Letteratura scientifica selezionata sul tema "Transformations territoriaux"

À partir de l’étude de collectifs agricoles alternatifs installés au Pays basque, l’article s’interroge sur les registres territoriaux de la coexistence contemporaine des différents modèles agricoles. La territorialisation des modèles agricoles est passée au Pays basque d’un clivage binaire stabilisé à un système pluraliste se signalant par l’émergence d’un ensemble d’alternatives hétérogènes peinant à se territorialiser, mais partageant une même démarche collective et territoriale. Nous analysons successivement la construction sociohistorique de ces alternatives, les principales caractéristiques des collectifs alternatifs, avant de relire les transformations de l’action collective à la lumière des mutations de la gouvernance territoriale et des prémices de la constitution d’un système agri-alimentaire territorial.

THE AMAZON OF ADRIAN COWELL: The Decade of Destruction (1980 to 1990)L´AMAZONIE SELON ADRIAN COWELL: La Decenie de la Destruction (1980 a 1990)RESUMONesse ensaio analisa-se a Amazônia revelada na obra cinematográfica de Adrian Cowell a partir de alguns elementos da série “A década da destruição”, os quais remetem ao arcabouço geográfico sobre as transformações territoriais recentes na Amazônia. Para isso, foi necessária a transcrição (decupagem) dos principais documentários da referida série para que as análises dos contextos abordados por Cowell permitissem reafirmar as estratégias e disputas envolvendo inúmeros destruidores e vítimas desse árduo processo histórico como indicado por Milanez (2013), Rios (2008) e Cowell (1990 e 2008). Trata-se, portanto, de uma leitura geográfica dos conflitos territoriais e ambientais materializados na Amazônia, envolvendo indígenas, posseiros, sem terra, seringueiros, entre outros povos e comunidades tradicionais imersos em conflitos e disputas; seja sob a égide da Ditadura ou Democracia os conflitos seguem vigentes.Palavras-chave: Amazônia; Conflitos Territoriais; Documentários; Década da Destruição.ABSTRACTIn this essay the Amazon revealed in the films of Adrian Cowell is analyzed from some elements of the series “The Decade of Destruction”, which refer to the geographic structure on recent territorial transformations in the Amazon. Thus, it was necessary to write down the main documentaries of this series, to facilitate the analyzes of the contexts covered by Cowell allowed and reaffirm the strategies and disputes involving countless destroyers and victims of this arduous historical process as indicated by Milanez (2013), Rios ( 2008) and Cowell (1990 and 2008). It is, therefore, a geographic interpretation of the territorial and environmental conflicts materialized in the Amazon, involving indigenous people, squatters, landless, rubber tappers, among other peoples and traditional communities, immersed in conflicts and disputes, whether under the aegis of the Dictatorship or Democracy conflicts are still ongoing.Keywords: Amazon; Territorial Conflicts; Documentaries; Decade of Destruction.RÉSUMÉDans cet article on analyse l´Amazonie qui apparaît dans l´œuvre cinématographique d´ Adrian Cowell. Cela est fait à partir de quelques élements de la série – La décenie de la destruction – qui renvoient au cadre géographique des transformations territoriales les plus recentes dans l´Amazonie. Il a fallu faire auparavant le decoupage des principaux documentaires de la série pour que les analyses des contextes qui apparaissent en Cowell permettaient de réafirmer les stratégies et les litiges entre les inombrables destructeurs et les victimes de ce procès historique difficil indiqué par Milanez (2013), Rios (2008) e Cowell (1990 e 2008). Il s´agit donc d´une lecture géographique des conflits territoriaux et environnementaux matérialisés dans l´Amazonie et qui concernent les indigènes, les “posseiros”, les sans-terre, les manipulateurs de caoutchouc et d´autres peuples et communautés traditionelles plongés dans des conflits et querelles, soit sous la dictature, soit sous la démocratie.Mots-clés: Amazonie; Conflits Territoriaux; Documentaires; Décenie de la Destruction.

Abstract: This comparative literature review of local food systems, short food supply chains, and civic food networks, subsumed under alternative food networks (AFN), suggests converging them into the novel umbrella-term values-based territorial food networks (VTFN). Based on the analysis of specificities and shortcomings in the four concepts, VTFN aims to enhance conceptual clarity, while the current coexistence conceals structural and systemic commonalities—relevant for understanding pathways to ethical and sustainable food system transformations. Taking stock of issues in the four concepts, VTFN strives to be overarching and pragmatic. It qualifies AFN’s “alternativeness” through social, economic, environmental and governance “sustainability values” and through the co-construction of “territoriality” in varying constellations. Thus, it fosters integrated scientific dialogue about conceptual determinations of emerging networks of food system transitions worldwide.Resumen: Esta revisión bibliográfica comparativa de los sistemas alimentarios locales, las cadenas cortas de suministro de alimentos y las redes alimentarias cívicas, comprendidas en las redes alimentarias alternativas (RAA), sugiere englobarlas en el novedoso término redes alimentarias territoriales basadas en valores (RATV). Basándose en un análisis de especificidades y deficiencias, el RATV aporta claridad conceptual, en contraste con la coexistencia de los conceptos analizados que oculta puntos estructurales y sistémicos en común relevantes para entender las vías para transformar los sistemas alimentarios éticos y sostenibles. Reflexionando sobre los cuatro conceptos, la RATV busca ser global y pragmática. Califica lo “alternativo” de las RAA a través de “valores de sostenibilidad” sociales, económicos, medioambientales y de gobernanza, y de la co-construcción de la “territorialidad” en constelaciones diversas. Por ello, fomenta el diálogo científico integrado sobre las determinaciones conceptuales de las redes emergentes de transiciones de los sistemas alimentarios en todo el mundo.Résumé : Cet article se consacre à une revue de littérature comparative des concepts de Systèmes Alimentaires Locaux (Local Food Systems – LFS), Circuits Courts et de Proximité (Short Food Supply Chains – SFSC), Réseaux Alimentaires Civiques (Civic Food Networks – CFN), rassemblés sous le concept ombrelle de Réseaux Alimentaires Alternatifs (Alternative Food Networks – AFN). Il propose ensuite de les converger en un nouveau concept ombrelle, nommé Réseaux Alimentaires Éthiques et Territoriaux (Values-Based Territorial Food Networks – VTFN). Basé sur l’analyse des spécificités et des faiblesses des quatre concepts courants dans la littérature scientifique, la notion de VTFN apporte une clarté conceptuelle, car la coexistence actuelle de plusieurs concepts masque des points communs structuraux et systémiques – pourtant essentiels pour comprendre les processus de transformations éthiques et durables des systèmes alimentaires. Tout en puisant dans les apports des quatre concepts courants, la notion de VTFN aspire à être englobante et pragmatique. Elle qualifie les aspects “alternatifs” des Réseaux Alimentaires Alternatifs (Alternative Food Networks – AFN) par un cadre de quatre ensembles-clés de “valeurs de durabilité” – que sont l’intégrité environnementale, le bien-être social, la gouvernance éthique et la résilience économique –, ainsi que par une co-construction de “territorialité” en constellations variables. Ainsi, le concept de VTFN favorise un dialogue scientifique intégré sur les déterminations conceptuelles de réseaux émergents de transitions des systèmes alimentaires mondiaux.

