Articoli di riviste: "Trends to equilibrium"

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N. "Tourism Equilibrium Price Trends". American Journal of Applied Sciences 9, n. 4 (1 aprile 2012): 472–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.3844/ajassp.2012.472.477.

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Cattiaux, Patrick, e Arnaud Guillin. "Trends to equilibrium in total variation distance". Annales de l'Institut Henri Poincaré, Probabilités et Statistiques 45, n. 1 (febbraio 2009): 117–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1214/07-aihp152.

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Eary, L. Edmond. "Geochemical and equilibrium trends in mine pit lakes". Applied Geochemistry 14, n. 8 (novembre 1999): 963–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0883-2927(99)00049-9.

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Tembe, Bhalachandra L. "Trends in the equilibrium theory of polyatomic fluids". Journal of Chemical Sciences 99, n. 1-2 (agosto 1987): 129–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02935784.

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Zhao, Ziyang, Yihui Cai e Yafeng Yang. "Construction and Application of a Water Resources Spatial Equilibrium Model: A Case Study in the Yangtze River Economic Belt". Water 15, n. 16 (18 agosto 2023): 2984. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w15162984.

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The Yangtze River Economic Belt, as crucial component of China’s “T-shaped” strategy for territorial development and economic layout, has been challenged by the unbalanced spatial distribution of water resources, which has seriously affected high-quality development in harmony with the social economy and ecological environmental protection. In this study, we aim to enhance the conceptual definition of water resource spatial equilibrium. Additionally, we propose a water resource spatial equilibrium evaluation model based on a variable set and partial connection number. This model effectively addresses the limitations of traditional methods by incorporating fuzzy indices and dynamic information, which have previously been overlooked. The spatiotemporal characteristics and future evolutionary trend of water resource spatial equilibrium were analyzed in 11 provinces and 110 cities in the Yangtze River Economic Belt from 1999 to 2018. The results showed that the conceptual definition of water resource spatial equilibrium involves the water resource endowment, water resource development, water resource utilization, water resource supply and demand, water resource matching, and water resource protection. The water resource spatial equilibrium in the 11 provinces gradually improved following a temporal trend; in terms of the spatial trend, the south was better than the north and the west was better than the east. These provinces were sorted as follows: Yunnan > Sichuan > Zhejiang > Jiangxi > Hunan Province > Guizhou > Hubei > Chongqing > Anhui > Jiangsu > Shanghai. The evolutionary trend increased except in Yunnan. The water resource spatial equilibrium of the 110 cities showed that the spatial trends of the three major urban agglomerations were much better than in the other regions, and the temporal trend steadily improved. The 11 provinces and 110 cities could be divided into three and five categories, respectively, according to their spatiotemporal trends. City-scale research on water resource spatial equilibrium can effectively identify and optimize the control area compared with using a provincial scale. When the control targets were set to 20%, 40%, 60%, and 80%, the proportion of the administrative area based on the city scale decreased by 1.20%, 4.99%, 10.52%, and 19.05%, respectively.

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Syamsuddin, Muhammad, Muhammad Fakhruddin, Jane Theresa Marlen Sahetapy-Engel e Edy Soewono. "Causality Analysis of Google Trends and Dengue Incidence in Bandung, Indonesia With Linkage of Digital Data Modeling: Longitudinal Observational Study". Journal of Medical Internet Research 22, n. 7 (24 luglio 2020): e17633. http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/17633.

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Background The popularity of dengue can be inferred from Google Trends that summarizes Google searches of related topics. Both the disease and its Google Trends have a similar source of causation in the dengue virus, leading us to hypothesize that dengue incidence and Google Trends results have a long-run equilibrium. Objective This research aimed to investigate the properties of this long-run equilibrium in the hope of using the information derived from Google Trends for the early detection of upcoming dengue outbreaks. Methods This research used the cointegration method to assess a long-run equilibrium between dengue incidence and Google Trends results. The long-run equilibrium was characterized by their linear combination that generated a stationary process. The Dickey-Fuller test was adopted to check the stationarity of the processes. An error correction model (ECM) was then adopted to measure deviations from the long-run equilibrium to examine the short-term and long-term effects. The resulting models were used to determine the Granger causality between the two processes. Additional information about the two processes was obtained by examining the impulse response function and variance decomposition. Results The Dickey-Fuller test supported an implicit null hypothesis that the dengue incidence and Google Trends results are nonstationary processes (P=.01). A further test showed that the processes were cointegrated (P=.01), indicating that their particular linear combination is a stationary process. These results permitted us to construct ECMs. The model showed the direction of causality of the two processes, indicating that Google Trends results will Granger-cause dengue incidence (not in the reverse order). Conclusions Various hypothesis testing results in this research concluded that Google Trends results can be used as an initial indicator of upcoming dengue outbreaks.

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May, E. M., K. B. Stevenson, Jacob L. Bean, Taylor J. Bell, Nicolas B. Cowan, Lisa Dang, Jean-Michel Desert et al. "A New Analysis of Eight Spitzer Phase Curves and Hot Jupiter Population Trends: Qatar-1b, Qatar-2b, WASP-52b, WASP-34b, and WASP-140b". Astronomical Journal 163, n. 6 (10 maggio 2022): 256. http://dx.doi.org/10.3847/1538-3881/ac6261.

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Abstract With over 30 phase curves observed during the warm Spitzer mission, the complete data set provides a wealth of information relating to trends and three-dimensional properties of hot Jupiter atmospheres. In this work we present a comparative study of seven new Spitzer phase curves for four planets with equilibrium temperatures T eq ∼ 1300K: Qatar-2b, WASP-52b, WASP-34b, and WASP-140b, as well as a reanalysis of the 4.5 μm Qatar-1b phase curve due to the similar equilibrium temperature. In total, five 4.5 μm phase curves and three 3.6 μm phase curves are analyzed here with a uniform approach. Using these new results, in combination with literature values for the entire population of published Spitzer phase curves of hot Jupiters, we present evidence for a linear trend of increasing hotspot offset with increasing orbital period, as well as observational evidence for two classes of planets in apparent redistribution versus equilibrium temperature parameter space, and tentative evidence for a dependence of hotspot offset on planetary surface gravity in our ∼1300 K sample. We do not find trends in apparent heat redistribution with orbital period or gravity. Nonuniformity in literature Spitzer data analysis techniques precludes a definitive determination of the sources or lack of trends.

