Articoli di riviste sul tema "Translating into Bashkir"

The article aims to analyze the linguistic specificity of interjections in the structure of a folklore text. The material used is the outstanding Yakut heroic epic olonkho Nyurgun Bootur the Swift, created by Platon Oyunsky. This epic was translated into the Bashkir language as part of the project “Publishing mutual translations of epics of the peoples of the world.” The objectives of the study are to identify interjections that are used in olonkho; in an effort to identify the grammatical and semantic features of interjections, the specifics of which are revealed when translating an epic work from Yakut to Bashkir. To solve the assigned problems, the main method used in the work is comparative analysis, as well as the functional-semantic method. With their help, the linguistic nuances of translation from one Turkic language to another are established, and it is found out by what means the original text is most adequately conveyed in translation. The relevance of the study is due to the need to study the linguistic possibilities of achieving adequacy or equivalence of the text when translating folk epic works from related languages, including taking into account the peculiarities of the translation of individual parts of speech. The novelty of the study lies in the fact that for the first time the interjections of the Bashkir and Yakut languages used in folklore texts are analyzed in the aspect of translation. Such a study contributes to a deeper comparative study of the functional-semantic capabilities of an entire thematically organized group of words in related languages, and helps to identify their genre linguistic identity inherent in specific languages. Interjections convey the feelings and emotional experiences of the characters in the work; they are classified into universal, understandable to all languages, common to Turkic languages, or specific (these make up the majority). The classification of interjections as non-equivalent vocabulary determined their transmission during the translation process through transcription, without grammatically changing the words, which ensures the preservation of the originality, national specificity and cultural flavor of the source text. The original, deeply national interjections used in olonkho help to recreate the unique world of olonkho, help to comprehend the deep secrets of the spiritual heritage of the Yakuts, and translation allows other peoples to touch the spiritual treasury of the people. The presented research has prospects for further study of the peculiarities of the functioning of parts of speech in the language of folklore.

Благодаря государственной программе сохранения и развития героического эпоса олонхо в Якутии теперь олонхо переводится на языки мира, а эпосы разных народов – на якутский язык. Большой научный интерес представляют и сам процесс перевода, межкультурный диалог, возникающий при переводе. Уникальность этого явления заключается в том, что переводятся архаические тексты родственных лингвокультур – переводятся не только слова и выражения, не только ведется пересказ захватывающего сюжета, но переводчиками делаются сопоставления, ведется поиск новых средств выражения понятий общетюркской культуры, трансформированных веками или забытых, даже утраченных. В этом отношении перевод эпосов и сравнительно-сопоставительное исследование текстов открывает новые аспекты не только лингвистам-переводчикам, но и фольклористам, этнографам и историкам. В данной статье анализируется перевод на якутский язык алтайского эпоса «Маадай Кара» и башкирского эпоса «Урал-батыр» на уровне лексики и синтаксиса, а также обозначаются общие с якутским фольклором черты – афоризмы, эпические формулы, мифологические и сказочные сюжеты. Сравнение текстов оригинала и переводов предполагает применение сопоставительных методик, и в меньшей степени статистических, которые применяются только при анализе переводческих приемов на уровне лексики. Отличительной чертой сравнительно-сопоставительного анализа данных эпических текстов является то, что наиболее активно используется текст-посредник на русском языке. Общие тюркские и уникальные национальные черты алтайского и башкирского эпосов точно отражаются в русских переводах, выполненных для нужд филологической науки. Эта схожесть с типично якутским мировоззрением, узнаваемая каждым якутским читателем, проверяется в данном исследовании путем сопоставления с оригинальными текстами на алтайском и башкирском языках. В статье на основе наблюдения за принятыми переводческими решениями делаются выводы о переводческих приемах, перспективных для перевода текстов родственных лингвокультур. Представлена методика сравнения ритмико-синтаксических параллелизмов, которая выявила несоответствия с первоначальной структурой оригинальных ритмико-синтаксических параллелизмов, несмотря на содержательную и смысловую точность их перевода на якутский язык. Таким образом, в статье обозначены наиболее яркие лингвистические явления, дальнейшее глубокое изучение которых привнесло бы в науку много нового и интересного. Heroic epics, being developed over centuries in many different cultures, is a folklore trove that contains a culture’s views on its history and the world around. Every new generation draws upon its epic to conceptualize its historical trajectory. Thus, the preservation and research of such epics are and will always be relevant. Thanks to the well-conceived government program for the preservation and development of the heroic epic of olonkho, there is a renewed interest in the translation of epics. As such, olonkho is translated to other languages and the epics of other cultures – to the Yakut language. However, it is not enough to simply translate and publish epics. The process of translation and intercultural dialogue arising from the translation are all of great academic importance. The uniqueness of such a process lies in the fact that the translation objects are archaic texts of related linguocultures. Not only words and phrases are translated and a captivating plot is relayed but also the translators search for new idioms from the common Turkic culture that have been transformed or forgotten through the ages. In this respect, the translation of epics and comparative research of these texts uncovers new aspects not only for linguists but also for folklore specialists, anthropologists, and historians. This article analyzes the vocabulary and syntax of the Yakut translations of the Altai epic «Maadai-Kara» and the Bashkir epic «Ural-Batyr». The article also points out similarities with the Yakut folklore – aphorisms, oral-formulaic compositions, mythological and fairy-tale plots. The comparison of the original and translated texts suggests the use of the comparative method and – to a lesser extent – of the statistical method that is used only when analyzing the vocabulary of the translation. The defining feature of the comparative analysis of these epic texts is the extensive use of an intermediary text in Russian. Common Turkic and unique cultural features of the Altai and Bashkir epics are adequately presented in the Russian translation made for philological use. Such similarity to the Yakut mindset which is recognized by every Yakut reader is checked in this research by comparing with the original text in Altai and Bashkir languages. Based on the inspection of the translational decisions made in these translations, the article draws a conclusion on translational techniques suited for translating texts of related cultures. A technique for comparing rhythmic-syntactic parallelisms is presented. This technique reveals inconsistencies with the original structure of the original rhythmic-syntactic parallelisms, despite the contextual and semantic accuracy of their translation into the Yakut language. Thus, the article points out the most striking linguistic phenomena and their further study would be highly beneficial for science.

