Articoli di riviste: "Trade and manufacturing"

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Cravino, Javier, e Sebastian Sotelo. "Trade-Induced Structural Change and the Skill Premium". American Economic Journal: Macroeconomics 11, n. 3 (1 luglio 2019): 289–326. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/mac.20170434.

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We study how international trade affects manufacturing employment and the relative wage of unskilled workers when goods and services are traded with different intensities. Manufacturing trade reduces manufacturing prices worldwide, which reduces manufacturing employment if manufactures and services are complements. International trade also raises real income, which reduces manufacturing employment if services are more income elastic than manufactures. Manufacturing production is unskilled-labor-intensive, so that these changes increase the skill premium. We incorporate these mechanisms in a quantitative trade model and show that reductions in trade costs had a negative impact on manufacturing employment and the relative wage of unskilled workers. (JEL F16, J24, J31, L60)

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Adom, A. Désiré. "Trade and Manufacturing in Sub-Saharan Africa". International Journal of Advances in Management and Economics 9, n. 3 (30 aprile 2020): 67–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.31270/ijame/v09/i03/2020/9.

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Trade and manufacturing have gained momentum in economic debates across Africa as of late. In particular, this study attempts to shed light on the impact of trade openness on manufacturing in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). Using a dual comparative approach made of vector auto-regression (VAR) and general method of moments (GMM) applied to 36 countries, results indicate that trade openness impedes the development of manufacturing. The negative effect of trade openness, which remains very limited in scope notwithstanding, underscores an essential feature regarding the entire manufacturing sector in SSA. Indeed, the idiosyncrasies of this sector – namely, underdevelopment, nascent industries and lack of diversification, among others − severely undermine the resilience of countries in SSA as they face heightened international competition. Keywords: Trade openness, Manufacturing, Sub-Sahara Africa, Vector auto regression. JEL Classification: F14, F41, F60

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Aksoy, M. Ataman, e Francis Ng. "Limits to Trade Growth: Decomposing Manufacturing Trade". International Journal of Economics and Finance 9, n. 2 (11 gennaio 2017): 122. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijef.v9n2p122.

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This paper decomposes manufacturing import growth rates in 5 large industrial and 8 large developing countries and measures the relative contributions of domestic demand and market share changes for 1986/87, 1991/92, 1996/97, 2001/02, 2006/07 and 2011/12. Imports as a share of domestic value added has increased significantly over this period and account between 70 to 80 percent of import growth during this period. Exports from developing countries and especially China account for the bulk of this increase. China is an exception to this development and its import shares have not increased and have actually decreased during the last period. Finally future trade growth rates are going to decrease. We show that most of the early growth of trade was caused by trade liberalizations from almost closed economies and initial import shares were very low so that small changes led to high trade growth rates. Now that the market shares are already very high, it is almost impossible to replicate similar growth rates.

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Keum, Euimin, e Chang-min Lee. "Does Japanese Manufacturing FDI in ASEAN5 Facilitate Trade?" Northeast Asia Economic Association Of Korea 36, n. 1 (30 aprile 2024): 71–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.52819/jnes.2024.36.1.71.

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manufacturing companies, but their expansion slowed in the early 2000s due to the rise of China. However, since the 2010s, amid tensions between Japan and China, as well as between the US and China, the ASEAN region has gained attention as an alternative destination. The paper analyzes the impact of changes in Japanese FDI in the manufacturing sector on trade between Japan and target countries. The analysis focuses on FDI in all 12 sectors of manufacturing in the five major ASEAN countries from 2007 to 2019 and estimates using gravity equations. Given the importance of distance variables in gravity equations, a random effects model is used for estimation. The results indicate that Japanese FDI in the transportation equipment, electronic equipment, and chemical and pharmaceutical industries had a positive correlation with trade with ASEAN5 countries, but no significant results were found in other sectors. Moreover, in transportation equipment and chemical and pharmaceutical industries, the import effect was greater than the export effect. With the Japanese government providing subsidies to manufacturing companies relocating production hubs to ASEAN from 2020 onwards, an increase in trade volume between these countries and Japan is expected in the future.

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Colin Koh-King Wong, Venus Khim-Sen Liew e Mohammad Affendy Arip. "The Impact Of ASEAN Free Trade Area On Intra-Asean Manufacturing Trade". International Journal of Business and Society 18, n. 3 (31 dicembre 2017): 633–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.33736/ijbs.3155.2017.

