Tesi sul tema "Transformations territoriaux"

L'objectif de cette thèse est d'analyser la mise en oeuvre de la notion de développement durable dans l'espace urbain et la pertinence de son application en urbanisme. À partir d'une observation comparée qui prend pour cadre empirique deux terrains, Nîmes (France), et Sherbrooke (Québec, Canada), cette recherche étudie la problématique de l'appropriation de la notion de développement urbain durable dans les représentations des acteurs locaux, son intégration dans la planification territoriale, et son éventuelle traduction en projets urbains « durables ». En effet, si le cadre des réglementations nationales mises en place au cours des dernières années, tout comme les volontés et les orientations exprimées au niveau des organismes internationaux, font de la notion de développement durable un véritable outil d'aménagement du territoire, son appropriation et sa traduction concrète en projets opérationnels au niveau local peinent à être visibles.Cette recherche montre, que l'utilisation par les acteurs locaux de cette notion répond à l'injonction des protocoles internationaux, de la loi et de la réglementation en vigueur. Ce qui implique un ensemble de procédures, d'ingénierie, de moyens et de savoir-faire à s'approprier à l'échelle locale. Elle démontre que ces stratégies conçues au niveau des échelles supra locales, sont souvent incompatibles avec les réalités locales. Cela interroge la capacité de la notion de développement durable à atteindre les objectifs attendus, et met en cause sa pertinence comme notion majeure dans le développement territorial
The objective of this thesis is to analyze the implementation of the notion of sustainable development in urban areas and the relevance of its application in urban planning. On the basis of a comparative observation of two case studies, Nimes (France) and Sherbrook (Quebec, Canada), the research analyses how the local actors appropriate the concept of sustainable development, its integration in the process of urban planning, and its translation in sustainable urban project. Even if the national and international guidelines and regulations developed in recent years, purse the integration of the notion of sustainable development into urban planning, its appropriation and translation into concrete operational projects at the local level is still limited.This research shows that the adoption of the concept of sustainable development by local actors is largely provoked by the injunction of the international protocols, national laws and regulations. This process implies the local adoption of a new set of procedures, engineering, resources and expertise. Yet the strategies that are developed at national level are often incompatible with the local realities. Therefore, the thesis questions the ability of the concept of sustainable development to achieve the expected goals and its relevance as a major concept in urban development

La perspective des conflits miniers et des processus de développement qu’assume cette thèse, part du principe que les acteurs ne sont pas statiques : plutôt, qu’ils sont pourvus d’une densité historique autant qu’ils subissent des changements drastiques qui se manifestent en deux dimensions. À court terme, dans le moment précis où les événements se produisent ; et à long terme, c’est-à-dire, de durée moyenne et longue au fil du temps, ce qui aide à configurer des cycles et des processus historiques. J’ai cherché à aborder le sujet à travers l’analyse de cas, et les couches historiques : modernité initiale des XVIII et XIXe siècle ; puis, développementisme de l’emphase extractive des XXe et XXIe siècles dans les Amériques. Puis, le contexte des années 1990 pour analyser les conflits miniers emblématiques du Pérou, jusqu’à arriver à l’étude de cas du projet minière Las Bambas de 2004 à 2018.La question et l’objectif principal de la présente thèse doctorale est : quelle est la relation entre environnement, conflits miniers et processus de développement au Pérou ? À partir de cette question centrale, je précise que les discours sur les modèles de développement au Pérou incorporent des conceptions du développement qui entrent en relation avec l’idée de tirer profit des ressources naturelles par le biais d’investissements et de leur rente, de façon subordonnée à l’activité minière – ce qui devient un discours et une pratique officielle dans le cadre d’une nouvelle dynamique productive. Les significations de l’environnement entrent en relation avec leur capacité de subventionner les processus de développement minier, de telle sorte que les possibilités de prise de décision sur la nature et de mise en œuvre de modalités de production locale s’en trouvent limitées ; tout comme se trouvent fragilisées les institutions garantes du droit à un environnement sain et équilibré.Cette thèse propose de revenir sur la trajectoire historique des processus de transformation politique et territoriale du département d’Apurímac et des provinces de Grau et Cotabambas, pour ensuite aborder la manière dont la concession du projet minier Las Bambas s’y insère. L’étude de cas de cette thèse est une chronologie du projet Las Bambas, à partir de laquelle je montre comment se manifestent les impacts environnementaux et sociaux provoqués par l’exploitation des métaux entre 2004 et 2018 dans la province de Cotabambas en Apurímac, et au Pérou. A partir de l’information collectée sur la dynamique du conflit, je montre comment la question environnementale et les transformations territoriales restent subordonnées ou invisibles dans les propositions, qui priorisent la rentabilité et la croissance économique dans le développement local.La thèse remet en question l’idée que les conflits miniers ne seraient conditionnés que par la distribution et la gestion des bénéfices dérivés de l’exploitation et de la production minière. Elle montre que les conditions favorables au fonctionnement des projets miniers s’articulent à la dégradation, à l’épuisement et au fractionnement de l’accès à la terre, à l’eau et à l’air, qui « minéralisent » et qui scindent les relations sociales et culturelles, et la vie communautaire, en tant que caractéristique de la condition extractive dans les régions minières
The perspective of mining conflicts and development processes in this research is that the protagonists are not static, but have both historical density and dramatic changes that happen in two dimensions; in the short term, at the current moment in which the events occur; and, in the long term, namely, of long and medium duration through time, which helps to configure historical cycles and processes. A nearness to the subject has been sought through an analysis of cases by historical layers, early modernity from the 18th to the 19th centuries; and, later neoliberal development of the 20th and 21st centuries in the Americas. Next, the 90s context to analyze the emblematic mining conflicts in Peru, till reaching the study case Las Bambas mining project from 2004 to 2018.The main question and aim of this thesis research are to answer: What is the relationship among the environment, mining conflicts and development processes in the country? Based on this principal question, I specify that the discourses on the development models in the country include conceptions of development that are related to the idea of taking advantage of natural resources through investments and their income. So that, therefore, the possibilities of making decisions about nature and promoting ways of production of local populations are limited, just as the institutions guarantee the right to a healthy and balanced environment are weakened.In the third part of the thesis, I make a historical review of the political and territorial transformation processes of the department of Apurímac and Grau and Cotabambas provinces, in order to address how Las Bambas mining project concession is inserted in them. The case study of this thesis is the timeline of Las Bambas project, from which I prove how the environmental and social impacts generated by the exploitation of metals occur between 2004 and 2018 years, in Cotabambas province in Apurimac, Peru. From them on the information collection about the conflict’s dynamics, I show how the environmental issue and territorial transformations keep subordinated or invisible in the proposals, where profitability and economic growth are prioritized in local development.The thesis cast on doubt on the position that mining conflicts are just conditioned by the distribution and administration of the benefits obtained from mining exploitation and production. In it, I show that the conditions that support the operation of mining projects are connected to the deterioration, depletion, and fragmentation of access to ground, water and air, which permeates "mineralizes", and as well divides social and cultural relationships, and community life, like an extractive condition characteristic in the mining areas where it operates
La perspectiva de los conflictos mineros y los procesos de desarrollo que asume esta tesis supone que los actores no son estáticos sino que están dotados de una densidad histórica en la medida en que experimentan cambios drásticos que se manifiestan en dos dimensiones. A corto plazo, en el momento preciso en que ocurren los hechos; y largo plazo, es decir, mediano y largo plazo en el tiempo, lo que ayuda a configurar ciclos y procesos históricos. Busqué abordar el tema a través del análisis de casos y capas históricas: la modernidad inicial de los siglos XVIII y XIX; luego, el desarrollismo del énfasis extractivista de los siglos XX y XXI en las Américas. Luego, el contexto de la década de 1990 para analizar los conflictos mineros emblemáticos del Perú, hasta llegar al caso de estudio del proyecto minero Las Bambas de 2004 a 2018.La pregunta y objetivo principal de esta tesis doctoral es: ¿cuál es la relación entre medio ambiente, conflictos mineros y procesos de desarrollo en el Perú? Partiendo de esta cuestión central, puntualizo que los discursos sobre los modelos de desarrollo en el Perú incorporan concepciones de desarrollo que se relacionan con la idea de aprovechamiento de los recursos naturales a través de inversiones y su renta, de manera subordinada a la actividad minera –que se convierte en discurso y una práctica oficial en el marco de una nueva dinámica productiva. Los significados de medio ambiente se relacionan con su capacidad para subsidiar los procesos de desarrollo minero, por lo que se limitan las posibilidades de toma de decisiones sobre la naturaleza e implementación de los modos productivos locales; así como se debilitan las instituciones que garantizan el derecho a un medio ambiente sano y equilibrado.Esta tesis propone retomar la trayectoria histórica de los procesos de transformación política y territorial del departamento de Apurímac y las provincias de Grau y Cotabambas, para luego abordar la forma en que se encuadra en ella la concesión del proyecto minero Las Bambas. El caso de estudio de esta tesis es una cronología del proyecto Las Bambas, a partir del cual muestro cómo se manifiestan los impactos ambientales y sociales provocados por la explotación de metales entre los años 2004 y 2018 en la provincia de Cotabambas en Apurímac, y en el Perú. A partir de la información recabada sobre la dinámica del conflicto, muestro cómo el tema ambiental y las transformaciones territoriales quedan subordinados o invisibilizados en las propuestas, que priorizan la rentabilidad y el crecimiento económico en el desarrollo local.La tesis cuestiona la idea de que los conflictos mineros sólo están condicionados por la distribución y gestión de los beneficios derivados de la explotación y producción minera. Muestra que las condiciones favorables para el funcionamiento de los proyectos mineros están vinculadas a la degradación, agotamiento y fragmentación del acceso a la tierra, el agua y el aire, que “mineralizan” y escinden las relaciones sociales, culturales y la vida comunitaria, como característica de la condición extractiva en las regiones mineras

This research is about territory, mining conflicts and social movements in South East Ecuador. The Andean country with no large scale mining history is experiencing a recent expansion of large scale mining with growing levels of social conflict. Social movements have been questioning and contesting the forms being taken by the extractive economy as well as proposing an alternative pathway to development through the indigenous concept of sumak kawsay. The Socialist Government is pushing the nation’s extractive model forward to include large scale mining, motivated by the much needed revenues to diversify Ecuador’s oil based economy. El Pangui, my field site, is located on the foothills of the Cordillera del Cóndor, where a large copper deposit is proposed to be developed by a Chinese mining corporation. The Cordillera is an area of great biological diversity and home to the traditional territories of the Shuar, one of the largest indigenous ethnic groups in Ecuador. The years of colonization of ancestral lands and of border war with Peru, the establishment of parks-for-peace, small scale gold mining activity and an expanding agricultural frontier, together have formed a complex territorial mosaic that contribute in shaping the social and physical landscapes. Since 2005 a mining conflict has been unfolding and that can be considered yet another layer of territorial disputes and symbolic contestation in the regions´ history. My fieldwork was carried out from an engaged research and activist scholarship position. I used an ethnographic methodology to explore the bidirectional influences of territorial dynamics and the anti-mining struggle by looking at multi scalar impacts these have on people’s daily life, corporate social responsibility and environmental development debates. I also looked at the ways in which memories and meanings associated with past conflicts resonate in subsequent resource struggles to form a layering of conflicts. I was particularly interested in the less visible dimensions of environmental mobilisation embedded in the routines of daily life, as well as in the ways in which the memory and history of territorialisation and settlement influence social movement organizing. Theoretically, I propose a territorial approach to studying natural resource struggles and social movements that contest mining. This concept allowed me to examine the effects of the extractive projects on pre-existing territorial dynamics and the influence of these dynamics on the ways in which mining investments are contested.

With questions still surrounding the indefinition of the Paracas social formation, we consider that analyses of architecture, ur-banism, and territorial transformations play a fundamental role in forming hypotheses and approaching an understanding of its possible characteristics. Unlike other valleys on the south coast, the Chincha valley sees consistent expressions of monumental architecture, urban organization and territorial transformations, which together acquire an exceptional character in the Paracas region. The special condition of the valley offers a unique setting that allows us to build crucial inferences about the level of economic and social development that this society could have reached.However, this picture contrasts with the limited progress of archaeological research conducted in the Chinca valley. This reality illuminates the paradox of a hole in archaeological knowledge right in the place that was an apparent nucleus for the social and cultural articulation of what we define as Paracas. In this article, I intend to a review and a critical discussion of the subject,from previously work on land management, urban planning, and Paracas architecture in the Chincha valley.
A propósito de las interrogantes que envuelven hasta hoy la indefinición de la formación social Paracas, se considera que el análisis de la arquitectura, el urbanismo y las transformaciones territoriales asumen un rol fundamental para proponer hipótesis y aproximarnos al conocimiento de sus posibles características. A diferencia de otros valles de la costa sur, en el valle de Chincha, se encuentran consistentes expresiones de arquitectura monumental, de organización urbana y de transformaciones territoriales, que —en conjunto— adquieren un carácter excepcional en el espacio regional paracas. Esta condición especial del valle nos ofrece un escenario único, que permite construir inferencias cruciales acerca de los niveles del desarrollo económico y social que habría alcanzado esta sociedad.Sin embargo, este panorama contrasta con el escaso avance de las investigaciones arqueológicas desarrolladas en el valle. Este aspecto nos plantea la paradoja de mantener un marcado vacío de conocimientos precisamente allí, en el lugar que constituyó un aparente espacio nuclear de la articulación social y cultural de lo que definimos como Paracas. En este artículo, me propongo hacer una revisión y una discusión crítica de esta temática, a partir de los trabajos que desarrollamos anteriormente sobre el manejo territorial, el urbanismo y la arquitectura paracas en el valle de Chincha.

