercial Law 1, n. 1 (30 settembre 2022): 77–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.58216/ajcl.v1i1.140.

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The 1980 United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (CISG) allows for claims of interest on damages, delayed payments or the price already paid (refunds) in articles 78 and 84. However, these articles have become the subject of considerable academic as well as judicial discourse. The question of interest remains a thorny issue in the Convention, with questions raised about whether in the first place, it is an issue that falls within the scope of the Convention. This article argues that because the CISG provides a platform for the uniform interpretation and enforcement of entitlements to interest in international sales, parties to international sales transactions should clearly specify in their contract the default governing law to govern claims for interest and other supplemental damages to minimise the risks that judicial and arbitral tribunals applies rules that expose them to significant claims. The CISG provides an avenue for the application of general principles of international sales law, and domestic legal provisions, hence, promoting flexibility. But the parties must circumscribe this flexibility to limit their exposure to significant interest claims.

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Damiani, Gerson. "Cross-Border vs. Domestic Intricacies In International Trade Regimes: a Game Theoretical Analysis of the Vienna Convention for the International Sale of Goods CISG in Light of its Ratifi". Revista Brasileira de Arbitragem 9, Issue 34 (1 giugno 2012): 42–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/rba2012021.

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ABSTRACT: This article suggests Game Theory as a model of scientific analysis in the field of International Dispute Resolution. As Game Theoretical approaches continue to gain acceptance in International Relations and Law, the present study intends to address the ratification of supranational regimes at the domestic level. The regime herein considered is the United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (CISG), as a uniform code for cross-border commercial contracts. Throughout the article a comparison is made between two nation-states: an old traditional power, represented by the United Kingdom, and an emerging global player, Brazil.

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Kryla-Cudna, Katarzyna. "ADEQUATE ASSURANCE OF PERFORMANCE UNDER THE UN CONVENTION ON CONTRACTS FOR THE INTERNATIONAL SALE OF GOODS AND THE UNIFORM COMMERCIAL CODE". International and Comparative Law Quarterly 70, n. 4 (ottobre 2021): 935–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020589321000300.

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AbstractThis article compares and contrasts the doctrine of adequate assurance of performance under the US Uniform Commercial Code (the UCC) and the UN Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (the CISG). The article argues that, in the context of the CISG, the mechanism of adequate assurance found in the UCC is a faux ami. Despite some similarities, the doctrine of adequate assurance regulated in the CISG is distinct and serves different functions to its UCC counterpart.

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Djieufack, Roland. "The Seller's Liability for the Non-Conformity of Goods in a Contract of Sale under the OHADA Uniform Act on General Commercial Law: A Critical Analysis". Journal of African Law 60, n. 3 (ottobre 2016): 469–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021855316000139.

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AbstractThis article assesses the seller's duty of conformity in a contract of sale under the OHADA Uniform Act on General Commercial Law. It posits that conformity is not an independent legal concept and so argues that a thorough assessment cannot be made without recognizing and taking into consideration a number of issues, irrespective of the contractual stipulations agreed by the contracting parties. Arguably, the notion of conformity falls within the meaning of the subjective understanding of a “defect”. This can raise confusion and uncertainty in determining the seller's liability for non-conforming goods. Thus, from a cursory reading of the Uniform Act, the question of the seller's duty regarding the conformity of goods can conveniently be addressed from a number of different angles: the nature of the defect; local and international standards; contract law; and the principles of caveat venditor and caveat emptor. Adopting an in-depth content analysis and critical evaluation of primary and secondary data, the article concludes that a balance should be struck between these variables and, where no guidance is given in article 255 of the Uniform Act, the prevailing norm in member states should form the basis for determining the concept of conformity of goods.

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Fillers, Aleksandrs. "Application of the CISG to Arbitration Agreements". European Business Law Review 30, Issue 4 (1 luglio 2019): 663–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/eulr2019028.