The article addresses the reality of artistic translation of Tatar literature into Turkic languages. It is emphasized that for many years, due to external sociopolitical factors, Tatar writers did not have a full-fledged opportunity to present works of national literature in Turkic languages. The relevance of this issue is linked to the practical necessity, as literary translation is one of the areas that serves the cause of rapprochement of peoples, the development of mutual understanding between nations and the dialog of cultures, which is extremely important for the development of the Russian ethno-cultural space, the establishment of cultural interrelations with the Turkic world. The activation of translation activity coincided with cardinal changes in the life of the country, was conditioned by socio-political and ethno-humanitarian attention to the ideology of kinship, linguistic and worldview closeness of the Turks. Based on a large amount of factual material, the main directions of artistic translation are investigated. It is concluded that Tatar literature is most intensively translated into Turkish. The authors of the article identified the works of the most actively translated into Turkish authors, traced the works of Tatar writers, which aroused interest among Turkic-speaking readers. A large number of books by Tatar writers have been published in Turkey. Special attention is paid to the personality of the translator, some historical and cultural contexts of the emergence of Tatar-Turkish translation projects are analyzed.The realities and current state of Tatar-Kazakh and Tatar-Azerbaijani literary translations are also considered. Tatar-Bashkir translations are analyzed as an important aspect of intercultural communication. With all the similarity of two closely related languages and literary traditions, the necessity of cultural interaction of this format is obvious for the national writing community. The conclusions are made that the study of activity, genre diversity of works translated into Turkic languages will allow to build further strategies in the field of literary translation, planning and purposeful development of this direction of creative activity, as well as actualization of the issue of training in this field. It is emphasized that the intensification of artistic translations contributes to a significant renewal of figurative languages of literature, the expansion of its cultural boundaries and aesthetic reference points.