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This study investigates the effects of ASEAN Free Trade Area (AFTA) agreement on the bilateral manufacturing trade between the 10 member countries of ASEAN and 39 of their trading partners. The period ofstudy covers 1995 to 2014. Results obtained from panel data analysis of the gravity model with random effectsshow that the economic sizes, populations, relative endowments, common language and geographical factors like distance, island, landlocked and neighbour are significant determinants of the bilateral manufacturing trade for ASEAN member countries. Moreover, results obtained from the fixed effects model in this study suggests that AFTA has generatedpure trade creation effects in terms of exports. Ontop of that, AFTA has resulted in larger magnitude of trade creation effects in imports than import diversion effects. Overall, AFTA promotes trades among ASEAN member countries through the elimination of tariff and non-tariff barriers, for bringing aboutpure trade creation effects in terms of exports as well as imports and also trade diversion effects in terms of imports. In sum, this study with more recent data set covering more ASEAN trading partners shows empirical evidence to justify the success of AFTA arrangement.

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Fafchamps, Marcel. "Trade credit in Zimbabwean manufacturing". World Development 25, n. 5 (maggio 1997): 795–815. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0305-750x(96)00134-9.

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Batra, Ravi, e Hamid Beladi. "Manufacturing and the Trade Balance". Pacific Economic Review 3, n. 2 (giugno 1998): 121–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-0106.00046.

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Villanueva, Luis. "Are manufacturing workers benefiting from trade? The case of Mexico’s manufacturing sector". International Journal of Development Issues 16, n. 1 (4 aprile 2017): 25–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijdi-08-2016-0048.

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Purpose This paper aims to focus on the distributive implications of trade by studying how manufacturing workers’ relative earnings and employment have changed in post–North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) Mexico (1995-2011). Design/methodology/approach Input–Output analysis and inequality analysis were combined to reveal the empirical relationship between trade, wage inequality and employment in the manufacturing sector in post-NAFTA Mexico. Findings The results reveal that the manufacturing sectors that produce for the export market tend to pay among the lowest wages and yet employ around half of the manufacturing working population; wages in labor-intensive sectors have not been increasing, while wage inequality has been rising; and employment creation due to trade is not always positive and sustained, hence does not seem to be a stable source of jobs. The paper concludes by discussing policy implications of the findings. Originality/value The main focus of the existing literature has been to explain the disconnection between trade and growth. This paper shifts the focus towards the distributive dimension of trade (rather than growth) by focusing on how manufacturing workers' relative earnings and employment have changed in post-NAFTA Mexico (1995-2011). Hence it attempts to contribute to the existing literature on the distributive implications of trade.

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Mora, Jesse, e Nirvikar Singh. "Trade productivity upgrading, trade fragmentation, and FDI in manufacturing". Indian Growth and Development Review 6, n. 1 (12 aprile 2013): 61–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/17538251311329559.

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Malhotra, Ms Amita, e Dr Sucheta Gauba. "Role of ASEAN-India Free Trade Agreement in India’s International Trade". Eduzone : international peer reviewed/refereed academic multidisciplinary journal 12, n. 02 (2023): 331–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.56614/eiprmj.v12i2.529.

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Emerging economics view Foreign Trade Agreements (FTAs) as a means of development through reduced tariffs and access to low cost products. They not only lead to development of secure international trade but also promote manufacturing in domestic territories. AIFTA (ASEAN India Free Trade Agreement) inked in 2010 paved way for much needed manufacturing and trade boost for both India and ASEAN member states. With more than a decade’s performance till date, this research paper attempts to evaluate the role AIFTA played in meeting the intended objectives. This qualitative research is based on secondary data released by government of India. An attempt has been made to draw patterns and examine if ASEAN countries occupy a prominent place in India’s international trade. Further a comparison with major trading partners (USA, UAE, UK, China and Australia) reveals that a lot needs to be done. It is observed that the trade deficit of India with ASEAN is continuously increasing, depicting a case of trade diversion instead of trade creation against the expected lines.A deeper look at top fifteen commodity groups internationally traded by India highlight the role of only two ASEAN nations and more policy boosts are needed to reap desired benefits from ‘look east policy’ of the government. In order to bolster economic development, augment manufacturing sector and generate employment India needs to strategically look at bilateral trade options with each of the member states or revisit ASEAN FTA to for trade to peak leading to economic growth.