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The CISG is probably the most important example of unification of substantive private law in the world, creating a uniform set of substantive rules. Unlike a civil code, the CISG does not claim comprehensive scope. The Convention applies to one type of legal relations – sale of goods. However, in real life, sale contracts are often accompanied by additional clauses that require specific regulation. In particular, it is common practice for parties to insert arbitration clauses in their international sale contracts. The close connection between sale contracts and arbitration clauses poses a question of their unified or separated regulation. Taking into account the role of arbitration as a natural forum for international merchants, it could have been expected that the CISG would clearly delimit its material scope regarding arbitration agreements. Unfortunately, the text of the CISG is surprisingly cryptic in this regard. The ambiguity of the Convention has supplied arguments both to those supporting its application to arbitration clauses inserted in sale contracts and those favoring application of international or domestic arbitration law to arbitration clauses. The practice of courts and tribunals is also inconclusive, although the majority seems to prefer separation of legal regimes. The author of the article agrees that the text of the CISG can be construed in different ways. However, certain constructions are too complicated to be applied in practice. For that reason, it is difficult to accept the idea that arbitration clauses fall entirely outside the scope of the CISG. At the same time, the legislative history does not provide support for an assumption that the CISG was meant to apply to all aspects of arbitration agreements, in particularly, their formal validity. Therefore, the analysis of scholarly works and practice leads to the conclusion that while formal validity of arbitration agreements is not covered by the CISG, formation of a sale contract, including an arbitration clause, does fall within the scope of the CISG. While this solution will not satisfy purists in both camps, it attempts to solve the ambiguity in the most realistic manner.

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Nguru, Aristide Kahindo. "THE ATTITUDE OF OHADA LAW COUNTRIES TOWARDS THE CISG". Journal of Law, Society and Development 3, n. 1 (12 settembre 2016): 99–114. http://dx.doi.org/10.25159/2520-9515/1090.

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Disparities in national laws are likely to result in uncertainty which, in turn, creates obstacles to international commerce. It is acknowledged that strong investment flows cannot be achieved without a secure legal and commercial environment. Mindful of such a need, states decided to harmonise sales law internationally. To this end, in 1980 they adopted the United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods known as the Vienna Sales Convention or the CISG. The CISG has led a number of countries, including the Organisation for the Harmonisation of Business Law in Africa (OHADA) law states, to modernise their local sales law. However, only three of 17 countries that constitute the OHADA community have ratified the CISG. OHADA law countries give the impression of favouring a more regional approach to the unification of sales law rather than the CISG’s global approach by implementing a local Commercial Uniform Act. Their indifference towards the CISG is not without consequences for commerce in the OHADA region. This article seeks to demonstrate that the lack of ratification of a universal convention, as for example the CISG, poses a danger to commercial dealings. It also intends to show that the CISG is not hostile to regional uniform sales laws of the OHADA Commercial Uniform Act type. It concludes that OHADA countries do not need to be afraid of their acceptance of the CISG and recommends that it be ratified.

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Herbots, Jacques. "Les contrats commerciaux OHADA dans une perspective congolaise. Vers un droit général commun des obligations contractuelles?" European Review of Private Law 23, Issue 1 (1 febbraio 2015): 47–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/erpl2015004.

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Abstract: The economists agree that actually the African economies did take off. A further growth, however, needs investments. Attracting these investments is precisely one of the purposes of the African Union with her 54 Member States and of - in a geographically more limited area - the OHADA, the organization for the harmonization of business law in mainly French-speaking Africa. The originality of the OHADA consists in the adoption of uniform Acts, which apply in all 17 Member States. It is only fair to say that through these uniform statutes the influence of France and that of the French juridical culture are perpetuated in Africa. In this paper, the OHADA legislation is described, more specifically from the perspective of one of the Member States, namely the Democratic Republic of Congo, the former Belgian colony. An overview of the uniform Acts relating to the following commercial contracts is given: sale, arbitration agreement, carriage of goods by land, lease for professional purposes, lease of the management of a business, agency and brokerage, pledge, surety, and other guarantees. The uniform Acts modernize the outdated law of the Member States. Some of the introduced innovations are the Trade and Personal Property Credit Register and the Trustee for the guarantees. The French law as it stands in our days (including e.g. the trust-like device of the "fiducie") serves as a model, but so does the United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (CISG) and the UNIDROIT Principles. The latter is not faithfully followed, though. For instance, the remedy of the anticipatory breach (provided for in the CISG) did disappear out of the revised uniform Act relating to the general commercial law. The unilateral avoidance for breach of contract (provided for in the UNIDROIT Principles), on the other hand, is only by exception allowed and the exceptional circumstances are not defined. The creditor must normally thus apply to the court for an order resolving the contract. The non-commercial special contracts continue to be regulated by the national law of each Member State. This can produce odd effects, so is the ownership of the goods sold transferred to the buyer at the very moment of the agreement of the contracting parties according to the Congolese Civil Code, while the ownership of the goods sold in Congo by commercial contract takes place at the moment of the delivery since the joining of the OHADA. In the present state of affairs, the general law of contracts (as opposed to the OHADA special rules for the different nominate contracts) remains also part of the national law of the Member States. Obviously, this has to change by all means, if one wants the harmonization of the commercial contracts. This article deals therefore also with a text that should become the cornerstone of the OHADA legislation, i.e., the preliminary draft on general contract law. It follows as close as possible the UNIDROIT Principles and there are good reasons for this, as explained by the draughts man professor M. Fontaine. Unfortunately, this draft is momentarily blocked off backstage by some lawyers steeped in the myth of the French legal culture. It may indeed seem hard to imagine, for instance, that the causa disappears! But then also does the consideration in the UNIDROIT Principles.