La these porte sur l'aménagement territorial et sur la transformation sociale à la guadeloupe. La disposition particulière du territoire insulaire de la Guadeloupe et la transformation sociale sont visibles dans l'entreprise Beauport qui a produit de 1813 à 1990 du sucre de canne non raffiné. L'autorité coloniale attribue cette fonction économique à l'ensemble de l'archipel guadeloupeen au moment de l'appropriation de ses différentes iles. Dans la thèse, la méthode consiste en une expérimentation graphique à partir des cartes du territoire de beauport et une analyse de la structuration socioprofessionnelle à l'interieur de cette entreprise. Beauport est choisie comme objet d'étude pour analyser l'entrée de la Guadeloupe dans le « balan » de la mondialisation et les modalités de passage de la stratification sociale stigmatisee par le préjugé de couleur à l'organisation sociospatiale par-delà la couleur l'habitation-sucrerie dite beauport puis le système de la plantation industrielle sont les types d'organisations sociospatiales experimentés dans la partie nord de l'ile de la grande-terre. Matière de la thèse, ils permettent de déboucher dans le travail sur une ouverture sur le monde à l'interieur duquel, la Caraïbe est une construction avant-gardiste du « balan » de la mondialisation
Thesis is about regional development and society change in guadeloupe. The special organization of Guadeloupe insular territory and society change are possible thanks to beauport firm which used to produce brut cane sugar from 1813 to 1990. Colonial authority gives this economic role to archipel of guadeloupe when colonial power appropriates all islands. Thesis'approach is a graphic experimentation on Beauport firm has been chosedin order to analyze guadeloupe entry in globalization and the way to color prejuged social and spatial organization over skin color. Sugar habitation called beauport becomes industrial plantation systemis. Both are the substance of thesis in order to understand opening all around the world. Caribean is avant-garde construction inside globalization

A pesquisa tem por objetivo investigar as implicações da atividade petrolífera em Macaé-RJ. A instalação de empresas e a geração de empregos modificou a dinâmica populacional do município e região, atraindo migrantes e aumentando a urbanização e sua orientação. O aumento financeiro do orçamento municipal a partir das atividades petrolíferas reestruturou a economia, que antes era baseada nas atividades sucroalcooleira, agropecuária, pesca e comércio, para atividades industriais e prestação de serviços, comércio, turismo de negócios. Essas mudanças tornaram o município dependente da atividade petrolífera. As transformações ocorreram não apenas no distrito sede de Macaé, mas também nos outros distritos, que tiveram um aumento populacional, diminuição da atividade agrícola, intensificação das relações campo-cidade. A potencialidade turística da região serrana de Macaé é grande, mas pouco aproveitada, exceto no Sana. A pesquisa analisa essa potencialidade como forma de fortalecimento do rural. O trabalho é apresentado a partir de análise bibliográfica e trabalho de campo. Por fim, a dissertação considera que as implicações da atividade petrolífera em Macaé atingiram primeiramente e intensamente o distrito sede, expandindo-se também para os outros distritos e sua área rural, provocando transformações no setor agrário em direção a um novo rural ou de urbanidades no rural
This research aims to investigate the implications of oil activity in Macaé-RJ. The installation of companies and job creation modified the population dynamics of the city and region, attracting migrants and increasing urbanization and its orientation. The financial increase in the municipal budget from oil activities restructured the economy, which was formerly based on sugarcane activities, agriculture, fishing, trade, into industrial activities and services, trade, business tourism, etc. These changes have made the city dependent on the oil activity. The changes occurred not only in the district headquarters of Macaé, but also in other districts, which had population increase, decrease in agricultural activity, intensification of rural-urban relationship, etc. The tourism potential of the mountain region of Macaé is great, but little exploited, except in Sana. The research analyzes that capability as a means of strengthening rural activity. This work is presented from literature review and fieldwork. Finally, the dissertation considers that the implications of oil activity in Macaé reached first and intensely the district headquarters, expanding also to other districts and their rural area, causing changes in the agricultural sector towards a new rural or "urbanities in rural"

Urban planning discipline initially arose from the need to rationalize and acquire instruments to manage the expansion of urban agglomerations (Salzano, 1998).Through decade this approach, that we consider as a process, suffered the dualism between urbanism and environmentalism generated a distorted perception of the disciplinary principles. On one side, the radicalization of environmentalism perspective that puts nature conservation before any hypothesis of territorial anthropic transformation deemed necessary to pursue socio-economic development objectives. On the other side, the adoption of human-centered socio-economic development models in which several environmental goods and services spontaneously provided by natural ecosystems were not included in “commodities”, i.e. without exchange value. This second paradigm has only recently - and partially - been questioned. A decisive factor has been the recognition and consequent increase in awareness among scientists, politicians and citizens' movements that natural resources are limited. On the basis of these assumptions, this research work is based on the firm conviction that spatial planning is a privileged dimension in which the above factors can converge in a sustainable perspective. This consideration stimulates research questions oriented to balance the conflicting needs of conservation of natural resources, economic development and social equity. The effective handling of the challenges outlined is undermined by the lack of full integration of the environmental components management in the traditional planning system, which, according to the author, can be ascribed to three main weaknesses: - the first weakness concerns the rigidly prescriptive of “zoning” (Cortinovis & Geneletti, 2020). It is based on verifying the suitability of the territory for a specific function and it leads to an a-priori design of the plan aimed at "conforming" development projects and actions to the pre-established strategy (Janin Rivolin, 2008). This aspect, object of criticism by an extensive scientific literature that puts it in opposition to an alternative approach based on the concept of performance (Baker et al., 2006; Faludi, 2000b; Frew et al., 2016; Geneletti et al., 2017; Haller, 2014), has generated criticalities and inefficiencies (Scorza, Saganeiti, et al., 2020). This lack of flexibility depends from the rapidity with which the community needs evolve, making the traditional plan “vintage” and inadequate (Romano et al., 2018). - an additional weakness of the traditional planning system is the overlapping policies and responsibilities at different territorial government levels (Nolte et al., 2010) that are often reflected in cross-scale political contradictions (Apostolopoulou et al., 2012) linked to a range of sectoral policies (Winkel et al., 2015) and a top-down governance gap (L. C. Stringer & Paavola, 2013). As highlighted by the authors (Scorza et al., 2021; Scorza, Pilogallo, Saganeiti, & Murgante, 2020a), this fragmentation affects long-term strategies related to the sustainable development goals (United Nations, 2015), the mitigation and adaptation measures to climate changes (Lovell & Taylor, 2013; Pachauri et al., 2015; Pramova et al., 2012), the conservation of biodiversity (Balletto et al., 2020; IPBES, 2019) and natural resources (Bongaarts, 2019; Primmer & Furman, 2012). - the third weakness concerns the failure of traditional planning in promoting the quality of territorial transformations beyond minimum thresholds depending on technical and sectorial rules. This criticality manifests itself both at urban scale and at territorial scale. For instance, if we refer to the urban context, the assessment of transformations related to urban development including environmental components pursues, in the Italian practice, the traditional approach related to the concept of "urban standard". These are nothing more than minimum thresholds that regulate the availability of services and facilities for each inhabitant, regardless of the assessment of the effective improvement of citizens' well-being (Colavitti et al., 2020; Graça et al., 2018). In the scientific literature, several authors advocate overcoming this approach, highlighting the opportunity to explicitly refer the real needs of citizens generating specific demands for services and urban functions depending on the specific context (Cortinovis & Geneletti, 2020; Gobattoni et al., 2017; Ronchi et al., 2020). At the territorial scale, the fundamental normative framework for the evaluation of territorial transformations is the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA). It consists of a coherence check with the binding framework foreseen for the territory in which the project is inserted, and in the consequent agreement/disagreement on the impacts that the project exerts on each component of environmental matrix. The effectiveness of this procedure, already weak in a context where there is no effective process of involvement and participation of decision-makers and stakeholders (R. De Groot, 2006), is further undermined by the absence of adequate monitoring systems of territorial transformations capable of providing a comprehensive and integrated view of the expected effects at several scales (Scorza, Saganeiti, et al., 2020). In spatial planning and land use management, ES constitutes an integrated and robust analytical framework as it is directly related to land use patterns and their changes over time, to the spatial distribution of different spatial components (both natural and anthropic) as well as to the implementation of land use plans and policies (Ronchi, 2018) producing two levels of contributions: informative and methodological. The first refers to the possibility of measuring and spatializing the services that ecosystems provide for citizens' well-being. This implies the possibility to improve the knowledge infrastructure that supports the planning process in its different phases. The spatially explicit assessment of ES can take place ex-ante and provide the elements for deepening the knowledge framework and spatializing the demands emerging from the territory in terms of specific ES (Bolund, Permar & Hunham, 1999). For example, in the urban context it is possible to map areas where there is an unsatisfied demand for recreational services (Giedych et al., 2017; Graça et al., 2018), for local temperature regulation (a service linked to the growing topic of heat islands) (Elliot et al., 2020; Sabrina Lai et al., 2020), or for the absorption of noise and atmospheric pollutants along routes with heavy vehicle traffic (Blum, 2017; De Carvalho & Szlafsztein, 2019). Instead, in the case of ex-post evaluation, ES offer an effective infrastructure for monitoring the actual benefits deriving from the implementation of the planned actions. In addition, we include in this contribution the communicative capacity of this approach towards non-expert stakeholders and decision-makers, which is expressed both by acting as an interface between science and decision-makers (Gustafsson et al., 2020; Perrings et al., 2011), and by contributing to increasing the transparency of the plan process (Karrasch et al., 2014; Schröter et al., 2018). The methodological contribution, instead, refers to support the elaboration and benchmarking of alternative development/transformation scenarios, making quantitatively and spatially explicit the impacts of planned actions on the wider territorial values system (environmental, social, cultural, etc). This reinforces the capacity of rational decision-makers to take “better” decisions (Owens, 2005; Sanderson, 2002; Scorza et al., 2019; Weiss, 1979) by structuring a context-based assessment framework (Gee & Burkhard, 2010; Potschin & Haines-Young, 2013a), tailored to the features of the territorial system’s structure. This dimension becomes even more important when the territorial transformation drivers act in a different scale than the one where impacts become measurable (Scorza, Pilogallo, Saganeiti, Murgante, et al., 2020b). In particular, the focus is on ES multifunctionality intended as the opportunity offered by the ES approach to consider “the joint supply of multiple Ecosystem Services (ES)” (Mastrangelo et al., 2014; Stürck & Verburg, 2017), i.e. the natural capacity of ecosystems to deliver for humans manifold benefits (Hansen & Pauleit, 2014). This concept derives from disciplinary fields related to ecology (Byrnes et al., 2014). It was successively adopted in conservation planning where, for the purposes of biodiversity conservation and enhancement, was applied as a criteria to define priority areas to be protected (Cimon-Morin & Poulin, 2018; García-Llorente et al., 2018; Y.-P. P. Lin et al., 2017; Vaz et al., 2021). In contrast to monofunctional “grey” infrastructures, the European Commission furtherly declined its meaning within the “Green Infrastructure-Enhancing Europe’s Natural Capital” Strategy (European Environment Agency, 2013) where GI are defined and specifically designed to “deliver a wide range of ES”. In this specific application domain, ES multifunctionality has been applied at different spatial scales from the urban to the territorial one (Arcidiacono et al., 2016; Cannas et al., 2018b; D. La Rosa & Privitera, 2013; Sabrina Lai et al., 2018a; Ronchi et al., 2020; Zhang & Muñoz Ramírez, 2019). Whereas initially it constitutes a value in itself (from the perspective of providing as many of whatever ES as possible), aiming at meeting as many demands and valuing co-benefits as much as possible (Hansen & Pauleit, 2014). Recently, the interest in spatial and urban planning disciplines toward the ES multifunctionality approach also increased (Artmann, 2014; Dendoncker et al., 2013; Hansen et al., 2015; Primmer & Furman, 2012). This is due to several factors. Firstly, some authors point it as a useful tool to operationalize the concepts of efficient use of natural resources’ use efficiency (Gómez-Baggethun & Barton, 2013a) and sustainability (R. De Groot, 2006; Dendoncker et al., 2013; Selman, 2009), included among the founding principles of planning (Las Casas & Scorza, 2016a). Secondly, considering several goods and benefits simultaneously, means pursuing several environmental, social, cultural and economic objectives and addressing different potentially conflicting demands in both urban planning and spatial governance. This directly relates to the complexity of socio-ecological systems (Gómez-Baggethun & Barton, 2013b; Murray-Rust et al., 2011) that characterize human settlements: the capacity to supply multiple ES results in perceived benefits, for example in terms of human health, social cohesion and in the diversification of rural economic opportunities (Fagerholm et al., 2020; Lafortezza et al., 2013; Tzoulas et al., 2007). Finally, different authors (Galler et al., 2016a; Uthes et al., 2010) argue that pursuing ES multifunctionality as an objective, makes it possible to increase the efficiency of efforts - including economic ones - to protect the various environmental components. Although there is no unambiguous definition of ES multifunctionality in the literature (Mastrangelo et al., 2014) and there is also a lack of agreement on which ES should be delivered by territorial components in order to be considered “multifunctional” (Stürck & Verburg, 2017), this approach promises to be able to confer several added values to the plan process. In the light of these premises, the research program was structured around one main question: How can the ES multifunctionality approach contribute to renew the planning system placing environmental components as services providers whose availability represents a pre-condition for any sustainable development strategy? Therefore, the general objective is to deepen the ES multifunctionality concept, generalizing a framework methodology supporting the planning process. The research was therefore divided into several steps. An extensive analysis of scientific bibliography was carried out in order to explore conceptualizations, computational methods and applications of ES multifunctionality to selected case studies in order to demonstrate potentials and shortcomings. The thesis structure follows the “three papers” format, which generally consists of a collection of articles recently published in (or submitted for publication to) international peer-review journals. Specifically, this thesis consists of an introductory chapter that places the research agenda within the broader disciplinary framework, five chapters that constitute the main body of the thesis and a final chapter that describes the major findings and outlines the future perspectives of the research. The main contents of each chapter are described below: - Chapter 2 proposes a critical review of the ES multifunctionality in the urban and spatial planners’ perspective; - Chapter 3 has the purpose of illustrating the main computation methods of the ES subsequently implemented in the further case studies; - Chapter 4 describes an original “Cities ranking” applying ES multifunctionality approach based on the Multiple Ecosystem Services Landscape Index (MESLI) formulated by (Rodríguez-Loinaz et al., 2015b). - Chapter 5 is a further application of the ES multifunctionality approach conducted at the national scale. With the purpose is to provide an interpretive framework of the land use dynamics that occurred in the period 2000-2018 based on three different indices of ES multifunctionality. The results show that the settlement dynamics and the territorial transformations occurred, produced a different effect on the three indices highlighting that their joint interpretation can support the definition of ES multifunctionality conservation strategies. The last concluding chapter illustrates the results highlighting that they may contribute to reinforce the planner’s toolkit for a more effective decision-making in managing territorial development (Batty, 2013; Friedmann, 2019; Healey, 2003), defining an up to date methodological framework oriented to enhance the procedural approach in planning (Alexander & Faludi, 2016), grounded on evaluation stage (Weiss, 1972) highlighting lessons learnt and cyclic approach.

