Letteratura scientifica selezionata sul tema "Turkey. Air Force"

Recent technological and philosophical research has revealed that almost everything around us is heavily dependent on network-based complexities. Airport network topologies are complex networks and their analyses are crucial regarding the fact that the evolution of airport network topology influences the economic growth of regions and countries. An equal population cartogram is derived displaying the distortion of the air transport network of Turkey in accordance with the uneven distribution of passengers. The regions between İstanbul, Ankara, İzmir, and Antalya are shrunk by the force of higher population concentration. The shrinkage across the eastern regions is less than that in the western regions; still, the distortion of the regions is dominated by particular regional hubs.

In this study, the polyheuristic decision-making model is applied to a sample case and it is aimed to analyze how and why political leaders make decisions during a crisis. Analyzing all aspects of a decision made during a crisis is important in understanding how effective the solutions are. It is expected that an analysis of crisis and an investigation of the process from a wider perspective will be useful for better understanding of the Turkey’s reactions during the crisis when its RF-4E “Phantom” type air craft has been shot down in 2012. The reason of choosing this case study is the results of decisions taken duruing the crisis for Turkish foreign policy in the following periods. The article consists of the introduction part about the general overview of Turkish-Syrian relations, a part explaining the decision-making processes and decisions of political leaders as well as the polyheuristic decision-making model, a part with implementation of the model to the choosen case and a conclusion part. During the crisis Turkey has made decision to use military force by changing the rules of engagement and creating the positive perception in the international community. However, it was not contented with the decision to use military force alone. Turkey did not wait for the spontaneous reaction of the international community. Turkey has mobilized international forces like NATO. This means that two different decisions are made sequentially and quickly. Turkish political leaders have implemented the decisions in turn that had been choosen among the alternatives. It is expected that the study would contribute to the fi eld, improving researches on the decision-making processes with more comprehensive discussions in the future. Keywords: Syrian Crisis, Political Leadership, Polyheuristic Model.

AbstractPointing out the remarkable levels of hostile interaction in the air space over contested territory between states like China and Japan or Greece and Turkey we argue that air space incursions can be interpreted as a rational strategy with ultimately political aims. In our interpretation deliberate intrusions of military aircraft into sensitive air space serve as an indirect risk-generating mechanism, as they will trigger scrambles of the opposed government’s air force which may escalate into a military crisis. We derive testable hypotheses from a game-theoretic model, which we developed in earlier work to explore the strategic logic behind this risk-generating mechanism more rigorously. In order to test whether the model’s predictions regarding the effect of short-term economic developments on the states’ interaction hold, we built a database of daily event observations from the Hellenic National Defence General Staff reports of the last 4 years, containing time series data of Turkish intrusions into Greek-claimed air space and the number of dogfights between Greek and Turkish fighter planes. What we find is that not only Greek engagements of Turkish intruders but also massed, provocative Turkish intrusions have become significantly less likely after the onset of the Greek economic crisis. These findings are well in line with the predictions of the model and thus supportive of our theory.

Michael Genovese's summer 1985 article, “Politics and Science Fiction Films,” is an excellent introduction to the broader topic of futurism and forecasting as methods of public policy analysis. These methods can be an interesting and challenging aspect of a graduate public administration course in public policy analysis.“The future does not simply happen. We create it. We can choose our future.” Accepting this assumption, I have integrated futures studies and forecasting into the Troy State University European Region graduate public administration course, “Policy and Decision Making in Government.” The course is a required component of a master's degree program offered under contract with the U.S. Air Force European Command. I have taught the course seven times, at bases in England, Turkey, Spain, Germany, and the Netherlands.

After the attempted military coup in 2016, Turkey began to show interest in the Russian S-400 systems, and initially there was an impression that Turkey was only bluffing, was simply using Russia in its relations with the United States (as it had previously done with China (CPMIEC) in the same matter) and was seeking to show the US that it had an alternative (S-400). However, Turkey showed its persistence, and was able to buy these systems quite quickly, despite the fact that the United States strongly opposed it. In this context, this study aims to clarify the main reasons for Turkey's persistence on this issue, taking into account the personal factor of Erdogan. The article also analyzes the authoritarian strengthening of militarism and Erdogan’s personal factor for buying the S-400, who was the beneficiary of buying the S-400 systems. This article shows that sometimes Erdogan’s personal interests and Turkey’s state interests should be separated from each other, that in some cases Erdogan’s personal interests and Turkey’s state interests may or may not coincide partially or completely․ It is emphasized that in each case of conflict of interests, Erdogan’s personal interests prevail, that the problems should be examined first of all from the perspective of Erdogan’s personal interests and not from Turkey’s state interests, otherwise many things remain unclear and unexplained. Focusing on Turkey’s purchase of the S-400 systems, this study also asks why NATO member Turkey even after the purchase has not given up those Russian systems and why it still continues to persist․ The topic is also actual for Armenia, as it is related to the sphere of the Turkish Air Force and the defense capability of Turkey in general, its prospects. The article describes the brief history of Turkey’s purchase of S-400 systems, analyzes the motives of that move from territorial, temporal, cause-and-effect, and other perspectives, and presents Turkey’s attempts to get out of the existing situation. This study aims to identify the main trends underlying the conflict between Erdogan and the Turkish political elite over the purchase of the S-400.

Growth theory asserts that infrastructure investments promote economic growth by improving the quality of life and increasing private sector productivity . Transport services, water utility services and telecommunication services provide better facilities to attract FDI (foreign direct investment) and increase productivity across sectors. The aim of this article is to analyze whether transport infrastructure investments have a strong effect on the economic growth. It also attempts to analyze the differential impact of each type of infrastructural spending on economic growth. Our data set covers annual data from 1993 to 2015 period for 15 OECD countries (Austria, Turkey, Czech Republic, Spain, Finland, Japan, Germany, Ireland, Italy, France, Korea, Mexico, Netherlands, Poland, U.K) and China. In this study, we employ a Pool Mean Group (PMG) estimator to find long run and short run relations between the variables. Output elasticity of air transport is found to be positive and significant at five percent level and there exists a long run relationship between GDP per capita and other explanatory variables such as transport infrastructure indicators, gross capital formation and labor force. The crowding- out hypothesis is also supported by coefficients on county specific results. Our data set includes infrastructure variables such as Railways, (million passenger-km), Air transport, (freight, million ton-km), Individuals using the Internet (% of population).