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Hojnik, Janja. "Tell me where you come from and I will tell you the price: Ambiguous expansion of prohibited geographical price discrimination in the EU". Common Market Law Review 56, Issue 1 (1 febbraio 2019): 23–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/cola2019003.

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This article outlines some of the ambiguities arising from the endeavours of EU legislators to tackle the problem of direct and indirect price discrimination based on nationality or residence of the customer – in this article referred to as geographical price discrimination (GPD) under EU free movement law. It is submitted that prohibiting direct and indirect GPD on the sale of goods and services with an unclear system of derogations potentially covers a variety of established pricing practices (including uniform prices and de minimis price differences). While it is submitted that Article 20(2) of the Services Directive should be repealed, a cautious approach towards interpreting and applying Article 4 of the new Geo-Blocking Regulation is suggested in order to avoid disproportional restrictions of parties’ contractual freedom, especially in respect of traders with insignificant market power.

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Ditrih, Stefan, Svetlana Marković e Olgica Milošević. "Change of Circumstances and Force Majeure Clauses in Serbian Legal System and Sources of International Uniform Law". Economic Themes 57, n. 1 (1 marzo 2019): 67–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ethemes-2019-0005.

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AbstractThe effects of globalisation are many. One of them is the effect that globalisation has on commercial contracts and contractual relations between contracting parties. Due to a fast pace of economy and the speed and volume of the conclusion of contracts in international trade, participants must rely on stable and reliable legal framework for contractual obligations. In globalised economy, traders from different countries bring with them individual trade practices and norms of national legislation, often diametrically opposed, and sometimes the legal institutes that are regulated in one country don’t even exist in another. This is the case with the institutes of force majeure and a change of circumstances. Due to large differences in the regulation of these two institutes in national legal systems, there have been demonstrated some attempts of standardisation and creation of a unified system of exemption from liability for non-performance, due to force majeure or a change of circumstances. This problem becomes even more evident when dealing with the long term contracts, which are prone to the effects of unforeseen circumstances. This paper aims to explore the nature of the above mentioned legal institutes in some of the most important sources of international commercial law. With a special attention paid to the Serbian regulatory solutions, in order to further understand the similarities and differences between the national legal systems and sources of international law. The first part of the paper deals with applicable legal framework in Republic of Serbia, concerning force majeure and a change of circumstances. The second part of the paper deals with the international sources of commercial law, such as UN Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods of 1980; UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts; Principles of European Contract Law; Draft Common Frame of Reference; and Common European Sales Law.

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Zimmermann, Reinhard. "The textual layers of European contract law". Pravovedenie 64, n. 4 (2020): 422–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/spbu25.2020.401.

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Abstract (sommario):

The article traces the historical stages and main milestones of the process of harmonization and attempts to unify European contract law. Its first stage lasted from 1980 to 2015, marked by the appearance of many texts of a generalizing nature, designed to become the basis for the development of uniform contract law in the EU, and smoothly flowed into one another forming various conceptual layers of the emerging general contract law of Europe. The author identifies 10 different layers of the main text prepared by various Commissions and Working Groups in the corpus of texts accumulated during the process of developing model rules of European contract law. Taking into account the different versions of these texts, there are also 18 textual layers, to which 13 important EU directives and at least 6 international conventions or draft conventions concerning the general part of contract law and the law of sale of goods or certain aspects of these areas should be added. It is also noted that there are competing national projects that are marginal in relation to the European mainstream, which should also be taken into account. Political and other reasons for the failure of certain drafts are explained. Their advantages, defects and features are considered. In the process of describing the history of the rise and fall of the idea of uniform contract law in Europe at the recently completed first stage of its implementation, the author analyzes the reasons for the failure of this process and in conclusion provides a brief description of the international research project in which he was a participant. This project led to the publication in the summer of 2018 of comprehensive “Commentaries on European Contract Laws”, which can give a “second wind” to the trends of harmonization of contract law in the EU and beyond.

