Tesi sul tema "Transition écologique – Aspect social"
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Sussfeld, Frédérique. "Entre expériences, récits et actions la communication du mouvement de la transition écologique traduit-elle un changement d’heuristique?" Electronic Thesis or Diss., Aix-Marseille, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021AIXM0069.
The ecological transition is investing the field of environmental communication by mobilising two distinct communicational phenomena, documentary film and transitional civic initiatives revealing attitudes that renew the interconnection between our tradition and the living world. By letting our comprehension of the way species function broaden, the permaculture-inspired ecological transition would allow for another relation to others. In communication sciences, players of the transition movement would be focusing on the present in numerous countries, thus encouraging the creativity of its protagonists based on their abilities and ensuring that daily actions would build the world of tomorrow. Developed by individuals with increased capabilities on environmental issues, inclusive, this cultural movement would rely on different narrative structures composing a communication gathering facts and sensitive experiences. From a corpus of movies that marked a turning point in the field of ecological documentary films, and the observation of a new permaculture-based transition project, the research conducted in information and communication sciences using an inductive and anthropological method prioritises the study of processes set up by the protagonists as well as the narrative processes employed, allowing to access interpersonal and inter-groups communications showing how people integrate notions of culture, performativity and acculturation in their daily lives. In a context where environmental communication calls up notions of fear, catastrophe and anxiety is the communication around the transition movement showing a change in heuristics?
Lucas, Véronique. "L'agriculture en commun : Gagner en autonomie grâce à la coopération de proximité : Expériences d'agriculteurs français en CUMA à l'ère de l'agroécologie". Thesis, Angers, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018ANGE0020/document.
In France since 2013, farmers' collectives initiatives are supported by specific public policies designed to develop agroecology, whose legal definition includes the objective of farm autonomy. Although agriculture is going through processes of individualization and deterritorialization, policymakers has bet that the collective organization of farmers could promote their autonomy and their agroecological transition. The thesis sheds new light on this paradox by analysis of farmers' experiences organized in farm machinery cooperatives(CUMA). These develop practices that can be described as agroecological in order to increase their autonomy, particularly in relation to markets affected by more price volatility. In so doing, they reconfigure their local modes of cooperation, including the organization of their machinery cooperative. The results show that they manage to put at distance external resources and market operators, owing to an increased interdependency with their peers, which is accepted because it allows them to better control the conditions of activity. Nevertheless, they lack appropriate resources from other operators in the agriculture and food sector to limit the remaining dependencies. Similarly, not all farmers equally benefit from such in-depth cooperation, which requires appropriate conditions. This thesis dissertation specifies the needed conditions so that the pursuit of autonomy and the local modes of cooperation can favor agroecological transition processes of a wider diversity of farmers
Cardona, Aurélie. "L'agriculture à l'épreuve de l'écologisation : éléments pour une sociologie des transitions". Paris, EHESS, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012EHES0132.
In spite of measures aiming to reduce the environmental impact of agriculture, changes in farming practices remain modest while societal concerns continue to rise. The environmental mission assigned to agriculture is complex and subject to interpretation. The growing number of diverse stakeholders turning their attention to farming increases the demands placed on agriculture. In this context, the goal of this thesis is first, to understand how a diversity of agricultural and non-agricultural stakeholders involve themselves in transition processes towards more environmentally-soundagriculture and second, to understand the effect of their involvement on farmers practices. To achieve this, I relied on a pragmatic approach wich highlights "frictions", as well as "holdfasts" used by stakeholders and makes it possible to give a faithful account of their interpretations and experience of transition processes. Based on a socio-historical analysis and three case-studies from the Paris region, I characterized, first, the conditions of the emergence of movements promoting change in agriculture practices, second, the enrollment processes throught wich the issue of transition makes sense and, third, the changes in terms of both agricultural practices and forms of governance of those changes as well. The study shows that transition processes emerge as the result of adjustements between diverse stakeholders embedded in different communities. This analysis suggests the emergence of a "territoire-based contribution" model of change, where a diversity of stakeholders contributes by their discourse and actions to the ecologization of agriculture in their territoire
Guyot-Phung, Carola. "Comment l’innovation peut contribuer à une dynamique de transition écologique ? : Le cas de l’industrie du recyclage". Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SACLX103.
Innovation and public policies can help trigger and monitor sustainability transitions. This implies transformation processes that go beyond mere technological innovation. Such transition dynamics are still to be thoroughly analyzed. We chose to study two innovation cases within the recycling industry. We use the Multilevel Perspective (Geels, 2002, 2011) to shed light upon ongoing processes and dynamics. This literature makes links between three analytical levels: landscape, sociotechnical regime, and sociotechnical niche. The sociotechnical niche is a locus for emerging transformations and a space to shelter innovation development. Concrete projects can appear and strengthen while protected from regime selection. We focus on niche diffusion processes and regime transformation triggered by the niche. We discuss some notions upon empirical analysis and propose to draw a distinction between transition intermediaries and their contributions to the niche-regime link
Dobré, Michelle. "La résistance, ressource du quotidien (étude des capacités civiles d'autolimitation de la consommation en relation avec la question écologique)". Orléans, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999ORLE1032.
Zare, Khalili Fathollah. "La photographie dans une société en transition : le cas de l'Iran". Paris 1, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA010633.
Thiriat, Marie-Paule. "Transition de la nuptialité et mutations socio-économiques au Togo". Paris 10, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996PA100142.
Among all French-speaking countries in sub-Saharan Africa, Togo stands out by a relatively high differential between fertility levels in urban and rural areas which has been documented since the 60s and can be explained by long-term nuptiality changes. During the 80s, age at first union has still increased as a result of schooling, urban way of living and or economic crisis. This lengthening of premarital period is linked with extension of premarital sexual experience while contraceptive use and age at first birth remained stable. Increased premarital fertility and changes in matrimonial behaviour attest a weakening of familial control on marital practices. There are a few indicators of an extension of western nuptiality patterns in urban areas. However, two factors are caracteristic of an obvious aspiration of women to reach autonomy and a weak cohesion of couples : a high proportion of spouses living in separate places of residence, as a practice favoured by polygamy, and an increasing marital instability
Vignal, Bénédicte. "La sensibilité écologique et les usages sociaux de la nature dans les pratiques de plein air : le cas de la baignade en eau douce". Lyon 1, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999LYO10228.
Diouf, Aliou. "Interactions société, nature et climat au Sahel : la rupture socio-économique et écologique au Centre-Est agro-sylvopastoral sénégalais au XXe siècle". Thesis, Université Laval, 2008. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2008/25853/25853.pdf.
Majaj, Maha. "L'enseignement de l'arithmétique en France au collège et à la transition collège / lycée". Phd thesis, Université Claude Bernard - Lyon I, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00598426.
Puzdriac, Camelia. "Espace individuel et groupal pour penser la transition en Roumanie : approche psychosociologique clinique". Paris 10, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PA100033.