International Business Research wishes to acknowledge the following individuals for their assistance with peer review of manuscripts for this issue. Their help and contributions in maintaining the quality of the journal are greatly appreciated. International Business Research is recruiting reviewers for the journal. If you are interested in becoming a reviewer, we welcome you to join us. Please find the application form and details at http://www.ccsenet.org/journal/index.php/ibr/editor/recruitment and e-mail the completed application form to ibr@ccsenet.org. Reviewers for Volume 11, Number 11   Alireza Athari, Eastern Mediterranean University, Iran Anca Gabriela Turtureanu, “DANUBIUS” University Galati, Romania Andrea Carosi, University of Sassari, Italy Andrei Buiga, “ARTIFEX University of Bucharest, Romania Anna Paola Micheli, Univrtsity of Cassino and Southern Lazio, Italy Antônio André Cunha Callado, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernmabuco, Brazil Antonio Usai, University of Sassari, Italy Ashford C Chea, Benedict College, USA Bazeet Olayemi Badru, Universiti Utara Malaysia, Nigeria Chokri Kooli, International Center for Basic Research applied, Paris, Canada Duminda Kuruppuarachchi, University of Otago, New Zealand Essia Ries Ahmed, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Malaysia Fevzi Esen, Istanbul Medeniyet University, Turkey Filomena Izzo, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Italy Francesco Scalera, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Italy Grzegorz Zasuwa, The John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin, Poland Haldun Şecaattin Çetinarslan, Turkish Naval Forces Command, Turkey Hanna Trojanowska, Warsaw University of Technology, Poland Herald Monis, Milagres College, India Hsiao-Ching Kuo, Washington and Jefferson College, USA Hung-Che Wu, Nanfang College of Sun Yat-sen University, China Ionela-Corina Chersan, “Alexandru Ioan Cuza” University from Iași, Romania Iwona Gorzeń-Mitka, Czestochowa University of Technology, Poland Janusz Wielki, Opole University of Technology, Poland Keshmeer Makun, University o the South Pacific, Fiji Khaled Mokni, Northern Border University, Tunisia L. Leo Franklin, Bharathidasn University, India Luisa Pinto, University of Porto School of Economics, Portugal Mahdi Shadkam, University Technology Malaysia, Malaysia Manuel A. R. da Fonseca, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Brazil Marcelino José Jorge, Evandro Chagas Clinical Research Institute of Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Brazil Maria Teresa Bianchi, University of Rome “LA SAPIENZA”, Italy Michaela Maria Schaffhauser-Linzatti, University of Vienna, Austria Miriam Jankalová, University of Zilina, Slovakia Miroslav Iordanov Mateev, American University, Dubai, UAE Mithat Turhan, Mersin University, Turkey Mohsen Malekalketab Khiabani, University Technology Malaysia, Malaysia Muath Eleswed, American University of Kuwait, USA Murat Akin, Omer Halisdemir University FEAS – NIGDE, Turkey Ozgur Demirtas, Turkish Air Force Academy, Turkey Radoslav Jankal, University of Zilina, Slovakia Riaz Ahsan, Government College University Faisalabad, Pakistan Roxanne Helm Stevens, Azusa Pacific University, USA Serhii Kozlovskiy, Donetsk National University, Ukraine Shun Mun Helen Wong, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong Wanmo Koo, Western Illinois University, USA Yasmin Tahira, Al Ain University of Science and Technology, Al Ain, UAE

Введение. На основе лингвостилистического анализа статей из англоязычных военных журналов изучаются языковые средства выразительности публикаций военной направленности, глубокое знание которых позволяет читающему понимать не только информативный, но и эмоциональный элемент их содержания. Цель – описать многообразие и особенности применения языковых средств выразительности в современных англоязычных военных публикациях. Материал и методы. Изучены диссертационные работы и научные статьи в периодических изданиях по филологии германских языков за последние 10 лет, а также публикации в таких англоязычных журналах военной направленности, как Air Force News, Australian Defence Force Journal, Canadian Military Journal, Defence Turkey, Raider, освещающие деятельность и состояние вооруженных сил Великобритании, США, Австралии, Турции, Канады и других государств. Использованы общенаучные методы теоретического анализа, наблюдения, обобщения, конкретизации.Результаты и обсуждение. Обзор публикаций по филологии германских языков за последнее десятилетие подтверждает недостаточную изученность проблематики использования языковых средств выразительности в англоязычных военных публикациях и актуальность проведения более глубоких исследований в этой области языкознания.Анализ содержания англоязычных военных журналов указывает на то, что в статьях военной направленности доминируют военно-политический и научно-технический стили, хотя в них также комбинируются элементы художественного, разговорного и рекламного текста, а соединение элементов различных функциональных стилей в публицистических текстах придает им не только типичные черты, но и выразительность.Языковые средства выразительности, используемые в военных публикациях, можно разделить на три группы: фонографические (аллитерация, ритм, морфологические и лексические повторы), лексические (эпитеты, метафора, обыгрывание фразеологизмов, жаргонизмы) и синтаксические (односоставные предложения, эмфатические конструкции, инверсия, антитеза, прямая речь, цитата), основной функцией которых является информирование, привлечение внимания, влияние на читателя, внедрение в его подсознание определенных психологических установок. Наиболее распространенными стилистическими тропами, используемыми в рассмотренных в рамках данной работы военных журналах, оказались односоставные предложения, эмфатические и параллельные конструкции, цитаты и прямая речь, метафоры, аллитерация, рифма и ритм.Заключение. В данной работе впервые были проанализированы особенности применения языковых средств выразительности в современных англоязычных военных публикациях. Результаты проведенного исследования могут быть практически применимы как для дальнейшего теоретического изучения рассматриваемой проблемы, так и практически для повышения качества иноязычного образования курсантов и слушателей военных образовательных учреждений в рамках как основной программы подготовки, так и в ходе обучения на курсах военных переводчиков по программе дополнительного профессионального образования. Introduction. On the basis of a linguo-stylistic analysis of articles from English-language military journals, the authors study the language means of expressiveness of military publications, a deep knowledge of which allows the reader to understand not only the informative, but also the emotional element of their content.The aim of the work is to describe the variety and features of the use of linguistic means of expressiveness in modern English-language military publications.Material and methods. The authors studied dissertations and scientific articles in periodicals on the philology of Germanic languages over the past 10 years, as well as publications in such English-language military journals as Air Force News, Australian Defense Force Journal, Canadian Military Journal, Defense Turkey, Raider, covering the activities and state of the armed forces of Great Britain, the United States, Australia, Turkey, Canada and other states. General scientific methods of theoretical analysis, observation, generalization, and concretization are used. Results and discussion. A review of publications on the philology of Germanic languages over the past decade confirms the insufficient knowledge of the problems of the use of language means of expressiveness in English-language military publications and the relevance of conducting more in-depth research in this field of linguistics. Analysis of the content of English-language military journals indicates that military-political and scientific-technical styles dominate in articles of military orientation, although they also combine elements of artistic, conversational and advertising text, and the combination of elements of various functional styles in journalistic texts gives them not only typical features, but also expressiveness. The language means of expressiveness used in military publications can be divided into three groups: phonographic (alliteration, rhythm, morphological and lexical repetitions), lexical (epithets, metaphor, playing phraseological units, jargon) and syntactic (one-part sentences, emphatic constructions, inversion, antithesis, direct speech, quotation), the main function of which is to inform, attract attention, influence the reader, introduce certain psychological attitudes into his subconscious. Conclusion. In this paper, for the first time, the features of the use of language means of expressiveness in modern English-language military publications were analyzed. The results of the conducted research can be practically applied both for further theoretical study of the problem under consideration, and practically for improving the quality of foreign language education of cadets and students of military educational institutions within the framework of both the main training program and during training at military translators ‘ courses under the program of additional professional education.