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Nwafor, Ndubuisi, Collins Ajibo e Chidi Lloyd. "Reimagining transnational validity under the CISG". Journal of International Trade Law and Policy 17, n. 3 (17 settembre 2018): 156–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jitlp-06-2017-0021.

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Purpose The aims and objectives of the United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (CISG) have been defeated by the intrusion of domestic laws of different contracting states in the interpretation of the provisions of this Convention. One of the most abused channels of this un-uniform interpretation is through art 4 of the CISG, which excludes the matters of validity and property from the Convention’s jurisdiction. This paper, therefore, aims to critically analyze the dangers of unsystematic reliance on the domestic laws in the interpretation of art 4 of the CISG on matters involving transnational validity and property. Design/methodology/approach The paper will use doctrinal methodology with critical and analytical approaches. The paper will incisively study the doctrines, theories and principles of law associated with validity of commercial contracts and the implications of exclusion of the doctrine of “validity” under the CISG. Findings The findings and contribution to knowledge will be by way of canvassing for a uniform transnational validity doctrine that will streamline and position the CISG to serve as a uniform international commercial convention. Originality/value This paper adopted a conceptual approach. Even though the paper ventilated the views of many writers on the issue of application of the doctrine of validity under the CISG, the paper, however, carved its own niche by making original recommendations on how to create a uniform validity jurisprudence under the CISG.

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Hudson, A. H. "International Sale of Goods (Dubrovnik Lectures) edited by Petar ar evi and Paul Volken, and Documentary History of the Uniform Law for International Sales by John Honnold". Arbitration International 6, n. 3 (1 settembre 1990): 296–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/arbitration/6.3.296.

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Makarova, Olga A., e Yuliya I. Kovalevskaya. "Conceptual framework and system of the Model law of the Commonwealth of Independent States “On Protection of Consumers”". Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Law 14, n. 3 (2023): 768–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/spbu14.2023.313.

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The article substantiates the need to improve the model consumer legislation of the member states of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS), which has become brewing in connection with fundamental transformational changes in social life, development of electronic commerce, the development of new standards upon sale of goods, works, services to consumers. The paper draws attention to the differences in processes of approximation (harmonisation) of the national legislations of the EU member states and approximation of laws of the CIS member states, notes the specifics of international cooperation within the CIS. Before proceeding to the presentation of one of the possible alternate for improving the CIS model law on protection of consumers, authors analyze the state of modern legal regulation in the European Union, solitary states of the Western Europe, the CIS member states. As a result, it is concluded that it is possible to take into account the achievements of foreign lawmaking in the development of regulatory decisions in a number of areas of consumer protection: extension of scope of consumer’s legislation, formulating additional guarantees for protecting consumer rights in the field of e-commerce, developing a system of cross-border consumer’s disputes, and others. The structure of the act of consumer’s legislation proposed by the authors is based on the focus of the Russian Federation on the codification of consumer’s legislation, as well as on the modern needs for a uniform complex normative legal act that conflate both general issues of regulation of consumer’s relations and special provisions relating to the protection of consumer rights in certain areas of social relations (electronic commerce, sale of food, pharmaceutical products, housing and communal services, tourism services) or consumers belonging to socially vulnerable groups of the population (minors, the elderly, the disabled).

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Casuccio, Paul. "A Modernization of the Incoterms". Global Trade and Customs Journal 7, Issue 2 (1 febbraio 2012): 70–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/gtcj2012010.

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The International Chamber of Commerce has published the first revision in over a decade to its rules for the use of domestic and international trade terms. These rules reduce the risk associated with the sale of goods by creating a mechanism that buyers and sellers can use to clearly communicate their respective obligations. The new rules, published as Incoterms 2010, include several noteworthy changes. This article identifies and discusses these changes. One of the most significant changes in Incoterms 2010 is its expanded application to domestic sales contracts. This expansion has encouraged the replacement of Uniform Commercial Code terms with Incoterms in sales contracts where one party is located in the US. In order to simplify the use of Incoterms and make Incoterms more accessible to new users, significant changes have also been made to terms themselves. These changes include the introduction of new terms and the reclassification of existing terms. More subtle changes, including the treatment of terminal handling charges, the clarification of insurance obligations and the timing of risk transfer from the seller to the buyer, are also included. In addition, Incoterms 2010 has introduced new rules that allocate security-related obligations, address the expanded use of electronic documents and recognize the use of string sales. Overall, the changes to Incoterms 2010 appear to have succinctly addressed the evolution of trade practices over the past decade while providing continued clarity in the increasingly complex world of international trade.