La banlieue rouge, ceinture de municipalités autour de Paris conquises par le Parti communiste à partir des années 1920, s'est longtemps caractérisée par des politiques de redistribution sociale en faveur de la classe ouvrière, en particulier dans le champ de l'habitat. Depuis les années 1970, la banlieue rouge a été marquée par de profondes transformations économiques et sociales qui ont déstabilisé le communisme municipal. Cette thèse porte sur les interactions entre les politiques locales de l'habitat en banlieue rouge et les stratégies résidentielles et l'inscription territoriale des classes moyennes, dans des contextes socio-spatiaux où ces ménages restent très minoritaires. Depuis les années 1980, l'objectif de mixité sociale est central dans les politiques locales de l'habitat en banlieue rouge ; ces municipalités ont choisi de diversifier l'offre de logement, au sein du parc social mais également en développant le logement privé. La volonté d'attirer et de fixer des classes moyennes entre en tension avec la nécessité de loger les classes populaires et populations démunies. Cette thèse montre que les municipalités communistes se distinguent toujours par une forte régulation et des pratiques d'innovation dans le champ de l'habitat. L'enquête de terrain menée auprès des classes moyennes dans deux communes (Bagnolet, Saint-Denis) permet de nuancer le rôle des contraintes économiques dans leurs stratégies résidentielles : leur installation en banlieue rouge leur permet de satisfaire des aspirations à l'égard du logement mais aussi du quartier de résidence. En outre, certains ménages expriment une préférence pour les quartiers populaires et ont un rapport positif à la mixité sociale, dans certains cas assorti d'un engagement auprès des populations défavorisées. D'autres sont plus réservés à l'égard de la mixité sociale, et adoptent des stratégies de conquête territoriale, ou choisissent de quitter la banlieue rouge pour s'installer dans de quartiers plus aisés. Nous analysons les ressorts de l'ancrage et du rapport à la mixité sociale des classes moyennes, en les reliant à leurs trajectoires sociales et résidentielles
The red suburbs are a belt of municipalities surrounding Paris that have been conquered by the Communist party from the 20's. For a long time, they have been characterized by social redistribution policies in favour of the working class, especially in the housing field. Since the 70's, the red suburbs have known intense economic and social transformation that destabilized the municipal communism. This thesis deals with the interactions between local housing policies in the red suburbs and residential strategies and territorial integration of middle classes, in a socio-spatial context where they are in minority. Since the 80's, social mix is a main objective of local housing policies in the red suburbs; those municipalities chose to diversify the housing stock, within die social housing stock, but also in developing private houses. The will to attract and stabilize middle classes contends with the necessity of offering dwellings to working classes and destitute populations. This thesis shows that communist municipalities still distinguish themselves by a strong regulation and by innovative practices in the housing policies field. The field survey with middle classes in two municipalities (Bagnolet, Saint-Denis) allows to moderate the role of economic constraints in their residential strategies : settling in the red suburbs give them opportunities to satisfy their aspirations about the dwelling but also about the residential neigbourhood Furthermore, some households show a preference for working class districts, and have a positive attitude towards social mix. In some cases this goes with personal commitment in direction of destitut populations. Some others are more reserved towards social mix, and use territorial conquest strategies, or choose to leave the red suburbs in direction of more wealthy districts. We analyze the functioning of local anchorage and of die attitude towards social mix of middle classes, in relation with their social and residential trajectories

La gestion des ressources collectives, parmi lesquelles on compte l’eau, pose une série de problèmes dont la complexité passe inaperçue auprès des spécialistes de la question. En effet, cette complexité passe inaperçue dans la mesure où les modèles qu'ils nous proposent pour optimiser l'usage de l'eau relativisent les conséquences sociales et la transformation agraire provoquée par la politique hydro-agricole dans l'isthme de Tehuantepec, Oaxaca. La politique hydro-agricole dans cette région débute dans les années trente, quand on commence à construire les premiers ouvrages d'irrigation. Les ouvrages de mise à profit des eaux du fleuve Tehuantepec furent suivis de la construction du barrage Benito Juárez et du District d'Irrigation N° 19 au début des années soixante. Cette politique d'état fut conçue pour résoudre le déficit agricole d'Oaxaca, mais au niveau de l'organisation sociale existant dans la région, elle provoqua une profonde crise sociale et politique dans la mesure où elle apporta les ingrédients permettant de transformer le régime de propriété de la terre, elle contribua aussi à la rupture survenue dans les formes d'organisation de la production paysanne en introduisant un modèle productiviste d'entreprise. Dans les trente dernières années, l'usage de l'eau s'est orienté vers l'exploitation et la spécialisation dans la production de grandes cultures (la canne à sucre, le riz, le sésame, le sorgho et l'élevage extensif) inadéquats dans un périmètre d'irrigué car ces systèmes fédéraux furent conçus pour donner priorité à la demande de produits alimentaires du pays. Cette transformation de l'économie locale, conséquence de l'introduction de l'irrigation, a entraîné la création d'un marché des terres, l'accaparement de celles-ci et la concentration de la propriété. Au niveau social, ceci entraîna de la part des producteurs touchés par le phénomène, le début de l'organisation d'un mouvement politique très étendu comme réaction à cette privatisation
The administration of collective resources, among which can be counted water, rises some problems whose complexity usually passes unnoticed by specialists of the matter. As a matter of fact, it passes unnoticed in so far as models proposed by these specialists, in order to optimise the use of water, make relative social consequences and agrarian transformations caused by hydro agricultural politics in the Tehuantepec Isthmus, Oaxaca. Hydro agricultural politics in this particular region began in the 1930's, when the first irrigation works were built. Planning works to profit by the waters of the Tehuantepec river were followed by the construction of the Benito Juarez dam and then the Irrigation District N° 19 in the early 60's. This state policy was formed to solve the agricultural deficit in Oaxaca, but in the region, it caused a deep social and political crisis in social organisation by bringing the ingredients that allowed the form of soil property to be altered. It has also contributed to create the breaking off in organisational form of country production introducing a model of productivist company. In the last thirty years, the use of water has been oriented towards exploitation and specialisation of great culture production (sugar cane, rice, sesame, Indian millet and extensive catering), which revealed to be inadequate in an irrigated perimeter because these federal systems were formed to give priority to demand of domestic alimentary products. This transformation of local economy, consequence of introduction of irrigation, lead to the creation of a market of soils, their seizing and concentration of property. From a social point of view, producers concerned by the phenomenon have began to organise a political movement as a reaction to this privatisation

Le numérique est-il en train de remanier la façon des collectivités territoriales de projeter la ville ? En recomposant une archéologie de ladite « révolution numérique » par ses acteurs, ses utopies et ses idéologies, un consensus semble se dégager aujourd’hui autour du projet de « smart city » : par le concept de « co-construction », la participation des citadins et la coopération avec les acteurs privés se chevauchent. La conjonction entre l’emploi de nouvelles technologies (en constante évolution et majoritairement conçues par les acteurs privés) et la prise en compte des citadins (provenant d’une idéologie du public sur laquelle s’est bâtie l’histoire de l’action publique française) fait émerger le « paradigme de l’expérimentation » auquel l’acteur public fait de plus en plus appel. Ce paradigme se déploie par une série de dispositifs qui sont analysés au travers de trois topos de l’anthropologie : l'expérimentation de nouvelles solutions numériques, qui ritualise les interactions entre les acteurs autour de la conception de « sur-objets » numériques ; l'expérimentation des politiques publiques, qui par l’émergence de « agoras en ligne » engendre une réadaptation permanente de l’action publique, entre « archaïsme » et « modernité » ; l'expérimentation urbaine, qui par des « démonstrateurs » tente d’ordonnancer les récits matériels et immatériels de la transformation urbaine. A partir d’une ethnographie au sein de la Mairie de Paris, la thèse montre qu’à travers l'expérimentation l’acteur public cherche à « publiciser » des logiques et des outils provenant du domaine privé, en atterrissant cependant au même objectif opérationnel : produire des horizons urbains dont les discours et les pratiques franchissent continuellement la frontière entre public et privé
Are digital technologies reshaping the way local governments plan the city? By recomposing an archaeology of the so-called “digital revolution” through its actors, utopias and ideologies, a consensus seems to emerge today around the project of “smart city”: by the concept of “co-construction”, citizen participation and public-private cooperation overlap. The conjunction of the use of new technologies (constantly evolving and mostly designed by private actors) and the consideration of citizens (coming from the public ideology on which French public action has been built in history) brings out the “paradigm of experimentation”, to which the public actor is increasingly appealing. This paradigm unfolds through a series of devices that are analysed by three topos in anthropology: the experimentation of new digital solutions, which ritualizes the interactions between actors around the design of digital “sur-objects”; the experimentation of public policies, which generates a permanent rehabilitation of public action", between "archaism" and “modernity”, because of the emergence of “online agora”; urban experimentation, which attempts to organize the material and immaterial narratives of urban transformation by setting up digital “demonstrators”. Based on an ethnography within Paris City Hall, the thesis shows that through experimentation public actors seeks to “publicize” logics and tools coming from the private domain, landing however to the same operational objective: to produce urban horizons, whose discourses and practices continually cross the border between public and private domains