Thesis (M.S. in Modeling, Virtual Environments, and Simulation (MOVES))--Naval Postgraduate School, September 2009.
Thesis Advisor(s): Buss, Arnold H. "September 2009." Description based on title screen as viewed on November 03, 2009. Author(s) subject terms: Simulation, model, staff assignment problem, Simkit, Viskit, design of experiment, NOLH, and regression analysis. Includes bibliographical references (p. 73-74). Also available in print.

This book is part of a project launched by the Africa Foundation in September 2019. The book focuses on continent-country partnerships organized under the framework of international summits. It exclusively reviews the successes and pitfalls of the summits organized between Africa and its strategic partners. One of the key features of the African Union lies in its 2063 vision to build “an integrated, prosperous, equitable, well-governed and peaceful Africa that represents a creative and dynamic force in the international arena”. Within the framework of Agenda 2063, the African Union aims to promote Africa’s position in international politics, gain support to realize her objectives, increase Africa’s international standing, decolonize international relations, and aim to position African states an equal partner within the geopolitics of their region and in the world. The new 2063 vision focuses on the need to cooperate strategically with other regional groupings and states. Consequently, between 2000 hitherto, AU has endorsed a series of ground-breaking partnerships predominantly with the emerging powers of the south. These partnerships include the Africa-China forum, Africa-South America, Africa-South Korea, Africa-Turkey, Africa-Italy, and recently Africa-India. The increasing number of country-continent summits with new actors is growing evidence of an emerging approach of Africa’s Strategic Partnership.