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Lomnicka, Eva. "Uniform Sales Law. The UN Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods. By Peter Schlechtriem. [Vienna: Manz. 1986. 162 pp. ASch. 325/DM 46.50]". International and Comparative Law Quarterly 37, n. 4 (ottobre 1988): 1034–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/iclqaj/37.4.1034.

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Kee, Christopher, e Edgardo Munoz. "In Defence of the CISG". Deakin Law Review 14, n. 1 (1 agosto 2009): 99. http://dx.doi.org/10.21153/dlr2009vol14no1art133.

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Abstract (sommario):

In this article, the authors respond to certain criticisms made against the 1980 Vienna Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (the ‘CISG’) and explain what they perceive as the shortcomings of, and impediments to, a particular model of a proposed new global code. A goal of both the CISG and the proposed global code is to create an environment which promotes international trade. Predictability in the law is a fundamental element to achieve such an environment. The CISG has been criticised as failing to provide such predictability. It has been suggested that it has not been uniformly interpreted, contains internal inconsistencies and allows countries to establish varying mini-codes. While there may be some merit in some of these criticisms there is also much that is overstated and wrong. The CISG may not be a perfect instrument. However, it has been widely accepted and that alone makes it a strong basis from which to develop. A global code applied with absolute uniformity throughout the world might provide predictability. However, such a uniform law is unrealistic and, in any event, undesirable. The authors propose a more realistic solution. The law should be the framework upon which individually nuanced contracts could be built. Predictability is obtained by developing and establishing avenues of communication. It is also obtained by developing and establishing means of explaining and understanding the concepts upon which the framework has been built. The CISG allows for all of this.

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Kim, Kyujin. "Can Economic Sanctions be Grounds for Exemption under the CISG?" Journal of Korea Trade 26, n. 5 (30 agosto 2022): 88–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.35611/jkt.2022.26.5.88.

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Purpose - This paper studies whether economic sanctions can be used as grounds for a party to an international sales contract to get an exemption if he fails to meet his contractual obligation. Because the answer can differ depending on the governing law of the contract, this study focuses on CISG, the most widely recognized international uniform legal instrument as the governing law of the international sale of goods. Design/methodology - This paper focuses on analyzing the conditions to meet before getting an exemption under CISG. For such analysis, this paper examined various scholarly writings, cases, and hypothetical examples reflecting a wide variety of economic sanction measures. Findings - The findings of this paper are as follows. The main provision for exemption under CISG is Article 79(1), which provides for an exemption for a party that failed to perform if such failure was caused by an impediment that was uncontrollable, unforeseeable, and unavoidable; either a seller or a buyer may rely on the Article for his non-performance, delay, or defective performance. The Article is applicable not only where the economic sanction caused impossibility of performance but also where it caused hardship. The economic sanction will likely be found to be an uncontrollable impediment; however, it will be relatively more difficult to prove it to be unforeseeable or unavoidable. Originality/value - The subject of this paper is whether a party can be exempted from liability under CISG when he fails to perform his contractual obligations due to economic sanctions. Given that this issue is now actually faced by many involved in international trade, it is expected to provide practical help to practitioners and companies alike.

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KARTYSHEV, D. V. "IMPLEMENTATION OF UKRAINE'S WORLD EXPERIENCE INSTITUTIONAL SUPPORT FOR CARRIAGE TRANSPORTATION". Economic innovations 20, n. 1(66) (20 marzo 2018): 87–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.31520/ei.2018.20.1(66).87-95.

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Abstract (sommario):