The article describes the main stages and directions of studying the Bashkir language within the walls of the Institute of History, Language and Literature of the Ural Federal Research Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences. 100 years ago, the Society for the Study of Bashkiria was founded under the People's Commissariat of Education - the Academcenter, which was succeeded by the Institute of History, Language and Literature of the Ural Federal Research Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences. During these past 100 years, the Institute has become one of the famous centers for the study of the language, culture, literature and history of the Bashkir and other peoples in Bashkortostan. In the first decades, work was carried out on the problems of the formation of the modern Bashkir literary language. In connection with the need to study the vocabulary of the spoken language of the Bashkirs, folklore-linguistic expeditions were organized. The expeditions were led by N.K. Dmitriev to various regions of the republic and the Bashkir-speaking regions of neighboring regions. Until the middle of the twentieth century. the main attention was focused on solving the issues of collecting, fixing language materials, on the development of new spelling, grammatical, lexical norms. As a result, numerous terminological dictionaries, spelling aids, and the first grammatical descriptions appeared. From the middle of the twentieth century linguists pay the most attention to the study of the history of the Bashkir language, dialectology, semasiology, and onomastics. The extensive material collected during numerous expeditions makes it possible to study the dialect material with the necessary completeness, describe the history of the development of the language, which is reflected in lexicographic publications and theoretical generalization in the relevant monographs. At the turn of the millennium, new related areas of study of the Bashkir language are being developed: ethnolinguistics, linguofolkloristics, and computational linguistics. The terminological, orthographic, explanatory, dialectal, semasiological, translation, ethnolinguistic dictionaries developed at the Institute show, on the one hand, the formation of the Bashkir literary language itself over 100 years, on the other hand, they are evidence of the extensive work carried out at the Institute on the study of the Bashkir language, marking are significant milestones in the development of Bashkir linguistics at the Institute, successfully continuing to this day.

The article analyzes the enlightenment and translation work of the Bashkir poet Safuan Yakshigulov. World perception, political activity, civic position of the poet is revealed through the analysis of works. The scientific text compares the works of Russian poets with the translator's Bashkir fables. Thoughts, open statements of writers have also been translated into Russian by the educator. Examples of new poetic images, with the help of which poets revealed the spirit of the times, and the spiritual world, and the problems of the people, are given. This is the first work in Bashkir literary criticism, where the poet-educator S. Yakshigulov reveals himself as a translator, a carrier of new cultural information for his people. If in his works the author acts as the successor of oriental poetry, then in translations he appears before the reader as the creator of a bridge between cultures. The article also describes the fact that the poet turned to fable creativity.

Purpose. The purpose of the article is to study the names for the purple color in the Bashkir language, which function in several versions. The study is relevant due to the lack of research on the names of the color, not only in the Bashkir, but also in the Turkic languages in general. The study is carried out using descriptive, comparative-historical methods, and the method of lexicosemantic analysis. The electronic corpora of the Bashkir language, the dialectological base, and lexicographic works acted as linguistic material on the Bashkir language.Results. It was revealed that four types of names are used to designate purple in the Bashkir language: 1) a borrowing from Persian; 2) analytical names, consisting of a combination of two color designations; 3) a loan translation from the Russian language; 4) a dialect word. It has been established that these names differ from each other in terms of their scope: 1) the name šämäxä, borrowed from the Persian language, is used in the modern literary language; 2) the word körän, which means ‘brown’ in the literary language, is used in dialects; 3) a loan translation from the Russian language – miläwšä töθ (‘violets color’) – is used in publicism; 4) analytical names are presented in the colloquial language: qïðïl kük ‘red blue’, qïðɣïlt kük ‘lit. reddish-blue’, körän kük ‘brown-blue’, zäŋgär kük ‘bluish blue’.