The author’s understanding of evaluating the efficiency of sectoral-spatial transformations in the municipal economy on the sub-regional level (in the city-administrative district system, as a prototype of an urbanized area, municipal territorial community) is outlined based on statistical and dynamic approaches. The cities of oblast significance are grouped by the level of economic activity in the districts of their localization, and concentration increase paces and sectoral proportions of a city’s economy in the district are determined based on the detected patterns of sectoral-spatial transformations. The vectors of dynamics of economic transformations in cities and districts are specified in the context of opportunities to generate the polycentric system of municipal network development on the macroregional level (the Western region of Ukraine). The paper proves that in 2012-2019, most cities of oblast significance of the macroregion increased the level of economic activity concentration in the district with various paces, thus emphasizing the need to develop a differentiated policy of structural modernization of municipal economy based on the scales of economic and transformational capacities of a city, efficient use of economic transformation tools, and consolidation of efforts of local governments and local executive authorities. The ways to improve the capacity of a city to impact the socio-economic development of a municipal territorial community through strengthening the mechanisms of cooperation and strategic and spatial planning between territorial communities are suggested. The conclusions on the prevailing monocentric nature of the development of a city on a subregional level, the need to strengthen the conditions to generate the functional and morphological policentricity, and the need to improve statistical framework at the level of cities and territorial communities are emphasized.

In the article were research the territorial structures of the lands of the administrative unit in the regional landscape parks “Ravske Roztocze”. Found out the correlation about the eco-stabilization and ecodestabilization lands. Also was estimated the anthropogenic transformations this territory. The measures of the optimization the territorial structure of the regional landscape parks was proposed. Key words: the regional landscape park, lands, the territorial organization, the anthropogenic transformation of the territory.

Now social capital is a daempher of war threats and a social driver of all country resources and reserves and of producing the necessary military and political effects. During the war, the accumulated social capital of territorial communities made it possible to mobilize quickly existing social reserves to help the army, refugees, and implement other important socio-economic initiatives. The purpose of the article is to substantiate the components, evaluation indicators and quality indicators of the territorial community’s social capital transformation in the military operations conditions. The application of the PEST analysis of transformation of territorial communities to the social capital in the operations under military conditions is substantiated. The transformations evaluation content of the social capital of territorial communities with socio-anthropological, utilitarian-practical, communitarian, network, value, sociological and synergistic approaches is emphasized and revealed. Indicators and parameters for each approach assessing social capital are provided. By assessing the social capital transformations nature, the duration and nature (mediated, direct) of the hostilities impact on the territorial community should be considered. There are formulated signs of the social capital transformation productivity of the territorial communities during military operations and the post-war period: formation of strong social ties, public activity networks, unifying social capital; proactive socio-cultural adaptation of internally displaced persons, participants in hostilities; conflict-free system modernization of differentiated social roles in the community, territorial community cohesion, constructive interaction with external social groups, support communication with community members who have moved abroad; growth of the level of personalized and depersonalized trust, curtailment of behavior opportunistic practices; activation of the general education role and potential as a center of social involvement; intensification of joint local projects, scaling up of volunteering in the local economy for socially beneficial areas rebuilding, etc. Keywords: social capital, territorial community, social networks, trust, social involvement, volunteering

The object of this paper is an analysis of the possibilities of a politically oriented territorial transformation in the process of building a new state in Nicaragua. Three central questions are posed. How should the struggle of popular sectors be connected with the contradictions associated with territorial organization? Is there an autonomy of the spatial, that is, is spatial concentration simply a product of capitalism? Does the construction of socialism necessitate decentralization, or does spatial concentration remain in socialism because it is a universal tendency associated with the nature of technology? Not even neoclassical conceptions of territorial organization, nor those of the new Marxist school (which analyzes the society–space relationship in universal terms), are effective in orienting popular struggles. To advance the analysis of the relationship between the political and the territorial, we require an examination of concrete situations. In the paper are thus presented some basic concepts relating to the territorial or spatial and the social, the specific relationship between a society in transition and space; the present territorial transformations in Nicaragua and the problems and contradictions they have generated are then analyzed. It is argued that it is political orientation that should regulate the definition of new patterns of territorial organization. Spatial structures show a certain rigidity which retards transformation and they therefore cannot be part of the revolutionary project, but must rather be a consequence of the social transformations. Regionalization is an end-state and not a point of departure. If the politico-administrative structures do not coincide with those of production and reproduction, it will be difficult to establish a substantive democracy and decentralization.

Aim. The presented study identifies spatial organization models of territorial socio-economic systems based on the experience of strategic planning of spatial transformations in Russian regions.Tasks. The authors determine the place of spatial aspects of development in each regional socio-economic development strategy by examining the structural features of the document and objectives outlined in the sections on spatial transformation prospects; systematize the experience of strategic modeling of spatial organization by meaningfully analyzing elements of regional strategies related to spatial transformation.Methods. This study uses general methods of cognition (analysis and synthesis) to examine socioeconomic development strategies of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, identify and systematize general aspects of spatial transformation guidelines outlined in them.Results. Regional socio-economic development strategies are categorized by the degree to which spatial transformation issues are addressed. It was found that only 13.4% of documents ignore spatial development. Variations in the directions of spatial transformation outlined in strategies are indicated, and the ratio of the number of documents focusing on different changes is determined (in most documents, there is no clearly defined vision of projected spatial transformations). Four spatial organization models for territorial socio-economic systems are distinguished depending on the underlying vector of strategic transformations (a priority development model for territories with the greatest potential, a model for facilitating the development of lagging territories, a functional zoning model, and a hierarchical spatial organization model).Conclusions. The results of systematization of spatial organization models proposed by regional socioeconomic development strategies reflect options for optimizing the spatial characteristics of territories (related both to the development of individual spatial elements and to the inclusion of all spatial components into transformation processes) and can be useful for local authorities at different levels when setting spatial transformation goals.