Les villes n’ayant pas vocation à produire elles-mêmes leurs moyens de subsistance sont un point de départ pour l’étude du système alimentaire. L’approvisionnement alimentaire du cœur dense des métropoles participe à l’amont au métabolisme territorial, impliquant des échanges matériels entre la société organisatrice du système alimentaire et la biosphère qui la sustente. Si des analyses historiques des modalités de l’approvisionnement alimentaire de la capitale ont été produites, ses mécanismes contemporains complexes sont aujourd’hui méconnus. Un objectif de la thèse réside en l’établissement d’un récit circonstancié de la trajectoire socio-écologique de l’approvisionnement alimentaire du cœur de la métropole parisienne, de la fin de l’Ancien Régime à nos jours. Inscrites dans un paysage économique mondialisé, les aires de préhension alimentaire de Paris confirment l’existence d’une empreinte globale du système alimentaire parisien. Cependant, des initiatives récentes promeuvent un retour à un approvisionnement de proximité. Le tournant 2010-2011 marque l’essor de ces démarches nouvelles, jusqu’alors ignorées ou considérées comme marginales et anecdotiques tant par le grand public que par la plupart des acteurs décisionnaires du système alimentaire. La reterritorialisation de l’approvisionnement est issue d’une construction sociale de proximités tant géographique qu’organisée, dont les prétextes et les intérêts des acteurs qui l’encouragent sont multiples. Un second objectif est donc constitué par l’analyse des politiques de trois acteurs (public, associatif et privé) quant à l’avènement d’une transition dans le système alimentaire, impliquant un rapprochement entre les aires de production et les bassins de consommation. Prenant appui sur un cadre théorique fondé par l’écologie territoriale, l’analyse des trajectoires et transitions socio-écologiques et les apports de l’école de la proximité, cette thèse propose une vision pluridisciplinaire de l’évolution du système alimentaire du cœur de la métropole parisienne
Cities are not meant to produce their own livelihood, and so, they are an interesting starting point to the study of the food system. Based on a threefold theoretical framework – territorial ecology, socio-ecological paths and transitions, and proximity strategies – this thesis aims at a multidisciplinary analysis attesting how the food system has been evolving inside the Paris metropolis. The thesis gives a detailed account of the food supply’s socio-ecological trajectory, from the end of the Ancien Régime to the present day. The 2010-2011 turning point settles new initiatives aiming at proximity foodsheds – which had hitherto been ignored altogether or considered marginal and minor. Reterritorialization of the supply is the result of social constructions of geographical and organized proximities. This work also investigates the policies of three food-system stakeholders (public, community and private) regarding an impending transition in the socio-ecological pathway that would imply a merger between production and consumption foodsheds

Depuis les premières lois de décentralisation, l’action publique locale a connu de profondes mutations qui ont fait des collectivités territoriales des pièces maîtresses de la gestion publique locale en France. Les différentes innovations institutionnelles ont considérablement impacté l’environnement de travail des dirigeants de collectivités territoriales. Ce travail de recherche vise à étudier les transformations du métier de dirigeant territorial en s’appuyant sur les résultats d’une enquête par questionnaires, d’une étude de cas et d’une phase de validation des résultats. Les principaux résultats de la recherche consistent en une description des transformations de la figure du dirigeant territorial, de ses implications en matière de gestion des équipes de direction et de management des organisations publiques locales d’une manière générale
Since the first decentralization laws, local public action has undergone profound changes that have made local authorities the cornerstones of local public management in France. Different institutional innovations have considerably modified the job’s environment of the « territorial executive ». This research aims to study the transformation of « territorial executive » profession and figure and is based on the results of a questionnaire survey, a case study and a phase of member checking. The main findings of the research include a description of the transformations of the « territorial executive » figure » and its implications including management of local public organizations generally

Les restructurations sectorielles et leurs différents effets localisés, le réétalonnage des échelles de l’autorité politique, les modes de gouvernement propres à chaque ville soulèvent une question sur les recompositions de l’action publique et la différenciation territoriale. Cette recherche prend pour objet le changement des villes historiquement organisées par la politique de défense (trois villes en France et trois villes en Italie) sous l’effet des réformes des armées et de l’augmentation des compétences urbaines. Elle développe un cadre analytique issu de la sociologie historique de l’État qui systématise les liens entre les politiques publiques et la structuration et l’intégration territoriales. Le changement des espaces et sociétés urbains exige pour être compris l’étude des modes d’intervention de l’État et des modes d’intervention des exécutifs urbains dans leur articulation réciproque et propre à chaque ville. D’une part, les négociations au sein de l’État entre administrations financières et militaires, ainsi que les mobilisations au centre national par les élus locaux différencient les modes de retrait des armées d’une ville à l’autre. D’autre part, les exécutifs urbains ont une capacité inégale à organiser l’action collective et à transformer les espaces historiquement structurés par l’État. Elle est liée aux agendas politiques urbains et aux modes d’action collective institutionnalisés dans le temps, ainsi qu’aux interventions de l’État qui sont elles-mêmes différenciées entre les deux pays et à l’intérieur de ceux-ci. Ceci amène à revenir sur les transformations des relations central/local entre décentralisation et politiques de la contrainte budgétaire
Issues regarding public policies and territorial differentiation have risen as a result of three contemporary phenomena: sectorial structural adjustments and their corresponding territorial impacts; the rescaling of political authority; and the emergence of a variety of local governance models. This dissertation analyses the evolution of six cities, historically modelled by national defence policy, in light of recent defence policy reforms and the rise in local government competencies. The scope of the analysis covers six cities, three in France and three in Italy. The dissertation demonstrates the need to analyse locally-specific forms of national and local public intervention; and their reciprocal interactions; in order to understand urban and social evolutions. It develops a framework inspired by historical sociology of the State that conceptualizes the links between public policy and territorial structuring and integration. On one hand, territorial retrenchment of national defence policy varies accross cities, as a result of negotiations between central defence and financial administrations, and increasing local government lobbying of the central State. On the other hand, it illustrates the varying degrees to which local governments are capable of organising and managing public intervention; and can transform spaces which are historically structured by the State. This capacity hinges upon the nature of urban political agendas; the existing means of institutionalised collective action; as well as upon the ways in which the State operates in cities. The dissertation helps redefine central/local relations in the context of decentralization and budgetary constraints

Barito Kuala, une région de Kalimantan du Sud, en Indonésie, est située le long de la côte du fleuve Barito, avec une largeur moyenne de 500 m et une longueur d'environ 900 km. Sa proximité de la rivière a rendu la terre dans cette région riche et fertile, avec de vastes zones de marécages forestiers inoccupés. Ces conditions favorables ont conduit le gouvernement indonésien, depuis 1969, à mettre en œuvre des politiques de transmigration à l'égard de la région de Barito Kuala et à l'affecter à divers projets agricoles. En conséquence, en 2014, Barito Kuala est devenu le plus grand producteur de riz de Kalimantan du Sud, avec 53% de sa superficie utilisée comme rizières. Les surfaces restantes sont allouées aux plantations (22%), suivies par les arbustes (13%), le logement (4%), les forêts (2%) et autres (6%), y compris les étangs et les rivières. La répartition actuelle des terres à Barito Kuala contraste fortement avec les images satellites prises en 1973, qui montrent clairement que la majorité de sa superficie était couverte de forêts (64%), suivie de rizières (26%), de plantations (4%) et d'autres (10%) y compris les roseaux et les rivières. Ces faits indiquent que les changements d'utilisation des terres se sont produits très rapidement à Barito Kuala, en particulier en ce qui concerne les forêts et les plantations. Ces changements majeurs dans l'utilisation des terres ont déclenché des changements majeurs dans le régime foncier, dont les droits d'utilisation des terres. Cette situation est devenue plus compliquée par le développement rapide de la nouvelle ville métropolitaine de Banjar Bakula, établie depuis 2012, qui comprend une partie de Barito Kuala dans sa zone métropolitaine. L'émergence des marchés fonciers a également affecté la forme et le rythme de l'urbanisation et les transformations des terres et les structures foncières. Il est intéressant de considérer le cas de Barito Kuala où la transformation d'une zone humide-zone rurale en une zone urbaine tentaculaire et spectaculaire est en proie à des problèmes fonciers
Barito Kuala, a district in South Kalimantan, Indonesia, is located along the coast of the great river Barito, with an average width of 500 m and a length of about 900 km. Its proximity to the river has rendered its terrestrial landscape rich and fertile, with large areas of idle forest wetlands. These opportune conditions led the Government of Indonesia, since 1969, to implement transmigratory policies toward the district of Barito Kuala and earmarked it for various agricultural developments. As a result, in 2014, Barito Kuala became the largest rice producer in South Kalimantan, with 53% of its land area utilized as rice fields. The remaining areas are allocated for plantations (22%), followed by reeds (13%), housing (4%), forest (2%) and others (6%), including pond and rivers. The present land allocation in Barito Kuala is in stark contrast with satellite images taken in 1973, which clearly shows that most of its area was forest covered (64%) followed by rice field (26%), plantation (4%), and others (10%, including reeds and rivers). These facts indicate that land use changes occurred very quickly in Barito Kuala, especially with regards to forest and plantation areas. These major changes in land uses have triggered major shifts in land tenure, including land use rights. This situation is further complicated by the rapid development of a new metropolitan city of Banjar Bakula, established since 2012, which includes a part of Barito Kuala in its metropolitan zone. The emergence of land markets has also affected the form and pace of urbanization, including land transformations and land structures. It is interesting to consider the case of Barito Kuala; the transformation of a wetland-rural area into a sprawling and spectacular urban zone rife with land tenure issues

La thèse étudie les mécanismes générateurs de potentiels de résilience territoriale pour une meilleure gestion des risques de catastrophes (naturel, technologique, sanitaire, etc.) tout en questionnant le rôle des SIS dans ce cadre. Les connaissances étant une source clé de résilience, nous centrons nos réflexions sur les compétences et processus clés constitutifs des mécanismes. La recherche est conduite en 2 phases. La première phase, exploratoire, permet de poser des fondations (ex. cadre d’analyse) pour investiguer différents terrains d’étude dans la seconde phase. Cette dernière permet une mise à l’épreuve des premiers résultats à travers quatre études de cas comparatifs à visée explicative (Wynn et Williams, 2012 ; Avenier et Thomas, 2015). Il en ressort que coproduire le PRT relève de mécanismes associant d’une part trois processus clés (l’amalgamation au niveau macro, combinaison/recombinaison au niveau méso, et l’acculturation aux risques au niveau micro) et d’autre part, quatre compétences clés (planifier, évaluer, être créatif/imaginatif et savoir relationner). L’association des processus et compétences clés favorise deux grands mécanismes de résilience : la fiabilisation et la transformation. En complément, l’explicitation du rôle soit ambigu, inhibant ou favorisant de certains facteurs clés influençant les stratégies territoriales sert à mieux comprendre les effets générateurs de résilience. Les SIS ont à jouer quant à eux un double rôle d’appui et de structuration des réseaux d’acteurs. Nos travaux contribuent ainsi à répondre à un triple enjeux : caractériser la résilience territoriale, comprendre ses mécanismes générateurs et opérationnaliser celle-ci
The thesis studies the mechanisms that generate territorial resilience potentials (TRP) for a better management of disaster risks (natural, technological, health, etc.) while questioning the role of SIS in this framework. As knowledge is a key source of resilience, we focus our reflections on the key competences and processes that constitute these mechanisms. The research is conducted in two phases. The first phase, exploratory, allows us to lay the foundations (e.g. analytical framework) to investigate different fields of study in the second phase. The latter allows for a testing of the first results through four comparative case studies with explanatory purposes (Wynn and Williams, 2012; Avenier and Thomas, 2015). The results show that co-producing the TRP is a matter of mechanisms that combine three key processes (amalgamation at the macro level, combination/recombination at the meso level, and acculturation to risk at the micro level) and four key competencies (planning, evaluation, creativity/imagination, and relationship skills). The combination of processes and key competencies promotes two major resilience mechanisms: reliability and transformation. In addition, the clarification of the ambiguous, inhibiting or favourable role of certain key factors influencing territorial strategies helps to better understand the effects that generate resilience. The SIS have to play a double role of support and structuring of the actors' networks. Our work thus contributes to meeting a triple challenge: characterizing territorial resilience, understanding its generating mechanisms and operationalizing it

Faced with increasing risks from climate change, food systems will need to transition away from dominant industrial paradigms and move towards a more sustainable way of producing, distributing, and consuming food. One solution or one side alone though might not have the desired systemic change or might not capture the full complexity of food systems. To go beyond two known criticisms of local food sustainable initiatives, i.e., to be rather small and to be developed outside policy frameworks and/or in stark opposition to current food systems, in this thesis I argue to look at governance spaces of transformation at local level where community members, professionals, and governments get together to share knowledge, deliberate, and collectively devise place-based strategies to address complex food systems issues. The thesis is divided into three chapters. To completely understand spaces of transformation, the first chapter provides a conceptual framework of analysis combining ideas from sustainability transitions, environmental governance and sustainable food communities’ approaches. With the first chapter laying out the theoretical framework, chapter 2 and 3 will rely on the empirical analysis of data gathered through interviews and surveys. The conceptualization of territorial spaces of transformation and the analysis of whether biodistricts can be considered such spaces of transformation for food systems, will be laid out in chapter 2. Chapter 3 will consider two additional research questions, namely how territorial characteristics influence the emergence of a biodistrict, and what role the biodistricts have in territorial transformations towards agroecology. The aim of the thesis is to generate solid and harmonized evidence on the impact of biodistricts on key sustainability characteristics, such as a biodiverse environment, inclusive societal and cultural values, sustainable economic development, sound governance systems and organic, regenerative agricultural practices. The results allow to develop a blueprint for biodistricts as meso-spaces, showing how the presence of actors, the objectives, activities, and governance structure should evolve according to the maturity phases. Moreover, the application of the CAET-TAPE assessment shows that the biodistricts are performing solidly on agroecological transitions.