At the end of the year 1989, the Romanian people entered a multi-dimensional period of transition. Along the 20th century, it went through a very sinuous period of its history - through monarchy, wars, temporary governments, a repositioning of its frontiers, a long communist period, followed by a short revolution that took place in a period of rather brutal mutations of the countries in the soviet block, even if Romania had a special position in this context. This research has been realized on four generations, by means of semi-coordinated individual and group interviews. It is about a clinical perspective on the daily life of the Romanian people, which analyses the relation of the individuals as a psychic, family group and social subject, through the instrumentality of a social contract, created by the communist regime. The ability a subject can create / find in himself in order to adapt to the post-communist period changes and to new external social groups - thus, to his own potential future - depends on a fragment of the irrepresentable psychological marks which he shares with the collective events which left a mark on the destiny of his predecessors and on his own delusive investment in these marks. All along the life histories of our participants, we emphasized the social contract established by the regime with the common citizen, depending on the characteristics of the tyrannical bond, on the perverse mechanism of creating and maintaining this contract and on the totalitarianism's effects on the psychic in Romania
Landel, Pauline. "Participation et verrouillage technologique dans la transition écologique en agriculture. Le cas de l'Agriculture de Conservation en France et au Brésil". Thesis, Paris, AgroParisTech, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015AGPT0022/document.
Intensive use of pesticides in agriculture has environmental and sanitary impacts that led to the need for less harmful techniques. Policy makers are claiming for an “ecological transition” of the sector but they are facing technological lock-ins : pesticides-based solutions remain dominant because of institutional and cognitive factors that prevent the development of other alternatives (Cowan, Gunby, 1996; Vanloqueren, Baret, 2008…). In this context, the idea of enlarging the participation of new actors in technological decisions has gained success as it is supposed to enlarge the range of available evidence and lead to better and fairer technological choices (Barber, 1984; Callon et al., 2001; Elgert, 2010)This PhD research aims at questioning the idea of participation as a way to unlock technological lock-ins , using the case of Conservation Agriculture (CA) in France and Brazil, an innovation presented as based on participatory dynamics of R&D and a way to achieve sustainable agriculture, in spite of the dependence of some practices on an intensive use of herbicides. Data was collected from academic literature, documentary analysis, and semi directive or collective interviews with 51 actors both in France and Brazil. Results show the deep changes the regime of knowledge in agriculture has undergone in the last decades under the liberalization of the sector- and why referring to the idea of participation is unefficient to counterbalance these structural changes, or can even have perverse effects.Academic literature described the evolution of agricultural policies, at the international, European and French levels, analyzing the “environmental” turn of the 1980s and the “liberal” turn of the 1990s-2000s (Fouilleux, 2003; Muller, 2000; Trouvé, 2007). But few studies focused on the impacts these changes had on how decision makers and farmers have access to scientific and technical evidence to innovate and cope with new situations. This PhD research shows how the regime of knowledge in France evolved from the modernization period (1960s) - when access to reliable evidence was an issue of public concern and funding in the State administrations and extension services; to a turning point in the 2000s when the State progressively disengaged from the debate on the technological trajectory of the sector and private firms became more and more implicated. In the case of CA, the results of a policy networks analysis show the concentration of material resources to produce robust evidence (R&D, extension services, databases ) in the hands of private firms wishing to develop technological packages based on the use of pesticides. On the other hand, local farmers trying to reduce their consumption of pesticides lack resources to systematically evaluate the innovations they produce.In this context, the idea of participation refers to organizing big national consultations (as the Grenelle de l’Environnement) that rather aim at producing consensus than shedding light on existing controversies and alternatives. It is also used to discharge the responsibility for producing pesticide-less alternatives to different kinds of partnerships at a local level (sometimes associating private firms with commercial interests in selling pesticides).This research therefore shows that, besides other institutional and cognitive factors, the issue of accessing adequate evidence is of crucial importance to understand changes in policy making and the State and at the heart of great economic and socio-political conflicts. It also highlights the importance of taking into account structural determinants and evidence-related power games in order to evaluate the impacts of “participation” on improving technological choices
Bento, Nuno. "La transition vers une économie de l'hydrogène : infrastructures et changement technique". Phd thesis, Grenoble, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010GRENE005.
The double constraint of climate change and increasing scarcity of oil requires that we consider alternative energies for the medium term. This thesis focuses on the development of a hydrogen economy, which is conditional on the existence of an infrastructure for the distribution of the new fuel and the readiness of fuel cells. The main idea is that the state can play a central role in both infrastructure implementation and preparation of fuel cells technology. The thesis begins with a techno-economic analysis of the hydrogen-energy chain, which highlights the difficulty of setting up the infrastructure. The study of the development of electricity and gas networks in the past provides the empirical basis supporting the hypothesis that government can play an important role to consolidate the diffusion of socio-technical networks. In addition, private projects of stations may be justified by early-move benefits, although their financial viability depends on the demand for hydrogen which is in turn dependent on the performance of the fuel cell vehicle. The introduction of radical innovations, such as fuel cell, has been made more difficult by the domination of conventional technologies. This assertion is particularly true in the transport sector which was progressively locked into fossil fuels by a process of technological and institutional co-evolution driven by increasing returns of scale. Hence, fuel cells may primarily diffuse through the accumulation of niches where the innovation is closer to commercialization. These niches may be located in portable applications segment. Investments in research and demonstration are still necessary in order to reduce costs and increase performances of fuel cells. Using a simple model of multitechnological diffusion, we analyze the competition between the hydrogen fuel cell vehicle and the plug-in hybrid car for the automotive market. We show that an early entry of the latter may block the arrival of hydrogen in the market. Other than fuel cell preparedness, a mass diffusion of hydrogen requires a sufficient coverage of the supportive infrastructure. The continuation of public support for R & D, a carbon tax (tax or permits) and demand stimulation are measures capable of accelerating the entry of hydrogen in the market
Jolivet, Patrick. "Représentation économique du comportement écologique des consommateurs : le cas des déchets ménagers". Phd thesis, Université de Versailles-Saint Quentin en Yvelines, 2001. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00003288.
La problématique centrale de cette thèse est donc la suivante : peut-on représenter économiquement le phénomène ‘déchet' dans l'acte individuel de consommation ? Dans la première partie de ce travail, nous proposons de représenter la sensibilité des consommateurs vis-à-vis de l'environnement, en général, et des déchets en particulier. Le postulat est que les individus peuvent intégrer la variable ‘environnement' dans leurs choix de consommation, dès l'achat de produits sur le marché : ceci définit ce que nous proposons d'appeler la rationalité environnementale continue des agents économiques.
Dans une seconde partie, nous caractérisons le comportement d'un individu qui choisit de trier ses déchets. A partir d'une enquête qualitative que nous avons réalisée, nous recherchons dans les discours et les pratiques des agents à définir ce qu'est le comportement du consommateur-producteur (-trieur) de déchets. Il apparaît, lors de cette enquête, que la sensibilité écologique des agents économiques, lorsqu'elle existe, ne se traduit pas prioritairement dans leurs choix de consommation. Les préoccupations vis-à-vis des déchets ménagers, postérieures aux décisions d'achat de biens, définissent une rationalité environnementale discontinue et nous conduisent à élargir le cadre d'analyse traditionnel du consommateur.