L'objectif de cette thèse est d'analyser la mise en oeuvre de la notion de développement durable dans l'espace urbain et la pertinence de son application en urbanisme. À partir d'une observation comparée qui prend pour cadre empirique deux terrains, Nîmes (France), et Sherbrooke (Québec, Canada), cette recherche étudie la problématique de l'appropriation de la notion de développement urbain durable dans les représentations des acteurs locaux, son intégration dans la planification territoriale, et son éventuelle traduction en projets urbains « durables ». En effet, si le cadre des réglementations nationales mises en place au cours des dernières années, tout comme les volontés et les orientations exprimées au niveau des organismes internationaux, font de la notion de développement durable un véritable outil d'aménagement du territoire, son appropriation et sa traduction concrète en projets opérationnels au niveau local peinent à être visibles.Cette recherche montre, que l'utilisation par les acteurs locaux de cette notion répond à l'injonction des protocoles internationaux, de la loi et de la réglementation en vigueur. Ce qui implique un ensemble de procédures, d'ingénierie, de moyens et de savoir-faire à s'approprier à l'échelle locale. Elle démontre que ces stratégies conçues au niveau des échelles supra locales, sont souvent incompatibles avec les réalités locales. Cela interroge la capacité de la notion de développement durable à atteindre les objectifs attendus, et met en cause sa pertinence comme notion majeure dans le développement territorial
The objective of this thesis is to analyze the implementation of the notion of sustainable development in urban areas and the relevance of its application in urban planning. On the basis of a comparative observation of two case studies, Nimes (France) and Sherbrook (Quebec, Canada), the research analyses how the local actors appropriate the concept of sustainable development, its integration in the process of urban planning, and its translation in sustainable urban project. Even if the national and international guidelines and regulations developed in recent years, purse the integration of the notion of sustainable development into urban planning, its appropriation and translation into concrete operational projects at the local level is still limited.This research shows that the adoption of the concept of sustainable development by local actors is largely provoked by the injunction of the international protocols, national laws and regulations. This process implies the local adoption of a new set of procedures, engineering, resources and expertise. Yet the strategies that are developed at national level are often incompatible with the local realities. Therefore, the thesis questions the ability of the concept of sustainable development to achieve the expected goals and its relevance as a major concept in urban development

La perspective des conflits miniers et des processus de développement qu’assume cette thèse, part du principe que les acteurs ne sont pas statiques : plutôt, qu’ils sont pourvus d’une densité historique autant qu’ils subissent des changements drastiques qui se manifestent en deux dimensions. À court terme, dans le moment précis où les événements se produisent ; et à long terme, c’est-à-dire, de durée moyenne et longue au fil du temps, ce qui aide à configurer des cycles et des processus historiques. J’ai cherché à aborder le sujet à travers l’analyse de cas, et les couches historiques : modernité initiale des XVIII et XIXe siècle ; puis, développementisme de l’emphase extractive des XXe et XXIe siècles dans les Amériques. Puis, le contexte des années 1990 pour analyser les conflits miniers emblématiques du Pérou, jusqu’à arriver à l’étude de cas du projet minière Las Bambas de 2004 à 2018.La question et l’objectif principal de la présente thèse doctorale est : quelle est la relation entre environnement, conflits miniers et processus de développement au Pérou ? À partir de cette question centrale, je précise que les discours sur les modèles de développement au Pérou incorporent des conceptions du développement qui entrent en relation avec l’idée de tirer profit des ressources naturelles par le biais d’investissements et de leur rente, de façon subordonnée à l’activité minière – ce qui devient un discours et une pratique officielle dans le cadre d’une nouvelle dynamique productive. Les significations de l’environnement entrent en relation avec leur capacité de subventionner les processus de développement minier, de telle sorte que les possibilités de prise de décision sur la nature et de mise en œuvre de modalités de production locale s’en trouvent limitées ; tout comme se trouvent fragilisées les institutions garantes du droit à un environnement sain et équilibré.Cette thèse propose de revenir sur la trajectoire historique des processus de transformation politique et territoriale du département d’Apurímac et des provinces de Grau et Cotabambas, pour ensuite aborder la manière dont la concession du projet minier Las Bambas s’y insère. L’étude de cas de cette thèse est une chronologie du projet Las Bambas, à partir de laquelle je montre comment se manifestent les impacts environnementaux et sociaux provoqués par l’exploitation des métaux entre 2004 et 2018 dans la province de Cotabambas en Apurímac, et au Pérou. A partir de l’information collectée sur la dynamique du conflit, je montre comment la question environnementale et les transformations territoriales restent subordonnées ou invisibles dans les propositions, qui priorisent la rentabilité et la croissance économique dans le développement local.La thèse remet en question l’idée que les conflits miniers ne seraient conditionnés que par la distribution et la gestion des bénéfices dérivés de l’exploitation et de la production minière. Elle montre que les conditions favorables au fonctionnement des projets miniers s’articulent à la dégradation, à l’épuisement et au fractionnement de l’accès à la terre, à l’eau et à l’air, qui « minéralisent » et qui scindent les relations sociales et culturelles, et la vie communautaire, en tant que caractéristique de la condition extractive dans les régions minières
The perspective of mining conflicts and development processes in this research is that the protagonists are not static, but have both historical density and dramatic changes that happen in two dimensions; in the short term, at the current moment in which the events occur; and, in the long term, namely, of long and medium duration through time, which helps to configure historical cycles and processes. A nearness to the subject has been sought through an analysis of cases by historical layers, early modernity from the 18th to the 19th centuries; and, later neoliberal development of the 20th and 21st centuries in the Americas. Next, the 90s context to analyze the emblematic mining conflicts in Peru, till reaching the study case Las Bambas mining project from 2004 to 2018.The main question and aim of this thesis research are to answer: What is the relationship among the environment, mining conflicts and development processes in the country? Based on this principal question, I specify that the discourses on the development models in the country include conceptions of development that are related to the idea of taking advantage of natural resources through investments and their income. So that, therefore, the possibilities of making decisions about nature and promoting ways of production of local populations are limited, just as the institutions guarantee the right to a healthy and balanced environment are weakened.In the third part of the thesis, I make a historical review of the political and territorial transformation processes of the department of Apurímac and Grau and Cotabambas provinces, in order to address how Las Bambas mining project concession is inserted in them. The case study of this thesis is the timeline of Las Bambas project, from which I prove how the environmental and social impacts generated by the exploitation of metals occur between 2004 and 2018 years, in Cotabambas province in Apurimac, Peru. From them on the information collection about the conflict’s dynamics, I show how the environmental issue and territorial transformations keep subordinated or invisible in the proposals, where profitability and economic growth are prioritized in local development.The thesis cast on doubt on the position that mining conflicts are just conditioned by the distribution and administration of the benefits obtained from mining exploitation and production. In it, I show that the conditions that support the operation of mining projects are connected to the deterioration, depletion, and fragmentation of access to ground, water and air, which permeates "mineralizes", and as well divides social and cultural relationships, and community life, like an extractive condition characteristic in the mining areas where it operates
La perspectiva de los conflictos mineros y los procesos de desarrollo que asume esta tesis supone que los actores no son estáticos sino que están dotados de una densidad histórica en la medida en que experimentan cambios drásticos que se manifiestan en dos dimensiones. A corto plazo, en el momento preciso en que ocurren los hechos; y largo plazo, es decir, mediano y largo plazo en el tiempo, lo que ayuda a configurar ciclos y procesos históricos. Busqué abordar el tema a través del análisis de casos y capas históricas: la modernidad inicial de los siglos XVIII y XIX; luego, el desarrollismo del énfasis extractivista de los siglos XX y XXI en las Américas. Luego, el contexto de la década de 1990 para analizar los conflictos mineros emblemáticos del Perú, hasta llegar al caso de estudio del proyecto minero Las Bambas de 2004 a 2018.La pregunta y objetivo principal de esta tesis doctoral es: ¿cuál es la relación entre medio ambiente, conflictos mineros y procesos de desarrollo en el Perú? Partiendo de esta cuestión central, puntualizo que los discursos sobre los modelos de desarrollo en el Perú incorporan concepciones de desarrollo que se relacionan con la idea de aprovechamiento de los recursos naturales a través de inversiones y su renta, de manera subordinada a la actividad minera –que se convierte en discurso y una práctica oficial en el marco de una nueva dinámica productiva. Los significados de medio ambiente se relacionan con su capacidad para subsidiar los procesos de desarrollo minero, por lo que se limitan las posibilidades de toma de decisiones sobre la naturaleza e implementación de los modos productivos locales; así como se debilitan las instituciones que garantizan el derecho a un medio ambiente sano y equilibrado.Esta tesis propone retomar la trayectoria histórica de los procesos de transformación política y territorial del departamento de Apurímac y las provincias de Grau y Cotabambas, para luego abordar la forma en que se encuadra en ella la concesión del proyecto minero Las Bambas. El caso de estudio de esta tesis es una cronología del proyecto Las Bambas, a partir del cual muestro cómo se manifiestan los impactos ambientales y sociales provocados por la explotación de metales entre los años 2004 y 2018 en la provincia de Cotabambas en Apurímac, y en el Perú. A partir de la información recabada sobre la dinámica del conflicto, muestro cómo el tema ambiental y las transformaciones territoriales quedan subordinados o invisibilizados en las propuestas, que priorizan la rentabilidad y el crecimiento económico en el desarrollo local.La tesis cuestiona la idea de que los conflictos mineros sólo están condicionados por la distribución y gestión de los beneficios derivados de la explotación y producción minera. Muestra que las condiciones favorables para el funcionamiento de los proyectos mineros están vinculadas a la degradación, agotamiento y fragmentación del acceso a la tierra, el agua y el aire, que “mineralizan” y escinden las relaciones sociales, culturales y la vida comunitaria, como característica de la condición extractiva en las regiones mineras