Le processus de modernisation des services territoriaux de l'État, et tout particulièrement son volet managérial, s'inscrit dans une histoire déjà ancienne, même si la dynamique et les modalités du changement varient selon les départements ministériels. Dans ces histoires, la période 2003-2007, avec l'introduction d'une approche budgétaire différente (la LOLF), d'une recomposition des services départementaux de l'État (la RéaTE), et d'une rénovation des modalités de gestion des emplois et des compétences, constitue un tournant qui peut être compris comme la diffusion des principes du new public management. La thèse repose sur une analyse du travail des directeurs départementaux des ministères évoqués dans la réorganisation dans ce contexte de modernisation tout particulièrement autour du volet RH. Cette analyse est préparée par une présentation des histoires différenciées de la réforme dans les ministères de l'équipement, de l'agriculture et de l'inspection du travail, et une présentation de la perception de ces transformations par les agents. Ces deux aspects constituent en effet les contraintes essentielles de l'activité de conduite du changement. Ils permettent de montrer que la fonction " ressources humaines " joue un rôle central dans les transformations propres à chaque ministère. Étudier le travail de ces cadres, restituer leurs secrets de fabrique, c'est à la fois éclairer l'activité de cadres dirigeants dans une administration, qui se trouve mise à découvert par le changement durant cette période, et mettre en évidence les enjeux de ce moment de la réforme. L'analyse des marges de manœuvre qui leur permettent de conduire le changement, révèle aussi combien se concentrent sur eux les tensions générées par les contradictions d'une réforme tous azimuts. La manière dont ils expriment leur inquiétude pose la question des risques d'un affaiblissement trop important de ces acteurs, seuls en mesure de mettre en cohérence des missions, des hommes et leurs compétences, et une organisation du travail

It appears that the situation of spatial planning policies in Peru is complicated. Several attempts to simplify legislations have failed. However, a coherent policy framework is necessary in order to efficiently implement a comprehensive spatial planning strategy. Therefore this paper considers the question of spatial planning through an analysis of public policy, in order to understand who has the power to make changes to create a common vision of spatial planning in Peru. It analyzes which were the obstacles of change so far to illustrate how change did not happen (or happened only in a limited way).  The first part sheds light on the conflicts between different levels of government. The second, analyzes how to conflicts of interest between actors within the government impede the elaboration of a coherent legislative framework. The last part discusses the possibility of a paradigm shift in Peruvian spatial planning policy and possible alternatives to the current model.
La situación del ordenamiento territorial en Perú parece muy complicada. Varios intentos para simplificar la legislación han fallado. Sin embargo, un marco normativo coherente es indispensable para implementar una estrategia integral de ordenamiento territorial.  Por lo tanto, ese artículo considera la cuestión del ordenamiento territorial a través un análisis de política pública, para entender quién tiene el poder de hacer cambios para crear una visión común de ordenamiento territorial en el Perú.El artículo analiza cuales son los obstáculos de ese cambio por ahora para ilustrar porque el cambio no ocurrió (u ocurrió solamente de manera limitada). La primera parte pone de relieve los conflictos entre diferentes niveles de gobierno. La segunda, analiza como los conflictos de intereses de los actores a dentro del gobierno impiden la elaboración de un marco normativo coherente. La última parte trata de la posibilidad de un cambio de paradigma en las políticas peruanas de ordenamiento territorial y de posibles alternativas al modelo actual.

L'etude est centree sur la transformation economique politiqsue et sociale du systeme de type sovietique. Le travail est illustre par l'economie de l'urss, modele du systeme economique de priorites -sep-, de la russie et de la pologne dans la periode de transformation recente. L'hypothese majeure est que la crise finale des sep a des fondements regionaux. La centralisation et l'approche essentiellement sectorielle et fonctionnelle du territoire ont engendre un retard dans la prise en compte des potentiels et besoins locaux, un retard du fait regional et territorial dans la capacite de produire des normes diversifiees et specifiques pour la dynamiqsue du developpement economique. L'analyse est au croisement de trois champs theoriques : i) la liaison entre la notion de complexite economique et celle du developpement en economies de type sovietique. 2) la liaison entre le developpement economique et la question du territoire comme entite productrice de normes, 3) la question du territoire comme vecteur de la transformation des economies post-socialistes. L'approche meso et micro economiques, les principaux apports theoriques du developpement local, la theorie des organisations et couts de transaction, la definition de la communaute economique et sociale locale russe, les dynamiques locales des creations d'activites en pologne, fondent une vision socio-economique nouvelle de la periode de transition
The research is devoted to the economic, political and social transformation of soviet type system. The study is illustrated by the economy of ussr, model of the economic system of priorities -esp-, russia and poland in the recent period of transformation. The regional roots of the final crisis of esp is the main hypothesis. The centralisation, the sectoral and functionnal approach of the territory have generated a regional backwardness in the capacity of producing specific and diversified norms for the dynamics of the economic development. The analysis closely links the notion of economic complexity, the economic development, the territory as an entity producing norms and vector of the economic transformation of the post-soviet economies. The new theories of the local and regional development, the theory of transactiion costs and organization, the meso and micro economic approach, the definition of the local russian economic and social community, the local dynamics for new activities in poland, found a new socio-economic vision of the transitionnal period

Historic geopolitics as method of spatial analysis allows the understanding of the internal relationships of time, space and society; explaining the socio-spatial transformations of the agrarian systems where there is the intervention of the physical environment, society and its economy within a given territory.Through these referees it is proposed to develop an historic characterization of the agrarian systems of the haciendas in the high basin of Río Lerma, State of México. Here I intend to explain the agrarian system functioning, the types of territorial production systems, crop systems, husbandry and agro forestry, the reproduction of agro economic systems and the technological management of the intervening resources in the agricultural production. In this way we offer substantive elements that allow understanding the historic evolution of the agrarian systems in the study basin, in order to take it in account when doing its future territorial planning.
La geografía histórica como método del análisis espacial permite el conocimiento de las relaciones entre tiempo, espacio y sociedad, explicando las transformaciones socioespaciales de los sistemas agrarios en los que intervienen el medio físico, la sociedad y su economía en un determinado territorio.A través de estos referentes se pretende desarrollar una caracterización histórica de los sistemas agrarios de las haciendas en la cuenca alta del río Lerma, estado de México, para explicar el funcionamiento del sistema agrario, los tipos de sistemas de producción territorial, sistemas de cultivo, ganadero y agroforestales, la reproducción de sistemas agroeconómicos y el manejo tecnológico de los recursos involucrados en la producción agrícola. De esta forma ofrecemos elementos sustantivos que permitan entender la evolución histórica de los sistemas agrarios en la cuenca de estudio, para su consideración en la mejor interpretación de su problemática presente y planeación territorial futura.

L’élevage familial gaucho, une catégorie spéciale dans le monde de l’agriculture familiale, a été longuement ignoré par le milieu académique et par les décideurs. Le scénario où se déroule l’élevage familial gaucho – la Pampa – est un biome en profonde transformation qui, même riche, a le plus petit pourcentage de surface légalement protégée, en plus des passifs environnementaux à réversibilité difficile. Cette dévalorisation naît du manque de politiques d’appui au secteur et à l’exode massif des éleveurs familiaux qui, marginalisés ou forcés à choisir un système d’élevage en confinement des animaux [feedlot], finissent par louer ou vendre leurs terres à des entreprises multinationales dédiées aux monocultures de soja ou eucalyptus. Dans ce travail, nous analyserons les perceptions et les stratégies d’adaptation des éleveurs familiaux de viande bovine du biome Pampa de l’Argentine, de l’Uruguay et du Brésil face à la concurrence entre l’élevage traditionnel et l’agriculture à grande échelle. On utilise les concepts de vulnérabilité, résilience, adaptation et de double exposition aux risques climatiques et socio-économiques comme l’explication théorique plus consistante pour la réalité trouvée. Comme données primaires, nous avons interviewé 75 familles d’éleveurs [25 par pays] avec des formulaires semi-structurés qui cherchaient à identifier, à travers la méthode de l’analyse thématique, leurs modes de vie. C’est à partir de ces données que nous avons conclu que l’élevage familial gaúcho constitue un lien important entre emploi, production, durabilité et contention sociale
Gaucho family livestock producers are a special social category in the family agriculure world. They have been traditionally ignored by researchers and decision-makers. Like their livelihoods, the context in which gaúcho family farming takes place – the Pampa biome – is also experiencing deep transformations. In spite of its rich biodiversity, the grasslands of the Pampas have one of the smallest areas of legally protected land in the world and is subject to environmental passives of difficult reversibility. This lack of interest in the Pampas and its family livestock producers has led to the absence of public policies tailored to that sector and the massive exodus of family farmers to the cities. Thus marginalized, and forced to intensify their production through systems such as feedlots, many of them choose to rent or directly sell their land to multinational soybean or eucalypt companies. We have conducted a thematic analysis of 75 semi-structured interviews to family livestock producers [25 per country]. The semi-structured questionnaires aimed at discovering their livelihoods and adaptation strategies. We use the concepts of adaptation, resilience, vulnerability and the double exposure framework as theoretical tools to explain this complex reality. We conclude that gaucho family livestock production is a positive link between employement, production, sustainability and social contention

This thesis examines the transformation of two Southeast Asian national retail markets altered by the entry of globalising food and general merchandise transnational retail firms. The study examines the dynamic and often contested evolution of Malaysia and Thailand’s retail systems from the 1990s to the mid-2010s and considers how domestic actors and transnational retail firms have shaped the nature and direction of market transformations. Central to this study is the examination of sector-specific regulatory frameworks devised in the early 2000s by Malaysia and Thailand’s national governments to resolve market actor disagreements arising from increased competition and supply system changes initiated by transnational retailers. The research examines the role of state institutions in mediating and guiding the course of development in Malaysia and Thailand’s respective national retail markets. This cross-national comparative study makes an original contribution to the growing economic-geographical literature on the globalisation of retailing by conceptualising national retail markets as dynamic, path-dependent and contested multi-actor sectoral systems that are continually shaped by the institutional and political landscape in which they are embedded. Key to this conceptualisation is the integration of theories explaining processes of globalisation and frameworks that identify patterns of national distinctiveness. Comparative capitalism research is integrated with relational economic geography perspectives in order to conceptualise the complex institutional settings in which national retail markets evolve and are embedded. In particular, the study mobilises the Variegated Capitalism approach to deepen understanding of the diverse causal processes driving national retail market transformation. Making use of qualitative research methods, representatives from both case country retail markets have been interviewed and various sources of documentation have been analysed in order to gain in-depth understanding of the contrasting trajectories of Malaysia and Thailand’s national retail markets. Several key insights emerge from this thesis. Firstly, addressing a current lacuna within the retail globalisation literature surrounding the long-term effects of transnational retail firm entry into national retail markets, it unveils the strategies of resistance and competition by domestic market actors and the mediation of change by national governments through the application of sectoral regulation. Secondly, it highlights the intense negotiations that occur between market actors over the rules that guide economic action in sectoral systems. By examining the formation and implementation of formal regulation this thesis uncovers how different economic actors actively produce and reproduce national retail markets. Furthermore, through the analysis of regulation a wide variety of retail system transitions are revealed. Thirdly, it introduces a heuristic and conceptual framework through which the multi-dimensional nature of retail system change can be examined and linked to the diverse cross-connective globalising processes that contribute to creating distinct national economies. In so doing, this thesis adds to the knowledge about sources of spatial variegation in contemporary capitalism.

The central question this thesis poses is how and why the modes of Palestinian political activism have changed from the first to the second intifada. The thesis will explore the underlying major political, territorial and social developments that created a new environment for the second uprising that was no longer conducive to the mass protests and acts of civil disobedience, which had dominated the first intifada in the late 1980s. The decline of civil society, the reassertion of Palestinian political factionalism and the unique geographical dislocation of the Palestinian territories, which created new physical obstacles to resistance but also caused division within society, were the key factors in reshaping the context of the second intifada. In addition, rising support for violent resistance among the population was rooted in the sense of hopelessness and frustration that re-emerged over the Oslo period. Much of the population’s frustration was directed at Israel’s colonial regime but in part it was also a response to the rule of the Palestinian Authority, which had failed to fulfil its commitments to its own population in view of its obligations under Oslo toward Israel. In the absence of alternative non-violent outlets within either politics or civil society, what took root instead was individual activism via militant organisations. As such, this thesis offers an account of the development of Palestinian political action (and in particular political violence) that is indebted to an effort to employ historical and contextual analysis in ways that deepen the insights available from explanations of behaviour drawn from political science.