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Wenny Restikasari, Dyah Wulan Sari, Angga Erlando e Fery Dwi Riyanto. "CHANGES IN VERTICAL TRADE PATTERNS IN HIGH-TECHNOLOGY COMPANIES IN EAST JAVA". East Java Economic Journal 3, n. 2 (25 settembre 2019): 181–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.53572/ejavec.v3i2.39.

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This study aims to insvestigate the impact of vertical trade pattern as export intensity, vertical trade integration and two-way trade dummy to firm production capability. This study deals with firm level data of East Java high-tech manufacturing induesties, employs as generalized method of moments (GMM) approach to examine the most imprortant factor of a vertical trade phenomenom. In the full-sample, the result demonstrates that vertical trade integration and two-way trade are significant determinants on firm’s production while export intensity is not. In ordinary trader sub-sample, export intensity is a significant determinant of firm’s production, whereas in vertical trader sub-sample export intensity is not.

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Zhang, Haina, Zhiya Chen, Deli Zhang, Jiuyuan Huo e Yifen Li. "The Impact of a Complex Computer Numerical Model Based on Economic Cooperation on the Value Chain of International Trade Facilitation". Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing 2022 (25 luglio 2022): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/2997825.

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With the advancement of global economic integration, traditional trade barriers have been greatly reduced, and the marginal utility of tariff reductions on trade expansion has become weaker and weaker. Especially under the global value chain division of labor system, intermediate products and parts have undergone multiple cross-border trades. The cumbersome trade procedures will greatly increase trade costs and destroy the driving force of trade. After improving infrastructure and optimizing customs clearance procedures, with the improvement of convenience, more countries and enterprises can participate in the global division of labor. Considering the industry characteristics of high-tech manufacturing, this paper selects panel data of high-tech manufacturing from multiple sample countries and uses the panel data two-way fixed-effect model to empirically analyze the impact of a country’s trade facilitation level on the global value chain of high-tech manufacturing in a country. From the perspective of global value chain status, the improvement of a country’s level of trade facilitation can significantly promote the country’s high-tech manufacturing global value chain status. The level of foreign direct investment, the degree of opening to the outside world, the level of government public services, the level of human capital, and the R&D capability are all significantly positive at the 1% level, while the level of physical capital is significantly negative at the 1% level.

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Zu, Wenjing, Guoda Gu e Sihan Lei. "Does Digital Transformation in Manufacturing Affect Trade Imbalances? Evidence from US–China Trade". Sustainability 14, n. 14 (8 luglio 2022): 8381. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14148381.

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In the new era of the Fourth Industrial Revolution, digitalization has progressively transformed manufacturing and further affected the balance in international trade patterns. This study assesses whether and how the digital transformation in manufacturing contributes to trade imbalances. Using detailed industry-level data from the US, this study constructs an integrated evaluation to measure the level of digital transformation in manufacturing and investigates the ways in which digital transformation in manufacturing affects the US–China trade imbalance. Empirical results show that the US digital transformation in manufacturing is positively associated with the US–China total trade imbalance, which in turn is negatively associated with their related-party trade imbalance. The further analysis presents a moderated mediation model that includes the US-imported intermediate input from China (mediator for the US–China total trade imbalance), foreign direct investment in China by the US multinationals (mediator for the US–China related-party trade imbalance), and Chinese important manufacturing policy (moderator) simultaneously. The results reveal that the Chinese important manufacturing policy moderates the mediation process and the moderated mediation effect is stronger for the industries which are not involved with this policy. Our findings are informative for developing digital transformation strategies for both manufacturing firms and government authorities.

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Yanase, Akihiko, Hiroshi Kurata e Yasushi Kawabata. "Free Trade Agreement and Vertical Trade with a Manufacturing Base". Review of International Economics 20, n. 5 (19 ottobre 2012): 1070–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/roie.12014.

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Jian, Lingxiang, Tiantian Ding e Wanyun Ma. "Research on China-EU equipment manufacturing Trade dependence in intra-industry specialization view". PLOS ONE 17, n. 11 (28 novembre 2022): e0278119. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0278119.

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As the foundation of the industrial economy, the equipment manufacturing industry takes an important position on the China-EU trade. Based on the analysis of the overall trend and structure of China-EU equipment manufacturing industry trade in 2007–2020, this article involves the construction of trade concentration into trade dependence metrics, and then calculate the degree of interdependence between China and EU equipment manufacturing trade in 2020. The perspective of the intra-industry specialization will be used to analyze China-EU equipment manufacturing trade dependency in 2020. The results show that: (1) Although China-EU equipment manufacturing trade has continued to grow, China had an imbalanced export structure to the EU, and electronic equipment exports are too high; (2) Regardless of import or export, the trade dependence of the EU countries on China about equipment manufacturing was higher than that of China on European countries; (3) China mainly depended on the EU about the high-end equipment manufacturing trade, which brings risks to Chinese manufacturing supply chains.