This research is about territory, mining conflicts and social movements in South East Ecuador. The Andean country with no large scale mining history is experiencing a recent expansion of large scale mining with growing levels of social conflict. Social movements have been questioning and contesting the forms being taken by the extractive economy as well as proposing an alternative pathway to development through the indigenous concept of sumak kawsay. The Socialist Government is pushing the nation’s extractive model forward to include large scale mining, motivated by the much needed revenues to diversify Ecuador’s oil based economy. El Pangui, my field site, is located on the foothills of the Cordillera del Cóndor, where a large copper deposit is proposed to be developed by a Chinese mining corporation. The Cordillera is an area of great biological diversity and home to the traditional territories of the Shuar, one of the largest indigenous ethnic groups in Ecuador. The years of colonization of ancestral lands and of border war with Peru, the establishment of parks-for-peace, small scale gold mining activity and an expanding agricultural frontier, together have formed a complex territorial mosaic that contribute in shaping the social and physical landscapes. Since 2005 a mining conflict has been unfolding and that can be considered yet another layer of territorial disputes and symbolic contestation in the regions´ history. My fieldwork was carried out from an engaged research and activist scholarship position. I used an ethnographic methodology to explore the bidirectional influences of territorial dynamics and the anti-mining struggle by looking at multi scalar impacts these have on people’s daily life, corporate social responsibility and environmental development debates. I also looked at the ways in which memories and meanings associated with past conflicts resonate in subsequent resource struggles to form a layering of conflicts. I was particularly interested in the less visible dimensions of environmental mobilisation embedded in the routines of daily life, as well as in the ways in which the memory and history of territorialisation and settlement influence social movement organizing. Theoretically, I propose a territorial approach to studying natural resource struggles and social movements that contest mining. This concept allowed me to examine the effects of the extractive projects on pre-existing territorial dynamics and the influence of these dynamics on the ways in which mining investments are contested.

With questions still surrounding the indefinition of the Paracas social formation, we consider that analyses of architecture, ur-banism, and territorial transformations play a fundamental role in forming hypotheses and approaching an understanding of its possible characteristics. Unlike other valleys on the south coast, the Chincha valley sees consistent expressions of monumental architecture, urban organization and territorial transformations, which together acquire an exceptional character in the Paracas region. The special condition of the valley offers a unique setting that allows us to build crucial inferences about the level of economic and social development that this society could have reached.However, this picture contrasts with the limited progress of archaeological research conducted in the Chinca valley. This reality illuminates the paradox of a hole in archaeological knowledge right in the place that was an apparent nucleus for the social and cultural articulation of what we define as Paracas. In this article, I intend to a review and a critical discussion of the subject,from previously work on land management, urban planning, and Paracas architecture in the Chincha valley.
A propósito de las interrogantes que envuelven hasta hoy la indefinición de la formación social Paracas, se considera que el análisis de la arquitectura, el urbanismo y las transformaciones territoriales asumen un rol fundamental para proponer hipótesis y aproximarnos al conocimiento de sus posibles características. A diferencia de otros valles de la costa sur, en el valle de Chincha, se encuentran consistentes expresiones de arquitectura monumental, de organización urbana y de transformaciones territoriales, que —en conjunto— adquieren un carácter excepcional en el espacio regional paracas. Esta condición especial del valle nos ofrece un escenario único, que permite construir inferencias cruciales acerca de los niveles del desarrollo económico y social que habría alcanzado esta sociedad.Sin embargo, este panorama contrasta con el escaso avance de las investigaciones arqueológicas desarrolladas en el valle. Este aspecto nos plantea la paradoja de mantener un marcado vacío de conocimientos precisamente allí, en el lugar que constituyó un aparente espacio nuclear de la articulación social y cultural de lo que definimos como Paracas. En este artículo, me propongo hacer una revisión y una discusión crítica de esta temática, a partir de los trabajos que desarrollamos anteriormente sobre el manejo territorial, el urbanismo y la arquitectura paracas en el valle de Chincha.

La these porte sur l'aménagement territorial et sur la transformation sociale à la guadeloupe. La disposition particulière du territoire insulaire de la Guadeloupe et la transformation sociale sont visibles dans l'entreprise Beauport qui a produit de 1813 à 1990 du sucre de canne non raffiné. L'autorité coloniale attribue cette fonction économique à l'ensemble de l'archipel guadeloupeen au moment de l'appropriation de ses différentes iles. Dans la thèse, la méthode consiste en une expérimentation graphique à partir des cartes du territoire de beauport et une analyse de la structuration socioprofessionnelle à l'interieur de cette entreprise. Beauport est choisie comme objet d'étude pour analyser l'entrée de la Guadeloupe dans le « balan » de la mondialisation et les modalités de passage de la stratification sociale stigmatisee par le préjugé de couleur à l'organisation sociospatiale par-delà la couleur l'habitation-sucrerie dite beauport puis le système de la plantation industrielle sont les types d'organisations sociospatiales experimentés dans la partie nord de l'ile de la grande-terre. Matière de la thèse, ils permettent de déboucher dans le travail sur une ouverture sur le monde à l'interieur duquel, la Caraïbe est une construction avant-gardiste du « balan » de la mondialisation
Thesis is about regional development and society change in guadeloupe. The special organization of Guadeloupe insular territory and society change are possible thanks to beauport firm which used to produce brut cane sugar from 1813 to 1990. Colonial authority gives this economic role to archipel of guadeloupe when colonial power appropriates all islands. Thesis'approach is a graphic experimentation on Beauport firm has been chosedin order to analyze guadeloupe entry in globalization and the way to color prejuged social and spatial organization over skin color. Sugar habitation called beauport becomes industrial plantation systemis. Both are the substance of thesis in order to understand opening all around the world. Caribean is avant-garde construction inside globalization