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Kalashnikov, Vyacheslav V., Vladimir A. Bulavsky, Nataliya I. Kalashnykova, Junzo Watada e Diego de Jesús Hernández-Rodríguez. "Analysis of Consistent Equilibria in a Mixed Duopoly". Journal of Advanced Computational Intelligence and Intelligent Informatics 18, n. 6 (20 novembre 2014): 962–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jaciii.2014.p0962.

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This paper examines a model of a mixed duopoly with conjectural variations equilibrium (CVE), in which one of the agents maximizes a convex combination of his/her net profit and domestic social surplus. The agents’ conjectures concern the price variations, which depend on their production output variations. Based on the already established existence and uniqueness results for the CVE (called theexterior equilibrium) for any set of feasible conjectures, the notion of interior equilibrium is introduced by developing a consistency criterion for the conjectures (referred to as influence coefficients), and the existence theorem for the interior equilibrium (understood as a CVE state withconsistent conjectures) is proven. When the convex combination coefficient tends to 1, thus transforming the model into the mixed duopoly in its extreme form, two trends are apparent. First, for the private company, the equilibrium with consistent conjectures becomes more proficient than the Cournot-Nash equilibrium. Second, there exists a (unique) value of the combination coefficient such that the private agent’s profit is the same in both of the above-mentioned equilibria, which makes subsidies to the producer or to consumers unnecessary.

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Kalashnikov, Vyacheslav V., Vladimir A. Bulavsky, Nataliya I. Kalashnykova, Junzo Watada e Diego de Jesús Hernández-Rodríguez. "Mixed Oligopoly: Analysis of Consistent Equilibria". Journal of Advanced Computational Intelligence and Intelligent Informatics 18, n. 6 (20 novembre 2014): 971–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jaciii.2014.p0971.

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In this paper, a model of mixed oligopoly with conjectured variations equilibrium (CVE) is examined, in which one of the agents maximizes a convex combination of its net profit with the domestic social surplus. The agents’ conjectures concern the price variations, which depend on the variations in their production outputs. Using the established existence and uniqueness results for the CVE (theexterior equilibrium) for any fixed set of feasible conjectures, the notion of the interior equilibrium is introduced by developing a conjecture consistency criterion. Then, the existence theoremfor the interior equilibrium (defined as a CVE state withconsistent conjectures) is proven. When the convex combination coefficient tends to 1 (thus transforming the model into the mixed oligopoly in its extreme form), two trends are apparent. First, for private companies, the equilibrium with consistent conjectures becomes more proficient than the Cournot-Nash equilibrium. Second, there exists a (unique) value of the convex combination coefficient such that the private agent’s aggregate profit is the same in both the above-mentioned equilibria, which makes subsidies to producers or consumers unnecessary.

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CHARIF, I. E., S. M. MEKELLECHE e D. VILLEMIN. "SOLVENT EFFECTS ON THE KETO-ENOL TAUTOMERIC EQUILIBRIUM OF TETRONIC AND ETHYL ACETOACETATE CARBON ACIDS: A THEORETICAL STUDY". Journal of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry 09, n. 06 (dicembre 2010): 1021–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219633610006171.

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The solvent effects on the keto-enol tautomeric equilibriums of ethyl acetoacetate (EAA) and tetronic acid (TA) are theoretically investigated. The present study shows that the most stable keto tautomer of EAA corresponds to the trans diketo, E, Z form; while the most stable enol tautomer corresponds to the structure in which the enolization takes place at the carbonyl group. Our calculations also put in evidence that the keto tautomer of TA prefers the trans diketo, E, E form, while the most stable enol tautomer corresponds to the structure in which the enolization takes place at the carbonyl group. The calculated free energies indicate that, in polar solvents, the keto-enol equilibrium of EAA is shifted towards the keto tautomer, whereas the keto-enol equilibrium of TA is shifted toward the enol tautomer. The trends of the change of equilibrium constants with respect to the change of solvent polarity are well reproduced by both B3LYP and MP2 calculations. The present study shows that the enthalpic term is predominant in the determination of the calculated equilibrium constants and the entropic effect on the calculated Gibbs free energies is found to be very small and has little influence on the studied keto-enol tautomeric equilibriums.

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Kleidon, Axel. "Non-equilibrium thermodynamics, maximum entropy production and Earth-system evolution". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 368, n. 1910 (13 gennaio 2010): 181–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2009.0188.

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The present-day atmosphere is in a unique state far from thermodynamic equilibrium. This uniqueness is for instance reflected in the high concentration of molecular oxygen and the low relative humidity in the atmosphere. Given that the concentration of atmospheric oxygen has likely increased throughout Earth-system history, we can ask whether this trend can be generalized to a trend of Earth-system evolution that is directed away from thermodynamic equilibrium, why we would expect such a trend to take place and what it would imply for Earth-system evolution as a whole. The justification for such a trend could be found in the proposed general principle of maximum entropy production (MEP), which states that non-equilibrium thermodynamic systems maintain steady states at which entropy production is maximized. Here, I justify and demonstrate this application of MEP to the Earth at the planetary scale. I first describe the non-equilibrium thermodynamic nature of Earth-system processes and distinguish processes that drive the system’s state away from equilibrium from those that are directed towards equilibrium. I formulate the interactions among these processes from a thermodynamic perspective and then connect them to a holistic view of the planetary thermodynamic state of the Earth system. In conclusion, non-equilibrium thermodynamics and MEP have the potential to provide a simple and holistic theory of Earth-system functioning. This theory can be used to derive overall evolutionary trends of the Earth’s past, identify the role that life plays in driving thermodynamic states far from equilibrium, identify habitability in other planetary environments and evaluate human impacts on Earth-system functioning.

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Angst, Jürgen. "Trends to equilibrium for a class of relativistic diffusions". Journal of Mathematical Physics 52, n. 11 (novembre 2011): 113703. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3659685.

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Pickup, G., G. N. Bastin e V. H. Chewings. "Identifying trends in land degradation in non‐equilibrium rangelands". Journal of Applied Ecology 35, n. 3 (giugno 1998): 365–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2664.1998.00319.x.