Nationalism: Past as Prologue began as a single volume being compiled by Ad Akande, a scholar from South Africa, who proposed it to me as co-author about two years ago. The original idea was to examine how the damaging roots of nationalism have been corroding political systems around the world, and creating dangerous obstacles for necessary international cooperation. Since I (Bruce E. Johansen) has written profusely about climate change (global warming, a.k.a. infrared forcing), I suggested a concerted effort in that direction. This is a worldwide existential threat that affects every living thing on Earth. It often compounds upon itself, so delays in reducing emissions of fossil fuels are shortening the amount of time remaining to eliminate the use of fossil fuels to preserve a livable planet. Nationalism often impedes solutions to this problem (among many others), as nations place their singular needs above the common good. Our initial proposal got around, and abstracts on many subjects arrived. Within a few weeks, we had enough good material for a 100,000-word book. The book then fattened to two moderate volumes and then to four two very hefty tomes. We tried several different titles as good submissions swelled. We also discovered that our best contributors were experts in their fields, which ranged the world. We settled on three stand-alone books:” 1/ nationalism and racial justice. Our first volume grew as the growth of Black Lives Matter following the brutal killing of George Floyd ignited protests over police brutality and other issues during 2020, following the police assassination of Floyd in Minneapolis. It is estimated that more people took part in protests of police brutality during the summer of 2020 than any other series of marches in United States history. This includes upheavals during the 1960s over racial issues and against the war in Southeast Asia (notably Vietnam). We choose a volume on racism because it is one of nationalism’s main motive forces. This volume provides a worldwide array of work on nationalism’s growth in various countries, usually by authors residing in them, or in the United States with ethnic ties to the nation being examined, often recent immigrants to the United States from them. Our roster of contributors comprises a small United Nations of insightful, well-written research and commentary from Indonesia, New Zealand, Australia, China, India, South Africa, France, Portugal, Estonia, Hungary, Russia, Poland, Kazakhstan, Georgia, and the United States. Volume 2 (this one) describes and analyzes nationalism, by country, around the world, except for the United States; and 3/material directly related to President Donald Trump, and the United States. The first volume is under consideration at the Texas A & M University Press. The other two are under contract to Nova Science Publishers (which includes social sciences). These three volumes may be used individually or as a set. Environmental material is taken up in appropriate places in each of the three books. * * * * * What became the United States of America has been strongly nationalist since the English of present-day Massachusetts and Jamestown first hit North America’s eastern shores. The country propelled itself across North America with the self-serving ideology of “manifest destiny” for four centuries before Donald Trump came along. Anyone who believes that a Trumpian affection for deportation of “illegals” is a new thing ought to take a look at immigration and deportation statistics in Adam Goodman’s The Deportation Machine: America’s Long History of Deporting Immigrants (Princeton University Press, 2020). Between 1920 and 2018, the United States deported 56.3 million people, compared with 51.7 million who were granted legal immigration status during the same dates. Nearly nine of ten deportees were Mexican (Nolan, 2020, 83). This kind of nationalism, has become an assassin of democracy as well as an impediment to solving global problems. Paul Krugman wrote in the New York Times (2019:A-25): that “In their 2018 book, How Democracies Die, the political scientists Steven Levitsky and Daniel Ziblatt documented how this process has played out in many countries, from Vladimir Putin’s Russia, to Recep Erdogan’s Turkey, to Viktor Orban’s Hungary. Add to these India’s Narendra Modi, China’s Xi Jinping, and the United States’ Donald Trump, among others. Bit by bit, the guardrails of democracy have been torn down, as institutions meant to serve the public became tools of ruling parties and self-serving ideologies, weaponized to punish and intimidate opposition parties’ opponents. On paper, these countries are still democracies; in practice, they have become one-party regimes….And it’s happening here [the United States] as we speak. If you are not worried about the future of American democracy, you aren’t paying attention” (Krugmam, 2019, A-25). We are reminded continuously that the late Carl Sagan, one of our most insightful scientific public intellectuals, had an interesting theory about highly developed civilizations. Given the number of stars and planets that must exist in the vast reaches of the universe, he said, there must be other highly developed and organized forms of life. Distance may keep us from making physical contact, but Sagan said that another reason we may never be on speaking terms with another intelligent race is (judging from our own example) could be their penchant for destroying themselves in relatively short order after reaching technological complexity. This book’s chapters, introduction, and conclusion examine the worldwide rise of partisan nationalism and the damage it has wrought on the worldwide pursuit of solutions for issues requiring worldwide scope, such scientific co-operation public health and others, mixing analysis of both. We use both historical description and analysis. This analysis concludes with a description of why we must avoid the isolating nature of nationalism that isolates people and encourages separation if we are to deal with issues of world-wide concern, and to maintain a sustainable, survivable Earth, placing the dominant political movement of our time against the Earth’s existential crises. Our contributors, all experts in their fields, each have assumed responsibility for a country, or two if they are related. This work entwines themes of worldwide concern with the political growth of nationalism because leaders with such a worldview are disinclined to co-operate internationally at a time when nations must find ways to solve common problems, such as the climate crisis. Inability to cooperate at this stage may doom everyone, eventually, to an overheated, stormy future plagued by droughts and deluges portending shortages of food and other essential commodities, meanwhile destroying large coastal urban areas because of rising sea levels. Future historians may look back at our time and wonder why as well as how our world succumbed to isolating nationalism at a time when time was so short for cooperative intervention which is crucial for survival of a sustainable earth. Pride in language and culture is salubrious to individuals’ sense of history and identity. Excess nationalism that prevents international co-operation on harmful worldwide maladies is quite another. As Pope Francis has pointed out: For all of our connectivity due to expansion of social media, ability to communicate can breed contempt as well as mutual trust. “For all our hyper-connectivity,” said Francis, “We witnessed a fragmentation that made it more difficult to resolve problems that affect us all” (Horowitz, 2020, A-12). The pope’s encyclical, titled “Brothers All,” also said: “The forces of myopic, extremist, resentful, and aggressive nationalism are on the rise.” The pope’s document also advocates support for migrants, as well as resistance to nationalist and tribal populism. Francis broadened his critique to the role of market capitalism, as well as nationalism has failed the peoples of the world when they need co-operation and solidarity in the face of the world-wide corona virus pandemic. Humankind needs to unite into “a new sense of the human family [Fratelli Tutti, “Brothers All”], that rejects war at all costs” (Pope, 2020, 6-A). Our journey takes us first to Russia, with the able eye and honed expertise of Richard D. Anderson, Jr. who teaches as UCLA and publishes on the subject of his chapter: “Putin, Russian identity, and Russia’s conduct at home and abroad.” Readers should find Dr. Anderson’s analysis fascinating because Vladimir Putin, the singular leader of Russian foreign and domestic policy these days (and perhaps for the rest of his life, given how malleable Russia’s Constitution has become) may be a short man physically, but has high ambitions. One of these involves restoring the old Russian (and Soviet) empire, which would involve re-subjugating a number of nations that broke off as the old order dissolved about 30 years ago. President (shall we say czar?) Putin also has international ambitions, notably by destabilizing the United States, where election meddling has become a specialty. The sight of Putin and U.S. president Donald Trump, two very rich men (Putin $70-$200 billion; Trump $2.5 billion), nuzzling in friendship would probably set Thomas Jefferson and Vladimir Lenin spinning in their graves. The road of history can take some unanticipated twists and turns. Consider Poland, from which we have an expert native analysis in chapter 2, Bartosz Hlebowicz, who is a Polish anthropologist and journalist. His piece is titled “Lawless and Unjust: How to Quickly Make Your Own Country a Puppet State Run by a Group of Hoodlums – the Hopeless Case of Poland (2015–2020).” When I visited Poland to teach and lecture twice between 2006 and 2008, most people seemed to be walking on air induced by freedom to conduct their own affairs to an unusual degree for a state usually squeezed between nationalists in Germany and Russia. What did the Poles then do in a couple of decades? Read Hlebowicz’ chapter and decide. It certainly isn’t soft-bellied liberalism. In Chapter 3, with Bruce E. Johansen, we visit China’s western provinces, the lands of Tibet as well as the Uighurs and other Muslims in the Xinjiang region, who would most assuredly resent being characterized as being possessed by the Chinese of the Han to the east. As a student of Native American history, I had never before thought of the Tibetans and Uighurs as Native peoples struggling against the Independence-minded peoples of a land that is called an adjunct of China on most of our maps. The random act of sitting next to a young woman on an Air India flight out of Hyderabad, bound for New Delhi taught me that