A pesquisa tem por objetivo investigar as implicações da atividade petrolífera em Macaé-RJ. A instalação de empresas e a geração de empregos modificou a dinâmica populacional do município e região, atraindo migrantes e aumentando a urbanização e sua orientação. O aumento financeiro do orçamento municipal a partir das atividades petrolíferas reestruturou a economia, que antes era baseada nas atividades sucroalcooleira, agropecuária, pesca e comércio, para atividades industriais e prestação de serviços, comércio, turismo de negócios. Essas mudanças tornaram o município dependente da atividade petrolífera. As transformações ocorreram não apenas no distrito sede de Macaé, mas também nos outros distritos, que tiveram um aumento populacional, diminuição da atividade agrícola, intensificação das relações campo-cidade. A potencialidade turística da região serrana de Macaé é grande, mas pouco aproveitada, exceto no Sana. A pesquisa analisa essa potencialidade como forma de fortalecimento do rural. O trabalho é apresentado a partir de análise bibliográfica e trabalho de campo. Por fim, a dissertação considera que as implicações da atividade petrolífera em Macaé atingiram primeiramente e intensamente o distrito sede, expandindo-se também para os outros distritos e sua área rural, provocando transformações no setor agrário em direção a um novo rural ou de urbanidades no rural
This research aims to investigate the implications of oil activity in Macaé-RJ. The installation of companies and job creation modified the population dynamics of the city and region, attracting migrants and increasing urbanization and its orientation. The financial increase in the municipal budget from oil activities restructured the economy, which was formerly based on sugarcane activities, agriculture, fishing, trade, into industrial activities and services, trade, business tourism, etc. These changes have made the city dependent on the oil activity. The changes occurred not only in the district headquarters of Macaé, but also in other districts, which had population increase, decrease in agricultural activity, intensification of rural-urban relationship, etc. The tourism potential of the mountain region of Macaé is great, but little exploited, except in Sana. The research analyzes that capability as a means of strengthening rural activity. This work is presented from literature review and fieldwork. Finally, the dissertation considers that the implications of oil activity in Macaé reached first and intensely the district headquarters, expanding also to other districts and their rural area, causing changes in the agricultural sector towards a new rural or "urbanities in rural"