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Armah, Bartholomew. "Trade Sensitive Manufacturing Employment: Some New Insights". Review of Black Political Economy 21, n. 2 (dicembre 1992): 37–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02701735.

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Persistent trade deficits in the United States since 1971, and growing foreign competition have revived debate about the net effects of trade on the domestic economy. Focusing on the employment consequences of trade, this study examines the demographic and industrial characteristics of trade sensitive manufacturing industries in the United States. The findings reveal two significant trends. Firstly, there has been a decline in the importance of high-tech manufacturing as a source of trade related employment opportunities since 1975. Secondly, while trade enhanced industries still employ relatively fewer women and minorities than industries adversely affected by trade, the gap has narrowed, especially for women. Since 1975, the proportion of all women employed in adversely affected industries actually declined; for every 1 percent decline in female employment in an adversely affected manufacturing industry there was a corresponding 0.6 percent gain in employment in a trade-enhanced manufacturing industry.

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Jensen, J. Bradford. "Overlooked Opportunity: Trade in Services". Economists' Voice 13, n. 1 (1 gennaio 2016): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ev-2016-0009.

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AbstractPoliticians love the manufacturing sector (almost as much as they love farmers). The current administration has in place a number of programs to support the manufacturing and set as a goal to “create one million new manufacturing jobs by the end of 2016.” (Bogage, Jacob. “Obama’s elusive promise to add one million new manufacturing jobs,”

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Burinskienė, Aurelija. "INTERNATIONAL TRADE IN PRACTICE OF ENTERPRISES ACTIVITY". Business, Management and Education 8, n. 1 (20 dicembre 2010): 37–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/bme.2010.03.

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Nowadays importance of international trade is rising; new perspectives for enterprises to sell products at international markets are more significant.In the article theoretical and practical aspects of international trade development are analysed; European Union manufacturing and trade enterprises are compared; practice of manufacturing and trade enterprises activity for development of international trade are presented. The study results show that European Union manufacturing enterprises are more active in international trade than trade enterprises. Also research shows that within manufacturing enterprises Denmark and Luxembourg enterprises are the most active in selling products abroad and in using traditional and online international trade development methods.

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Williams, James R., Richard G. Harris e David Cox. "Trade, Industrial Policy, and Canadian Manufacturing". Canadian Public Policy / Analyse de Politiques 11, n. 2 (giugno 1985): 264. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3550720.

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Sachs, Jeffrey D., Howard J. Shatz, Alan Deardorff e Robert E. Hall. "Trade and Jobs in U.S. Manufacturing". Brookings Papers on Economic Activity 1994, n. 1 (1994): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2534630.

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Mapes, John, Colin New e Marek Szwejczewski. "Performance trade‐offs in manufacturing plants". International Journal of Operations & Production Management 17, n. 10 (ottobre 1997): 1020–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/01443579710177031.

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Dauth, Wolfgang, Sebastian Findeisen e Jens Suedekum. "Trade and Manufacturing Jobs in Germany". American Economic Review 107, n. 5 (1 maggio 2017): 337–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.p20171025.

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The German economy exhibits rising service and declining manufacturing employment, but this decline is much sharper in import-competing than export-oriented branches. We first document the individual-level job transitions behind those trends. They are not driven by manufacturing workers who smoothly switch to services. The observed shifts are entirely due to young entrants and returnees from non-employment. We then investigate if rising trade with China and Eastern Europe causally affected those labor flows. Exploiting variation across industries and regions, we find that globalization did not speed up the manufacturing decline in Germany. It even retained those jobs in the economy.

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Carlsson, Bo. "Flexible manufacturing and U.S. trade performance". Weltwirtschaftliches Archiv 127, n. 2 (giugno 1991): 300–322. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02707988.

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Francois, Joseph, e Julia Woerz. "Producer Services, Manufacturing Linkages, and Trade". Journal of Industry, Competition and Trade 8, n. 3-4 (4 ottobre 2008): 199–229. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10842-008-0043-0.

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Eckel, Carsten. "International trade, flexible manufacturing, and outsourcing". Canadian Journal of Economics/Revue canadienne d'économique 42, n. 4 (7 ottobre 2009): 1449–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-5982.2009.01552.x.