The subject of this research is the literary-aesthetic characteristics of interpretation of Manzil written by Bashkir theologians Bahadirshah al-Qaynawi and Taj ad-Din ibn Yalchigul: the presence of coherent narratives based on the authorial approach towards the interpreted text, literary-aesthetic interpretations of plots and images reflected in the Quranic text directly, intertextual connections of interpretations with the works in other genres. The goal of this article lies in determination and description of the meaningful literary-aesthetic characteristics of interpretations of Manzil. The following tasks are resolved within the framework of this research: 1) determination of the key characteristics of the Tafsir genre, 2) revelation of the role of works under review for the tradition of the Turkic-language interpretation of Quran, 3) description of the literary-aesthetic characteristics of the interpretations by Bahadirshah al-Qaynawi and Taj ad-Din ibn Yalchigu, 4) translation of fragments of their interpretations that are significant from the perspective of literature into the Russian language. The scientific novelty and practical importance of this publication lies in introduction into the scientific discourse of two previously unexplored literary monuments that have not been translated into the Russian language. This significantly broadens the knowledge on the literary process in Bashkiria of the early XIX century. The author concludes that the interpretation of Quran fragments should be viewed in the context of evolution of Bashkir literature of the pre-national period. This opens great potential for studying their intertextual correlations with Turkic-language literary of the earlier period in the genres of “chronicles”, “history of the prophets”, and “miracles of the created”, as well as with sententious literature of the later period.

The article attempts to provide a brief overview of the activities of the Institute’s folklorists after joining the system of the Russian Academy of Science. It is characterized by regularity, consistency in all areas of folklore studies, activation of expedition, research, and publication activities. It was during this period in the history of Bashkir folklore that the experience of scientific and textual work appeared, as a result of which four multi-volume scientific collections “Bashkir Folk Art”, more than a dozen collections of samples of Bashkir folk art were prepared and published; several dozen monographic studies were written and published, in which genre features, ideological basis, and image system were considered, as well as artistic and visual means; The actual problems of Bashkir folklore studies were covered in the serial edition of the collection of scientific articles “Bashkir Folklore». The mid-1970s -early 2000s in the history of Bashkir folklore studies are significant for the increased attention to the publication of samples of Bashkir folklore in Russian, later in English. In the research of the XXI century, emphasis was placed on the poetics of such genres as fairy tales, epics, songs and others; interdisciplinary connections. In the genre of the Bashkir fairy tale according to the experimental method of the famous Russian folklorist, the corresponding member of RAS V.M. Gatsak conducted a study on the problem of the persistence of a fairy tale in time and the transferability of a fairy tale from a “teacher” to a “student” G.R. Khusainova. The XXI century in world folklore is also significant for the increased attention to the reliability of sources. In the history of Bashkir folklore, it is reflected in the monograph by Sh.R. Shakurova, devoted to the textual analysis of the archival primary source of the epic “Ural-Batyr” and its academic alternative (publishing) versions in the first part of the study, and in the second– the phototypic reproduction of the archival primary source of the epic “Ural-Batyr”; the publication of the authentic text of the epic “Ural-Batyr” with parallel submission in Cyrillic, prepared by G.V. Yuldybayeva. Significant events in Bashkir folklore were the preparation and publication of the encyclopedia “Folklore of the Peoples of Bashkortostan”, the translation of the masterpieces of world epic of the Kyrgyz epic “Manas” (2016) and the Yakut epic-olonkho “Nyurgun-Bootur the Swift” (2023) into the Bashkir language. One of the important achievements of Bashkir folklorists is also the implementation of projects under grants from the RGNF.

Drawing up a model of the word form, a formal description of the inflectional system of the language is an urgent task of computer linguistics. Models of this type serve as the basis for the development of automatic text processing systems: morphological analyzers,spelling systems, machine translation, etc. Applied linguistics has considerable experience in the formalized description and modeling of the morphology of natural languages. This article discusses the modeling of the inflectional system of the verbal parts of the speech of the Bashkir language in paired combinations of affixes. This approach is close to the grammar of the Gleason orders and is promising when creating morphoanalyzers for languages of the agglutinative system.