Urban planning discipline initially arose from the need to rationalize and acquire instruments to manage the expansion of urban agglomerations (Salzano, 1998).Through decade this approach, that we consider as a process, suffered the dualism between urbanism and environmentalism generated a distorted perception of the disciplinary principles. On one side, the radicalization of environmentalism perspective that puts nature conservation before any hypothesis of territorial anthropic transformation deemed necessary to pursue socio-economic development objectives. On the other side, the adoption of human-centered socio-economic development models in which several environmental goods and services spontaneously provided by natural ecosystems were not included in “commodities”, i.e. without exchange value. This second paradigm has only recently - and partially - been questioned. A decisive factor has been the recognition and consequent increase in awareness among scientists, politicians and citizens' movements that natural resources are limited. On the basis of these assumptions, this research work is based on the firm conviction that spatial planning is a privileged dimension in which the above factors can converge in a sustainable perspective. This consideration stimulates research questions oriented to balance the conflicting needs of conservation of natural resources, economic development and social equity. The effective handling of the challenges outlined is undermined by the lack of full integration of the environmental components management in the traditional planning system, which, according to the author, can be ascribed to three main weaknesses: - the first weakness concerns the rigidly prescriptive of “zoning” (Cortinovis & Geneletti, 2020). It is based on verifying the suitability of the territory for a specific function and it leads to an a-priori design of the plan aimed at "conforming" development projects and actions to the pre-established strategy (Janin Rivolin, 2008). This aspect, object of criticism by an extensive scientific literature that puts it in opposition to an alternative approach based on the concept of performance (Baker et al., 2006; Faludi, 2000b; Frew et al., 2016; Geneletti et al., 2017; Haller, 2014), has generated criticalities and inefficiencies (Scorza, Saganeiti, et al., 2020). This lack of flexibility depends from the rapidity with which the community needs evolve, making the traditional plan “vintage” and inadequate (Romano et al., 2018). - an additional weakness of the traditional planning system is the overlapping policies and responsibilities at different territorial government levels (Nolte et al., 2010) that are often reflected in cross-scale political contradictions (Apostolopoulou et al., 2012) linked to a range of sectoral policies (Winkel et al., 2015) and a top-down governance gap (L. C. Stringer & Paavola, 2013). As highlighted by the authors (Scorza et al., 2021; Scorza, Pilogallo, Saganeiti, & Murgante, 2020a), this fragmentation affects long-term strategies related to the sustainable development goals (United Nations, 2015), the mitigation and adaptation measures to climate changes (Lovell & Taylor, 2013; Pachauri et al., 2015; Pramova et al., 2012), the conservation of biodiversity (Balletto et al., 2020; IPBES, 2019) and natural resources (Bongaarts, 2019; Primmer & Furman, 2012). - the third weakness concerns the failure of traditional planning in promoting the quality of territorial transformations beyond minimum thresholds depending on technical and sectorial rules. This criticality manifests itself both at urban scale and at territorial scale. For instance, if we refer to the urban context, the assessment of transformations related to urban development including environmental components pursues, in the Italian practice, the traditional approach related to the concept of "urban standard". These are nothing more than minimum thresholds that regulate the availability of services and facilities for each inhabitant, regardless of the assessment of the effective improvement of citizens' well-being (Colavitti et al., 2020; Graça et al., 2018). In the scientific literature, several authors advocate overcoming this approach, highlighting the opportunity to explicitly refer the real needs of citizens generating specific demands for services and urban functions depending on the specific context (Cortinovis & Geneletti, 2020; Gobattoni et al., 2017; Ronchi et al., 2020). At the territorial scale, the fundamental normative framework for the evaluation of territorial transformations is the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA). It consists of a coherence check with the binding framework foreseen for the territory in which the project is inserted, and in the consequent agreement/disagreement on the impacts that the project exerts on each component of environmental matrix. The effectiveness of this procedure, already weak in a context where there is no effective process of involvement and participation of decision-makers and stakeholders (R. De Groot, 2006), is further undermined by the absence of adequate monitoring systems of territorial transformations capable of providing a comprehensive and integrated view of the expected effects at several scales (Scorza, Saganeiti, et al., 2020). In spatial planning and land use management, ES constitutes an integrated and robust analytical framework as it is directly related to land use patterns and their changes over time, to the spatial distribution of different spatial components (both natural and anthropic) as well as to the implementation of land use plans and policies (Ronchi, 2018) producing two levels of contributions: informative and methodological. The first refers to the possibility of measuring and spatializing the services that ecosystems provide for citizens' well-being. This implies the possibility to improve the knowledge infrastructure that supports the planning process in its different phases. The spatially explicit assessment of ES can take place ex-ante and provide the elements for deepening the knowledge framework and spatializing the demands emerging from the territory in terms of specific ES (Bolund, Permar & Hunham, 1999). For example, in the urban context it is possible to map areas where there is an unsatisfied demand for recreational services (Giedych et al., 2017; Graça et al., 2018), for local temperature regulation (a service linked to the growing topic of heat islands) (Elliot et al., 2020; Sabrina Lai et al., 2020), or for the absorption of noise and atmospheric pollutants along routes with heavy vehicle traffic (Blum, 2017; De Carvalho & Szlafsztein, 2019). Instead, in the case of ex-post evaluation, ES offer an effective infrastructure for monitoring the actual benefits deriving from the implementation of the planned actions. In addition, we include in this contribution the communicative capacity of this approach towards non-expert stakeholders and decision-makers, which is expressed both by acting as an interface between science and decision-makers (Gustafsson et al., 2020; Perrings et al., 2011), and by contributing to increasing the transparency of the plan process (Karrasch et al., 2014; Schröter et al., 2018). The methodological contribution, instead, refers to support the elaboration and benchmarking of alternative development/transformation scenarios, making quantitatively and spatially explicit the impacts of planned actions on the wider territorial values system (environmental, social, cultural, etc). This reinforces the capacity of rational decision-makers to take “better” decisions (Owens, 2005; Sanderson, 2002; Scorza et al., 2019; Weiss, 1979) by structuring a context-based assessment framework (Gee & Burkhard, 2010; Potschin & Haines-Young, 2013a), tailored to the features of the territorial system’s structure. This dimension becomes even more important when the territorial transformation drivers act in a different scale than the one where impacts become measurable (Scorza, Pilogallo, Saganeiti, Murgante, et al., 2020b). In particular, the focus is on ES multifunctionality intended as the opportunity offered by the ES approach to consider “the joint supply of multiple Ecosystem Services (ES)” (Mastrangelo et al., 2014; Stürck & Verburg, 2017), i.e. the natural capacity of ecosystems to deliver for humans manifold benefits (Hansen & Pauleit, 2014). This concept derives from disciplinary fields related to ecology (Byrnes et al., 2014). It was successively adopted in conservation planning where, for the purposes of biodiversity conservation and enhancement, was applied as a criteria to define priority areas to be protected (Cimon-Morin & Poulin, 2018; García-Llorente et al., 2018; Y.-P. P. Lin et al., 2017; Vaz et al., 2021). In contrast to monofunctional “grey” infrastructures, the European Commission furtherly declined its meaning within the “Green Infrastructure-Enhancing Europe’s Natural Capital” Strategy (European Environment Agency, 2013) where GI are defined and specifically designed to “deliver a wide range of ES”. In this specific application domain, ES multifunctionality has been applied at different spatial scales from the urban to the territorial one (Arcidiacono et al., 2016; Cannas et al., 2018b; D. La Rosa & Privitera, 2013; Sabrina Lai et al., 2018a; Ronchi et al., 2020; Zhang & Muñoz Ramírez, 2019). Whereas initially it constitutes a value in itself (from the perspective of providing as many of whatever ES as possible), aiming at meeting as many demands and valuing co-benefits as much as possible (Hansen & Pauleit, 2014). Recently, the interest in spatial and urban planning disciplines toward the ES multifunctionality approach also increased (Artmann, 2014; Dendoncker et al., 2013; Hansen et al., 2015; Primmer & Furman, 2012). This is due to several factors. Firstly, some authors point it as a useful tool to operationalize the concepts of efficient use of natural resources’ use efficiency (Gómez-Baggethun & Barton, 2013a) and sustainability (R. De Groot, 2006; Dendoncker et al., 2013; Selman, 2009), included among the founding principles of planning (Las Casas & Scorza, 2016a). Secondly, considering several goods and benefits simultaneously, means pursuing several environmental, social, cultural and economic objectives and addressing different potentially conflicting demands in both urban planning and spatial governance. This directly relates to the complexity of socio-ecological systems (Gómez-Baggethun & Barton, 2013b; Murray-Rust et al., 2011) that characterize human settlements: the capacity to supply multiple ES results in perceived benefits, for example in terms of human health, social cohesion and in the diversification of rural economic opportunities (Fagerholm et al., 2020; Lafortezza et al., 2013; Tzoulas et al., 2007). Finally, different authors (Galler et al., 2016a; Uthes et al., 2010) argue that pursuing ES multifunctionality as an objective, makes it possible to increase the efficiency of efforts - including economic ones - to protect the various environmental components. Although there is no unambiguous definition of ES multifunctionality in the literature (Mastrangelo et al., 2014) and there is also a lack of agreement on which ES should be delivered by territorial components in order to be considered “multifunctional” (Stürck & Verburg, 2017), this approach promises to be able to confer several added values to the plan process. In the light of these premises, the research program was structured around one main question: How can the ES multifunctionality approach contribute to renew the planning system placing environmental components as services providers whose availability represents a pre-condition for any sustainable development strategy? Therefore, the general objective is to deepen the ES multifunctionality concept, generalizing a framework methodology supporting the planning process. The research was therefore divided into several steps. An extensive analysis of scientific bibliography was carried out in order to explore conceptualizations, computational methods and applications of ES multifunctionality to selected case studies in order to demonstrate potentials and shortcomings. The thesis structure follows the “three papers” format, which generally consists of a collection of articles recently published in (or submitted for publication to) international peer-review journals. Specifically, this thesis consists of an introductory chapter that places the research agenda within the broader disciplinary framework, five chapters that constitute the main body of the thesis and a final chapter that describes the major findings and outlines the future perspectives of the research. The main contents of each chapter are described below: - Chapter 2 proposes a critical review of the ES multifunctionality in the urban and spatial planners’ perspective; - Chapter 3 has the purpose of illustrating the main computation methods of the ES subsequently implemented in the further case studies; - Chapter 4 describes an original “Cities ranking” applying ES multifunctionality approach based on the Multiple Ecosystem Services Landscape Index (MESLI) formulated by (Rodríguez-Loinaz et al., 2015b). - Chapter 5 is a further application of the ES multifunctionality approach conducted at the national scale. With the purpose is to provide an interpretive framework of the land use dynamics that occurred in the period 2000-2018 based on three different indices of ES multifunctionality. The results show that the settlement dynamics and the territorial transformations occurred, produced a different effect on the three indices highlighting that their joint interpretation can support the definition of ES multifunctionality conservation strategies. The last concluding chapter illustrates the results highlighting that they may contribute to reinforce the planner’s toolkit for a more effective decision-making in managing territorial development (Batty, 2013; Friedmann, 2019; Healey, 2003), defining an up to date methodological framework oriented to enhance the procedural approach in planning (Alexander & Faludi, 2016), grounded on evaluation stage (Weiss, 1972) highlighting lessons learnt and cyclic approach.