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Yang, Li Juan, Dong Liang Shen, Shi Qiang Wang, Ya Fei Guo e Tian Long Deng. "Phase Equilibria of the Salt-Water System of Lithium and Borate Ions". Advanced Materials Research 549 (luglio 2012): 122–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.549.122.

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It is well known that the exploitation of brine resources of salt lakes is based on the relevant phase equilibrium and phase diagrams. In this paper, the progresses on the stable and metastable equilibria, thermodynamic properties and predictive solubilities of the brine system containing lithium and borate ions at present were summarized. The problems existed and the new trends in the future were also carried out.

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Xie, Bing Lei, Chuan Ding e Yao Wu Wang. "Interactive Relations between Urban Arterial Transit Route and Land-Use under TOD Mode". Applied Mechanics and Materials 97-98 (settembre 2011): 1201–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.97-98.1201.

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To study interactive relations between urban arterial transit route and land-use under TOD mode, the features of urban arterial transit route and its surrounding land-use were analyzed. An interactive relation model between urban arterial transit route and land-use was established with nonlinear differential equations. Dynamic evolvement and trends of urban arterial transit route and land-use were analyzed, and stability and conditions on equilibrium states were shown by differential equation stability theory. A simulation was done to show that the development of arterial transit route in urban had a trend to surpass traffic capacity of equilibrium state.

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Lauvset, S. K., N. Gruber, P. Landschützer, A. Olsen e J. Tjiputra. "Trends and drivers in global surface ocean pH over the past 3 decades". Biogeosciences 12, n. 5 (2 marzo 2015): 1285–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-1285-2015.

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Abstract. We report global long-term trends in surface ocean pH using a new pH data set computed by combining fCO2 observations from the Surface Ocean CO2 Atlas (SOCAT) version 2 with surface alkalinity estimates based on temperature and salinity. Trends were determined over the periods 1981–2011 and 1991–2011 for a set of 17 biomes using a weighted linear least squares method. We observe significant decreases in surface ocean pH in ~70% of all biomes and a mean rate of decrease of 0.0018 ± 0.0004 yr−1 for 1991–2011. We are not able to calculate a global trend for 1981–2011 because too few biomes have enough data for this. In half the biomes, the rate of change is commensurate with the trends expected based on the assumption that the surface ocean pH change is only driven by the surface ocean CO2 chemistry remaining in a transient equilibrium with the increase in atmospheric CO2. In the remaining biomes, deviations from such equilibrium may reflect that the trend of surface ocean fCO2 is not equal to that of the atmosphere, most notably in the equatorial Pacific Ocean, or may reflect changes in the oceanic buffer (Revelle) factor. We conclude that well-planned and long-term sustained observational networks are key to reliably document the ongoing and future changes in ocean carbon chemistry due to anthropogenic forcing.

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Lauvset, S. K., N. Gruber, P. Landschützer, A. Olsen e J. Tjiputra. "Trends and drivers in global surface ocean pH over the past three decades". Biogeosciences Discussions 11, n. 11 (7 novembre 2014): 15549–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bgd-11-15549-2014.

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Abstract. We report global long-term trends in surface ocean pH using a new pH data set computed by combining fCO2 observations from the Surface Ocean CO2 Atlas (SOCAT) version 2 with surface alkalinity estimates based on temperature and salinity. Trends were determined over the periods 1981–2011 and 1991–2011 for a set of 17 biomes using a weighted linear least squares method. We observe significant decreases in surface ocean pH in ~70% of all biomes and a global mean rate of decrease of –0.0018 ± 0.0004 yr-1 for 1991–2011. We are not able to calculate a global trend for 1981–2011 because too few biomes have enough data for this. In two-thirds of the biomes, the rate of change is commensurate with the trends expected based on the assumption that the surface ocean pH change is only driven by the surface ocean carbon chemistry remaining in a transient equilibrium with the increase in atmospheric CO2. In the remaining biomes deviations from such equilibrium may reflect changes in the trend of surface ocean fCO2, most notably in the equatorial Pacific Ocean, or changes in the oceanic buffer (Revelle) factor. We conclude that well-planned and long-term sustained observational networks are key to reliably document the ongoing and future changes in ocean carbon chemistry due to anthropogenic forcing.

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Liu, Wei, Na Li e Ahmadjan Muhammadhaji. "An Equilibrium Strategy for Target Benefit Pension Plans with a Longevity Trend and Partial Information". Axioms 12, n. 8 (27 luglio 2023): 732. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/axioms12080732.

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This paper considers the problem of portfolio selection and adjustment for target benefit plans (TBP) with longevity trends and partial information. The longevity trends are modeled by a time-varying force function. The financial market consists of risk-free assets and stocks, in which the return rate of stocks is a stochastic process and cannot be completely observed. This paper adopts the mean-variance utility model as an optimization criterion. The aim is to maximize the terminal value of the pension fund and the excess pension benefit after the participant’s retirement. The optimization equations are developed in game theory to obtain explicit solutions for the equilibrium strategies. Finally, the influence of the longevity trend on the internal structure of the pension system and the sensitivity of the equilibrium strategies to the related parameters are explored by numerical analysis. The conclusion shows that this model’s results can provide stable and adequate retirement benefits for participants.

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Thesmar, David, e Mathias Thoenig. "Contrasting Trends in Firm Volatility". American Economic Journal: Macroeconomics 3, n. 4 (1 ottobre 2011): 143–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/mac.3.4.143.

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Over the past decades, the real and financial volatility of listed firms has increased, while the volatility of private firms has decreased. We first provide panel data evidence that, at the firm level, sales and employment volatility are impacted by changes in the degree of ownership concentration. We then construct a model with private and listed firms where risk-taking is a choice variable at the firm-level. Due to general equilibrium feedback, we find that both an increase in stock market participation and integration in international capital markets generate opposite trends in volatility for private and listed firms. (JEL G15, G32, L25)

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Gatski, Thomas B., Christopher L. Rumsey e Rémi Manceau. "Current trends in modelling research for turbulent aerodynamic flows". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 365, n. 1859 (22 maggio 2007): 2389–418. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2007.2015.