the Tibetans had something to share with the Lakota, the Iroquois, and hundreds of other Native American states and nations in North America. Active resistance to Chinese rule lasted into the mid-nineteenth century, and continues today in a subversive manner, even in song, as I learned in 2018 when I acted as a foreign adjudicator on a Ph.D. dissertation by a Tibetan student at the University of Madras (in what is now in a city called Chennai), in southwestern India on resistance in song during Tibet’s recent history. Tibet is one of very few places on Earth where a young dissident can get shot to death for singing a song that troubles China’s Quest for Lebensraum. The situation in Xinjiang region, where close to a million Muslims have been interned in “reeducation” camps surrounded with brick walls and barbed wire. They sing, too. Come with us and hear the music. Back to Europe now, in Chapter 4, to Portugal and Spain, we find a break in the general pattern of nationalism. Portugal has been more progressive governmentally than most. Spain varies from a liberal majority to military coups, a pattern which has been exported to Latin America. A situation such as this can make use of the term “populism” problematic, because general usage in our time usually ties the word into a right-wing connotative straightjacket. “Populism” can be used to describe progressive (left-wing) insurgencies as well. José Pinto, who is native to Portugal and also researches and writes in Spanish as well as English, in “Populism in Portugal and Spain: a Real Neighbourhood?” provides insight into these historical paradoxes. Hungary shares some historical inclinations with Poland (above). Both emerged from Soviet dominance in an air of developing freedom and multicultural diversity after the Berlin Wall fell and the Soviet Union collapsed. Then, gradually at first, right wing-forces began to tighten up, stripping structures supporting popular freedom, from the courts, mass media, and other institutions. In Chapter 5, Bernard Tamas, in “From Youth Movement to Right-Liberal Wing Authoritarianism: The Rise of Fidesz and the Decline of Hungarian Democracy” puts the renewed growth of political and social repression into a context of worldwide nationalism. Tamas, an associate professor of political science at Valdosta State University, has been a postdoctoral fellow at Harvard University and a Fulbright scholar at the Central European University in Budapest, Hungary. His books include From Dissident to Party Politics: The Struggle for Democracy in Post-Communist Hungary (2007). Bear in mind that not everyone shares Orbán’s vision of what will make this nation great, again. On graffiti-covered walls in Budapest, Runes (traditional Hungarian script) has been found that read “Orbán is a motherfucker” (Mikanowski, 2019, 58). Also in Europe, in Chapter 6, Professor Ronan Le Coadic, of the University of Rennes, Rennes, France, in “Is There a Revival of French Nationalism?” Stating this title in the form of a question is quite appropriate because France’s nationalistic shift has built and ebbed several times during the last few decades. For a time after 2000, it came close to assuming the role of a substantial minority, only to ebb after that. In 2017, the candidate of the National Front reached the second round of the French presidential election. This was the second time this nationalist party reached the second round of the presidential election in the history of the Fifth Republic. In 2002, however, Jean-Marie Le Pen had only obtained 17.79% of the votes, while fifteen years later his daughter, Marine Le Pen, almost doubled her father's record, reaching 33.90% of the votes cast. Moreover, in the 2019 European elections, re-named Rassemblement National obtained the largest number of votes of all French political formations and can therefore boast of being "the leading party in France.” The brutality of oppressive nationalism may be expressed in personal relationships, such as child abuse. While Indonesia and Aotearoa [the Maoris’ name for New Zealand] hold very different ranks in the United Nations Human Development Programme assessments, where Indonesia is classified as a medium development country and Aotearoa New Zealand as a very high development country. In Chapter 7, “Domestic Violence Against Women in Indonesia and Aotearoa New Zealand: Making Sense of Differences and Similarities” co-authors, in Chapter 8, Mandy Morgan and Dr. Elli N. Hayati, from New Zealand and Indonesia respectively, found that despite their socio-economic differences, one in three women in each country experience physical or sexual intimate partner violence over their lifetime. In this chapter ther authors aim to deepen understandings of domestic violence through discussion of the socio-economic and demographic characteristics of theit countries to address domestic violence alongside studies of women’s attitudes to gender norms and experiences of intimate partner violence. One of the most surprising and upsetting scholarly journeys that a North American student may take involves Adolf Hitler’s comments on oppression of American Indians and Blacks as he imagined the construction of the Nazi state, a genesis of nationalism that is all but unknown in the United States of America, traced in this volume (Chapter 8) by co-editor Johansen. Beginning in Mein Kampf, during the 1920s, Hitler explicitly used the westward expansion of the United States across North America as a model and justification for Nazi conquest and anticipated colonization by Germans of what the Nazis called the “wild East” – the Slavic nations of Poland, the Baltic states, Ukraine, and Russia, most of which were under control of the Soviet Union. The Volga River (in Russia) was styled by Hitler as the Germans’ Mississippi, and covered wagons were readied for the German “manifest destiny” of imprisoning, eradicating, and replacing peoples the Nazis deemed inferior, all with direct references to events in North America during the previous century. At the same time, with no sense of contradiction, the Nazis partook of a long-standing German romanticism of Native Americans. One of Goebbels’ less propitious schemes was to confer honorary Aryan status on Native American tribes, in the hope that they would rise up against their oppressors. U.S. racial attitudes were “evidence [to the Nazis] that America was evolving in the right direction, despite its specious rhetoric about equality.” Ming Xie, originally from Beijing, in the People’s Republic of China, in Chapter 9, “News Coverage and Public Perceptions of the Social Credit System in China,” writes that The State Council of China in 2014 announced “that a nationwide social credit system would be established” in China. “Under this system, individuals, private companies, social organizations, and governmental agencies are assigned a score which will be calculated based on their trustworthiness and daily actions such as transaction history, professional conduct, obedience to law, corruption, tax evasion, and academic plagiarism.” The “nationalism” in this case is that of the state over the individual. China has 1.4 billion people; this system takes their measure for the purpose of state control. Once fully operational, control will be more subtle. People who are subject to it, through modern technology (most often smart phones) will prompt many people to self-censor. Orwell, modernized, might write: “Your smart phone is watching you.” Ming Xie holds two Ph.Ds, one in Public Administration from University of Nebraska at Omaha and another in Cultural Anthropology from the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, Beijing, where she also worked for more than 10 years at a national think tank in the same institution. While there she summarized news from non-Chinese sources for senior members of the Chinese Communist Party. Ming is presently an assistant professor at the Department of Political Science and Criminal Justice, West Texas A&M University. In Chapter 10, analyzing native peoples and nationhood, Barbara Alice Mann, Professor of Honours at the University of Toledo, in “Divide, et Impera: The Self-Genocide Game” details ways in which European-American invaders deprive the conquered of their sense of nationhood as part of a subjugation system that amounts to genocide, rubbing out their languages and cultures -- and ultimately forcing the native peoples to assimilate on their own, for survival in a culture that is foreign to them. Mann is one of Native American Studies’ most acute critics of conquests’ contradictions, and an author who retrieves Native history with a powerful sense of voice and purpose, having authored roughly a dozen books and numerous book chapters, among many other works, who has traveled around the world lecturing and publishing on many subjects. Nalanda Roy and S. Mae Pedron in Chapter 11, “Understanding the Face of Humanity: The Rohingya Genocide.” describe one of the largest forced migrations in the history of the human race, the removal of 700,000 to 800,000 Muslims from Buddhist Myanmar to Bangladesh, which itself is already one of the most crowded and impoverished nations on Earth. With about 150 million people packed into an area the size of Nebraska and Iowa (population less than a tenth that of Bangladesh, a country that is losing land steadily to rising sea levels and erosion of the Ganges river delta. The Rohingyas’ refugee camp has been squeezed onto a gigantic, eroding, muddy slope that contains nearly no vegetation. However, Bangladesh is majority Muslim, so while the Rohingya may starve, they won’t be shot to death by marauding armies. Both authors of this exquisite (and excruciating) account teach at Georgia Southern University in Savannah, Georgia, Roy as an associate professor of International Studies and Asian politics, and Pedron as a graduate student; Roy originally hails from very eastern India, close to both Myanmar and Bangladesh, so he has special insight into the context of one of the most brutal genocides of our time, or any other. This is our case describing the problems that nationalism has and will pose for the sustainability of the Earth as our little blue-and-green orb becomes more crowded over time. The old ways, in which national arguments often end in devastating wars, are obsolete, given that the Earth and all the people, plants, and other animals that it sustains are faced with the existential threat of a climate crisis that within two centuries, more or less, will flood large parts of coastal cities, and endanger many species of plants and animals. To survive, we must listen to the Earth, and observe her travails, because they are increasingly our own.