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Stern, Robert M. "Trade, industrial policy, and Canadian manufacturing". Journal of International Economics 19, n. 1-2 (agosto 1985): 189–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-1996(85)90027-3.

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Ren, Fei, Dong Le e Ziyu Hu. "Outward foreign direct investment and GVC position of manufacturing industry: A perspective on China’s general trade and processing trade structure". PLOS ONE 18, n. 12 (29 dicembre 2023): e0295963. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0295963.

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Depending on the trading modes, the effect of Outward Foreign Direct Investment (OFDI) on the manufacturing industry’s position within the global value chain (GVC) may differ considerably. This paper examines the GVC position of China’s manufacturing industry from 2003 to 2018, specifically focusing on the general trade and processing trade. Drawing upon this premise, this paper analyzes the effect and mechanism by which OFDI influences the GVC position of China’s manufacturing industry. The result demonstrates that: (1) China’s processing trade manufacturing industry has a much lower GVC position than general trade manufacturing industry. The GVC position of China’s general trade manufacturing industry rose from 2.76 to 2.90 from 2003 to 2018, while processing trade manufacturing industry remained around 1.93. (2) OFDI boosts the GVC position of general trade manufacturing industry through facilitating reverse technology spillover, inducing industry structure upgrading, and enabling export scale expansion. (3) OFDI hinders the GVC position growth of processing trade manufacturing industry. The research findings offer theoretical backing for China to develop OFDI strategies that are tailored to different trading modes within the new framework of dual circulation. These strategies aim to facilitate the transformation and advancement of the manufacturing industry, as well as the growth of the GVC position.

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Renaldi, Eddy, Sutyastie Soemitro Remi, Budiono Budiono e Wawan Hermawan. "The role of logistics performance and decreasing of trade competitiveness in ASEAN+3’s manufacturing products". Uncertain Supply Chain Management 10, n. 4 (2022): 1437–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.5267/j.uscm.2022.6.012.

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ASEAN Countries members plus Japan, South Korea, and China (ASEAN+3’S) logistics performance play a significant role in maintaining and improving their export and import values, depending on the various commodities trade. Meanwhile, during uncertain situations today, the stakeholders need to enhance the capability of import and export activities to improve logistics performance. The study focused on the competitiveness of the manufacturing products traded by these countries. The study used panel data analysis based on the panel data of 11 years (2008-2018) from the 10 ASEAN+3 countries. Export value and Net Comparative Advantage (NCA) index (including net export and trade openness) were used as dependent variables in the two model studies, and logistics performance was the primary variable. The result shows that logistics performance positively affects the export and trade competitiveness models of ASEAN+3’s manufacturing products. The Logistics Performance Index (LPI) provides estimates that suggest that logistics performance has a significant impact on ASEAN + 3 export value (ExpM) and manufacturing trade competitiveness (NCAM). Meanwhile, there are different results of the effects of macroeconomic variables between the model of export value (ExpM) and the NCAM in the manufacturing in ASEAN+3’s. The ExpM model follows the theory that Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) increase the competitive value in ASEAN+3 countries. Meanwhile, in the NCAM model, GDP and FDI reduce trade competitiveness because of the high value of ASEAN+3 manufacturing imports.

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Wahyuningsih, Diah. "Trade flow of manufacturing sector and foreign direct investment in ASEAN economic integration: the gravity model of trade". Jurnal Perspektif Pembiayaan dan Pembangunan Daerah 8, n. 6 (1 febbraio 2021): 619–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.22437/ppd.v8i6.10289.

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This study aims to determine the effects of ASEAN economic integration on the manufacturing sector's trade flow and foreign direct investment. This study using panel data regression. The results show that ASEAN economic integration affects trade in the manufacturing sector and foreign direct investment (FDI) in ASEAN member countries. The tariff elimination policy increased trade flows in the manufacturing sector and foreign direct investment. The variable of GDP has a positive and significant effect on the manufacturing sector's trade flows and foreign direct investment. Exchange rate variables have a negative and significant effect on trade flows in the manufacturing sector and foreign direct investment. Meanwhile, the distance variable negatively affects trade in the manufacturing sector, but it does not affect foreign direct investment.

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Wang, Bo, Yue Pu, Shunli Li e Lin Xu. "The influence of regional preferential trade agreements on international manufacturing trade in value-added: Based on the complex network method". PLOS ONE 16, n. 2 (19 febbraio 2021): e0246250. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0246250.