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The engineering tools of choice for the computation of practical engineering flows have begun to migrate from those based on the traditional Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes approach to methodologies capable, in theory if not in practice, of accurately predicting some instantaneous scales of motion in the flow. The migration has largely been driven by both the success of Reynolds-averaged methods over a wide variety of flows and the inherent limitations of the method itself. Practitioners, emboldened by their ability to predict a wide variety of statistically steady equilibrium turbulent flows, have now turned their attention to flow control and non-equilibrium flows, i.e. separation control. This review gives some current priorities in traditional Reynolds-averaged modelling research as well as some methodologies being applied to a new class of turbulent flow control problem.

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Bauer, Michael D., e Glenn D. Rudebusch. "Interest Rates under Falling Stars". American Economic Review 110, n. 5 (1 maggio 2020): 1316–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.20171822.

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Macro-finance theory implies that trend inflation and the equilibrium real interest rate are fundamental determinants of the yield curve. However, empirical models of the term structure of interest rates generally assume that these fundamentals are constant. We show that accounting for time variation in these underlying long-run trends is crucial for understanding the dynamics of Treasury yields and predicting excess bond returns. We introduce a new arbitrage-free model that captures the key role that long-run trends play in determining interest rates. The model also provides new, more plausible estimates of the term premium and accurate out-of-sample yield forecasts. (JEL E31, E43, E47)

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King, Theresa M., Brad E. Rosenheim e Noel P. James. "Deep-sea stylasterid δ¹⁸O and δ¹³C maps inform sampling scheme for paleotemperature reconstructions". Biogeosciences 21, n. 22 (28 novembre 2024): 5361–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-5361-2024.

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Abstract. Deep-sea corals have the potential to provide high-resolution paleotemperature records to evaluate oceanographic changes in settings that are vulnerable to current and future ocean warming. The isotopic records preserved in coral skeletal carbonate, however, are limited by their large offsets from isotopic equilibrium with seawater. These “vital effects” are the result of biological influences (kinetic and metabolic) on the calcification of coral skeletons and are well known to drive oxygen and carbon stable isotope ratios (δ18O and δ13C, respectively) away from isotopic equilibrium with environmental variables. In this study, two calcitic stylasterid corals (Errina fissurata) are sampled via cross sections through their primary growth axes to create skeletal δ18O and δ13C maps. The maps reveal a consistent trend of increasing isotopic values toward the innermost portion of the cross sections, with minimal spatial change in carbonate mineralogy, the average center values being ∼1 ‰ and ∼3 ‰ closer to seawater δ18O and δ13C equilibrium values, respectively. We investigate possible mechanisms for these isotopic trends, including potential growth patterns that would drive spatial isotopic trends. Our results highlight the diversity of the stylasterid coral family, and because of our unique sampling strategy, we can prescribe that E. fissurata corals with minimal mineralogical variability be sampled from the center portions of their stems to achieve accurate paleotemperature reconstructions.

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Konchyn, Vadym. "Economic Cycle Volatility in the World Economy and Prospects for Global Economic Equilibrium Recovery". Journal of Global Economy 7, n. 4 (31 dicembre 2011): 227–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1956/jge.v7i4.41.

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The article examines the problems of cyclical economic development in the world economy. The trends in economic development and the degree of economic cycle volatility in the world during the 1970-2010 are analyzed. The phenomenon of the Great Moderation as a period of achieving the long-term relative equilibrium in the global economy on methodological and empirical level is represented. On the basis of correlation and regression modeling the trends of real GDP and changes in consumer prices for economies are identified, on which nowadays predominantly the restoration of economic equilibrium depends in view of maintaining the existing global economic order. Scenarios of restoring the global economic equilibrium within the neoclassical and neokeynesian vision are outlined and alternative modern concepts of global economy transformation in the context of attempts to solve the problem of worsening cyclical economic development and economic instability are presented.

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Ivashchenko, Sergey. "Dynamic Stochastic General Equilibrium Model with Multiple Trends and Structural Breaks". Russian Journal of Money and Finance 81, n. 1 (marzo 2022): 46–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.31477/rjmf.202201.46.

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This paper constructs a dynamic stochastic general equilibrium model with various trends for each GDP by expenditure component and structural breaks. The model is estimated on the sample of 20 Russian time series from 2000Q1 to 2020Q4. It produces high-quality out-of-sample forecasts that outperform autoregressive models. Production efficiency shocks explain more than half of the variance of key variables (both conditional and unconditional). The version with structural breaks produces much better median-based forecasting measures and almost the same mean-based forecasting measures due to significant errors near structural breaks. Various inflation measures respond similarly to monetary policy shocks, but differently to other shocks.

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Carrivick, Jonathan Lee, e Timothy Richard Brewer. "Improving local estimations and regional trends of glacier equilibrium line altitudes". Geografiska Annaler: Series A, Physical Geography 86, n. 1 (marzo 2004): 67–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0435-3676.2004.00214.x.

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Maximo, Guilherme J., Mariana C. Costa, João A. P. Coutinho e Antonio J. A. Meirelles. "Trends and demands in the solid–liquid equilibrium of lipidic mixtures". RSC Adv. 4, n. 60 (2014): 31840–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4ra02715a.

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Tranmer, Andrew W., Peter Goodwin e Diego Caamaño. "Assessment of alluvial trends toward dynamic equilibrium under chronic climatic forcing". Advances in Water Resources 120 (ottobre 2018): 19–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.advwatres.2017.11.015.

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Olesen, Finn. "Macroeconomics – developments and modern trends". Journal of Behavioural Economics and Social Systems 4, n. 1 (29 maggio 2022): 64–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.54337/ojs.bess.v4i1.7296.

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Ever since the publication of Keynes’ The General Theory in 1936, both the theoretical and methodological content of macroeconomics, and the role of economic policy, have seen continued change. In contemporary times, macroeconomics is dominated by the New Neoclassical Synthesis (NNS) and the dynamic stochastic general equilibrium (DSGE) models. However, since the Great Recession, the modern mainstream has been increasingly exposed to criticism from various alternatives of a more heterodox nature. The aims of this article are threefold. First, to give a selected presentation on the development of modern macroeconomics. Second, to address why and how the NNS has become the dominant (and, for most mainstreamers, the only) way of analysing macroeconomic phenomena. Third, to present two alternatives to the mainstream that might challenge the future dominance of this thinking.