Lulovicova, Andrea. "Évaluation environnementale des systèmes alimentaires territoriaux : Apports de l'analyse du cycle de vie territoriale à la construction et à l'évaluation des processus de reterritorialisation durables des systèmes agroalimentaires en France". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Côte d'Azur, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024COAZ2002.
The current climatic and environmental upheavals deeply impact our society and ecosystems. Food production and consumption play an essential role in these disruptions. The globalized food system, characterized by mass production and consumption and a disconnect between producers and consumers, places significant pressure on territories and their resources. To address this, the reterritorialization of food is emerging as a promising solution for a more sustainable food system. France is at the forefront of this initiative, with the recent development of Territorial Food Projects (Projets Alimentaires Territoriaux, PAT) led by local authorities. These projects aim to promote a local and sustainable food economy while supporting short supply chains. However, despite their potential, the environmental impacts of these initiatives remain understudied. Most current studies compare short and long food supply chains, focusing on transportation-related impacts. Consequently, they do not consider the systemic benefits associated with the development of more sustainable practices within local food systems. To respond to this issue, this thesis adapts the Territorial Life Cycle Assessment (TLCA) methodology to assess local food systems from a systemic and environmental perspective. This adapted methodology is applied to two diverse territories in France and their local food systems: the municipality of Mouans-Sartoux and the Finistere department. Both territories are pioneers in implementing food territorial projects (PAT). The environmental assessment of the two local food systems reveals the extent of both direct and indirect impacts, notably related to imported products and agricultural inputs. The results demonstrate that transportation played a minor role in these impacts. Both local systems heavily depend on imports to feed their inhabitants. The short food supply chains, and consequently their impact, remain limited. The assessment of the impact of the Mouans-Sartoux local food policies demonstrates positive effects since their implementation. An estimated reduction in environmental impact equals approximately 20 % of the entire local food system's impact, particularly in terms of climate change and land use. In Finistere, the prospective analysis highlights the potential benefits of local strategies, particularly in connection with the promotion of agroecological practices. In conclusion, this interdisciplinary work confirms the relevance of life cycle assessment methodologies for local planning and assessment. It equally reveals the potential of local food policies to contribute to the ecological transition
Trabelsi, Meriem. "Comment mesurer la performance agroécologique d'une exploitation agricole pour l'accompagner dans son processus de transition?" Thesis, Montpellier 3, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017MON30037/document.
The use of plant protection products enables farmers to maximize economic performance and yields, but in return, the environment and human health can be greatly affected because of their toxicity. There are currently strong calls for farmers to reduce the use of these toxic products for the preservation of the environment and the human health, and it has become urgent to invest in more sustainable models that help reduce these risks. One possible solution is the transition toward agroecological production systems. These new systems must be beneficial economically, socially, and environmentally in terms of human health. There are many tools available, based on a range of indicators, for assessing the sustainability of agricultural systems on conventional farm holdings. These methods are little suitable to agroecological farms and do not measure the performance of agroecological transition farms. In this article, we therefore develop a model for the strategic definition, guidance, and assistance for a transition to agroecological practices, capable of assessing performance of this transition and simulating the consequences of possible changes. This model was built by coupling (i) a decision-support tool and a technico-economic simulator with(ii) a conceptual model built from the dynamics of agroecological practices. This tool is currently being tested in the framework of a Compte d’Affectation Spéciale pour le Développement Agricole et Rural (CASDAR) project (CASDAR: project launched in 2013 by the French Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Forestry, on the theme Bcollective mobilisation for agroecology,^ http://agriculture.gouv.fr/ Appel-a-projets-CASDAR) using data from farms, most of which are engaged in agroenvironmental process and reducing plant protection treatments since 2008
Boulé, Éric. "La postmodernité comme expérience de la fragmentation : genèse et développement de la transition sociétale à partir d'une lecture des formes esthétiques". Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/31526.
From the point of view of the theory of the society, the exit from the modernity can be understood as the withdrawal of an unity ideal of the society as well as a consistency one of the subjective experience of the social life, an ideal that has been governed and directed by the principle of the universal reason. In that sense, and for saying it in an imaging way, we will say that this exit from the modernity is a progressive passage from verticality toward horizontality; there is no more regulating and transcendent principle enlightening humanity, pulling it up to its heights, the focal point has been gone. The postmodern subject is from now on evolving by taking contact a posteriori with what is standing in front of him, hic et nunc, in that same moment of its constitution and from the surrounding diversity. This transformation of the relation to the totality, as typical as a crisis, imprints and inscribes itself within all the dimensions of the social practice. The aesthetic and expressive dimension of the human practice then also holds, necessarily, the mark of that progressive erosion of the being mode of the modernity and appears as an effort to end the representation regime. On the aesthetic operation plan, this effort is without a doubt one of the fundamental characteristics of the exit of the modernity. The postmodern mutation of the being mode related to the modern world is objectively translated by expressive wills that are actualizing and showing themselves in artworks which are their echoes, as much as efforts to end with the representation. It is then possible, and that is what I will try to show in this thesis, to read these different dialectical moments of the postmodern societal transition, from a selective typology of formal propositions of expressive unity which aim to replace, within these provocations addressed to the sensibility, the unifying function of the exterior referent, although it was subjective or objective. So these are artworks (that I assert that they are archetypal) that are going to be examined here, artworks that are coming from the architecture, painting, music and cinema domains, artworks that will serve at my effort to illustrate the new expressive will linked to, according to me, the general mutation of the culture held by the postmodernity. The examination of these artworks will also show that a fragmentation process is working at the heart of the deployment of the postmodernity; that this « processive » fragmentation becomes also for the subject, in its constatation and in its re-catching, an invitation to free composition of possible worlds.
Bourdier, Laure. "Socio-anthropologie des énergies marines renouvelables en Basse-Normandie : gouverner (par) l'alternative". Thesis, Normandie, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019NORMC029.
Following the European Union climate and energy package and le Grenelle de l’Environment, the French State launched, from 2011, a series of calls for tender and for expressions of interest for the construction of infrastructures of Marine Renewable Energy (MRE). The planned infrastructures are located along the French coast, particularly in Lower Normandy, a region characterized by the production of civilian and military nuclear power. Stakeholders in the development of MREs anticipated problems of "social acceptability". This thesis, based on a study of the actors who participated in the development of MREs in Basse-Normandie and of the acceptability mechanisms they have put in place, focuses on maintaining a centralized energy system based on nuclear energy, that has integrated the renewable alternative. Based on a combination of survey techniques (direct observation, interviews, questionnaires, collection of documentary productions, regulatory texts and biographical documents) analysed mainly through qualitative methods, this thesis reveals that the maintaining of the energy system operates through the government of critique. Local actors, including those who oppose the project, are mobilized by companies, the state, regional public authorities, and scientists through mechanisms aiming to build social acceptance. Thus acceptability, as an instrument of governing, does not mean a transformation of technical projects towards a better integration of social dimensions, but rather a translation of social questions into technical terms
Bento, Nuno. "La transition vers une économie de l'hydrogène : infrastructures et changement technique". Phd thesis, Grenoble, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00463857.