Topicality. The functioning of international merchant shipping and the practice of international trade in goods are interrelated at different levels - from historical to the level of a separate treaty. Here, contracts for the purchase and sale of goods, transportation, insurance, financing, transport and warehouse documents of title are intertwined and interact. The necessary degree of awareness in these issues is an indispensable condition for both successful business activity and for solving the problems of unification of maritime and commercial law. Also the urgency of the organizing problems of electronic trade by shipping services of shipping lines and their agents through the internal brands, Intranet and the Internet and ways of their overcoming are considered. Aim and tasks. International cargo transportation is a really confusing business through its customers, partners and employees, which are scattered around the world. Today's information technology has become a focal point for shipowners in order to gain a competitive edge over their rivals by choosing and setting the right partners in their rapidly expanding and timely transmission of information and interactive communication between their partners in the value chain (see Porter's Value Chain). network of value creation. As the international marketing concept develops, companies recognize that the real value creation requires intensive interaction between the internal (employees in a number of departments) and external players and clients as a result of partnership, a flexible value chain. The speediness of the delivery of goods depends on the extent to which all participants in the logistics processes (commercial organizations and state regulatory bodies) were able to make the transition from paper technologies to electronic technologies. The use of paper documents in parallel with the electronic several times increases the time of registration at all stages of the movement of goods. Research results.The central theme in trade facilitation is the reduction of bureaucratic restrictions for the movement of goods across borders. Why ask commercial operators to submit about thirty documents to forty different agencies with often repeated information? To reduce these formalities, collect information necessary for controlling bodies as quickly and easily as possible - this is the essence of trade facilitation. Simplification and reduction of the required procedures, data and documents, their harmonization with international standards, computerization of documents and foreign trade processes will significantly accelerate the movement of goods and information about them across borders. Approximately 40 years ago, US experts calculated that eliminating unnecessary bureaucratic procedures and paper flows would reduce the cost of trade operations by 7% in the US, and this was always a very large amount that the society simply lost because of insufficiently streamlined processes. The Single Window system has already been implemented in many countries, such as Japan, Singapore, Sweden, the United States and Senegal. Conclusion. The proposal was accompanied by information that in existing national laws and international conventions there are significant gaps regarding the functioning of bills of lading and sea waybills, the connection of these transport documents with the rights and obligations of the seller and buyer of goods, the legal status of entities providing financing to one of the parties to the contract of carriage Cargo. In some states there is a regulatory framework for these issues, but it is not uniform. And in many states there is no regulatory framework in this sphere at all. This circumstance is an obstacle to the free movement of goods and increases the value of transactions. The widespread use of electronic means of communication in the transport of goods further exacerbates the consequences of the fragmentation and non-unification of various laws and leads to the need to develop uniform provisions on specific issues related to the use of the applied technologies.

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Han, Shiyuan. "FORCE MAJEURE, CHANGE OF CIRCUMSTANCES AND TERMINATION OF CONTRACT". Journal of Law, Society and Development 3, n. 1 (12 settembre 2016): 31–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.25159/2520-9515/358.

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It is impossible to draw a distinct line between force majeure and change of circumstances, because the two overlap. In order to regulate both force majeure and change of circumstances, the United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (CISG) has adopted a unified model in article 79, whereas Chinese law adopts a dual model by treating them as different things and regulating them in different articles. Where the purpose of a contract becomes impossible to achieve because of a force majeure and both the CISG and Chinese Contract Law (the CCL) adopt the same model of termination of the contract, the contract should be terminated by one party with a notice to the other party instead of ipso facto avoidance. In a case of a change of circumstances, in order to terminate the contract, both the CISG and the CCL actually follow the path of raising an action by a notice of avoidance or termination to theother party. Both approaches have their merits and demerits but the differences between them in practice are not as large as presumed. Where force majeure and change of circumstances overlap each other, possible ways for termination of the contract are for a party either to choose their preferred solution or to follow the lex specialis derogat generali. The latter way is preferred in this article; and while in an action for termination the judge may balance the interests of both parties in making a final decision, the uniform application of the law, the safety of the transaction and the fairness of the judgment may be ensured in so doing.

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Herman, Shael. "Specific Performance: A Comparative Analysis (1)". Edinburgh Law Review 7, n. 1 (gennaio 2003): 5–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/elr.2003.7.1.5.

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This paper explores the regulation of specific performance of sales by reference to Spain and the USA, two jurisdictions which are exemplars of their respective legal families. It contrasts provisions under the Spanish Civil Code, Spain's Ley de Enjuiciamiento Civil, and under the American Uniform Commercial Code, and speculates on the interaction of these municipal laws with the regulation of specific performance under the United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (CISG). The study is split into two parts, the first of which appears here, and the second of which follows in the next issue of the Edinburgh Law Review. In this first part, section B outlines method, while section C explores the modern Spanish doctrine on performance and damages in light of the Romano-Germanic preference for performance. Section D examines the preference for damages over performance in US commercial law. By comparing Spanish and United States approaches to specific performance, Section E identifies points of possible convergence between the two systems as well as some noteworthy differences between them. In the second part of the study, Section F will explore the CISG's approach to specific performance, with the goal of inquiring, on one hand, whether the drafters have successfully accounted for both the Anglo-American and the Romano-Germanic preferences, or, on the other hand, whether the CISG's synthesis of the preferences is faulty and manifests incompatible goals that may be difficult to harmonise. Recent US decisions on specific performance under the CISG will be sampled in section G, which will make explicit some assumptions underlying the reasoning processes of US courts in commercial cases. Section H, an epilogue, will speculate on reasons for the intensity of the rivalry between proponents of specific performance as a primary remedy and those favouring damages as a primary remedy.