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BORODIN, K. G. "RUSSIA’S AGROFOOD EXPORTS: NEAR PERSPECTIVE UNDER UNCERTAINTY". Scientific Works of the Free Economic Society of Russia 235, n. 3 (2022): 270–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.38197/2072-2060-2022-235-3-270-280.

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The purpose of this work is to synthesize the results of a scenario analysis of a partial equilibrium model with expert assessment methods for a qualitative short-term forecast of the main trends in the development of Russian exports of agricultural products. Despite the aggravation of the external economic situation, the preservation of the previous directions of external supplies of agricultural products, the main trends in the development of exports in the first months of this year, together with the results of the analysis of the partial equilibrium model, showed the presence of the necessary conditions, at least, to stabilize exports of agricultural products at the level of the previous year, 2021.

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Liu, Lan Fen, e Li Yan Han. "USD Index Equilibrium Study Based on the BEER Model". Advanced Materials Research 433-440 (gennaio 2012): 2949–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.433-440.2949.

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This paper examines the long-run determinants of the USD index.. Borrowing the BEER model and using cointegration analysis, we find (1) The increase of the foreign exchange reserves, the GDP growth rate and the change of gold price can make the equilibrium USDX appreciation, but the increase of money supply can make the equilibrium USDX depreciation. (2) Although the “equilibrium” USDX tracks the trends in the real USDX quite well, the real USDX has been misaligned several times, while the subprime credit crisis and the following financial tsunami have accelerated its overestimate.

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Li, Dong Chan, Rong Fan, Jun Sheng Yuan, Sen Nan Yang e Zhi Yong Ji. "Study on the Solid-Liquid Phase Equilibrium of the Calcium-Containing Brine System". Materials Science Forum 873 (settembre 2016): 79–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.873.79.

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It is well known that the comprehensive utilization of the salt lake resources successfully must be under the guide of the corresponding aqueous phase equilibria and phase diagrams. The researches on phase relationships of the calcium-containing brine system are essential to promote the comprehensive development and utilization of the relative salt lake resources discovered in our country at present years. In the paper, the progresses on the phase equilibrium of calcium-containing brine systems corresponding to sea water system, carbonate system, borate system and calcium-lithium coexisted system around the world were presented. The problems existed recently and the new trends in the future were also carried out.

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Borodin, K. G. "Russian Poultry Meat Market: Trends, Factors and Development Prospects". Economy of agricultural and processing enterprises, n. 7 (2020): 68–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.31442/0235-2494-2020-0-7-68-74.

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The paper deals with the issues of forecasting the Russian poultry meat market. A model of partial equilibrium of the market for differentiated products for the formation of medium-term forecasts of its development is proposed. The estimates of model calculations for the domestic market of poultry meat were obtained. According to the forecast, positive dynamics in domestic poultry production is expected.

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Wiser, Lindsey S., Michael R. Line, Luis Welbanks, Megan Mansfield, Vivien Parmentier, Jacob L. Bean e Jonathan J. Fortney. "Lessons from Hubble and Spitzer: 1D Self-consistent Model Grids for 19 Hot Jupiter Emission Spectra". Astrophysical Journal 971, n. 1 (1 agosto 2024): 33. http://dx.doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ad5097.

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Abstract We present a population-level analysis of the dayside thermal emission spectra of 19 planets observed with Hubble WFC3 and Spitzer IRAC 3.6 and 4.5 μm, spanning equilibrium temperatures 1200–2700 K and 0.7–10.5 Jupiter masses. We use grids of planet-specific 1D, cloud-free, radiative–convective–thermochemical equilibrium models (1D-RCTE) combined with a Bayesian inference framework to estimate atmospheric metallicity, the carbon-to-oxygen ratio, and day-to-night heat redistribution. In general, we find that the secondary eclipse data cannot reject the physics encapsulated within the 1D-RCTE assumption parameterized with these three variables. We find a large degree of scatter in atmospheric metallicities, with no apparent trend, and carbon-to-oxygen ratios that are mainly consistent with solar or subsolar values but do not exhibit population agreement. Together, these indicate either (1) formation pathways vary over the hot and ultra-hot Jupiter population and/or (2) more accurate composition measurements are needed to identify trends. We also find a broad scatter in derived dayside temperatures that do not demonstrate a trend with equilibrium temperature. Like with composition estimates, this suggests either significant variability in climate drivers over the population and/or more precise dayside temperature measurements are needed to identify a trend. We anticipate that 1D-RCTE models will continue to provide valuable insights into the nature of exoplanet atmospheres in the era of JWST.

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Bhowmik, Dr Debesh. "Fiscal Deficit of Rajasthan: Trends, Cycles and Seasonal". Volume 5 - 2020, Issue 9 - September 5, n. 9 (20 settembre 2020): 366–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.38124/ijisrt20sep240.

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The paper has explored the smooth cyclical trend,cycles and seasonal patterns of fiscal deficit in gross and in per cent of net state domestic product of Rajasthan in current prices during 1990-91-2018-19 by applying Hamilton regression filter model(2018) which was also passed through ARIMA(p,d,q) forecasting model for 2030 and was also verified by heteroscedasticity test.Both the fiscal deficits in gross and in per cent of NSDP showed many peaks and troughs in cyclical patterns but only one peak and trough were found in the smooth cyclical trends and the inverse v shaped seasonal fluctuations were visible with no heteroscedasticity problems.Their ARIMA forecast models for 2030 are convergent,significant and move towards equilibrium.

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Berman, Edward D., Rosemarie Thomas, Philip Stahl e Ronald M. Scott. "Specific patterns of short range solvation — aliphatic amines in benzene–dimethylsulfoxide mixed solvents". Canadian Journal of Chemistry 65, n. 7 (1 luglio 1987): 1594–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/v87-267.

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The trends in the values of equilibrium constants for the formation of proton transfer complexes between 2,4-dinitrophenol and various aliphatic amines are used to infer the nature of the short range solvation of the amines in benzene–DMSO solvent mixtures. Hydrogen bonds between the DMSO oxygen and the amine proton increase the basicity of the primary and secondary amines. Equilibrium constants for this bond formation are estimated for secondary amines.

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Bhowmik, Dr Debesh. "Crypto-Currency: Trends and Determinants". Saudi Journal of Economics and Finance 6, n. 2 (3 febbraio 2022): 37–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.36348/sjef.2022.v06i02.001.