Hermann, Isabelle. "Green Power ! : l'art écologique a-t-il un impact social mesurable? : formulations plastiques et militantes, des années 1960 à 1986". Thesis, Paris 1, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA010569.
In the economic, social and political environments of the 1960s, themass media evolution led photography and television reports to take over the representation of nature and landscape. Until then, the illustration of nature and landscape had been the preserve of artists. The new trend was to move away from the idyllic representation of the natural world in order to reveal nature as it really is, alive and fragile, a nature in which man plays an integral role while also posing a threat to its integrity.Landscapes started to feature ecological disasters such as: decimated forests, clouds of dioxin billowing from chemical reactors, oil spills in the sea or also cement work, – in essence, familiar images that strike the imagination. Such representation of landscape was in itself a challenge. Concepts connected to the idea of nature, such as a global climate, pollution, scale effect, and long term impact, introduced an element of immateriality.Various strategies to create visual and plastic representations were initiated across the world; a number of artists renewed their approach to nature. They envisaged it in its physical and biological processes, and addressed it as a series of ecosystems and locations that need to be rehabilitated. Concrete actions in the public sphere have sometimes produced significant results: photos, objects, performances, environments, as well as draft communiqués, declarations, manifestos, open letters and the participation in associations or political parties.The presentation of the body of plastic formulation and/or militant acts raises the issue of their impact. Do they represent the renewal of the social role of the artist, or are they just an utopian vision? How do their authors envisage them? Are their effects measurable? Can it be the subject of environmental studies? What methodology to use? And what are its limitations ?
Herbelin, Alice. "Ecologie territoriale et trajectoires de transitions : le cas du Rhône-Médian". Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018GREAH026/document.
Territorial ecology is a research field which proposes to analyse the functioning of a territory under the perspective of the flows of matter and energy which passes by and characterize it. This analysis is particularly led through the concept of territorial metabolism. Through this lens, flows are considered in their material dimension but also under the light of the actor systems and of the political and socio-economic issues which influence them. Thus, territorial ecology tends to underline socio-ecological transition levers on the scale of territories.This thesis proposes to test these concepts through a field study in the mid Rhône valley. Looking back to the end of the 18th century, the research firstly underlines how a socio-ecological regime is progressively set around the industry sector and the heavy infrastructures at the scale of the territory. Then, the thesis describes how this regime gets materialized into today’s metabolism through the analysis of four different kinds of flows (energy, water, toxic elements, food). This metabolism is described as intensive and toxic – according to the level of intensity and toxicity of the flows at stake – as well as absorbing – in the way it deals with other territories’ metabolic functions (waste management, food production). These properties of the Rhône-Médian’s metabolism implicate limited capacity for local actors (inhabitants, public actors, farmers) to act towards the reduction or the transformation of these flows. However, within a context of change in production systems and of residentialisation, several local initiatives emerge. Through this process, local actors gain a better understanding and better capabilities to act on the flows of energy and matter in order to engage with sustainable territorial development. These local initiatives lead to several forms of reassessment of existing power relationships but the industrial socio-ecological regime remains, partly because some lock-ins which structure and self-sustain this regime are not questioned
Oiry, Annaig. "La transition énergétique sous tension ? : contestations des énergies marines renouvelables et stratégies d'acceptabilité sur la façade atlantique française". Thesis, Paris 1, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA01H089.
In France, the energy transition appears to be consensual. It is based on a moral argument (the need to reduce greenhouse gas emissions worldwide), a legal injunction (the energy transition law for green growth published in 2015) and the economic interests of techno-industrial groups. However, the transition is not without friction: there are disputes on the coastline when discussing marine energy infrastructures on the Atlantic coast. Why are projects that claim to be part of an energy transition process of general interest in fact creating conflicts? We will see that these conflicts reveal different representations of the maritime territories on which the new energy infrastructures are being built. They are also based on different conceptions of an energy transition that suffers from a lack of clear definition. These different visions of what a "real transition" should be express themselves in terms of the territorial and energy dimensions of the transition: does it constitute a territorial break in coastal development? What arrangement of the energy mix can the energy transition lead to, at the heart of an energy system that has a significant inertia and remains strongly marked by nuclear logic? Behind these various conceptions of the energy transition, on the coastlines, there is a balance of forces between actors. Techno-industrial groups (EDF, EDF Energies marines, Engie, Iberdrola) and public authorities are led to negotiate with fishermen and local associations for the protection of the environment or leisure activities in order to gain acceptance for new energy infrastructures. They develop acceptability strategies to manage conflicts that are expressed: resorting to territorial compensation, setting up participative mechanisms, using local taxation, promoting an imaginary acquired through technology
Herbelin, Alice. "Ecologie territoriale et trajectoires de transitions : le cas du Rhône-Médian". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018GREAH026.
Territorial ecology is a research field which proposes to analyse the functioning of a territory under the perspective of the flows of matter and energy which passes by and characterize it. This analysis is particularly led through the concept of territorial metabolism. Through this lens, flows are considered in their material dimension but also under the light of the actor systems and of the political and socio-economic issues which influence them. Thus, territorial ecology tends to underline socio-ecological transition levers on the scale of territories.This thesis proposes to test these concepts through a field study in the mid Rhône valley. Looking back to the end of the 18th century, the research firstly underlines how a socio-ecological regime is progressively set around the industry sector and the heavy infrastructures at the scale of the territory. Then, the thesis describes how this regime gets materialized into today’s metabolism through the analysis of four different kinds of flows (energy, water, toxic elements, food). This metabolism is described as intensive and toxic – according to the level of intensity and toxicity of the flows at stake – as well as absorbing – in the way it deals with other territories’ metabolic functions (waste management, food production). These properties of the Rhône-Médian’s metabolism implicate limited capacity for local actors (inhabitants, public actors, farmers) to act towards the reduction or the transformation of these flows. However, within a context of change in production systems and of residentialisation, several local initiatives emerge. Through this process, local actors gain a better understanding and better capabilities to act on the flows of energy and matter in order to engage with sustainable territorial development. These local initiatives lead to several forms of reassessment of existing power relationships but the industrial socio-ecological regime remains, partly because some lock-ins which structure and self-sustain this regime are not questioned
Pagni, Olivier. "Economie du développement durable et politiques publiques d’énergies en Europe : de l’étude des paradigmes à une évaluation multicritère appliquée aux scénarios d’avenirs énergétiques en Corse". Thesis, Corte, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014CORT0002/document.