The chapter is set on April 19, 1991, when Operation Provide Comfort (OPC) commander Lieutenant General John Shalikashvili is changing aircraft on a runway in Diyarbakir, eastern Turkey. The chapter overviews both the geopolitics of how the crisis occurred and how the rapidly growing scope and internationalization of the problem led Shalikashvili to take over the international humanitarian mission from the first commander, US Air Force major general Jim Jamerson. The chapter explains how during his career Shalikashvili developed leadership skills of logistics mastery and diplomacy (including during Operation Steel Box and the movement of the VII Corps to the Persian Gulf) as well as turned being an immigrant soldier from a liability to a strength, and in the process developed an international mystique about him. Told through the eyes of OPC staff member US Air Force colonel Eugene J. Ronsick, who thinks it was a mistake to replace the original commander with Shalikashvili, the chapter also demonstrates how Shalikashvili’s persona can quickly change people’s attitude toward him from negative to positive.

Urbanization in Turkey and in the world has increased in the last 30 years. Therefore, urban areas having a dynamic structure should be regularly monitored, and the urban region should be determined. There is a need of accurate current data that enables the monitoring of the temporally changing urban development and land use at regular intervals. In order to determine the urban sizes, the 2010 DMSP-OLS (US Air Force Meteorological Satellite Program – operational line scan system) nighttime images are used. This chapter is adapted to all provinces of Turkey. Nighttime images in the literature are mainly used for examining the global economic and demographic differences between countries. In order to determine the urban growth from nighttime images, two different image analyses including object-based and cell-based methods are used in this study. Object-oriented image analysis method includes image segmentation studies, and cell-based classification method contains natural breaks and OTSU method.

Urbanization in Turkey and in the world continues is increased especially in the last 30 years. Therefore, urban areas having a dynamic structure should be regularly monitored and the urban region should be determined. There is a need of accurate current data that enables to monitor the temporally changing urban development and land use at regular intervals. In order to determine the urban sizes the 2010 DMSP - OLS (US Air Force Meteorological Satellite Program – operational line scan system) night-time images are used. This study is adapted to all provinces of Turkey. Night-time images in the literature are mainly used for examining the global economic and demographic differences between countries. In order to determine the urban growth from night-time images two different image analysis including object-based and cell-based methods are used in this study. Object-oriented image analysis method includes image segmentation studies and cell-based classification method contains natural breaks and otsu method.

On November 24, 2015, a Turkish F-16 fighter jet shot down a Russian Sukhoi Su-24M aircraft on the Syria-Turkey border. For seventeen seconds the Russian aircraft crossed the southern tip of a salient of Turkish territory that Syria claimed rightfully belonged to it. Two Russians ejected from the plane over Syria. A local Turkmen militia, commanded by a Turkish citizen, fired at the aviators, killing one. A second Russian serviceman was killed during a rescue mission to save the surviving aviator. The incident, recorded on radar systems by many countries and partially captured on video camera, was the first time since the Korean War that a North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) country’s fighter jet destroyed a Soviet/Russian Air Force aircraft. Fortunately the event did not escalate into a full-blown NATO Russia crisis, although with tensions high over the Ukraine crisis and two authoritarian leaders at loggerheads, it could well have done so. There were background accusations. Turkish president Erdoğan was aggrieved that Russia was bombing co-ethnic kin in its southern near abroad while aiding Kurdish separatists, while Russian president Putin saw Turkey as an accomplice of international terrorists. Entwined territorial and terrorist anxieties, as well as near abroad insecurities, preoccupied both men. Had Russia responded with force against Turkey, this could have triggered Article V of NATO’s Washington Treaty, and NATO members would have faced the prospect of war with Russia over a tiny piece of territory in the Middle East most knew nothing about. Relations between the NATO alliance and Russia are now at their lowest point since the collapse of the Soviet Union. Airspace violations, incidents at sea, military training exercises, and hybrid war hysteria have kept tensions high. After Crimea, NATO moved to strengthen its capacity to respond to perceived Russian encroachment on the Baltic countries. The Obama administration’s European Reassurance Initiative was launched in June 2014 with a $1 billion budget for training and temporary rotations. In a speech in Riga in September 2014, President Obama declared: “We’ll be here for Estonia.

Abstract This chapter deals with Turkey’s policy towards NATO. Realpolitik remains the key analytical framework to grasp Turkey as a NATO nation. With its strong military and burgeoning defence technological and industrial base, Turkey brings a combat-proven warfighting capacity to the Alliance which can be matched by only a few other allies. This is essential at a time of escalatory challenges of interstate and hybrid conflicts. Geopolitics is yet another explanatory framework broadly used in this chapter. Turkey’s critical geopolitical setting, ranging from its control over the Straits to being the sole NATO nation with a land connection to the Middle East and the Caucasus, is important for NATO’s geostrategic outlook. Yet, from Turkey’s downing of a Russian Aero-Space Forces Su-24 frontline bomber in 2015 to its 2019 procurement of Russia’s S-400 surface-to-air missile system, Turkey’s strategic agenda has navigated through complicated patterns. Turkey has also provided Ukraine with armed drones and developed a firm defence partnership with Kyiv amidst Russia’s reactions. At present, while Turkey’s quest for further marge de manoeuvre in international affairs can cause drifts with some Western nations, its contribution to NATO efforts remains high, showcasing the compartmentalization between Turkey’s bilateral relations with the West and its NATO paradigm. Looking forward, while Turkey will keep depending on NATO in defence planning, this dependency has gradually become more ‘refined’ in defence technological aspects, predominantly revolving around strategic weapon systems, advanced battle networks, and nuclear deterrent.

The aim of this study is to address the importance of strategic energy management in order to ensure the transition of Turkey, a country that is trying to end its dependence on energy, to green energy using renewable energy sources. With the excessive use of nonrenewable energy sources by Turkey, in order to reduce environmental pollution and foreign dependency in energy, it started studies to increase the use of domestic and renewable energy resources in the early 2000s. With the transition to renewable energy sources as a new concept in Turkey's energy policy “green energy,” it has come to the fore. With the transition to green energy, Turkey is trying to prevent pollution of the environment by reducing fossil fuel consumption and aims to reduce energy costs by reducing the use of energy sources that cannot be renewed in production. Turkey, a country rich in renewable energy sources, will be able to use existing renewable energy sources effectively and efficiently using strategic management in energy.

The aim of this study is to determine the criteria used in the evaluation of renewable energy resources with the extremely high strategic importance that Turkey has and to find their degree of importance. For this purpose, an application has been made to find which criteria come to the fore and the weights of these criteria in order to evaluate Turkey's renewable energy resources. Five main criteria (technical, economic, environmental, social, and political) and a total of 22 sub-criteria related to these criteria were included in the scope of the study. Fuzzy SWARA method, one of the multi-criteria decision-making methods, has been used in the study. According to the results of the analysis, the most important criterion among the main criteria was “environmental criteria.” As a result, it has shown the importance of the priority criteria for Turkey and environmental evaluation criteria, which are important for the common future of humanity in parallel with the results in the world.

The chapter opens with a historical analysis of the dilemmas of foreign policy faced by Greece: what to do about the Greek speaking communities outside the bounds of the Greek kingdom, for example whether to adopt policies of conciliation of Turkey, or aim to combine with Bulgaria against Turkey. These unresolved issues had new immediacy in Venizelos's period as prime minister since the Balkan states were pressing for action against Turkey. After a short spell of euphoria about the possible effects of the Young Turk revolution, in the face of Turkish 'Ottomanization' of the Christian minorities Venizelos adopted a hardheaded policy, aiming to strengthen Greece's armed forces, meanwhile avoiding provocation of Turkey while work remained to do in improving the armed forces. In June 1911 Venizelos introduced a bill reintegrating the Crown Prince in the army as Inspector General, contrary to the views of Zorbas, Dragoumis and others. The bill became law and the Crown Prince's position was reinforced.