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In this paper, author analyses the role of cryptocurrencies in the economy and showed the trends of prices of Bitcoin and Ethereum in terms of US$ during 2017m1-2021m12 and also showed the trends of the market capitalization of Bitcoin during 2017m1-2021m12. All the trendlines are non-linear with cyclical behavior. Traditional regression model revealed that the market capitalization of Bitcoin is positively related with prices of Bitcoin and inflation rate and negatively related with price of Ethereum significantly from 2019m1 to 2021m12. Cointegration and VEC model suggested that the market capitalization of Bitcoin has long run causality with the prices of Bitcoin and Ethereum and inflation rate but the cointegrating equation has been proved diverging away from equilibrium. Bitcoin price and market capitalization have bi-directional short run causality and the price of Ethereum has short run causality to market capitalization of Bitcoin during the specified period. The volatility of market capitalization of Bitcoin showed a non-stationary process.

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Zhu, Shu, Zhende Zhu, Luxiang Wang e Junyu Wu. "Research Progress and Hot Spot Analysis of the Propagation and Evolution Law of Prefabricated Cracks in Defective Rocks". Materials 16, n. 13 (27 giugno 2023): 4623. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma16134623.

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The generation of rock mass disasters in underground engineering essentially arises from the disruption of the original three-dimensional stress equilibrium of the rock mass caused by excavation and other activities, leading to the redistribution of stress fields. During the excavation process, the engineering rock mass undergoes complex dynamic stress equilibrium processes involving loading and unloading. This equilibrium process promotes the nucleation, initiation, and propagation of pre-existing cracks in the surrounding rock, resulting in changes in the internal structure of the rock mass and a weakening of its strength. Eventually, this localized cracking extends to global failure. In order to understand the current status better and study the development trends in the study of crack propagation and evolution in defective rock, this study conducts a bibliometric analysis of 288 articles from the Web of Science Core Collection database using CiteSpace software (version 6.1.R4). The results indicate an increasing trend in the annual publication output, characterized by two phases of emergence and rapid development. The countries of China, the United States, and Iran have the highest publication output in this field. The most frequently cited journals include INT J ROCK MECH MIN, ENG FRACT MECH, and ROCK MECH ROCK ENG. This study provides a comprehensive analysis of the current status and development trends in the research on the propagation and evolution of pre-existing cracks. This study enhances the comprehension of crucial aspects of crack propagation and evolution in rock materials with defects. Moreover, it opens up new possibilities for future investigations and holds promising implications for researchers and practitioners in the field.

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Akatsuka, Hiroshi. "Recent Trends of Traditional Optical Emission Spectroscopic Measurement of Non-Equilibrium Plasmas". IEEJ Transactions on Fundamentals and Materials 131, n. 1 (2011): 6–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1541/ieejfms.131.6.

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39

Nathan, Risha Jasmine, Arvind Kumar Jain e Rhonda J. Rosengren. "Non-Equilibrium Multi-Ion Biosorption Isotherms for Removal of Heavy Metals from Drinking Water". Indian Journal of Forensic Medicine and Pathology 14, n. 2 (Special issue) (15 giugno 2021): 246–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.21088/ijfmp.0974.3383.14221.34.

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Biosorption isotherms define the relationship between biosorption capacity of the biosorbent and the equilibrium concentration of the ions in solution, at a constant temperature. Experiments are routinely performed under near-equilibrium because it is impossible to determine the exact time at which equilibrium was attained. A novel attempt to study multi-ion biosorption in non-equilibrium conditions has been made, based on the Probability Isotherm theory. Materials and Methods: Probability Isotherm theory was examined with cucumber and kiwifruit peel beads which are reported to be efficient biosorbents. The peels were incubated in a cocktail of seven ions (As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Pb and Ni) at the same initial concentration (0.1- 15 mgL-1) and four different temperatures (25-55°C). Non-equilibrium biosorption data were modeled by Langmuir isotherm model. Data were analyzed using a one-way ANOVA coupled with a Bonferroni post-hoc test on GraphPad Prism 8 software. Cd and Ni ions showed the most well-defined trends with Langmuir isotherm model. The binding of ions was physico-chemical with simultaneously occurring physisorption and tchemisorption reactions. Conclusions: Probability Isotherm theory can be applied to multi-ion biosorption in non-equilibrium conditions. The behavior of each ion is unique and no two biosorption systems are alike.

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Miyama, Takeshi, Hiroshi Matsui, Kenichi Azuma, Chika Minejima, Yasuyuki Itano, Norimichi Takenaka e Masayuki Ohyama. "Time Series Analysis of Climate and Air Pollution Factors Associated with Atmospheric Nitrogen Dioxide Concentration in Japan". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, n. 24 (18 dicembre 2020): 9507. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17249507.

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Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) is an air pollutant discharged from combustion of human activities. Nitrous acid (HONO), measured as NO2, is thought to impact respiratory function more than NO2. HONO and NO2 have an equilibrium relationship, and their reaction is affected by climate conditions. This study was conducted to discuss the extent of HONO contained in NO2, depending on the level of urbanization. Whether climate conditions that promote HONO production enhanced the level of NO2 measured was investigated using time series analysis. Climate and outdoor air pollution data measured in April 2009–March 2017 in urban (Tokyo, Osaka, and Aichi) and rural (Yamanashi) areas in Japan were used for the analysis. Air temperature had a trend of negative associations with NO2, which might indicate the decomposition of HONO in the equilibrium between HONO and NO2. The associations of relative humidity with NO2 did not have consistent trends by prefecture: humidity only in Yamanashi was positively associated with NO2. In high relative humidity conditions, the equilibrium goes towards HONO production, which was observed in Yamanashi, suggesting the proportion of HONO in NO2 might be low/high in urban/rural areas.

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41

KROSTITZ, W. "EUROPEAN DAIRY MARKETS - TRENDS AND PROSPECTS". Acta agriculturae Slovenica. Suplement, n. 24 (15 marzo 1996): 15–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.14720/aas-s.1996.24.19694.