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Based on a new trade accounting method—the trade in value-added accounting method—this paper constructs the international manufacturing trade in value-added networks and preferential trade agreement (PTA) networks and uses the complex network analysis method to explore the relations between PTA and international manufacturing trade in value-added from the perspective of the global value chain. The results are as follows: (1) Over the years, the international manufacturing trade in value-added networks and PTA networks has shown a significant clustering effect, and the size of networks has grown rapidly. (2) The TEX, DVA and FVA networks of the international manufacturing value added trade over the years can be divided into two societies in the Asia-Pacific region and the European region. This division just reflects the different modes of division of labor in the manufacturing value chain of the two major economic regions in the world. (3) QAP analysis shows that the influencing factors of the traditional gravity model can still explain the manufacturing trade network and its value-added trade network, while the influence of economic globalization, the enlargement of the EU and the internationalization strategy of enterprises, the PTA network and manufacturing value-added the relationship between trade networks changed from positive to negative in 2004.

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Autor, David H., David Dorn, Gordon H. Hanson e Jae Song. "Trade Adjustment: Worker-Level Evidence *". Quarterly Journal of Economics 129, n. 4 (24 settembre 2014): 1799–860. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/qje/qju026.

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Abstract We analyze the effect of exposure to international trade on earnings and employment of U.S. workers from 1992 through 2007 by exploiting industry shocks to import competition stemming from China’s spectacular rise as a manufacturing exporter paired with longitudinal data on individual earnings by employer spanning close to two decades. Individuals who in 1991 worked in manufacturing industries that experienced high subsequent import growth garner lower cumulative earnings, face elevated risk of obtaining public disability benefits, and spend less time working for their initial employers, less time in their initial two-digit manufacturing industries, and more time working elsewhere in manufacturing and outside of manufacturing. Earnings losses are larger for individuals with low initial wages, low initial tenure, and low attachment to the labor force. Low-wage workers churn primarily among manufacturing sectors, where they are repeatedly exposed to subsequent trade shocks. High-wage workers are better able to move across employers with minimal earnings losses and are more likely to move out of manufacturing conditional on separation. These findings reveal that import shocks impose substantial labor adjustment costs that are highly unevenly distributed across workers according to their skill levels and conditions of employment in the pre-shock period.

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Tay, Christina. "The Impact of Artificial Intelligence on International Trade". Journal of Technological Advancements 1, n. 1 (gennaio 2021): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/jta.20210101.oa6.

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This paper investigates the impact of artificial intelligence on international trade. We use data on neural machine translation & search engines dominating domestic markets from 2016 to 2019, comprising 196 countries to test for their impact on international trade. Three variations of international trade are used: (1) manufacturing trade (sum of manufacturing exports & imports), (2) manufacturing export, and (3) manufacturing import. We cross-breed artificial intelligence theories with that of international economics. We find that artificial intelligence shows significant results at the 1% level for manufacturing trade, at the 10% level for manufacturing export, and at the 1% level for manufacturing import. We also find that as increasing number of languages are introduced through neural machine learning, there is a decreased need to comprehend the language of another country, which in turn, have significant impact on all three variations of international trade. We also find that domestic search engines are increasingly dominating domestic and global market shares.

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Olure Bank Adeyinka, Ayodeji Salihu, John Aiyedogbon e Gbadebo Salako. "Intra-manufacturing export performance among ecowas member state". Journal of Management and Science 13, n. 1 (31 marzo 2023): 9–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.26524/jms.13.2.

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The study examined role economic integration and trade facilitation in promoting manufacturing export among ECOWAS member states The objectives of the study were achieved using descriptive, statistical and econometric analyses of annual data covering the period 2015 – 2020. The descriptive analysis helped in assessing the level of economic integration among ECOWAS member states. The econometric analyses were use examine the effect of economic integration on trade facilitation as well as the role of trade facilitation and economic integration in promoting manufacturing exports among ECOWAS member states. The findings reveal the level of trade facilitation in ECOWAS is below world average. That is ECOWAS member states has higher bureaucratic processes with greater costs of exporting/importing. Furthermore, results from econometric analyses reveal economic integration can significantly help in promoting manufacturing exports among ECOWAS member states. Again, economic integration and trade facilitation can significantly influence manufacturing exports across ECOWAS member states, while manufacturing production had direct and significant impact on manufacturing exports. Some policy recommendations that would help to facilitate trade flow to improve manufacturing exports across ECOWAS member states were recommended.