The study reveals a multidisciplinary character concerning, in the first time, the economy of the sustainable development, economy of the environment and ecological economy.In the second time, we will study precisely, the way public policies on energy are carried out and regarded at, on a continental, national and territorial ladder, by leaning on the political data of the macroeconomics of energy politics for Europe, France and finally the Corsican region. The frame of the analysis was delimited by an applied formal perimeter, and inscribes itself in a continuum of integration of sustainable development as an aim. All the aspects of the particular situation of Corsica due to its insularity will be approached and studiedA multicriteria simulation and evaluation of different energy scenarios which will conclude our work. The objective here is to determine the best possible ways for Corsica to source its energy in the future.This includes the construction of scenarios, a presentation of the research typology of a multicriteria evaluation, including a summary of the scientific literature applied to energy scenarios as part of the multicriteria evaluation, and a synthesis of multicriteria problematic, as well as a development concerning the choice of the applied method.The results of our study point out a strong preference for the scenario of sustainable development. They determine the best possible compromise between the different hypothetical scenarios according to our chosen criteria. Our obtained result points out that sustainable development offers the best solutions to local given problems
García, Rubio Claudia Irene. "La télévision au Mexique : étude sur le régime de la télévision hertzienne au Mexique depuis 1990 : le cas particulier des chaînes de télévision sous l'effet d'une transition vers la démocratie". Paris 2, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003PA020008.
Gerome, Camille. "Les initiatives de transition comme facteur de développement des capacités territoriales d'adaptation aux effets des changements climatiques". Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SACLV026/document.
To respond to social issues of adaptation to the effects of climate change, this thesis contributes to the understanding of adaptation capacity development processes. The main subject is the spontaneous transitional citizens dynamics. It is about a group of citizens wishing act locally for the development of their territory in a coherent way around shared values.This thesis helps to demonstrate the emergence and the development of innovative social practices. This is comparable to social innovations in transition arenas who reproduce characteristics of niches: protected and restricted space encouraging incubation. These social innovations, fostered by networking, cohesion and the sharing of values, contribute to the development of adaptability through a desire for transmission and a global dynamic of inclusion.Concretely, this study focuses on two transition initiatives similar in their intentions and different in their history. They participate in considering a new dynamic of society that is both spontaneous, autonomous and inclusive.By positioning itself neither "against" the territory and its institutions, nor "without" them, these transition initiatives represent remarkable alternatives to lead to more cooperative societies and more able to adapt to the effects of climate change
Zaccai, Edwin. "Contribution à l'analyse des conceptions du développement durable". Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/211719.
Planchais, Gaël. "Stratégie et performance des agriculteurs dans un enjeu d'agriculture durable". Phd thesis, Université d'Angers, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00418659.
Aujourd'hui, avec l'alternative du développement durable, la réflexion autour des problématiques liées à l'environnement sont omniprésentes et interpellent l'agriculture sur les questions relatives à l'eau, l'air, le sol, la biodiversité.
Cette recherche, qui est basée sur plusieurs théories, reste essentiellement centrée sur la théorie des parties prenantes, qui invite tous les acteurs (agriculteurs, consommateurs, Etat, collectivités locales...) à participer à cette évolution vers une agriculture multifonctionnelle et durable.
L'interrogation fondamentale est : l'agriculture durable est-elle aussi voire plus performante que l'agriculture conventionnelle ?
La recherche s'est appuyée sur des agriculteurs qui ont choisi de mettre en place des mesures en faveur de l'environnement dans un contrat territorial d'exploitation (entre 2000 et 2002). L'engagement, pour cinq ans, est un exemple concret d'agriculture durable. Il a servi de support pour cette thèse pour analyser la stratégie des agriculteurs dans cet enjeu d'agriculture durable, d'autant plus que ce contrat était une innovation en la matière.
La méthodologie consiste, à partir d'un questionnaire, a étudier les motivations qui ont conduit les agriculteurs à signer un contrat. En parallèle, une base de données sur les informations économiques et financières de ces exploitations, a été exploitée.
Lacombe, Camille. "Approche pragmatiste de l'accompagnement d'une transition agroécologique : une recherche action avec une association d'éleveurs et conseillers dans le rayon de Roquefort". Thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018INPT0135/document.
We explore in this research the organizational dimensions of agroecological transition and the ways to support it locally. The support of agroecological transition requires connecting differentprocesses of individual and collective transformations of agricultural development and production activities. We design a device for action reseach within an agroecological transition project, carriedby a farmers and advisers association in the Roquefort area. We implement with them a social experiment to explore this problem both from theoretical and practical point of view. In our casethe connection between individual and collective transformation of participant activities required farmers and advisers to design together tools to accompany the agroecological transition on farms. This process allowed the debate about the diversity of agricultural models and representations that actors have regarding agroecological transition. It as well allows engaging advisers and farmers jointly in the agroecological transition. These transformations have been enhanced by the fact that the co-design process was organized as a dialogical process between design and experimentation of the tools in diverse real situations of use on farms. At the end of this journey, we propose to develop a pragmatist approach to accompany locally the agroecological transition
Doukaga, Kassa Pachely. "Football, société et politique en Espagne : du franquisme à la transition démocratique (1939-1982)". Thesis, Tours, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017TOUR2013/document.
This thesis analyzes the political and social function of football in Francoist Spain and during the democratic transition, focusing particularly on two clubs: Real Madrid and FC Barcelona. One is considered the best ambassador of Spain abroad. And the other is an instrument for the mobilization of the democratic opposition, and above all a hub for ethno-social identity related claims at that time. A study about football may at first seem to not to belong within the scientific approach. Yet, beyond sport and entertainment, football is a social phenomenon, the analysis of which is essential to the understanding of contemporary societies. It deserves attention, especially when one is interested in the history of Spain, which is extremely revealing of the socio-cultural and political stakes that football has in this country
Bas, Adeline. "Analyse de la compensation écologique comme instrument d'internalisation et de lutte contre l'érosion de la biodiversité marine : illustration par l'éolien en mer". Thesis, Brest, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017BRES0022/document.
The installation of marine renewable energies is carried out in compliance with French environmental legislation. The mitigation hierarchy is thus applied to achieve an objective of no net loss of biodiversity. This thesis aims at questioning the effectiveness of the mitigation hierarchy and more specifically biodiversity offsetting as an internalization instrument to halt the erosion of marine biodiversity. We use a qualitative empirical approach to (i) identify the ecological and societal factors as well as their theoretical characteristics that are supposed to enable the offsets achieving the objective of no net loss of biodiversity; and (ii) control whether these conditions are verified in practice for the case of offshore wind farms in Europe and France. The analysis highlights the legal, institutional, methodological and societal issues to be addressed in order to enable biodiversity offsetting to achieve the no net loss priority. On the basis of this observation, a multi-criteria assessment is carried out to reinforce the avoidance and reduction steps of the mitigation hierarchy in order to better define offsetting needs. Ultimately, the analysis shows a shift in biodiversity offsetting based on a strict ecological equivalence to a biodiversity offsetting based on a released ecological equivalence. Offsetting actions tend to be more generalist and / or more directed to ecosystem services than to ecosystem components. Associated with accompanying measures, offsetting actions can help to increase the social acceptability of a development project
Combet, Emmanuel. "Fiscalité carbone et progrès social : application au cas français". Phd thesis, École des Hautes Études en Sciences Sociales (EHESS), 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00813550.