Although multinational companies are both a cause and a result of economic globalization, it is also a driving force that enables economic globalization to expand its sphere of influence around the world. Today, international relations require not only states but also the existence of non-state actors to be taken into account. Multinational companies have increased both their numbers and activities with globalization. The increasing role of multinational companies has begun to be limited not only to economic activities. They can take on a function of shaping the policies of underdeveloped nation states. In this study, the definition, characteristics, and historical development of multinational companies are explained. Then, the organizational structure of these companies is mentioned. The place of multinational companies in the world and in Turkey is explained and the study is concluded. The concept of a multinational company has been examined with the research. The aim of the study is to explain the concept of multinational companies in a broad perspective.

This chapter asks what role air power plays in the Arctic and discusses how air power can contribute to create effects in the region in times of peace, crisis and war. The chapter concludes that air power is a central element in the military strategies of Russia, NATO and Norway, and that all the actors use air power capabilities to maintain situational awareness and presence, enforce national jurisdiction and interests, and to send political messages. Russia has invested in a range of new capabilities, in particular air-defence systems and long-range precision weapons, that improve the ability to secure key areas and provide significant offensive combat power, thereby contributing to offset some of NATO’s conventional advantage. Some NATO members, most importantly the United States, have turned their attention towards the Arctic and have published new strategies specific to the region that highlight the role of air power in securing access and freedom to manoeuvre in crisis and war. Allied air power capabilities also operate in the region regularly. Norway has a small but capable inventory of air power capabilities that is centred around the new F-35 Lightning II fighter aircraft and P-8 Poseidon maritime patrol aircraft. The main task of the Norwegian Air Force is to fight for control of the air and support land and maritime operations, both as a first responder in preparation for NATO involvement and as an integrated force with the alliance. The flexibility and offensive punch of the of the F-35 create new opportunities that may in turn require a critical revision of traditional Norwegian concepts and strategies for the use of air power.

The Syrian civil war began with the demonstrations that took place on 15 March 2011 and spread to over the all Middle East Countries in April 2011. This conflict in Syria affected Turkish-Russia relations negatively. On the other hand, the conflict has also caused crises among other countries. The most prominent example of this is the jet crisis between Turkey and Russia. In November 2015, the Russian jet which was in violation of the border was dropped by the Turkish Air Force. For this purpose, the study aims to reveal the source of the Syrian internal conflict, the positions of the sides involved in this process and the effects of political and economic sanctions in Russia-Turkey on economic relations between the two countries. In the study, firstly the elements that triggered the emergence of the Syrian crisis were identified and then the political actions that the sides put forward were briefly examined. The economic-political relations between Turkey and Russia, which have been developing since the 1990s, have come to an end with the antagonism created by the Syrian civil war and jet crisis. The economic embargo that Russia and Turkey have imposed on each other has caused serious reductions in foreign trade volume between the two countries and in the number of tourists from Russia to Turkey.

Poverty is one of the biggest problems in developing countries. Poverty is general scarcity or the state of one who lacks a certain amount of material possessions or money. Poverty issue is examined on a sector and national levels. Addition it is examined in households and gender level in many countries. When these studies are examined, the most affected segments of poverty are women and children. In our study: The relationship between the woman poverty rates and female labour force participation rates were examined in Turkey. Poor children do not only occur in developing countries. In developed countries and in countries with high income levels, poor children are likely to occur. Adults’ poverty is possible to solve in time with employment, aids and donations. However, child poverty continues in the future. Unfortunately, aid to households are not enough. So the problem must be clearly demonstrated and implemented specific policies for children. Child is the social structure of the subject. Damage to children will be create a domino effect in the future. Consequently, it should be recognized and taken measures taken in advance.

Migration flows are an important research topic in the economic literature due to the economic effects they have on both the homeland and the countries receiving the immigration. Studies on homeland focus on issues such as remittances, foreign direct investment, Technology and knowledge transfers and trade links, while studies on immigrant countries focus on issues such as immigrants' impacts on the local labor market and commercial effects. The aim of this study starting from this point is the recent massive migration flows exposed to these migration flows in Turkey to determine their impact on the local labor market. In the study, the data set covering the period of 2011-2016 was used for 26 sub-regions of Turkey and this was tested using panel data analysis. According to the results, while immigrants with a work permit in Turkey have a statistically significant and positive impact on the women’s labor force participation rate and the total labor force participation rate, there is no statistically significant effect on male labor force participation rates. In other words, according to the results, immigrants with a work permit in Turkey are complementary in terms of local labor force.

The economic contribution of the automotive industry, one of the leading industries in the global economy, has been studied in many studies. However, country-based studies on the possible impact of the increase in market share of environmentally-friendly vehicles, which is expected to be the third turning point of the automotive industry, are limited. The aim of this study is to explore the obstacles encountered in increasing the market share of electric vehicles included in environmentally friendly vehicles and to contribute to these researches by revealing the possible effects of this market share increases in automotive main and subsidiary industries in Turkey. In this context, reported here are in-depth interviews conducted through open-ended inquiries with a sampling comprising of three participants, a General Manager of one of the Turkey’s leading automotive firms providing sales and after-sales services of electric vehicles in Turkey, a journalist who makes television programs about electric vehicles and the automotive industry and who continuously participates in many automotive fairs all over the world and finally an editor of a magazine publishing about electrical and hybrid cars in Turkey. According to findings, establishment of public consciousness and trust, provision of financial and physical incentives to consumers, allocation of production and export incentives and tax supports for producers come to the fore. Participants' common view is that the increase in the market share of these environmentally friendly as well as highly technological vehicles might have a positive effect on the economic growth of our country through production and employment.

In this paper a methodology for forced response calculation of bladed disks with underplatform dampers is described. The FE disk model, supposed to be cyclically symmetric, is reduced by means of Component Mode Synthesis and then DOFs lying at interfaces are further reduced by means of interface modes. Underplatform dampers are modeled as rigid bodies translating both in the radial and in the tangential direction of the engine. Contacts between blade platforms and damper are simulated by means of contact elements characterized by both tangential and normal contact stiffness, allowing partial separation of contact surfaces. Differential equilibrium equations are turned in non-linear algebraic equations by means of the Harmonic Balance Method (HBM). The methodology is implemented in a numerical code for forced response calculation of frictionally damped bladed disks. Numerical calculations are performed to evaluate the effectiveness of both the reduced order model and the underplatform model in simulating the dynamic behavior of bladed disks in presence of underplatform dampers.