Les espaces ruraux argentins connaissent des transformations profondes liées à la consolidation d’un modèle d’agriculture entrepreneuriale et exportatrice. Dans les régions extra-pampéennes, les conséquences de ce modèle sont sujettes à controverses et sont décrites en termes de déterritorialisation et de fragmentation. Dans ce contexte, nous interrogeons les nouveaux principes d’action publique de développement rural qui conduisent à la « territorialisation » de l’action publique et au « renforcement institutionnel », visant à consolider les capacités d’action et de participation des acteurs locaux. A partir d’expériences observées dans le Chaco argentin, la thèse se centre sur la configuration du champ du développement rural et sur l’articulation de l’action publique et de l’action collective autour d’innovations territoriales et institutionnelles. Celles-ci sont interprétées comme des traductions locales des principes d’action publique internationalisés auxquelles participent de nouveaux acteurs : techniciens et organisations de petits producteurs. La territorialisation de l’action publique permet de questionner l’émergence d’un nouveau pacte territorial, compris comme une relation Etat-territoire. La thèse démontre que ce pacte intègre les contradictions socio-spatiales entre différentes formes de territorialisation de l’activité agricole et conduit à la fragmentation du secteur agricole en deux référentiels : un référentiel de développement rural, au centre duquel se trouve l’agriculture familiale, et un référentiel productiviste au centre duquel se trouve l’agriculture entrepreneuriale
Los espacios rurales argentinos enfrentan transformaciones profundas vinculadas a la consolidación del modelo de agricultura empresarial y exportadora. En las regiones extra-pampeanas, sus consecuencias son objeto de controversia, y suelen describirse en términos de deterritorialización y “fragmentación”. En ese contexto, interrogamos los nuevos principios de acción pública de desarrollo rural que conducen a la “territorialización” de la acción pública y al “refuerzo institucional”, con el objetivo de consolidar las capacidades de acción y participación de los actores locales. A partir de experiencias en el Chaco argentino, la tesis se centra en la configuración del campo del desarrollo rural y la articulación entre acción pública y acción colectiva alrededor de innovaciones territoriales e institucionales. Las cuales se interpretan como traducciones locales de los principios de acción pública globalizados en los que participan nuevos actores: técnicos y organizaciones de pequeños productores. La territorialización de la acción pública permite postular la emergencia de un nuevo pacto territorial, entendido como una relación Estado-territorio. La tesis demuestra que ese pacto integra las contradicciones socio-espaciales entre diferentes formas de territorialización de la actividad agropecuaria y conduce a la fragmentación del sector agropecuario en dos referenciales: un referencial de desarrollo rural, basado en la agricultura familiar, y un referencial productivista, basado en la agricultura empresarial
Argentine rural spaces are going through deep changes related to the consolidation of a model based on an exports driven and industrial agriculture. In extra-pampas regions, the consequences of this model are controversial, and are often described as (territorial) disembedding and fragmenting. In this context, we investigate new principles of public action directed towards rural development. These principles lead to the “territorialisation” of public action and “institutional reinforcement”, aiming to consolidate local stakeholders’ participation and capacities. Analyzing experiences in the Argentine Chaco, this PhD dissertation focuses on rural development field and its configuration, and how public actions are connected to collective actions to foster territorial and institutional innovations. These innovations are interpreted as local transpositions of internationally diffused public action principles, involving new actors such as development agents and peasant organizations. “Territorialisation” of public action brings forward the question of the emergence of a new territorial pact, understood as a State-territory relation. This PhD dissertation demonstrates that this new pact takes into account the socio-spatial contradictions between different types of agricultural activities’ territorialisation and leads to the fragmentation of agricultural sector into two systems of reference: a frame for rural development, focusing on family farms, and a productivist frame, focusing on agribusiness

Dans un contexte politique et socio-économique de remise en cause de l’exploitation sectorielle des années 1960, et alors que les relations entre agriculteurs et autres acteurs locaux s’intensifient autour du partage de l’espace, de l’environnement, de la qualité et de l’alimentation ; cette thèse s’organise autour de l’hypothèse centrale d’une territorialisation de l’exploitation agricole.Cela suppose que l’avenir des exploitations agricoles se joue de plus en plus dans les interactions entre agriculteurs et acteurs locaux, ce qui conduit à des mutations quant aux instances où se négocient l’accès aux facteurs de production, la définition des pratiques, et l’insertion marchande. La démonstration mobilise les apports croisés de la géographie rurale, de la sociologie et l’économie institutionnelle dans l’analyse des arrangements émergents entre exploitations agricoles et territoires dans les situations de conflits, d’action collective et d’action publique. La thèse consiste en une étude diachronique des rapports exploitations agricoles – agriculteurs – territoires sur la période 1970-2010 à l’échelle de deux petites régions : les Monts du Lyonnais et la Flandre intérieure. Les différences observées entre une région laitière de moyenne montagne et une région périurbaine dont l’agriculture est insérée dans un complexe agro-industriel régional et européen révèlent les formes contrastées de ce mouvement de territorialisation selon les histoires agraires et les contextes sociopolitiques locaux. Il se dégage de cette analyse que la territorialisation met en jeu, à l’échelle individuelle et collective, les identités d’action et les compétences politiques des agriculteurs. Trois idéaux-types d’exploitations agricoles, distincts dans leurs formes d’insertion marchande et leurs réseaux socio-techniques,permettent d’organiser la réflexion sur les enjeux de leur territorialisation en matière de politiques publiques
While the sectoral model of farm system instituted in France in the 1960s is in question, andwhile relationships between farmers and others local stakeholders intensify on land sharing matters, environmental issues, quality and food; this thesis is organized on the working hypothesis of the territorialization of farm system. This suppose that the future of farm systems increasingly lies on interactions between farmers and local stakeholders, which drives to changes of the scenes where are negotiated access to production factors, market positions and agricultural practices. The demonstration lies on the principles of rural geography, sociology and institutional economics in order to analyze the emerging arrangements between farm systems and territories in situations of collective action, public action or conflicts. The thesis consists in a diachronic analysis of links between farmers, farm systems and territories for the period 1970 – 2010 at the scale of two small regions, Monts du Lyonnais and the French part of Flanders region. The differences between a dairy mountainous region and a periurban and agro-industrial region reveal the contrasted patterns of the territorialization of farm systems according to agrarian history and sociopolitical context. It appears from this analysis the role ofidentities for action and political capacities of farmers. Three ideal types of farm systems, distinct in their market position and socio-technical networks, enable us to think about the stakes of their territorialization for public policies

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A presente pesquisa teve como objetivo avaliar as mudanças nas atividades produtivas de mulheres rurais Afro-colombianas devido à expansão em seus territórios do cultivo da palma de óleo. Essa expansão é o resultado da dinâmica global de territorialização do capital nas zonas rurais por meio da compra e acumulação de terras por investidores privados, a fim de instalar grandes monoculturas, projetos de infraestrutura e/ou exploração de minerais, para o qual têm recebido o apoio dos governos nacionais com a reorientação de políticas agrícolas que lhes permitem a intervenção em territórios locais. Os países da América Latina, incluindo a Colômbia, não são isentos dessa dinâmica global. Este país tem aumentado as áreas de cultivo da palma de óleo para fins de exportação durante as últimas duas décadas. Isto levou a uma transformação nos meios de vida das comunidades rurais e étnicas, devido à ocupação física e simbólica de seus territórios, à apropriação dos seus recursos, incluindo terra e água, dos quais essas comunidades obtém seu sustento. Essas transformações são vivenciadas de forma diferente nas mulheres camponesas, devido às relações patriarcais-capitalistas e discriminatórias em que vivem, onde a sua voz e reconhecimento tanto no produtivo quanto no reprodutivo é invisível, da mesma maneira que os seus direitos sobre a propriedade dos ativos produtivos. Situações que as levam a uma maior condição de vulnerabilidade, empobrecimento e dependência. Este estudo foi realizado no município de Maríalabaja, cidade localizada no norte da Colômbia. Este município era produtor de uma grande quantidade e variedade de alimentos antes de 1998, quando se começou a instalar o cultivo da palma de óleo. Além disso, a maioria da sua população autodeclara-se camponesa e tem sido afetada pelo conflito armado interno colombiano. Foi usada uma metodologia qualitativa com o objetivo de descrever as atividades realizadas por mulheres pertencentes a organizações de agricultores, antes e após a instalação cultivo da palma de óleo, analisando as transformações vivenciadas por elas, as formas de resistência e os desafios que enfrentam para permanecer no território.
This study aimed to assess changes in the productive activities of Afro Colombian rural women due to the expansion of oil palm plantation in their territories. This expansion is a result of global dynamics of territorialization of capital in rural areas through the purchase and ownership of lands by private investors in order to install large monocrop plantations, infrastructure projects and/or mineral exploration. For which investors have been supported by national governments through the readjustment of agricultural policies that allow them to interfere in local territories. Latin American countries, including Colombia, have not been exempt from global dynamics. This country has increased areas of palm oil plantation to serve exportation purposes during the last two decades, which has led to transformation in the means of living of rural and ethnic communities, due to the physical and symbolic occupation of their territories and the appropriation of their resources, including land and water, from which communities derive their sustenance. These transformations are presented differently on rural women, because of the patriarchal-capitalist and discriminatory societies in which they live, where their voice and recognition to both productive and reproductive aspects are made invisible, as well as their rights to the ownership of the productive assets. Situations that leave them in a more vulnerable condition of impoverishment and dependence. We carried out a qualitative study in the municipality Maríalabaja which is located in Northern Colombia. This town used to produce large quantity and variety of food before 1998 when the setting-up of oil palm plantation started. In addition, the majority of its population considers themselves farmers and has suffered the Colombian internal armed conflict. We aimed to describe the activities carried out by women belonging to farmers' organizations before and after the setting-up of oil palm plantation, and to assess transformations experienced by them in their means of living, ways of resistance and challenges they currently face to remain in the territory.
La presente investigación tuvo como objetivo analizar las transformaciones en las actividades productivas de mujeres campesinas por la expansión del cultivo de palma de aceite en sus territorios. Dicha expansión es debida a las dinámicas globales de la territorialización del capital en las áreas rurales mediante la compra y acaparamientos de tierras por parte de inversores privados, con el fin de instalar grandes plantaciones de monocultivos, proyectos de infraestructura y/o exploraciones de minerales, para lo cual han contado con el apoyo de los gobiernos nacionales, mediante la reorientación de las políticas públicas agrarias que les permitan la intervención en los territorios locales. Los países latinoamericanos no han estado exentos de éstas dinámicas globales, entre ellos Colombia, el cual ha incrementado las áreas de cultivo de la palma de aceite con fines exportables durante el presente siglo, generando transformaciones en los medios de vidas de las comunidades rurales, campesinas y étnicas, por la ocupación material y simbólica de sus territorios, por la apropiación de sus recursos, entre ellos la tierra y el agua, de los cuales las comunidades derivan el sustento. Estas transformaciones se presentan de manera diferenciada en las mujeres campesinas, por las relaciones patriarcales-capitalistas y discriminatorias en las que viven, en donde su voz y reconocimiento tanto en lo productivo como reproductivo es invisibilizado, al igual que sus derechos en la propiedad de los activos productivos. Situaciones que llevan a empobrecerlas, siendo menos autónomas y más dependientes y vulnerables. Para la presente investigación se recurre a la metodología cualitativa, tomando como estudio de caso el municipio de Maríalabaja, ubicado al norte de Colombia, el cual era productor de gran cantidad y variedad de alimentos antes de 1998 cuando comenzó la instalación del cultivo de palma de aceite, y además caracterizado porque la mayoría de su población ha sufrido el conflicto armado interno colombiano. La investigación pretendió conocer las actividades productivas desarrolladas por las mujeres que pertenecen a organizaciones campesinas antes y después de la instalación del cultivo, analizando las transformaciones vivenciadas por ellas, las formas de resistencia y los desafíos que enfrentan para permanecer en el territorio.

Dans un contexte politique et socio-économique de remise en cause de l'exploitation sectorielle des années 1960, et alors que les relations entre agriculteurs et autres acteurs locaux s'intensifient autour du partage de l'espace, de l'environnement, de la qualité et de l'alimentation ; cette thèse s'organise autour de l'hypothèse centrale d'une territorialisation de l'exploitation agricole. Cela suppose que l'avenir des exploitations agricoles se joue de plus en plus dans les interactions entre agriculteurs et acteurs locaux, ce qui conduit à des mutations quant aux instances où se négocient l'accès aux facteurs de production, la définition des pratiques, et l'insertion marchande. La démonstration mobilise les apports croisés de la géographie rurale, de la sociologie et l'économie institutionnelle dans l'analyse des arrangements émergeants entre exploitations agricoles et territoires dans les situations de conflits, d'action collective et d'action publique. La thèse consiste en une étude diachronique des rapports exploitations agricoles - agriculteurs - territoires sur la période 1970-2010 à l'échelle de deux petites régions : les Monts du Lyonnais et la Flandre intérieure. Les différences observées entre une région laitière de moyenne montagne et une région périurbaine dont l'agriculture est insérée dans un complexe agro-industriel régional et européen révèlent les formes contrastées de ce mouvement de territorialisation selon les histoires agraires et les contextes sociopolitiques locaux. Il se dégage de cette analyse que la territorialisation met en jeu, à l'échelle individuelle et collective, les identités d'action et les compétences politiques des agriculteurs. Trois idéaux-types d'exploitations agricoles, distincts dans leurs formes d'insertion marchande et leurs réseaux sociotechniques, permettent d'organiser la réflexion sur les enjeux de leur territorialisation en matière de politiques publiques.