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Europe is the world’ s largest milk producing region, although its share in the global total is decreasing. Up to the 1980s output was well above effective demand which requiered huge subsidies on domestic consumption and exports. However, in the early 1990s, demand and production contracted sharply in the former socialist contries. Adjustment in West Evrope has been slower. Further reductions in milk output and prices will, therefore, be required to restore equilibrium between supply and demand. But the average size of dairy farms and milk plants is likely to continue to increase. In the Eastern part of the continent, demand and production are expected to recover during the second half of the 1990s, accompained by modernization and rationalisation of farming and marketing. Yet, average levels of consumption will probably remain much lower then in the past, with widening differences within the population.

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42

Musa, Salihu S., Abdullahi Yusuf, Emmanuel A. Bakare, Zainab U. Abdullahi, Lukman Adamu, Umar T. Mustapha e Daihai He. "Unravelling the dynamics of Lassa fever transmission with differential infectivity: Modeling analysis and control strategies". Mathematical Biosciences and Engineering 19, n. 12 (2022): 13114–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.3934/mbe.2022613.

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<abstract><p>Epidemic models have been broadly used to comprehend the dynamic behaviour of emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases, predict future trends, and assess intervention strategies. The symptomatic and asymptomatic features and environmental factors for Lassa fever (LF) transmission illustrate the need for sophisticated epidemic models to capture more vital dynamics and forecast trends of LF outbreaks within countries or sub-regions on various geographic scales. This study proposes a dynamic model to examine the transmission of LF infection, a deadly disease transmitted mainly by rodents through environment. We extend prior LF models by including an infectious stage to mild and severe as well as incorporating environmental contributions from infected humans and rodents. For model calibration and prediction, we show that the model fits well with the LF scenario in Nigeria and yields remarkable prediction results. Rigorous mathematical computation divulges that the model comprises two equilibria. That is disease-free equilibrium, which is locally-asymptotically stable (LAS) when the basic reproduction number, $ {\mathcal{R}}_{0} $, is $ < 1 $; and endemic equilibrium, which is globally-asymptotically stable (GAS) when $ {\mathcal{R}}_{0} $ is $ > 1 $. We use time-dependent control strategy by employing Pontryagin's Maximum Principle to derive conditions for optimal LF control. Furthermore, a partial rank correlation coefficient is adopted for the sensitivity analysis to obtain the model's top rank parameters requiring precise attention for efficacious LF prevention and control.</p></abstract>

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Kudyk, Tetyana, Valentyna Lisovska e Nadiya Shchekan. "A WEB-LIKE MODEL OF THE LEARNING MARKET". Scientific Notes of Ostroh Academy National University, "Economics" Series 1, n. 29(57) (22 giugno 2023): 74–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.25264/2311-5149-2023-29(57)-74-83.

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The article discusses both a simpler dynamic model of a product market (referred to as the «web-like model») and a modified version of this model where sellers set the market price. These dynamic models are described using discrete first-order difference equations and systems of difference equations. The study focuses on the importance of understanding dynamic market models for certain products, particularly the web and web-like market models with training, which are examined in the article. Based on certain assumptions (described further in the article), a Valsar interpretation of these models is provided: the market is regulated by an auctioneer who initially announces the product price, and then buyers and sellers execute agreements and communicate the results to the auctioneer in terms of supply and demand volumes. If the agreements are found to be imbalanced, the auctioneer adjusts the price in an attempt to restore market equilibrium. Final agreements are made once equilibrium is reached. The article considers cases where the initial point coincides or does not coincide with equilibrium, and analyzes the price and production volume trends in these scenarios. A formula is derived that determines the trajectory of price changes in the «spider model», indicating that the market price will fluctuate around the equilibrium price. Additionally, a modification of the simpler spider-like model is discussed, where sellers determine the market price by focusing on a weighted average value between demand and supply from the previous period. Similar to the web model, the equilibrium price is found. The article investigates the case when the initial point does not coincide with equilibrium and examines the trends of prices and production volumes in this scenario. Different types of models are presented, and the properties of general solutions of difference equations and systems of difference equations that describe the web-like model and its modification are analyzed.

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Ramsay, Hamish A. "The Effects of Imposed Stratospheric Cooling on the Maximum Intensity of Tropical Cyclones in Axisymmetric Radiative–Convective Equilibrium". Journal of Climate 26, n. 24 (2 dicembre 2013): 9977–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-13-00195.1.

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Abstract The effects of stratospheric cooling and sea surface warming on tropical cyclone (TC) potential intensity (PI) are explored using an axisymmetric cloud-resolving model run to radiative–convective equilibrium (RCE). Almost all observationally constrained datasets show that the tropical lower stratosphere has cooled over the past few decades. Such cooling may affect PI by modifying the storm's outflow temperature, which together with the sea surface temperature (SST) determines the thermal efficiency in PI theory. Results show that cooling near and above the model tropopause (∼90 hPa), with fixed SST, increases the PI at a rate of 1 m s−1 per degree of cooling. Most of this trend comes from a large increase in the thermal efficiency component of PI as the stratosphere cools. Sea surface warming (with fixed stratospheric temperature) increases the PI by roughly twice as much per degree, at a rate of about 2 m s−1 K−1. Under increasing SST, most of the PI trend comes from large changes in the air–sea thermodynamic disequilibrium. The predicted outflow temperature shows no trend in response to SST increase; however, the outflow height increases substantially. Under stratospheric cooling, the outflow temperature decreases and at the same rate as the imposed cooling. These results have considerable implications for global PI trends in response to climate change. Tropical oceans have warmed by about 0.15 K decade−1 since the 1970s, but the stratosphere has cooled anywhere from 0.3 to over 1 K decade−1, depending on the dataset. Therefore, global PI trends in recent decades appear to have been driven more by stratospheric cooling than by surface warming.

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Prestes, Luiza, Fabiana Calacina da Cunha, Maria Gercilia Mota Soares, Marcos Sidney Brito Oliveira, Netie Izabel Oliveira e Alexandro Cezar Florentino. "Stock Assessment: Sustainable management in high and medium Araguari River, Amapá, Brazil." Ciência e Natura 42 (29 giugno 2020): e71. http://dx.doi.org/10.5902/2179460x40186.