Abstract ‘Self-editing’ refers to the practice of translators who edit their own earlier translations. Self-editions have been less investigated than retranslations. No attempt has been made so far to formulate a hypothesis concerning self-edition. Therefore, the present piece of research was conducted to fill the gap. The corpus of the study includes the modern Persian novella The Blind Owl written by Sadeq Hedayat (1903–1951) and translated (and self-edited) by Iraj Bashiri (in 1974, 2013 and 2016). The findings showed that self-edited versions appeared to be more target-oriented than their original translations. Therefore, although they appeared after the original translation, and could somehow be thought of as ‘retranslations’, they do not seem to confirm the Retranslation-Hypothesis (RH). The main principle of the tentative ‘Self-edition Hypothesis’ is contrary to that of the Retranslation-Hypothesis. It was also found that a self-edited translation is more ‘natural’, ‘accurate’, and ‘expanded’, but slightly less clear than its original translation. It should, however, be underscored that the reduction in clarity of self-edited versions was not so significant. Future researchers are encouraged to focus their study on ‘comparing strategies used by translators with those adopted by editors’ and ‘taking into account socio-cultural factors involved in the production of new editions’. Prospective researchers can test the hypothesis by concentrating on various language pairs and other text-types.

This article discusses the principles of creating a corpus of audio materials of the eastern dialect of the Bashkir language. The authors are tasked with representative collecting field materials, taking into account the age, gender, level of education, language of communication, national identity of informants and the variety of topics for conversation. The corpus is intended to present audio recordings, to transcribe audio files as transcribed texts, to present their literary version and the Russian translation of the dialect text.

The article is devoted to the political circumstances that influenced certain decisions regarding the first two editions of the travel report of the Arab traveler Ibn Faḍlān from Baghdad to the Volga Bulgars (921–922). The now-famous text of the voyage account, known as the Mashhad manuscript, was discovered in 1923 by a Turkish orientalist of Bashkir origin, Ahmed Zeki Velidi Togan (1890–1970) and formed the basis of his doctoral dissertation defended at the University of Vienna in 1935. Due to various problems, the German translation (in book form) was only published in print in 1939. The same year saw the publication of a Russian translation of the voyage description by a Soviet Arabist – Andrei P. Kovalevskiy (1895–1969). Both scholars conflicted with the USSR authorities: Togan had fought with the Soviet Army in 1920–1923, while Kovalevskiy was sentenced to five years in the gulag in 1938 on (as it later turned out) a wrongful charge of counterrevolutionary activity. These circumstances unexpectedly influenced the scholarly study of Ibn Faḍlān’s medieval work, incorporating it into the USSR’s domestic and foreign policy at the time.

This article examines the process of borrowing, adaptation and peculiarities of the use of foreign language terms in the Turkic languages.The study was conducted on the material of modern Kazakh, Turkish, Azerbaijani, Uzbek and Bashkir languages.As a result, the main features of the use of foreign-language terms in the Turkic languages under consideration are highlighted:use with preservation of the form of the source language or interlingua; translation of foreign language terms using native words of Turkic languages;the use of terms in accordance with the phonomorphological features of the Turkic languages;the original formation of the Turkic languages.It has been determinedthat one of the main factors in the use of foreign language terms in the Turkic languages is the extralinguistic factor.Namely, the use of foreign language terms in the Kazakh, Uzbek and Azerbaijani languages while preserving the form of the source language or interlingua can be explained by the fact that these states were part of the former Soviet Union, and the Bashkir people are still part of Russia and influence on them The Russian language was (and remains) strong.Türkiye, with a completely different political system, avoided a similar fate.As is known, in Türkiye, measures to preserve the national language began a long time ago.Under the strict supervision of Ataturk, many of the measures taken during the “language revolution” that began in 1928 and swept the whole country were aimed at cleansing the Turkish language of elements borrowed from Arabic and Persian. The purpose of the work is to identify the peculiarities of the use of foreign terms in the vocabulary of the Turkic languages under consideration. The method of collection, systematization, analysis, comparison of data, comparative historical method, classification and interpretation were chosen as the research method. The relevance of this article is to consider the features of the development and adaptation of foreign language terms in the Turkic languages under consideration.

On June 19-20th, 2020, MGIMO hosted a traditional, already eighteenth inter-university seminar “Linguistic and Cultural Studies: Analysis Methods, Learning Technology”. More than sixty participants took part in the event: guests from the Russian regions (Bashkiria, Novosibirsk, Krasnodar, Smolensk, Ufa, Kaliningrad, Ryazan, Tver, Kurgan), as well as from Moldova joined MGIMO professors. The seminar turned eighteenth anniversary in a new online format. Among the topics covered at the conference are the problems of linguodidactics and translation studies, as well as the questions related to intercultural communication and the scientific research on it.