In a low-speed compressor test rig at Kyushu University, multiple short length-scale stall cells appeared under a mild stall condition and turned into a long length-scale cell under a deep stall condition. Then, for the both types of stall cell, the pressure distribution on the casing wall and the velocity distributions upstream and downstream of the rotor have been measured by high response pressure transducers and a slanted hot-wire, respectively. The time-dependent ensemble averages of these distributions have been obtained phase-locking to both of the rotor and the stall cell rotation by using a so-called ‘double phase-locked averaging technique’ developed by the authors. Structure of the two stall cells are compared with each other: The short length-scale stall cell is characterized by a concentrated vortex spanning from the casing wall ahead of the rotor to the blade suction surface. In the long length-scale stall cell, the separation vortices go upstream irregularly when blade separation develops in the front half of the cell, and reenter the rotor on the hub side in the rear half of it. The unsteady aerodynamic force and torsional moment acting on the blade tip section have been evaluated from the time-dependent ensemble averages of the casing wall pressure distribution. The force fluctuation due to the short length-scale cells is somewhat smaller than that for the long length-scale cell. The blade suffers two peaks of the force during a period of the short length-scale cells passing through it. The moment fluctuation for the short length-scale cells is considerably larger than that for the long length-scale cell.

The present study deals with the transient thermal management of electro-optical equipment using the phase-change materials (PCMs). These materials can absorb large amounts of heat without significant rise of their temperature during the melting process. This effect is attractive for using in the passive thermal management of portable electro-optical systems, particularly those where the device is intended to operate in the periodic regime, or where the relatively short stages of high power dissipation are followed by long stand-by periods without a considerable power release. In the present work, a so-called hybrid heat sink is developed. The heat sink is made of aluminum. The heat is dissipated on the heat sink base, and then is transferred by thermal conduction to the PCM and to a standard forced-convection air heat sink cooled by an attached fan. The whole system may be initially at some constant temperature which is below the PCM melting temperature. Then, power dissipation on the heat sink base is turned on. As heat propagates within the heat sink, some part of it is absorbed by the PCM causing a delay in the temperature growth at the heat sink base. Alternatively, the steady-state conditions may be such that the base temperature is below the PCM melting temperature, meaning that all the heat generated on the heat sink base is transferred to the cooling air. Then, the fan is turned off reducing the heat transfer to the ambient air, and the heat is absorbed into the PCM resulting in its melting. In both cases, the time that it will take the heat sink base to approach some specified maximum allowed temperature is expected to be longer than that without the PCM.

Abstract Telephone companies use electronics to route calls between customers. These electronics are generally packaged together and placed in steel containers located outdoors. When a significant amount of electronics are packaged together the cooling capacity of natural convection is exceeded and supplementary cooling systems are needed. Forced air cooling is generally the system of choice given the relative low cost and simplicity when compared to alternative cooling methods. Simple axial flow fans are typically turned on and off by a thermostat located inside the cabinet to keep the inside air temperature below a predetermined maximum. While the behavior of an electronics cabinet with this type of cooling system may be acceptable under conditions of a summer day in the desert southwest, it may overheat or have unacceptable thermal cycling during the cold days of winter. Numerical simulation using a system of lumped thermal capacitances is used to predict the air-flow rate which would prevent thermal cycling and reduce operating temperatures to well below that found in the summer months.

This study provides a qualitatively visual observation of the two-phase flow patterns for air-water mixtures inside a 3 mm smooth tube with the presence of vertical return bend. The curvature ratio (2R/D) is 3.2 whereas the total mass flux is from 70 to 800 kg/m2 s. The flow can be either entering from the upper of the tube or from the lower tube. However, it is found that there is no great difference between those flow entering at the upper tube and that of the lower tube if the inlet mass flux and vapor quality is the same. For a mass flux of 70 kg/m2 s at a vapor quality to 0.009, as the flow is approaching the return bend, one can observe a fluctuating phenomenon at the tail of the long slug that leads to a liquid ripple around the periphery. When the air slug is trying to penetrate the preceding liquid in the return bend, the shape at the front of the air slug was sharpened. A further increase of the vapor quality to 0.05, the flow after the return bend was temporarily turned from stratified flow into the annular flow. At a higher mass flux of 300 kg/m2 s, unlike those flow pattern at 70 kg/m2 s, the increase of the vapor shear interacts with the centrifugal force and the accumulated liquid within the return bend forces the Taylor bubble to be completely disordered. There is no separating and re-merging phenomenon of the air slug for the slug flow pattern across the return bend even for a very low vapor quality of 0.001. This is quite different from those with larger diameter tube (Chen et al. 2002, Wang et al. 2003b, 2003c).

Void formation is encountered in the form of air pockets during preparation of composite thermal energy storage systems, consisting of phase change materials (PCM) infiltrated into a high-conductivity porous structure. The presence of voids within the pores of a porous structure degrades the thermal and phase change behavior of such composites. Recent work devoted to multiphase modeling of the infiltration of PCM in liquid state into porous media and formation of voids showed that among the various contributing driving forces (i.e. gravity, pressure gradient and interfacial forces), the interfacial forces (resulting from surface tension and contact angle) play a significant role at the pore level. Additionally, modeling the solidification and melting of PCM within the pores in presence of a void revealed that there is a temperature gradient along the interface between the PCM and void. Considering the surface tension as the major driving force at the pore level, this temperature gradient is large enough to give rise to a gradient in surface tension that then triggers the Marangoni convection at the interface. Thus, as a convection mechanism, it affects the phase change process as well as the interface shape. Therefore, in this paper, the effects of the Marangoni convection on PCM solidification time and shape of the interface was investigated at the pore level. A numerical approach was employed for solidification of a PCM based on the combination of the Volume-of-fluid (VOF) and enthalpy-porosity methods, including the variation of the surface tension with temperature, i.e. Marangoni effects. A two-dimensional model of a pore was developed based on the average geometric features of the pores in a porous structure with interconnecting pores. Following the grid independence study, the transient simulation of solidification was performed, whereas the PCM within the pore and the air within the void were treated as incompressible liquid and compressible gas, respectively. The liquid density change during the solidification was included to explicate the formation of shrinkage void and its distribution within the pores. The PCM solidification time and shape of the final interface between the PCM and air pocket (representing the amount and distribution of the shrinkage void evolving during the solidification) were extracted and compared between the cases with and without Marangoni convection. For verification purposes, the volume of the predicted infiltration void is in agreement with experimental measurements and the volume of the shrinkage void shows a good agreement with theoretical volume change. The final shape of the interface was justified and turned out to be in agreement with the prevailing Marangoni convection pattern.