Notre étude porte sur la valorisation des produits alimentaires de montagne. La montagne est souvent représentée sous forme d’une nature intouchée. Cependant, sur le plan économique, la montagne est considérée comme une zone défavorisée. Le caractère fortement agricole étant un trait marquant, la valorisation des produits alimentaires peut constituer une opportunité pour améliorer la rente des fermiers transformateurs et des agro-industries. Une telle valorisation passe par la mise en évidence de caractéristiques pouvant différencier les produits alimentaires de montagne sur le marché, ce qui pourrait contribuer à la dynamisation d’un segment économique en montagne. La toile de fond de notre étude est une thématique contemporaine, celle du développement rural, un thème sur lequel les sciences de gestion sont encore peu mobilisées. Nous avons eu recours à des auteurs majeurs dans le champ des sciences gestion tels que Simon, Lancaster, Chandler et Porter. Nous avons également cherché des concepts et des auteurs dans le domaine de l’économie en faisant une relecture managériale des concepts proposés. De ce fait, nous menons notre recherche sur deux axes. Le premier porte sur les perceptions et attentes des consommateurs envers l’offre des produits alimentaires de montagne. Le deuxième axe porte sur les entreprises de transformation alimentaires basées en montagne. D’une part nous avons étudié les entreprises de transformation fermière localisées en Lozère, France, et soutenues par le Programme Leader. D’autre côté, nous avons étudié aussi des entreprises de mise en bouteille d’eau basées en montagne
The study is about the valorisation of food products from the mountain areas. The mountains are represented often as a savage nature. However, under the economic plan, the mountains are considered as less favoured areas. The main mountain areas has still a strong agrarian character, therefore the add value of their food offer could consist in alternative to improve the income of the mountain farmers and food enterprises. The highlighting of some characteristics which can to differentiate their food products in the market could to help the improvement of this economic segment of the mountain areas. The background of our study is a contemporary theme, the rural development, a topic on which management science are still not mobilized, then we estimated that they could contribute significantly. So we resorted to major authors in the field of management science such as Simon, Lancaster, Chandler and Porter. We also looked for concepts and author in the economic field trying to establish a dialogue to our research problem and doing a managerial reading of proposed concepts. We conduct our research on two axes. The first concerns the perceptions and expectations of consumers towards the supply of mountain food products. The second focus is on the food enterprises based in mountains, their structures, marketing strategies and their relationship with the territory of implantation. First we studied the farmer enterprises located in Lozère, France, and supported by the European Programme Leader. On the other hand, we have also studied the business of bottling water based in the mountains

According to the studies done until now on the recent urban transformation dynamics, namely urban sprinkling, this thesis aims to investigate the phenomenon from different points of view to bring out its unsustainable character. The urban dispersion phenomena, specific characteristic of low-density territories, will be examined through the sprinkling index by including new components in addition to the traditional settlement system components. It allows to evaluate the shape of the anthropic settlements and the distance between them which often results in fragmentation of the urban settlements which in turn generate landscape fragmentation. Nowadays, both in the proximity of large cities and in more external areas such as rural areas, there are often evidences of strong fragmentation of the anthropic settlements in which, even if the amount of occupied surface (land take) may not seem worrying, its configuration determines a general decrease in ecological connectivity, landscape quality and general degradation of soil functions. The general hypothesis is that fragmentation (of urban, landscape and habitat) can become an indicator of land take. In fact, it is not enough to consider only the loss of natural or agricultural areas, but also the distribution of buildings in the landscape matrix, i.e., its spatial component. An emblematic case is that of Basilicata region whose dynamics of transformation from the 50s to the present day will be investigated in this thesis. According to the latest report of the Italian Institute for Environmental Protection and Research (ISPRA 2020), the Basilicata region has only 3.15% of land consumption compared to the entire regional surface. This indicator is in contrast with the shape of the anthropic settlements which results fragmented and dispersed. It is essential that the effects of fragmentation as well as ecosystem disaggregation take on a "measurable" character, joining the list of indicators of urban and territorial quality such as land take and land consumption that European Union addresses to national communities currently consider essential and decisive to highlighting the efficiency/inefficiency of environmental and landscape management. It is crucial to understand and investigate what have been and will be in the future the most influential drivers on these dynamics that contribute intrinsically to land consumption and to define the addresses or the thresholds to contain this pulverized and disordered dissemination of anthropic settlements.

Pendant les années 1990, l'ouverture de l'économie argentine a conduit à une transformation de l'agriculture pampéenne : de nouveaux objets techniques et acteurs ont modifié la pratique agricole et la relation que l'activité entretenait avec les territoires. Cette transformation se traduit aussi au niveau des systèmes d'information et de connaissances agricoles (SICA). Dans la région centrale de la province de Santa Fe, un SICA de base territoriale et régionale (SRICA) s'est consolidé pendant la période de la modernisation des années 1960. Une catégorie particulière de professionnels, les " agronomes de terrain ", y occupait une fonction centrale comme médiateurs légitimes entre la recherche publique réalisée au niveau régional et les agriculteurs.Les transformations des années 1990 conduisent à la fragmentation de ce SRICA. Il en émerge un système de connaissances lié aux grandes cultures (SICGC), promu par les entreprises fournisseuses d'intrants et les producteurs innovateurs agissant selon une logique a-territoriale qui remet en question la fonction des agronomes de terrain. Ces acteurs voient se modifier leurs pratiques professionnelles, leurs relations de travail et leurs espaces de références techniques. Ainsi, conscients de leur perte d'influence dans les nouveaux SICGC, certains cherchent à défendre leur place à partir de la maîtrise locale des nouveaux problèmes agricoles.Ce travail cherche à comprendre les changements touchant le groupe professionnel des agronomes de terrain, comme un moyen pour analyser les transformations qui affectent la profession et pour apporter des éléments nécessaires pour repenser la formation des ingénieurs agronomes.

Cette thèse porte sur l’innovation paysagère dans et par les Parcs naturels régionaux (PNR) de la région Rhône-Alpes. Le paysage y est considéré comme une matérialité en projet, négocié dans des processus d’interactions entre des individus pris dans des logiques d’action distinctes. Nous démontrons comment les chargés de mission des PNR inventent à partir de démarches participatives paysagères une manière originale d’hybrider deux des formes que prennent ces régimes d’action : la logique territoriale et la logique paysagère. Ce processus contribuerait à favoriser la territorialisation des nouvelles Communautés de communes. L’originalité de cette thèse repose sur la posture pragmatique qui y est adoptée : les démarches paysagères participatives sont analysées au cours même de leur expérimentation : elles prennent la forme d’une enquête telle que la définit John Dewey, transformatrice des mondes en même temps qu’elle transforme leurs enquêteurs
This thesis deals with landscape innovation within and by the Regional Natural Parks in the Rhône-Alpes region (France). Landscape is captured as a materiality under construction negotiated along interaction processes between individuals engaged in distinct action logics. The research underlines how Regional Natural Parks’ staff invent imaginative ways to hybridize two of these action regimes (a territorial logic and a landscape one) using participatory landscape procedures. This dynamic tends to favor the territorial anchorage of the new groupings of municipalities. The originality of the thesis emerges from the adopted pragmatic posture: participatory landscape procedures are analyzed along with their own experimentation. They take on the form of an inquiry as defined by Jown Dewey, transforming worlds as well as investigators at the same time

Récemment, plusieurs changements économiques, technologiques et sociopolitiques exigent la restructuration des systèmes agroalimentaires, surtout au niveau des pays industrialisés. Le Canada ne fait pas exception. Au Québec, les spécialistes de ce secteur appellent à une nouvelle réflexion. Dans cette optique, le présent travail de recherche tentera d'apporter un nouvel éclairage à la question, en se penchant sur l'ancrage local de la transformation alimentaire, qui s'avère être le coeur du système agroalimentaire. L'objet de notre recherche consistera donc à répondre à la question suivante: Au Québec, en quoi les logiques des modèles d'affaires des firmes de la transformation agroalimentaire sont-elles propulsées par des leviers territoriaux? Afin de répondre à cette épineuse question, nous avons fait appel à deux concepts principaux. En premier lieu, nous avons veillé à clarifier le concept de modèle d'affaires. Ce dernier a d'ailleurs été remis en question par plusieurs auteurs et ce, en faveur d'une approche systémique dynamisée par trois propriétés à savoir l'innovation, l'inimitabilité et le changement, lesquelles ont pour objectifs de créer et capter de la valeur. Explicitement, le modèle d'affaires traduit les choix stratégiques en un système de quatre logiques d'affaires: la logique client, la logique expertise, la logique réseau et la logique de revenus. En deuxième lieu, nous avons mené une réflexion sur le concept de territoire pour retenir deux principaux leviers territoriaux, soit l'accès à des ressources et à des compétences génériques ou singulières locales et/ou supra locales données ou bien la co-construction de ressources et de compétences singulières locales et/ou supra locales. Une fois ce cadre théorique ancré dans la littérature, nous l'avons expérimenté pour répondre à notre question de recherche. Pour ce faire, nous avons procédé à une soixantaine d'entrevues, réalisées auprès de chefs d'entreprises du secteur de la transformation alimentaire au Québec et dont le contenu a été analysé à l'aide d'un outil d'analyse statistique de contenu textuel (Alceste). Nous avons procédé en deux temps d'analyse. Le premier traitement informatique du corpus global du thème du modèle d'affaires révèle quatre enjeux stratégiques, à savoir le défi de la distribution. la difficulté à recruter et à maintenir de la main-d'oeuvre, la fragilité du réseau local (dans certaines régions) et l'internationalisation des produits. Le deuxième traitement informatique du corpus correspondant à chacune des logiques du modèle d'affaires nous a quant à lui éclairé sur la façon dont les firmes tentent de surmonter ces enjeux. Finalement, à la suite de l'identification des recouvrements (en termes d'entreprises) entre les différentes analyses des corpus correspondant aux quatre logiques émises ci-haut, nous proposons cinq modes d'ancrage territorial, où les entreprises s'enracinent localement pour propulser cinq modèles d'affaires: Internationaliser les produits innovateurs du Québec, Miser sur la RSE pour légitimer le projet tout en dynamisant la communauté, Combattre l'hégémonie de la grande distribution régionale, Niche sophistiquée et innovation commerciale, Optimiser la production des produits génériques et des marques de distributeurs. ______________________________________________________________________________ MOTS-CLÉS DE L’AUTEUR : Stratégie d'entreprise, Modèle d'affaires, Leviers territoriaux, Transformation alimentaire.