Mullah Ramuzi is known in Urdu literature as the inventor of Gulabi Urdu. Gulabi Urdu in its own words means to change the order of the words in the sentence. For example, first the verb then the subject and the object, in this way, the style of translation from Arabic to Urdu is created. Of course it is fun, but after a while the reader gets tired. The atrocities of the government, social injustice and social ills force him to write whatever he writes under the guise of humor

The work is devoted to the description of the life of the Turkish linguist H. Çıkgöz. For the first time in the history of Turkish science his scientific interests were directed to the Finno-Ugric peoples of the Ural-Volga region of Russia – the Mari and Udmurts. Methods. The work is written in the genre of an essay, many episodes of which are due to the author’s memories of the scientist. Results. The presented material can be used in the compilation of bio-bibliographic indexes and databases in the field of the study of the Turkic and Finno-Ugric languages of the Ural-Volga region. Discussion. As a scientist H. Açıkgöz had a wide range of scientific interests and systemic knowledge in various fields: in the field of modern linguistics and written monuments, medieval classical poetry and art in general. In Turkey he was a lecturer at Istanbul University, known as a philologist in his true sense. In Tatarstan he was known as a Türkologist, but few had any idea of the true scope of his scientific interests. In Mari El and Udmurtia they did not have time to recognize him, with the exception of a narrow circle of scientists. This work is useful in that it sheds light on his activities in the field of Finno-Ugric studies, which still remain in the shadows. A wide circle of scholars, both in Russia and abroad, still do not know that H. Açıkgöz was engaged in theoretical and practical study of the Finno-Ugric languages, compilation of the Mari-Turkish dictionary and translation of the dictionary of Tatar and Bashkir borrowings in the Mari language of N.I. Isanbaev.

Применение технологии полногеномного секвенирования предоставляет обширные возможности для обнаружения новых генетических маркеров, определяющих результативность спортсмена. Целью исследования является определение особенностей геномного профиля спортсменов высокого класса и выявление генетических вариантов, ассоциированных с некоторыми функциональными показателями, влияющими на спортивную успешность. Впервые проведено секвенирование геномов 20 профессиональных борцов татарской национальности. Найденные генетические варианты валидированы с использованием ДНК-микрочипов и/или импутации. Из всего спектра полиморфных вариантов отобраны мутации в гомозиготном состоянии, имеющие аннотацию «stop gain» (нонсенс-мутации) и показавшие ассоциацию со следующими фенотипами: мышечная масса, пиковая мощность нижних конечностей, время реакции и спринтерские способности. Частоты встречаемости мутантных аллелей таких вариантов сравнивались с частотами в других популяциях Волго-Уральского региона. В геномах борцов найдено около 11 млн полиморфных локусов, в среднем 3,62 млн однонуклеотидных замен и 617 тыс инделов на геном. Из них 347 вариантов потенциально вызывают преждевременную терминацию трансляции белка. Корреляция со спортивными фенотипами была выявлена для 6 нонсенс-мутаций (гены ANKDD1B, SLC6A18, CCHCR1, VOPP1, ADAMTS12 и ZACN), в гомозиготном состоянии приводящих к достоверному изменению функциональных показателей спортсменов. У носителей замены p.Tyr319* (rs7447815) в гене SLC6A18 обнаружено снижение относительной пиковой мощности нижних конечностей. В то же время у борцов-татар была зарегистрирована меньшая частота мутантного аллеля в этом локусе по сравнению с башкирами и русскими. Также, согласно исследованиям GWAS, замена rs7447815 ассоциирована с риском развития остеоартроза и пониженной физической активностью. Количество полиморфных вариантов, найденных в геномах спортсменов, и доля нонсенс-мутаций в них соотносятся с результатами, описанными для других популяций. Нонсенс-мутация p.Tyr319* (rs7447815) в гене SLC6A18 является потенциальным маркером, ухудшающим значение относительной пиковой мощности нижних конечностей. The use of whole-genome sequencing technology provides extensive opportunities for the detection of new genetic markers that determine athletic performance. The aim of the study was to characterize the genome profile of high-class athletes and to identify genetic variants associated with some functional variables which can affect sports success. Materials and methods. For the first time, whole-genome sequencing of 20 professional belt wrestlers of Tatar nationality was carried out. Genetic variants were validated using microarray technology and/or imputation procedure. From the entire spectrum of variants those that were annotated as nonsense mutations, were found at the homozygous state and showed association with muscle mass, lower-extremity peak power, reaction time, and sprinting abilities were selected. The mutant allele frequencies of these variants were compared with the frequencies in other populations of the Volga-Ural region. Results. About 11 million polymorphic loci were found in the genomes of wrestlers, an average of 3.62 million single nucleotide polymorphisms and 617 thousand indels per genome. Of these, 347 variants potentially cause premature termination of protein translation. Correlation with sports phenotypes was found for 6 nonsense mutations (ANKDD1B, SLC6A18, CCHCR1, VOPP1, ADAMTS12, and ZACN genes), which in a homozygous state lead to significant changes in functional indicators of athletes. Wrestlers with p.Tyr319* (rs7447815) substitution in the SLC6A18 gene had decreased relative lower-extremity peak power. At the same time, a lower mutant allele frequency at this locus was registered in Tatar wrestlers compared to the Bashkirs and Russians. Also, according to the GWAS, the rs7447815 substitution is associated with the risk of osteoarthritis and decreased physical activity. Conclusions. The number of polymorphic variants found in the genomes of athletes and the proportion of nonsense mutations in them correlate with the results described for other populations. The nonsense mutation p.Tyr319* (rs7447815) in the SLC6A18 gene is a potential marker that reduces the relative peak power of the lower extremities.