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Corbett, Charles, e Luk Van Wassenhove. "Trade-offs? What Trade-offs? Competence and Competitiveness in Manufacturing Strategy". California Management Review 35, n. 4 (luglio 1993): 107–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/41166757.

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Liu, Yaobin, Weihui Hu, Kang Luo, Yan Guo e Zichang Wang. "How does digital trade promote and reallocate the export technology complexity of the manufacturing industry? Evidence from 30 Chinese provinces, 2011–2020". PLOS ONE 18, n. 9 (21 settembre 2023): e0291464. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0291464.

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It is important for China to break the “low-end lock” of the manufacturing value chain worldwide by revealing how digital trade promotes and reallocates the export technology complexity of the manufacturing industry. Panel data for 30 provinces in China from 2011 to 2020 were employed to measure the digital trade development and export technology complexity of the manufacturing industry. Benchmark regression, intermediary effect regression, panel threshold and other models were used to test the promotion and reallocation of digital trade on the export technology complexity of the manufacturing industry. The findings are as follows: (1) Digital trade promotes the export technology complexity of the manufacturing industry, with significant regional heterogeneity (eastern, central and western regions), and the most obvious promotion in technology-intensive manufacturing. (2) Technological innovation and human capital play a reallocation role in the process of digital trade, affecting the technological complexity of manufacturing exports, with mediating effects of 14.19% and 8.61%, respectively. (3) Digital trade promotes and reallocates the export technology complexity of the manufacturing industry through industrial structure upgrading, and a nonlinear relationship was found. These results provide empirical support and a decision-making basis for digital trade in promoting the export technology complexity of the manufacturing industry. The development of digital trade should be encouraged; the differential development of digital trade in the eastern, central, and western regions should be boosted; importance should be attached to the intermediary incentive role of technological innovation and human capital; and the upgrading of the industrial structure should be promoted scientifically.

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Akça, Emrah. "Economic, geographical, institutional, and political determinants of bilateral manufacturing exports: A structural gravity model approach for Türkiye". Panoeconomicus, n. 00 (2024): 4. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/pan210719004a.

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The study investigates the economic, geographical, institutional, and political determinants of T?rkiye?s bilateral manufacturing exports for 2003-2018, applying the structural gravity model and considering 30 main export partners of T?rkiye. The Poisson pseudo maximum likelihood method results reveal that T?rkiye?s manufacturing exports are mostly directed by its own and partners? economic sizes. While common borders and cultural similarity positively impact manufacturing exports, distance and landlocked position affect it negatively. The degrees of institutional quality, trade freedom in T?rkiye, and membership of the partner countries in the World Trade Organization are resistance factors against manufacturing exports, whereas trade agreements encourage it. As the bilateral or multilateral trade agreements turned out to be the driving forces of manufacturing exports, T?rkiye should sign additional trade agreements and/or amplify trade agreements that have already been signed rather than standard trade policy implementations.

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Olure-Bank, Adeyinka, Musthapa Muktar, Ayodeji Salihu e Fadila Kabir Usman. "Effect of economic integration and trade facilitation on Intra-manufacturing export among ECOWAS member states". Jurnal Perspektif Pembiayaan dan Pembangunan Daerah 10, n. 1 (30 aprile 2022): 33–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.22437/ppd.v10i1.17385.

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Institutional trade tariffs and non-tariff barriers are major constraints to exporters and importers. It affects many developing countries' trade flows and intra-trade performance, including ECOWAS member states. From the classical economic background, the economic problems of international macroeconomics can be examined from the position of trade costs. It further states that low trade facilitation policies such as high tariffs and non-tariff barriers alone can account for a 10% loss in a national income. From these backgrounds, the study assesses the interrelation of economic integration and trade facilitation in ECOWAS and how the member states have performed in intra-manufacturing export. Using the general method of moments (GMM) with instrumental variable (IV) estimation on a dynamic model with panel data from 15 members to analyse how regional economic integration and trade facilitation relationship promote intra-regional manufacturing exports. The findings reveal that trade facilitation in ECOWAS member states is below the world average. Due to high bureaucratic processes, thus, are high costs of exporting/importing. Again, the econometric analyses reveal economic integration significantly promotes trade facilitation in member states and can influence intra-manufacturing exports in ECOWAS. At the same time, manufacturing production has a direct and significant role in manufacturing exports. Some policy recommendations that would help facilitate trade and improve manufacturing production and intra exports in the ECOWAS sub-region were made.