El estudio de las transformaciones territoriales en esta parte del Sur del país obedece en especial a dos circunstancias de distinta índole. La primera vinculada a la investigación y su potencial trascendencia teórica y práctica en contextos académicos y profesionales interesados por comprender las características de la instalación humana en ámbitos sujetos a importantes cambios. La segunda responde al desenvolvimiento incierto de las comarcas andino patagónicas frente a hechos, propuestas y proyectos referentes a cuestiones de decisiva impronta regional. Se trata de territorios en plena gestación identitaria, donde es habitual lo dubitativo y confuso, aún desde perspectivas históricas y literarias, que son en las que normalmente se asientan las raíces regionales. En los recientes años '90 y en concordancia con los ajustes propios del nuevo orden mundial, se observan re-acomodamientos locales inscriptos en modalidades que obligan a la revisión profunda. Modalidades postmodernas que pueden identificarse como espacios de consumo. Es la condición cultural la que imprime nuevas estructuras espaciales de fuertes proyecciones anímicas enraizadas en lo simbólico y lo estético, donde las transformaciones se suceden a partir de una resignificación de la naturaleza. Desde allí es que se hacen planteos hipotéticos en busca de explicaciones, atendiendo a las valorizaciones que existen para con la Patagonia Andina. Aquellas que implican una preeminencia singular de los aspectos afectivos y emocionales por sobre los económicos, aunque con el turismo como el vector principal de transformación y a cuyo derredor se entremezclan situaciones conflictivas. Es ésta la dirección del análisis que busca esclarecer dudas a partir de la producción de conocimiento geográfico con sentido "examinador" de la realidad. Fenómenos como los de dispersión, neoruralidad y fragmentación espacial, se muestran como los resultados más visibles en materia paisajística y con ello estamos ante un marco problemático y complejo. Con la sistematización de una significativa cantidad de información involucrada y una fuerte carga empírica proveniente de la convivencia profesional de varios años con la mayor parte de los problemas abordados, se presenta un aporte al cuerpo teórico de la Geografía preocupada por los ámbitos montanos, así como también su proyección hacia la explicación geográfica regional y su eventual insumo para el Planeamiento y la Gestión Territorial. Se analiza el conjunto territorial ofreciendo una perspectiva integradora en escenarios novedosos que, desde nuestra disciplina pueden abordarse con la posibilidad cierta de orientar una importante cantidad de estudios sectoriales que ya se manifiestan, en particular por requerimientos políticos. Con la Comarca Andina del Paralelo 42 en el foco del análisis, la tesis se abocó a incursionar en la realidad andino patagónica, identificando, sistematizando y valorando los conflictos de estirpe territorial como camino explicativo.
The study of the territorial transformations in this part of the South of the country is especially due to two different kinds of circumstances. The first one is linked with geographical research and its potential significance in theory and practice within academic and professional contexts interested in understanding the features of human settlements in areas subject to important changes. The second one responds to the uncertain development of the Patagonian mountain 'regions' (comarcas andino patagónicas) faced with events, proposals and projects referred to matters of decisive regional treads. It is about territories which are taking full shape for identity where doubtfulness and confusion are frequent, even from their historic and literary perspectives by which regional roots, normally, are likely to be consolidated. In the late 90', and in accordance with the own adjustments of the new world order, local re-accommodations registered as modalities that require a deep revision can be observed. Post-modern modalities that can be identify as spaces of consumption. It is the cultural condition which stamps new spatial structures with strong emotional projections deeply rooted in symbolism and aesthetic, and where transformations happen to be from a deep meaning for Nature. At this particular point, hypothetic considerations in search for reasons are made with regard to values that are concern with Patagonian Andes mountains. Those which give singular pre-eminence to emotional and affectionate aspects above the economical ones, despite the fact that tourism as the main vector of transformation, and within its environment conflicted situations become intermingled. This is the direction of the analysis that expects to clarify doubts from the production of geographic knowledge on closer examination at reality. Phenomena such as dispersion, neo-rural areas and space fragmentation are shown to be as the most visible results concerning the landscape matter. Therefore, we are faced with a difficult and complex framework. A contribution to theoretical Geography concerned about mountain areas, as well as its projection towards a regional geographic explanation and its eventual input to the Planning and Territorial Administration is introduced, together with the systematization of a lot of relevant information involved, and a large amount of empirical work which came from professional coexistence dealt with most of the problems over the years. The territory is analysed as a whole, and an integrated perspective in original scenarios is offered. This can be dealt with by our discipline with a certain possibility to give guidance on a great number of sectorial studies. In fact, they have already been known, particularly, by political requests. The thesis, with the Comarca Andina del Paralelo 42 in the focus of the analysis, went into greater detail about the Patagonian Andes Mountains reality. It identified, systematized and assessed the difficulties concerning the territorial lineage as an explanatory framework.

碩士
國立臺灣大學
地理環境資源學研究所
89
The first wave of foreign direct investment by Taiwan enterprises started from the late 1980s and early 1990s. Because of low labor cost, the culture proximity to Malaysia Chinese, and the relative enclose of China, Southeast Asia became the targets of overseas investment by the Taiwan enterprises. The overseas investment of electronic industry concentrated mainly in the countries of Malaysia and Thailand, Panang is the most important area of all in Southeast Asia where Taiwan electronic companies are significantly clustered. 　　This research takes the view of Taiwan enterprises, tries to explain the interaction between business transformation and territorial factors. Business transformation means the upgrade of management capabilities to the level of international corporations; it is achieved as the businesses investing abroad, which provide themselves opportunities to interact with foreign firms. Besides they learned to mobilize foreign resources to transform themselves to become transnational firms. In this study was defined the territorial factors as the ”milieu of direct touch with other foreign business” and “Chinese human capital”. The effects of direct touch with other foreign businesses show in several aspects including business environment, manufacturing capability, marketing capability and strategy of spatial division labor. This part of the research examines the OEM role of Taiwan in the global electronic industry, it also analyses how the inter-firm knowledge flows as a result of the transition of production networks. We found that the learning channel and knowledge flow of Taiwan enterprises is generally confined within networks with foreign business, particularly those manufactured components. Because this will provide opportunities for mutual benefit. The territorial factor of Chinese human capital can be from different aspects, including the movement to other Taiwan enterprises, the expatriation with the expansion of Taiwan enterprises and the local spin-off. This research found that the local Chinese human capital play an important role when Taiwan enterprises expanding other overseas sites as expatriate employee. This result has in dramatic impact on the business transformation for the Taiwan electronic firms. 　　Compared with experiences of other foreign businesses in Penang, this research found that there are some differences for Taiwan enterprises in production strategy and impacts on local society. In production strategy, most foreign businesses tend to improve the factors of production by cooperating with the public sectors. But Taiwan enterprises improve the operation environment by themselves and most by the help of collaborative foreign business. In short, the industrial structure of Penang has been changed smoothly. Besides, since the Taiwan enterprises joined established the local industrial networks, Taiwan enterprises have helped in facilitating some local SMEs, such as stamping and plastic injection industries. Strategically speaking, Taiwan enterprises have kept core capability of flexible production by adopting strategies of spatial division of labor or strategic alliances. 　　In conclusion, this research uses cases of Taiwan enterprises’ overseas investment to verify a certain current theories in economic geography. Economic geographers tend to overemphasize the “socio-culture” perspective in discussing the development of industrial territory. In the case of Taiwan enterprises, it is too simplified to rely on this single perspective. To take into accounted the specialized in role of Taiwan electronic business in the global market and the equipment manufacturers, the local industrial structure of overseas production site are necessary understand the development pathway of the industrial territory and the nature of capital of the late comer countries.

Orientador: Bernadete Aparecida Caprioglio de Castro
Resumen: La presente investigación tuvo como objetivo analizar las transformaciones en las actividades productivas de mujeres campesinas por la expansión del cultivo de palma de aceite en sus territorios. Dicha expansión es debida a las dinámicas globales de la territorialización del capital en las áreas rurales mediante la compra y acaparamientos de tierras por parte de inversores privados, con el fin de instalar grandes plantaciones de monocultivos, proyectos de infraestructura y/o exploraciones de minerales, para lo cual han contado con el apoyo de los gobiernos nacionales, mediante la reorientación de las políticas públicas agrarias que les permitan la intervención en los territorios locales. Los países latinoamericanos no han estado exentos de éstas dinámicas globales, entre ellos Colombia, el cual ha incrementado las áreas de cultivo de la palma de aceite con fines exportables durante el presente siglo, generando transformaciones en los medios de vidas de las comunidades rurales, campesinas y étnicas, por la ocupación material y simbólica de sus territorios, por la apropiación de sus recursos, entre ellos la tierra y el agua, de los cuales las comunidades derivan el sustento. Estas transformaciones se presentan de manera diferenciada en las mujeres campesinas, por las relaciones patriarcales-capitalistas y discriminatorias en las que viven, en donde su voz y reconocimiento tanto en lo productivo como reproductivo es invisibilizado, al igual que sus derechos en la propiedad de lo... (Resumen completo clicar acceso eletrônico abajo)
Resumo: A presente pesquisa teve como objetivo avaliar as mudanças nas atividades produtivas de mulheres rurais Afro-colombianas devido à expansão em seus territórios do cultivo da palma de óleo. Essa expansão é o resultado da dinâmica global de territorialização do capital nas zonas rurais por meio da compra e acumulação de terras por investidores privados, a fim de instalar grandes monoculturas, projetos de infraestrutura e/ou exploração de minerais, para o qual têm recebido o apoio dos governos nacionais com a reorientação de políticas agrícolas que lhes permitem a intervenção em territórios locais. Os países da América Latina, incluindo a Colômbia, não são isentos dessa dinâmica global. Este país tem aumentado as áreas de cultivo da palma de óleo para fins de exportação durante as últimas duas décadas. Isto levou a uma transformação nos meios de vida das comunidades rurais e étnicas, devido à ocupação física e simbólica de seus territórios, à apropriação dos seus recursos, incluindo terra e água, dos quais essas comunidades obtém seu sustento. Essas transformações são vivenciadas de forma diferente nas mulheres camponesas, devido às relações patriarcais-capitalistas e discriminatórias em que vivem, onde a sua voz e reconhecimento tanto no produtivo quanto no reprodutivo é invisível, da mesma maneira que os seus direitos sobre a propriedade dos ativos produtivos. Situações que as levam a uma maior condição de vulnerabilidade, empobrecimento e dependência. Este estudo foi realizado... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: This study aimed to assess changes in the productive activities of Afro Colombian rural women due to the expansion of oil palm plantation in their territories. This expansion is a result of global dynamics of territorialization of capital in rural areas through the purchase and ownership of lands by private investors in order to install large monocrop plantations, infrastructure projects and/or mineral exploration. For which investors have been supported by national governments through the readjustment of agricultural policies that allow them to interfere in local territories. Latin American countries, including Colombia, have not been exempt from global dynamics. This country has increased areas of palm oil plantation to serve exportation purposes during the last two decades, which has led to transformation in the means of living of rural and ethnic communities, due to the physical and symbolic occupation of their territories and the appropriation of their resources, including land and water, from which communities derive their sustenance. These transformations are presented differently on rural women, because of the patriarchal-capitalist and discriminatory societies in which they live, where their voice and recognition to both productive and reproductive aspects are made invisible, as well as their rights to the ownership of the productive assets. Situations that leave them in a more vulnerable condition of impoverishment and dependence. We carried out a qualitative study ... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
Mestre

Ce mémoire est une étude sur le développement local comme stratégie de lutte contre la pauvreté en Haïti. C'est une étude de cas sur une stratégie qui a été implantée par la WVI dans plusieurs communautés pauvres en Haïti, le Programme de Développement de zone (PDZ). Nous avons cherché à savoir comment le PDZ a permis de mettre en place un projet de développement local de lutte contre la pauvreté dans ces communautés. Plus spécifiquement, nous avons analysé, à l'aide de la perspective de Klein et al. (2011), le type de stratégie de développement local auquel le PDZ correspond et vu comment il implique les communautés visées. En effet, plusieurs dimensions, dont la majorité proposée par Klein et al. ont été analysées : le transfert de la stratégie aux leaders locaux ; le processus de leadership local (individuel, organisationnel et socio-territorial) ; la mobilisation des ressources endogènes et exogène ; l'utilisation créative des programmes publics ; la gestion locale des conflits et apprentissage collectif ; et la construction d'une identité positive et d'un sentiment d'appartenance. Ce mémoire fait ressortir une critique souvent adressée à l'endroit des interventions des ONGI, à savoir que la situation de dépendance qu'elles engendrent compte tenu de l'approche assistentialiste sur laquelle elles sont souvent échafaudées. Particulièrement, l'étude du PDZ, nous renseigne que dans un contexte de grande pauvreté, de cumulation de désavantages (en termes de ressources humaines, économiques, politiques), ou d'obstacles objectifs, le développement par initiatives locales soulève des défis et enjeux majeurs. Les données montrent que la stratégie du PDZ __ bien qu'elle soit parvenue à développer un leadership local ; à favoriser une circulation limité de ressources économiques ; à permettre la construction d'une identité positive chez certaines personnes ; __ ne permet pas une mobilisation locale co-construite qui viendrait maintenir les actions mises de l'avant en faveur des priorités dégagées par les communautés elles-mêmes. Enfin, à travers l'analyse nous avons pu conclure qu'elle correspond à un modèle top-down.
This thesis examines the issues of local government as a strategy to fight against poverty in Haiti. As a study case of a strategy that the World Vision established in many poor rural communities- The Area Development Program-, we want to understand and clarify how the PDZ was able to help in building a local project development for fighting poverty in these communities. More specifically, we analyze, with the help of Klein and al. (2011) perspective, the type of strategy of local development which best describes the PDZ and we determine how these communities get involved in this strategy. Thus, we focus on many aspects that were mainly suggested by Klein and al. : the transfer of the strategy to the local authorities ; the process of local leadership (individual, organizational and socio-territorial) ; the mobilization of endogenous and exogenous resources ; creative use of public programs ; local conflict management and collective learning ; positive identity and community feeling construction. This research highlights criticism leveled against NGOs operations, about the dependency situations that arose as a result of assistance-based approaches of their aid. The PDZ study particularly teaches us that development through local initiatives raises daunting challenges and major issues, in the context of extreme poverty, cumulative disadvantages (in term of human, economic and political resources) or objectives obstacles. The facts show us that the PDZ strategy doesn’t allow a local mobilization that could sustain the initiatives inspired by the community`s self-defined needs, although the PDZ strategy succeeds in developing local leadership, in promoting limited movement of capital and enabling some people to construct a positive identity. Finally, we will conclude that the PDZ strategy refers to a top-down model.