Klauber, Véronique. "De la colonie ouvrière à la colonie intérieure : les Roms hongrois des Hétes dans la «transition» postcommuniste". Paris, EHESS, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006EHES0023.
My research uses the tools of sociology, social history and ethnography. It treats the consequences of postcommunist deindustrialization through the study of the population of Hétes, an ethnic ghetto, inhabited currantly by 400 Hungarian Roma (Gypsies), who where formally workers in the mettalurgy factory. Hétes is a former workers' colony in the city of Ózd. The city is renowned for its metallurgy complex wich functioned for 150 years until its dismantlement in 1991. The goal of my research is to understand the dynamics of the identitary transformations and the mechanisms of socioeconomic and cultural adaptation deployed by the Hétes Roma population. This community was once integrated by the comprehensive social security guaranteed under state socialism through salaried work and has been marginalized since the liberalization of the job market. A critical analysis of historical sources and of recorded life stories of the residents of Hétes, ans direct observation of their economic practices have allowed us to determine that their identity has undergone profound changes : manifold during the period of salaried work its monolithization was accompanied by an interior colonization that remains hidden
Quétier, Fabien. "Vulnérabilité des écosystèmes semi-naturels européens aux changements d'utilisation des terres : application aux prairies subalpines de Villar d'Arène, France". Montpellier, ENSA, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006ENSA0008.
Semi-natural ecosystems in Europe provide a wide range of ecosystem services but are associated with a marginal farming economy, making them vulnerable to future changes in the policy and market context of agriculture. We explore this vulnerability using an integrative approach, coupling scenario-based land-use change projections with process-based modeling of their impacts on ecosystem service provision and a social evaluation of their consequences. The proposed methodology is applied to subalpine grasslands in the central French Alps as a case-study. We used this opportunity to contribute to the development of ecological tools: plant functional traits. We show that they provide an adequate framework for studying the impacts of land-use change on semi-natural grasslands, at the plot and landscape scale, using experiments or via simulation modeling. We also contribute to developing tools in the social sciences. We show that social representations of subalpine grasslands relate to European level sociopolitical discourses on rural development. We also show how they enable a social evaluation of land-use change impacts. We use these results to discuss the vulnerability of subalpine grasslands and their users in Villar d’Arène
Vivier, Elise. "Transformation des modèles alimentaires en Amazonie brésilienne : utilisations traditionnelles, aliments industriels et enjeux sociaux". Thesis, Tours, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017TOUR2029/document.
Observing dietary role model and the ways of consumption allow to glimpse a succession of phenomenons such as social changes brought by the economic dynamism at the scale of the Brazil. Researches led in the Ciriaco reserve aim to establish a dietary profile in order to understand the weight of the choices made by its inhabitants , and the origins of such choices. The point of creating a global profil is also to measure the impact of their dietary choices on their daily lives, and to take possession of the phenomenon called dietary transition. The dietary monetization, the lack of education so much as the changes of seasons are considered the origins of the transformation of the role model and thus by the access on new food, changed and without any identity value ; responsible for the consequences on the health and also responsible of some kind of dietary insecurity which also bring social, economic, political, epidemiological and environmental disruptions
Lefèvre, Mathias. "Les firmes transnationales et l'institution social-historique du changement climatique". Phd thesis, Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Sciences Sociales (EHESS), 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00169596.
Dimitrova, Svetlana. "Raisons de dire, façons de faire : intellectuels en Bulgarie "postsocialiste" (1989-2009)". Paris, EHESS, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010EHES0068.
This thesis attempts to understand the reasons to say and the ways to do of the intellectual in postsocialist society. The analysis of the boundary lines dividing different intellectuals when we proceed to a definition of an intellectual in today's Bulgaria and the analysis of the competition between several intellectuals shows the shift of the relations between political, journalistic and intellectual fields in the period from 1989 to 2009. Ln this space of changing configurations, various raising figures (the dissident, the intellectual politician, the expert, the critic, the postmodemist, the nationalist) and polemics reveal the story of a different kind of transition than that of what had been foreseen by democratization studies in the early nineties or by euro-enthusiasts, but also a different one from what the actors today may imagine. By giving preference to the variety of itineraries and to the inter-field dynamics, this research tries to overcome the dualism of the democratization studies and some of its critics, as well as the two often opposed approaches of the intellectual (the sociological definition of the "knowledge producer" and the historical research about the "outstanding figures"). It is based on a large corpus of primary sources: articles, in-depth interviews, memoirs, critical essays, observation materials
Fidolini, Vulca. "Les constructions de l'hétéronormativité : sexualité, masculinités et transition vers l'âge adulte chez de jeunes marocains en France et en Italie". Thesis, Strasbourg, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015STRAG025/document.
This thesis investigates representations of sexuality and constructions of masculinity among young Moroccan Muslim men (aged between 20 and 30) who migrated to France (Alsace) and Italy (Tuscany). Sexual accounts and gender identification processes are the main fields to study heteronormativity and to show how its hegemonic power is interwoven with other social relations which define the transition to adulthood of these young men. By exploring the outcomes of a qualitative research – based on ethnographic observation and interviews – this study demonstrates that heteronormativity, far from being a monolithic power, is a plural norm which produces not only social constructions of sexuality and masculinity among young Moroccans, but also shapes intra- and intergenerational relationships, relations among minority groups, and between migrants and the majority population
Lamalice, Annie. "Géographie du système alimentaire des Inuit du Nunavik : du territoire nourricier au supermarché". Thesis, Montpellier, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019MONTG085.
The main objective of this thesis is the characterization and analysis of the transformations of the Nunavik Inuit food system, and particularly the issues raised at the intersection of human-environment interactions and their consequences for Inuit health and well-being. Possible solutions to improve the resilience of the food system in this northern region are explored, the main one being the development of community gardening projects. The collection of data to complete the four articles that make up the body of this thesis took place between October 2015 and March 2019 in the northern villages of Kuujjuaq and Kangiqsujuaq, Nunavik. This research combines different methods, the main one being based on the principles of participatory action research. The results illustrate that traditional foods from hunting, fishing and gathering activities continue to be important drivers of Inuit’s well-being and relationship to the land, despite the fact that they are now consumed in smaller quantities. The loss of mobility and the adoption of a new way of life, accompanied and made possible by the nutritional transition, have disrupted human-environment interactions at different levels. The greatest pressure on the natural environment comes from human activities elsewhere in the world and from a pattern of inconsistent consumption that generates many negative externalities on the environment and human health. Through the food they eat, the Inuit are now connected to the rest of the world through the globalized food system, the complex ramifications of which cover the entire planet. In Nunavik, the defects inherent in the global agri-food production chain are expressed in a very singular way. The intensification of the links between the Inuit economy and the globalized economy contributes to placing the northern territories in a position of unequal exchange and dependence on the producers and suppliers of an exogenous agri-food sector in which northern residents have few opportunities to be heard. Food sovereignty over market foods is thus severely limited
Mouad, Bassem. "Les Trames Vertes Urbaines : analyse des représentations sociales de la « nature en ville » à Marseille et à Strasbourg". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris 10, 2018. http://faraway.parisnanterre.fr/login?url=http://bdr.parisnanterre.fr/theses/intranet/2018/2018PA100047/2018PA100047.pdf.