La banlieue rouge, ceinture de municipalités autour de Paris conquises par le Parti communiste à partir des années 1920, s'est longtemps caractérisée par des politiques de redistribution sociale en faveur de la classe ouvrière, en particulier dans le champ de l'habitat. Depuis les années 1970, la banlieue rouge a été marquée par de profondes transformations économiques et sociales qui ont déstabilisé le communisme municipal. Cette thèse porte sur les interactions entre les politiques locales de l'habitat en banlieue rouge et les stratégies résidentielles et l'inscription territoriale des classes moyennes, dans des contextes socio-spatiaux où ces ménages restent très minoritaires. Depuis les années 1980, l'objectif de mixité sociale est central dans les politiques locales de l'habitat en banlieue rouge ; ces municipalités ont choisi de diversifier l'offre de logement, au sein du parc social mais également en développant le logement privé. La volonté d'attirer et de fixer des classes moyennes entre en tension avec la nécessité de loger les classes populaires et populations démunies. Cette thèse montre que les municipalités communistes se distinguent toujours par une forte régulation et des pratiques d'innovation dans le champ de l'habitat. L'enquête de terrain menée auprès des classes moyennes dans deux communes (Bagnolet, Saint-Denis) permet de nuancer le rôle des contraintes économiques dans leurs stratégies résidentielles : leur installation en banlieue rouge leur permet de satisfaire des aspirations à l'égard du logement mais aussi du quartier de résidence. En outre, certains ménages expriment une préférence pour les quartiers populaires et ont un rapport positif à la mixité sociale, dans certains cas assorti d'un engagement auprès des populations défavorisées. D'autres sont plus réservés à l'égard de la mixité sociale, et adoptent des stratégies de conquête territoriale, ou choisissent de quitter la banlieue rouge pour s'installer dans de quartiers plus aisés. Nous analysons les ressorts de l'ancrage et du rapport à la mixité sociale des classes moyennes, en les reliant à leurs trajectoires sociales et résidentielles
The red suburbs are a belt of municipalities surrounding Paris that have been conquered by the Communist party from the 20's. For a long time, they have been characterized by social redistribution policies in favour of the working class, especially in the housing field. Since the 70's, the red suburbs have known intense economic and social transformation that destabilized the municipal communism. This thesis deals with the interactions between local housing policies in the red suburbs and residential strategies and territorial integration of middle classes, in a socio-spatial context where they are in minority. Since the 80's, social mix is a main objective of local housing policies in the red suburbs; those municipalities chose to diversify the housing stock, within die social housing stock, but also in developing private houses. The will to attract and stabilize middle classes contends with the necessity of offering dwellings to working classes and destitute populations. This thesis shows that communist municipalities still distinguish themselves by a strong regulation and by innovative practices in the housing policies field. The field survey with middle classes in two municipalities (Bagnolet, Saint-Denis) allows to moderate the role of economic constraints in their residential strategies : settling in the red suburbs give them opportunities to satisfy their aspirations about the dwelling but also about the residential neigbourhood Furthermore, some households show a preference for working class districts, and have a positive attitude towards social mix. In some cases this goes with personal commitment in direction of destitut populations. Some others are more reserved towards social mix, and use territorial conquest strategies, or choose to leave the red suburbs in direction of more wealthy districts. We analyze the functioning of local anchorage and of die attitude towards social mix of middle classes, in relation with their social and residential trajectories

La gestion des ressources collectives, parmi lesquelles on compte l’eau, pose une série de problèmes dont la complexité passe inaperçue auprès des spécialistes de la question. En effet, cette complexité passe inaperçue dans la mesure où les modèles qu'ils nous proposent pour optimiser l'usage de l'eau relativisent les conséquences sociales et la transformation agraire provoquée par la politique hydro-agricole dans l'isthme de Tehuantepec, Oaxaca. La politique hydro-agricole dans cette région débute dans les années trente, quand on commence à construire les premiers ouvrages d'irrigation. Les ouvrages de mise à profit des eaux du fleuve Tehuantepec furent suivis de la construction du barrage Benito Juárez et du District d'Irrigation N° 19 au début des années soixante. Cette politique d'état fut conçue pour résoudre le déficit agricole d'Oaxaca, mais au niveau de l'organisation sociale existant dans la région, elle provoqua une profonde crise sociale et politique dans la mesure où elle apporta les ingrédients permettant de transformer le régime de propriété de la terre, elle contribua aussi à la rupture survenue dans les formes d'organisation de la production paysanne en introduisant un modèle productiviste d'entreprise. Dans les trente dernières années, l'usage de l'eau s'est orienté vers l'exploitation et la spécialisation dans la production de grandes cultures (la canne à sucre, le riz, le sésame, le sorgho et l'élevage extensif) inadéquats dans un périmètre d'irrigué car ces systèmes fédéraux furent conçus pour donner priorité à la demande de produits alimentaires du pays. Cette transformation de l'économie locale, conséquence de l'introduction de l'irrigation, a entraîné la création d'un marché des terres, l'accaparement de celles-ci et la concentration de la propriété. Au niveau social, ceci entraîna de la part des producteurs touchés par le phénomène, le début de l'organisation d'un mouvement politique très étendu comme réaction à cette privatisation
The administration of collective resources, among which can be counted water, rises some problems whose complexity usually passes unnoticed by specialists of the matter. As a matter of fact, it passes unnoticed in so far as models proposed by these specialists, in order to optimise the use of water, make relative social consequences and agrarian transformations caused by hydro agricultural politics in the Tehuantepec Isthmus, Oaxaca. Hydro agricultural politics in this particular region began in the 1930's, when the first irrigation works were built. Planning works to profit by the waters of the Tehuantepec river were followed by the construction of the Benito Juarez dam and then the Irrigation District N° 19 in the early 60's. This state policy was formed to solve the agricultural deficit in Oaxaca, but in the region, it caused a deep social and political crisis in social organisation by bringing the ingredients that allowed the form of soil property to be altered. It has also contributed to create the breaking off in organisational form of country production introducing a model of productivist company. In the last thirty years, the use of water has been oriented towards exploitation and specialisation of great culture production (sugar cane, rice, sesame, Indian millet and extensive catering), which revealed to be inadequate in an irrigated perimeter because these federal systems were formed to give priority to demand of domestic alimentary products. This transformation of local economy, consequence of introduction of irrigation, lead to the creation of a market of soils, their seizing and concentration of property. From a social point of view, producers concerned by the phenomenon have began to organise a political movement as a reaction to this privatisation

(Good) government of the consumption of the territory is now one of the most difficult challenges facing planning and all the other sciences that contribute to the design of effective urban and territorial policies. With a view to contributing to debate on such issues, the authors reflect on the new forms of public decision-making, on the potential of territorial equalisation and on other sizing mechanisms, with reference both to the areas under transformation and the consolidated urban contexts. Based on an in-depth investigation of regeneration, requalification and densification projects for urban areas or metropolitan regions in Italy, Europe or the rest of the world, the text suggests various strategies for intervention with reference to the Tuscan case.