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Wilson, Therese. "Promoting Uniformity: A Comparative Review of J Honnold and H Flechtner, Uniform Law for International Sales under the 1980 United Nations Convention and P Schlechtriem and I Schwenzer, Commentary on the UN Convention on the International Sale of Goods". Journal of Private International Law 7, n. 2 (agosto 2011): 411–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.5235/174410411796868652.

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CISG Advisory Council. "CISG Advisory Council Opinion No. 22". Nordic Journal of Commercial Law, n. 1 (6 novembre 2022): 63. http://dx.doi.org/10.54337/ojs.njcl.1.7521.

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The CISG-AC started as a private initiative supported by the Institute of International Commercial Law at Pace University School of Law and the Centre for Commercial Law Studies, Queen Mary, University of London. The International Sales Convention Advisory Council (CISG-AC) is in place to support understanding of the United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (CISG) and the promotion and assistance in the uniform interpretation of the CISG. At its formative meeting in Paris in June 2001, prof. Peter Schlechtriem of Freiburg University, Germany, was elected chair of the CISG-AC for a three-year term. Dr. Loukas a. Mistelis of the Centre for Commercial Law Studies, Queen Mary, University of London, was elected secretary. The founding members of the CISG-AC were prof. Emeritus Eric E. Bergsten, Pace University School of Law, prof. Michael Joachim Bonell, University of Rome la Sapienza, prof. E. Allan Farnsworth, Columbia University School of Law, prof. Alejandro M. Garro, Columbia University School of Law, prof. Sir Roy M. Goode, Oxford, prof. Sergei n. Lebedev, Maritime Arbitration Commission of the Chamber of Commerce and Industry of the Russian Federation, prof. Jan Ramberg, University of Stockholm, Faculty of Law, prof. Peter Schlechtriem, Freiburg University, prof. Hiroo Sono, Faculty of Law, Hokkaido University, prof. Claude Witz, Universität des Saarlandes and Strasbourg University. Members of the council are elected by the council. At subsequent meetings, the CISG-AC elected as additional members prof. Pilar Perales Viscasillas, Universidad Carlos III, Madrid; prof. Ingeborg Schwenzer, University of Basel; prof. John Y. Gotanda, Villanova University; Prof. Michael G. Bridge, London School of Economics; prof. Han Shiyuan, Tsinghua University and Prof. Yeşim Atamer, Istanbul Bilgi University, Turkey, prof. Ulrich G. Schroeter, University of Mannheim, Germany, prof. Lauro Gama, Pontifical Catholic University, Justice Johnny Herre, Justice of the Supreme Court of Sweden, prof. Harry M. Flechtner, University of Pittsburgh, prof. Sieg Eiselen, Department of Private Law of the University of South Africa, and prof. Edgardo Muñoz López, Universidad Panamericana, Guadalajara, México. Prof. Jan Ramberg served for a three-year term as the second chair of the CISG-AC. At its 11th meeting in Wuhan, People's Republic of China, prof. Eric E. Bergsten of Pace University School of Law was elected chair of the CISG-AC and prof. Sieg Eiselen of the Department of Private Law of the University of South Africa was elected secretary. At its 14th meeting in Belgrade, Serbia, prof. Ingeborg Schwenzer of the University of Basel was elected chair and at its 24th meeting in Antigua, Guatemala, prof. Michael G. Bridge of the London School of Economics was elected chair of the CISG-AC. At its 26th meeting in Asunción, Paraguay, ass. Prof. Milena Djordjević, University of Belgrade, Serbia, was elected secretary, and she was reelected short after the 30th meeting in Rio de Janeiro. Prof. Pilar Perales Viscasillas of the University Carlos III of Madrid was elected chair of the CISG-AC after the 30th meeting in Rio de Janeiro.

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Keder, Adelaine. "Uniform Law for International Sales (under the 1980 United Nations Convention); John Honnold; Kluwer, Deventer1987; ISBN 90 6544 3479, 2nd edition, 586 pp. (incl. Annexes). - Documentary History of the Uniform Law for International Sales; John Honnald; Kluwer, Philadelphia1989; ISBN 90 6544 3738, xii + 881 pp. - Guide to Practical Applications of the United Nations Convention On Contracts for International Sale of Goods; Albert H. Kritzer Kluwer, Deventer1989; ISBN 90 6544 3711, 633 pp. (incl. Annex)." Leiden Journal of International Law 3, n. 1 (aprile 1990): 91–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0922156500003836.