The problems of the environment and biodiversity is at the heart of the international debate scientifically and politically. The exponential growth of human activities, particularly the acceleration of urbanization and the resulting massive pressure on natural resources, heralds the era of the Anthropocene. This thesis focuses on "urban green frames", conceived as new land-use planning tools aimed at reconstituting an ecological network in order to preserve biodiversity both in natural areas and in urban areas. The spatial pattern of green frames has its roots in the practices of landscape architects and urban planners internationally since the second half of the nineteenth century. We start from the hypothesis that urban green fields are means of urban amenity. Three approaches have been mobilized: biographical, geo-historical and social representations. This thesis pays particular attention to the question of representations and social practices associated with "nature in the city": an entry mobilized to understand the methods of implementation of green networks in Marseille and Strasbourg
Raude, Jocelyn. "La dynamique des perceptions des risques sanitaires : le cas des maladies à transmission vectorielle dans les départements français d'outre-mer". Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018AIXM0280.
What is the relationship between health risk perceptions and the epidemiological context - especially when it is unstable? As part of this thesis, we focused on the three main components highlighted by Stokols in the analysis of context effects on health behaviors. It is a question of the spatial dimension of the phenomenon (how does the proximity of the risk affect the perception of health risks?). On the other hand, it is the temporal or diachronic dimension of the phenomenon (what are the temporal patterns that characterize the perception of health risks?). Finally, it is the socio-cultural dimension of the phenomenon (to what extent do people's social conditions influence how they perceive risks?). On the basis of a review of the literature and a series of questionnaire surveys conducted in the French overseas departments, we proceeded to verify a series of hypotheses on the spatio-temporal and sociocultural dynamics of perceptions. the risk of vector-borne diseases (dengue, chikungunya and Zika). These data have been presented in three scientific papers that will form the empirical part of this thesis. In general, this research allows us to highlight effects of habituation and / or minimization of health risks that have been poorly documented in the psychological literature. The latter, however, seem to be modulated to a large extent by phenomena of social influence that require better characterization in future research
Repetto, Federico. "La formation médiatisée du citoyen en Italie pendant la transition vers la deuxième République". Phd thesis, Université de Grenoble, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00690917.
Mouad, Bassem. "Les Trames Vertes Urbaines : analyse des représentations sociales de la « nature en ville » à Marseille et à Strasbourg". Thesis, Paris 10, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PA100047.
The problems of the environment and biodiversity is at the heart of the international debate scientifically and politically. The exponential growth of human activities, particularly the acceleration of urbanization and the resulting massive pressure on natural resources, heralds the era of the Anthropocene. This thesis focuses on "urban green frames", conceived as new land-use planning tools aimed at reconstituting an ecological network in order to preserve biodiversity both in natural areas and in urban areas. The spatial pattern of green frames has its roots in the practices of landscape architects and urban planners internationally since the second half of the nineteenth century. We start from the hypothesis that urban green fields are means of urban amenity. Three approaches have been mobilized: biographical, geo-historical and social representations. This thesis pays particular attention to the question of representations and social practices associated with "nature in the city": an entry mobilized to understand the methods of implementation of green networks in Marseille and Strasbourg
Demade, Maxime. "Analyse sociale de cycles de vie : les cycles de vie des représentations paysagères de l'éolien". Thesis, Bordeaux 3, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018BOR30047/document.
The increasing use of the transition terms in the public debate contributes to the emergence of new research methods whom geographers begin to apprehend. Transition invites to consider a new action framework. In the matter of energy domain, the transition concept involves geographers in their socio-spatial interpretations. This new spatiotemporal frame, where are introduced the notions of territorialisation of the energy and the reversibility, provides an opportunity to consider these issues from a reinterpretation of the space-time couple. In this context, the thesis aims in understanding and analyzing of socio-spatial mechanisms tested by the renewable energies development, especially wind turbines. The specificity of this approach may be a geographical rendition of the Life Cycle Assessment method. For this purpose, the thesis requires the concept of landscape in its dynamic meaning. However, the life cycle assessment invites us to reshape the idea of landscape dynamics according to the notion of event. The thesis explores the arrival of a wind turbines project as an event and it focus on its sudden emergence, the induced socio-spatial destabilizations and the individual and social adaptations. The purpose of this research is to investigate a Social Life Cycle Assessment of the landscape representations of the wind energy. This ambition faces a time constraint. The allowed time of a PhD thesis faces political times and the times of the experience. Created events or suffered events impact the socio-spatial representations differently and over various timescales. Considering a diachronic study brings about rethinking the epistemological and methodological issues raised by a corpus which gathers several types of data, from different sources and which would be analyzed together. The analysis is led on discourses and especially on spatial textual references along with the individual sensibilities revealed when a wind turbines project is initiated on territory. The thesis tracks the life cycle steps of windpower-events that we interpret according to the socio-spatial context of the study terrains
Baudin, Thomas. "L'analyse des comportements de fécondité : politiques publiques et facteurs culturels". Phd thesis, Université Panthéon-Sorbonne - Paris I, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00401964.
Abdellatif, Slama Soumaya. "L'adoption en Tunisie : vécu, pratiques et représentations". Thesis, Strasbourg, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012STRAG035.
Questioning adoption, in a context of a controversial evolution of the representations of parenthood in Tunisia, compels one to dwell upon the social, cultural and legal backgrounds where it belongs. Social discourse on adoption continues to promote the idea of a dichotomy of parenthood, divided between biological parenthood - "blood" or "natural" parenthood- and social parenthood - "emotional" or "heart-based" parenthood. Based on accounts of adoptive parents and adoptees, we tried to identify the different dimensions of the experience of adoption and of the relationships within the adoptive parenthood. In building a relationship of adoption, representations appear as a primary mediator. The study of the various points raised directly questions the role of multi parenting through the practices and representations of adoptive kinship in a socio-political movement. It also allows to determine the relationship between genealogy and subjectivity in the process of identity construction
Aubert, Diane. "On the design of fair environmental fiscal policies with workers heterogeneity : three essays in applied theory". Thesis, Paris 1, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA01E019.