Abstract Heterozygous germline variants in DDX41 are identified in ~5% of patients with Myelodysplastic Syndrome (MDS) or Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML). Recognition of the hereditary nature of such cancers and a better understanding of the factors that affect progression to malignancy has deep implications for health surveillance of patients and relatives that share a pathogenic DNA variant. DDX41 has a role in ribosome biogenesis and in opposing R-loop accumulation at promoters, but the mechanisms through which DDX41 loss drives cancer development are poorly understood. In a collaboration between Cambridge, UK and Mayo Clinic, USA we identified 85 patients with germline DDX41 variants [73/85 with germline pathogenic variants (GPV) and 12 with variants of uncertain significance (VUS)]. The majority were identified through targeted myeloid NGS upon presentation with AML (30/85) or MDS (44/85). Average age at diagnosis was 65 (35-93) with male predominance (57/85). The most common GPV was the NM_016222.4(DDX41):c.415_418dup; p.D140Gfs*2 (15/85). The majority (53.4% 39/73), also acquired a somatic variants in the other DDX41 allele (referred to as GPV+Som). The most common somatic variant (82% 32/39) was the R525H, a variant predicted to reduce the ATPase function of the helicase domain. We hypothesise that the markedly reduced DDX41 activity in cells with biallelic variants, is a key cause of progression to overt malignancy. In our cohort, we observed that somatic variants occurred at a similar frequency in association with start loss, truncating, splice, in-frame deletion, and missense GPV. However, whereas MDS was the predominant diagnosis within GPV (67.6% 23/34, AML 26.4% 9/34), AML was the most frequent diagnosis within GPV+Som (AML 51%.2 20/39, MDS 38.4% 15/39). Overall, there was a significantly higher likelihood of AML in the presence of a somatic variant (p<0.05), suggesting that there might be a dosage effect on the phenotype. This pattern was observed across all the GPV, with the exception of missense, suggesting that many might be benign polymorphysms. In addition, although somatic variants are typically subclonal (overall mean variant allele fraction VAF=9.87%, 3-27.8%), we observed a higher somatic VAF in AML over MDS cases (12.4% vs 7.7% respectively p<0.05). A lower bone marrow cellularity was also characteristic of GPV+Som vs GPV alone (mean observed/expected cellularity for age 0.9 vs 1.32 respectively p<0.05). In two cases, serial bone marrow morphology and NGS data were available, and we observed marked reduction in bone marrow cellularity upon acquisition of the R525H clone. The mechanisms of AML evolution appear different in DDX41 HMMS compared to sporadic cases. Interestingly, over half of our patients (21/34 GPV and 23/39 GPV+Som) did not exhibit additional somatic drivers. Our work suggests that acquisition of a somatic variant is a critical event in disease progression. Furthermore, the near universally subclonal nature of somatic variants suggest that they may affect disease phenotype through non-cell autonomous mechanisms. Citation Format: Ludovica Marando, Talha Badar, Yael Kusne, Audrey Morris, Terra Lasho, Abhishek Mangaonkar, Christy Finke, Carles Crawley, James M. Foran, Aref Al-Kali, Andrew King, Hassan Alkhateeb, Naseema Gangat, Chi Wong, Rong He, David Viswanatha, Faisal Basheer, Mark Litzow, Alejandro Ferrer, George Vassiliou, Mrinal Patnaik. Investigating the role of the somatic DDX41 variant in the context of DDX41 hereditary myeloid malignancy syndromes (HMMS) [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference in Cancer Research: Translating Cancer Evolution and Data Science: The Next Frontier; 2023 Dec 3-6; Boston, Massachusetts. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2024;84(3 Suppl_2):Abstract nr A037.