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Diamond, Aubrey L. "Documentary History of the Uniform Law for International Sales: The Studies, Deliberations and Decisions that Led to the 1988 United Nations Convention. By John O. Honnold. [Deventer: Kluwer. 1989. xii + 881 pp. ISBN 9-06544-373-8. Dfl.359/$191] - Actes du colloque sur la vente Internationale. Edited by Louis Perret and Nicole Lacasse. [Montreal: Wilson & Lafleur. 1989. viii + 321 pp. ISBN 2-89127-107-6.] - Guide to Practical Applications of the United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods. By Albert H. Kritzer. [Deventer: Kluwer. 1989. 633 pp. ISBN 9-06544-371-1. Dfl.226/$95/£64]". International and Comparative Law Quarterly 40, n. 1 (gennaio 1991): 250–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/iclqaj/40.1.250.

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"Convention portant loi uniforme sur la vente internationale des objets mobiliers corporels (LUVI) - 1964/1964 - Convention relating to a Uniform Law on the International Sale of Goods (ULIS)". Uniform Law Review os-13, n. 2 (agosto 1985): 546–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ulr/os-13.2.546.

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"Convention portant loi uniforme sur la vente internationale des objets mobiliers corporels (LUVI) - 1964/1964 - Convention relating to a Uniform Law on the International Sale of Goods (ULIS)". Uniform Law Review os-13, n. 2 (agosto 1985): 549–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ulr/os-13.2.549.

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"Convention portant loi uniforme sur la vente internationale des objets mobiliers corporels (LUVI) - 1964/1964 - Convention relating to a Uniform Law on the International Sale of Goods (ULIS)". Uniform Law Review os-13, n. 2 (agosto 1985): 553–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ulr/os-13.2.553.

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"Convention portant loi uniforme sur la vente internationale des objets mobiliers corporels (LUVI) - 1964/1964 - Convention relating to a Uniform Law on the International Sale of Goods (ULIS)". Uniform Law Review os-13, n. 2 (agosto 1985): 556–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ulr/os-13.2.556.

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"Convention portant loi uniforme sur la vente internationale des objets mobiliers corporels (LUVI) - 1964/1964 - Convention relating to a Uniform Law on the International Sale of Goods (ULIS)". Uniform Law Review os-13, n. 2 (agosto 1985): 562–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ulr/os-13.2.562.

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"Convention portant loi uniforme sur la vente internationale des objets mobiliers corporels (LUVI) - 1964/1964 - Convention relating to a Uniform Law on the International Sale of Goods (ULIS)". Uniform Law Review os-13, n. 2 (agosto 1985): 564–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ulr/os-13.2.564.

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"Convention portant loi uniforme sur la vente internationale des objets mobiliers corporels (LUVI) - 1964/1964 - Convention relating to a Uniform Law on the International Sale of Goods (ULIS)". Uniform Law Review os-14, n. 2 (agosto 1986): 695–700. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ulr/os-14.2.695.

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"Convention portant loi uniforme sur la vente internationale des objets mobiliers corporels (LUVI) - 1964/1964 - Convention relating to a Uniform Law on the International Sale of Goods (ULIS)". Uniform Law Review os-15, n. 2 (agosto 1987): 784–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ulr/os-15.2.784.

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"Convention portant loi uniforme sur la vente internationale des objets mobiliers corporels (LUVI) - 1964/1964 - Convention relating to a Uniform Law on the International Sale of Goods (ULIS)". Uniform Law Review os-15, n. 2 (agosto 1987): 790–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ulr/os-15.2.790.

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"Convention portant loi uniforme sur la vente internationale des objets mobiliers corporels (LUVI) - 1964/1964 - Convention relating to a Uniform Law on the International Sale of Goods (ULIS)". Uniform Law Review os-15, n. 2 (agosto 1987): 793–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ulr/os-15.2.793.

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"Convention portant loi uniforme sur la vente internationale des objets mobiliers corporels (LUVI) - 1964/1964 - Convention relating to a Uniform Law on the International Sale of Goods (ULIS)". Uniform Law Review os-15, n. 2 (agosto 1987): 798–802. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ulr/os-15.2.798.

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"Convention portant loi uniforme sur la vente internationale des objets mobiliers corporels (LUVI) - 1964/1964 - Convention relating to a Uniform Law on the International Sale of Goods (ULIS)". Uniform Law Review os-15, n. 2 (agosto 1987): 803–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ulr/os-15.2.803.

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