This Ph.D. dissertation studies the incidence of environmental taxation between heterogeneous workers. In a theoretical framework, it analyses the design of environmental fiscal policy in regards with three competing goals : reducing emissions, improving economic efficiency, and limiting economic inequality. It consists of an introduction and three chapters (essays), each of them focusing on a different aspect of the problem. The first chapter uses a model with endogenous education and looks at how environmental taxation can affect efficiency and equity through its effects on educational choices. The second chapter focuses on the impact of green taxes on inequalities and unemployment using a search-friction model. The third one deals with regional disparities in regards with unemployment, wages and preferences
Calvez, Philippe. "Modélisation d'agencements énergétiques durables dans les zones urbaines intelligentes : une approche pour la réduction de l’emprise énergétique par les pratiques soutenables". Thesis, Paris 1, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA010056.
On one hand, the ecological transition and sustainable development issues are today a reality that cannot be ignored given the negative impacts of human activities on their environments. On the other side, an increasingly important digitization of these environments results in the generation of massive volumes of digital traces, which are all signs of actors’ activities. A significant challenge is to understand the ins and outs of environmental impact due activities and considering Emprise of Energy (EmE) as a key indicator and how this indicator can strongly change from an activity to another. Our approach considers the identification of Practice on the basis of these digital traces generated by human and non-human entities during specific activities. Practice (instantiation of activity) uses more or less resources (physical and virtual) during their existence. Be able to identify which one is more resources dependent would help to better understand how to promote ecological transition. Promoting or at least identifying on the basis of quantifiable indicators (i.e Energy Emprise), practices that have a low impact on the environment, could be an innovative approach. These practices, in the sense of coordination of multiple heterogeneous entities in time and space, can be formalized in the form of multidimensional structures activities - Hypergraph of Activities – using the theory of Assemblage (Agencement in french) and using a set of mathematical tool (Simplicial Complexes, Hypernetworks). This research attempts to model the phenomenon of human and not human activity based on the characterization of the context (massive contextual data). These Assemblages are calculated and represented in an research application (IMhoTEP) which aims to build these complex structures not based on a priori entities’ classification, but by focusing on the relationships that they maintain in several dimensions. The main goal is to offer a decision tool which support actors’ ecological transition by understand activities inducing consumption or production of resources. These academic research in the field of computer science is based continuous digitization of physical and virtual spaces, particularly highly connected urban areas (Smart City, Internet of Everything)
Theophilo, Folhes Ricardo. "O Lago Grande do Curuai : história fundiária, usos da terra e relações de poder numa área de transição várzea-terra firme na Amazônia". Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016USPCA125/document.
The aim of this study is to understand the role of the social and environmental order influenced the peopling, land appropriation and the seasonal use of natural resources between floodplains (várzea) and firm land (terra firme) ecosystems in the Brazilian Amazon. I follow an historical and ethnographical approach to examine how social practices and the local power relations influenced the interrelated dynamic between social life and water movements (floods and droughts). The study area is Lago Grande, located in the city of Santarem, Pará State bordering the towns of Óbidos and Juruti. The main question is to investigate if power relations among social groups established and inherited during the colonial living in Lago Grande region are still operating in current times, and how this situation affects the control of transhumance between várzea and terra firme ecosystems. I conclude that the Amazon floodplains are still controlled by local elites, represented by land and livestock owners. The local elite established their socio-political power during colonial times, dominating an increasing process of entering from várzea to terra firme areas (i.e. deforestation). Since 1950, the main economical activity responsible for the expansion of land use from várzea to terra firme was cattle raising through transhumance between both ecosystems. Transumance has received a specific attention in this study, for it is among the main factors encouraging the circulation of local population between várzea and terra firme environments. From 1970’s, large farmers started the transhumance which was later followed by smaller farmers, and intensified through the 1990’s. Cattle ranching builds on three local practices which promote transhumance: “societies”, “permissions” and land rentals (arrendamentos). A joint analysis allowed me to demonstrate that “societies” between large and small farmers sustain the cattle ranching growth. This activity is lucrative and bestows prestige and opportunities to access the floodplains more regularly. In 2005, an Agro-extractivist Settlement was created (PAE Lago Grande) to favor land distribution and better economical opportunities among local populations. Though, the territorial unit included terra firme but not the areas of the várzea ecosystem, vital for the local economy part of the year. Additionally, the PAE also did not alter the land tenure, keeping the same historically constructed power structures it aimed to deconstruct
O objetivo geral desta pesquisa foi compreender como fatores de ordem social e ambientalinfluenciaram o povoamento, a apropriação e o uso conjugado dos recursos naturais em umaregião de transição entre os ecossistemas de várzea e de terra firme na Amazônia brasileira.Adotei uma abordagem histórica e etnográfica para examinar como relações de poder e práticassociais mediaram a articulação da vida social ao regime de cheias e vazantes. A área eleita paraa realização da pesquisa foi a região do Lago Grande, localizada no município de Santarém-PA, na confluência com os municípios de Óbidos e Juruti. Questionei se seria possível, naatualidade, enxergar nas relações entre os segmentos sociais que coabitam a região do LagoGrande continuidades e rupturas com as relações de poder herdadas do período colonial e comotais relações poderiam estar intervindo na circulação humana entre os dois ecossistemas.Conclui-se que as várzeas ainda são controladas por segmentos das elites locais, formadas porproprietários de terras e gado. Estes fundaram seu poder no período colonial e lentamentecomandaram o processo de ampliação dos sistemas de uso da terra para os interiores da terrafirme. Desde 1950, a principal atividade econômica a impulsionar esta expansão tem sido apecuária, por meio da prática da transumância. Entre os diversos fatores que sustentam acirculação sazonal entre a várzea e a terra firme pela população local, a transumância recebeuatenção especial da pesquisa. Iniciada pelos grandes fazendeiros, a transumância se popularizouentre os diversos perfis de criadores a partir das décadas de 1970 e foi intensificada na décadade 1990. Três instituições comandam a atividade pecuária e logo sustentam a transumância: as“sociedades”, as permissões e os arrendamentos. Analisados em conjunto estes institutospermitiram que a pesquisa chegasse à conclusão de que as “sociedades” entre grandes epequenos criadores sustentam o crescimento da pecuária, atividade que muito mais do que umasimples poupança é sinônimo de prestígio e oportunidade de acesso regular a várzea. A criaçãode um projeto de assentamento agroextrativista em 2005, o PAE Lago Grande, anexou apenasa faixa de terra firme da região do Lago Grande, deixando as várzeas de fora. O PAE não anexouas várzeas e não alterou a estrutura fundiária em terra firme. Desta forma, pouco alterou asrelações de poder historicamente construídas. Por fim, considera-se que a circulação realizadaentre as populações regionais entre os dois ecossistemas, de maneira geral, e a transumância,em particular, não vem sendo levada em consideração nas políticas de ordenamento territorialna Amazônia
Safonova, Ekaterina. "Management interculturel : influence de la mentalité russe sur le management des entreprises et des organisations internationales". Phd thesis, Université de Strasbourg, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01057886.