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Fisheries in Araguari river is an alternative income for families that depend on exploitation of natural resources. This study evaluates fisheries production in high and medium Araguari river to determine the bioeconomic reference points of fishery activities. Logbooks of fisheries were used from Fishermen Colony Z-16 from 2003 to 2010. The Maximum Sustainable Yield (MSY) and Effort at Maximum Sustainable Yield (fmsy) was: MSYSchaefer = 11246 kg and fmsy = 754 fisheries/year, and MSYFox = 11478 kg and fmsy = 1214 fisheries/year and at Bioeconomic Equilibrium (Eebe) Eebe = 10712 kg and Effort at Bioeconomic Equilibrium (febe) febe = 918 fisheries/year. The status of fisheries from Araguari River was declared as overfishing and in this study, we found the same results. The Maximum Economic Yield (MEY) was reached too, as the fisheries were at Bioeconomic Equilibrium (EBE). The fishery mortality (Fyear/Fmsy) and fishery effort (fyear/fmsy) trends show that from 2003 to 2009 the values were sustainable. In 2010 those trends became unsustainable, and the Maximum Economic Yield (MEY) for all years is unsustainable too. It is required this study be considered in future management agreements.

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Sebók, Miklós, e Tamás Berki. "Incrementalism and punctuated equilibrium in Hungarian budgeting (1991-2013)". Journal of Public Budgeting, Accounting & Financial Management 29, n. 2 (1 marzo 2017): 151–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jpbafm-29-02-2017-b001.

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The paper applies two core theoretical frameworks of budgetary change-incrementalism and punctuated equilibrium theory-to a new database of Hungarian final accounts data for the period 1991 through 2013. Based on our analysis trends in Hungarian budgeting are in line with available comparative evidence suggesting that yearly changes of budget outlays in policy domains are best characterized by a punctuated equilibrium model. The most significant variable in predicting whether an observation would fall into the equilibrium or punctuated group was the share of the given policy domain of total outlays. However, alternative explanatory variables, such as the electoral cycle, the fiscal cycle and the business cycle had no effect on the results.

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Wang, Xiao Bin, Shu Mei Chen, He Ting Huang e Ji Wen Zhuo. "Thermal Equilibrium Analysis of Loaders’ High-Pressure Hydraulic System". Advanced Materials Research 139-141 (ottobre 2010): 975–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.139-141.975.

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The Loaders’ hydraulic transmission system trends towards medium and high-pressure. The research object of this paper is thermal equilibrium of new quantitative medium and high-pressure hydraulic system of type 50 of wheel loader, which is developed by Xiamen Xia Gong (XG) Machinery Co., Ltd. (abbreviated as XGMA). Aim is to research the thermal equilibrium of loader’s hydraulic system before increasing the pressure at 16MPa and prove the simulation results reliability through experiment (max error is 11.57%). The simulation results are thought to be reliable, after ignoring some disturbance factors existing in the practical work. Consequently, loader's thermal equilibrium have been done after increasing pressure to 20MPa, the results of research show that thermal equilibrium will be obviously optimized, it will drop power loss (drop 17%) and improve hydraulic system’s reliability and reduce the cost after pressure was raised.

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Titkova, T. B., e M. D. Ananicheva. "Using ERA5–Land Reanalysis and Data from Weather Stations in the Mountainous Regions of Russia to Assess Changes in the Glacial Systems of Eastern Siberia and the Far East". Journal "Ice and snow" 63, n. 2 (1 aprile 2023): 199–213. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s2076673423020163.

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This work involving the study of changes in the glacier equilibrium line altitude (ELA) is a continuance of the glaciological parameters of mountain systems investigation. The article explores the possibility of using new generation climate archives (in this case, ERA5–Land) together with weather station data on temperature and precipitation, in order to assess the climate dependence of the glacial system ELA in hard-to-reach and insufficiently studied mountain regions of the Russia Asian part. The ERA5–Land reanalysis reproduces temperature (values, dynamics, and trends) quite well in mountain systems. The use of total precipitation is possible only for assessing their dynamics and trends. The relative error for temperature trend is below 20% in both positive and negative sides, and precipitation is less than 30% in the negative one. Positive temperature trends of different intensity are observed in all mountains of the Russia Asian part with a maximum in the mountain systems of the Arctic zone. Minimal temperature trends are distinctive for coastal mountain regions of temperate latitudes. Summer temperature trends are maximum in inland areas and minimum in coastal mountain areas. The increase in precipitation in such areas occurs mainly at the expense of the cold period. It was revealed there was an increase of the glacial systems ELA from 50 to 800 m in the mountain regions of the Asian North Russia within 1966–2021. The value of the ELA rise coincides with areas of high temperature trends and may not correspond to precipitation negative trends.

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Volkov, Roman, Nikolai I. Borgardt, Oleg V. Konovalov, Sergio Fernández-Garrido, Oliver Brandt e Vladimir M. Kaganer. "Cross-sectional shape evolution of GaN nanowires during molecular beam epitaxy growth on Si(111)". Nanoscale Advances 4, n. 2 (2022): 562–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1na00773d.

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Two distinct trends in the evolution of the shapes of GaN nanowires are observed. A roundish shape at the bottom, shadowed from the impinging fluxes, is the equilibrium crystal shape, while the hexagonal shape at the top is driven kinetically.

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Zhao, Guo, e Wang Dan. "Analysis and Control of Macroeconomic Trends Based on the Leontief Model". Contributions to Game Theory and Management 16 (2023): 61–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/11701/spbu31.2023.04.

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In the present study, we consolidate the forty-five industrial sectors delineated in the U.S. input-output tables, as disseminated by the OECD, into three overarching sectors: advanced manufacturing, modern services, and a residual category termed ’others.’ We adopt gross fixed capital formation as a proxy for the proportion of net profit allocated to investment, positing that the investment requisite for augmenting output is commensurate with the requisite capital intensity. This framework enables us to forecast the trajectory of total output and GDP, taking into account the interplay of multiple determinants. In addressing the inherent linear control dynamics of the input-output model, we apply classical control theory to regulate the advanced manufacturing sector. By deriving control equations that accommodate multifactorial influences, we substantiate the efficacy of this control mechanism through rigorous numerical analysis. Moreover, we reconceptualize the dynamic input-output system as a game-theoretic model characterized by a saddle-point equilibrium. By leveraging the saddle-point equilibrium strategy, we pioneer an innovative approach to resolving the complexities of dynamic input-output analysis. This methodological innovation not only enhances the precision of our predictions but also contributes a novel perspective to the literature on economic modeling and control theory.

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