Geographical space must be understood as a progressive and conscious construction in which the geographical elements and the relationships between the elements themselves are placed. From the post-World War II period and for the following twenty years, the coastal area has maintained an albeit minimal break with the man-made spaces; since the seventies of the last century, rapid industrial development has increasingly occupied the coasts. Among the most evident coastal territorial signs are the lighthouses. The analysis intends to reflect on the path of transformation of some coastal structures in Italy.

AbstractIn this chapter we further discuss the rationale for a participatory and reflexive governance process as the basis for agroecology transformations. We discuss governance and facilitation mechanisms that enable continuous discussions, negotiations, exchange and joint planning between actors. Further, we provide guidance on this ongoing and iterative social learning processes among actors that can enable and ensure governance interventions that both nurture and anchor agroecology. This often requires an expansion of ‘direct’ democracy in decision-making in order to complement, or replace, models of representative democracy that prevail in conventional policy-making. Finally, we articulate the territorial approach to governance which is increasingly seen as the decisive level in fostering agroecological transformations and the scale where reflexive and participatory governance can be effectively implemented.

AbstractTo consider and actually treat brownfields as territorial infrastructures it is necessary to overcome the established dichotomy between intensive and extensive models, respectively those focusing on real-estate development and ecological recultivation. A possible way is to assume an holistic landscape perspective capable of conceptually and operatively incorporating these sites into a wider spatial and territorial framework. To this aim, structuralist and systemic approaches to brownfield transformation are reviewed and analyzed through pioneering experiences and relevant thinking patterns within the fields of landscape urbanism, landscape architecture and urban planning and design.

This paper showcases the importance of ‘in-house’ planning and ‘rapid planning’ to reverse ‘planning inertia’, steward new leadership as well as to boost local planning capacities to address planning challenges in a strategic and actionable way and to overcoming the deficiencies of the traditional static blueprint ‘master-planning’.

The digital transformation of the economy and society is an objective process that determines the contours of the future socio–economic development of the regions of Russia. The article examines the theoretical interpretations of the concept of "labor potential", using the example of the subjects of the North-Western Federal District of the Russian Federation using content analysis and SWOT analysis methods, strategic planning documents are considered: state programs to promote employment and strategies for digital transformation of the regions of the North-West in order to determine the degree of consistency of the regulatory framework for the development of the labor market and the sphere employment and the digital economy. Recommendations are given on the need to adapt state pro-grams in the field of employment to the requirements of the digital economy, ensuring synchronization of target blocks and tools for the implementation of strategic planning documents in the field of em-ployment and digital development of the subjects of the Russian Federation.

Improving the education system, legislation, mass media, and public organizations are given. The effectiveness of institutional transformations in the environmental component of the social sector of the regional economy is proposed to be assessed, in the first approximation, on the basis of the dynamics of the main indicators of the environment and public health. The theoretical problems, the solution of which is necessary for the development of the institutional environment of the region, are highlighted.

The task of the study was to analyze and interpret the properties of the mathematical model of the distribution of urban functions between the territorial formations of the urban agglomeration. The article presents and considers at the substantive level the assumptions made by the author in the modeling process, justifies the choice of the method for finding the optimal solution for the basic model and some of its variants, investigates the properties of the proposed models and proposes algorithms for finding optimal solutions at the formalized and informal level.

This paper presents the results of my PhD research in architecture and urbanism, which analyzes an urban form and its use as a territorial planning tool. The object of study was the protected historic cities listed on the Brazilian coast, which have restrictions on building construction. These cities are influenced by urban flows, the impact of the metropolitan dynamics, and contemporary transformations. The research discusses the rigidity of the building legislation in the urban perimeter of these cities, while urban transformations and informal growth take place in peripheral areas in varied forms, types and arrangements. It aims to identify, classify and conceptualize the morphological types that appear as urban occurrences and consolidate as dispersed informal nuclei. Such urban occurrences are due to the building restrictions, the lack of territorial planning, and the contemporary globalized model of life, which shapes social inequality in urban expansion. The research methodology consisted of a perimeter survey of the 27 heritage listed cities on the Brazilian coast, according to the parameters obtained by Brazilian Forest Law (12.651/2012) and Brazilian Urban Land Parceling Law (Law 6.766/1979). Also, imagery collected by Google Earth was used to identify urban formations that deviate from legislation, similarly to the object of study. As a result, 16 types of urban forms were classified, which consolidated as nuclei of dispersed formations and were linked to an informal urban structural network. Also, territorial planning guidelines were designed, using the analysis of urban forms as a tool for urban transformation.

This paper reviews the contribution of agriculture and rural development to poverty reduction by examining the transformation of five territories in four countries of Asia (Malaysia and People's Republic of China) and Latin America (Brazil and Peru) that have experienced substantial reductions in poverty. While the four countries fall into three distinct groupings based on national statistics on the importance of agriculture and the growth of Gross Domestic Product, the five territories included in the study were among the poorest in their respective countries. At the same time, all five have experienced great reductions in poverty during the last two decades - a transformation that they achieved by taking substantially different paths that implied different roles of agriculture.

Le secteur bioalimentaire québécois a subi de profondes transformations au cours des dernières décennies : spécialisation des entreprises et des territoires, concentration au sein d’entreprises de plus en plus grandes, industrialisation des processus de production et intensification de l’usage des ressources. Ces mouvements de fond masquent toutefois des évolutions différenciées selon les territoires. Quels sont les meilleurs outils pour accompagner un secteur en pleine restructuration et s’adapter aux dynamiques contrastées qui traversent l’agriculture québécoise ? Cette vaste étude propose un diagnostic clair de la situation en caractérisant les dynamiques spatiales du secteur bioalimentaire de 1961 à 2016. Par « dynamique spatiale », on entend la façon dont un phénomène se déploie sur les territoires ou change au cours du temps. Les auteurs s’intéressent à trois principaux phénomènes : la présence et la constitution de pôles sectoriels, la spécialisation territoriale agricole, et la concentration économique des secteurs sur le territoire. Cette recherche permet de mieux comprendre les facteurs qui ont façonné le développement de différents secteurs du bioalimentaire et de réfléchir aux impacts différenciés qu’ont pu avoir divers facteurs comme les politiques gouvernementales, les conditions agroclimatiques, les conditions de marché, la technologie, les facteurs sociétaux, culturels, démographiques selon le territoire. Les auteurs montrent combien les décisions gouvernementales de soutien ou d’encadrement du secteur bioalimentaire ont de lourdes conséquences territoriales, d’où l’importance que cette dimension soit prise en considération plus systématiquement et ce, dès l’élaboration des programmes, quels qu’ils soient.