Theological discourse in Nusantara is always associated with two varieties of Ash‘arīsm and Māturīdīsm. Nevertheless, Ash‘arīsm became the dominant theological discourse for Muslim people of Nusantara at least since the seventeenth century—or more—which brought by ‘Ulamā’s. There are some obscurity concerning the history of Māturīdīsm about the carriers and teachings developed. Thus it is oſten assumed that the theological discourse that developed in Nusantara since Islam entered and developed just an Ash‘arīsm and ignored other theology [Māturīdīsm]. This study would prove that Māturīdīsm developed along with the development of Ash‘arīsm through the global networks of the Nusantara ‘Ulamā around theological discourse in the Muslim world. This study attempts to provide the justification of Māturīdīsm that developed in Nusantara as well as provide a new perspective about method of theology for Muslim people of Nusantara. 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Abstract Local state officials impact authoritarian systems through the mediation they perform. Desrosiers and Mahé argue that these local functionaries fulfill a number of mediating functions, including translating and representing authoritarian systems at the local level. By enacting these two roles, however, local officials do not straightforwardly reproduce the system. Instead, their interpretations and choices fundamentally influence the imprint authoritarianism has on society, from how the regime is experienced at the local level to its groundings and resilience. They demonstrate this argument by looking at pre-genocide Rwanda and Sudan under President Omar al-Bashir.

This article examines the Diary of the Englishman John Castle, an important source on the history of the Orenburg Expedition (Commission) and regions where it operated. The expedition made a notable contribution to the annexation of new territories in southeast Russia and their development. The Diary is one of the few graphical testimonies on the history of the territory, as Castle was a draughtsman. The Diary was published in German in 1784 while a translation into Russian was only released in 1998. The article’s author also refers to another translation of parts of the Diary devoted to Samara translated by A. Ognev in the same year. The research demonstrates that Castle’s work contains noteworthy data on matters other than Kazakhstan, which until now has been of primary importance for specialists working with the source. It contains authentic and unique data on the daily life of Russian towns bordering Asian countries in the eighteenth century. The Diary also relates its author’s communications with the outstanding statesmen I. Kirilov and V. Tatishchev, Castle’s superiors. They headed the Orenburg Expedition (Commission) when its headquarters was located in Samara. Foreign specialists worked in the expedition because Russian modernisation relied on progressive foreign experience and a policy of attracting foreigners into Russian service. The view of a non-Russian expert on local realities is important given the presence of many actors on the outskirts of the empire. Social groups, including foreigners who served in Russia, participated in the process of forming “collective representations” of a society undergoing modernisation. This process had its own peculiarities in territories where modernisation and colonisation via the “frontier model”: Bashkiria, the Southern Urals, the Trans-Urals, and the Trans-Volga regions. Beyond any doubt, the search for and analysis of the written and artistic heritage of foreign witnesses of the development of southeastern Russia in the first half of the eighteenth century will add to our knowledge about an important epoch of Russian history and the life of its southeastern territories.