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Hu, Sun. "A Conceptual Development of Digital Trade Adoption among Manufacturing Companies in China: A Technology Acceptance Model Approach". Journal of Digitainability, Realism & Mastery (DREAM) 3, n. 02 (29 febbraio 2024): 76–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.56982/dream.v3i02.213.

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The proliferation of digital technologies has brought about transformative changes in various sectors, including manufacturing. In the context of China, a prominent manufacturing hub, the adoption of digital trade practices has emerged as a critical determinant of competitiveness and sustainability for manufacturing companies. This paper proposes a conceptual framework for understanding the factors influencing the adoption of digital trade among manufacturing firms in China, employing the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) as a theoretical lens. Drawing upon extant literature and empirical insights, this conceptual paper identifies key constructs within the TAM framework, such as perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, attitude toward digital trade, and behavioral intention, and adapts them to the specific context of digital trade adoption in the Chinese manufacturing sector. It explores how factors such as organizational readiness, technological infrastructure, government policies, and cultural factors influence the perceived usefulness and ease of use of digital trade platforms among manufacturing companies in China. Moreover, this paper extends the traditional TAM model by incorporating additional constructs such as trust in technology, perceived risk, and organizational innovativeness, which are deemed essential in understanding the complexities of digital trade adoption in a rapidly evolving technological landscape. It underscores the significance of trust-building mechanisms, risk mitigation strategies, and organizational culture in facilitating the successful implementation of digital trade initiatives within manufacturing enterprises in China. The proposed conceptual framework contributes to both theoretical and practical understandings of digital trade adoption by elucidating the interplay between technological factors, organizational dynamics, and contextual influences within the Chinese manufacturing context. By offering insights into the determinants of digital trade adoption and the mechanisms for enhancing acceptance and utilization of digital trade platforms, this paper aims to inform policymakers, industry practitioners, and scholars engaged in the promotion and facilitation of digital transformation within the manufacturing sector in China and beyond.

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Manger, Mark S. "Vertical Trade Specialization and the Formation of North-South PTAs". World Politics 64, n. 4 (ottobre 2012): 622–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0043887112000172.

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During the last two decades, the number of preferential trade agreements (PTAs) grew almost exponentially to over 270 by 2010. A majority of these are agreements between developed and developing countries. Existing models provide little economic rationale for these agreements, but the existing literature lumps North-South PTAs together with other types of trade pacts. This article offers an explanation focused on the movement of less capital-intensive manufacturing from North to South, which in turn stimulates the exchange of similar goods differentiated by unit value—also referred to as vertical intra-industry trade. The North exports more capitalintensive goods, while more labor-intensive goods are produced and traded by the South. This kind of specialization creates incentives for governments to support PTAs. The author tests this model using a new measure of vertical trade specialization and finds strong evidence that such specialization promotes PTA formation. North-South PTAs should therefore be seen as part of a broader shift of manufacturing from high- to middle-income countries.

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Neoh, Sun Fu, e Tian So Lai. "THE IMPACT OF TRADE OPENNESS ON MANUFACTURING SECTOR PERFORMANCE". JOURNAL OF ECONOMICS AND SUSTAINABILITY 3, No.1 (31 gennaio 2021): 12–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.32890/jes2021.3.1.2.

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Trade openness plays a vital role in boosting the production of the manufacturing sector. Two opposing perspectives identify trade-growth nexus. One posits that trade openness will stifle industrial productivity while the opposing view believes that manufacturing productivity can be enhanced by a trade liberalization regime. This study investigates the instantaneous and jointly dynamic effect of trade openness along with macroeconomic variables (i.e., Malaysian exchange rate and average lending rate) and the event of economic crises on manufacturing sector performance in Malaysia using data from 1981 to 2016. This study employed a distributed lag model. The Augmented Dickey-Fuller (ADF) unit root test was adopted to determine the stationarity of time series data. The empirical results revealed that the effect of both instantaneous and the jointly dynamic effect of the percentage change in trade openness on manufacturing production growth in Malaysia are positive and significant. However, the effects of the percentage change in exchange rate and percentage change in average lending rate are insignificant. Economic crisis has a significant negative impact on Malaysian manufacturing production growth. Therefore, the results strongly recommend that the direction of trade policy in Malaysia should be formulated based on outward-looking strategies.

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Onyango, Ochola Jason, Obange Nelson e Odhiambo Scholastica. "Effect of Manufacturing Sector Earnings on Trade Balance in Kenya." International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science VII, n. XII (2023): 308–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.47772/ijriss.2023.7012026.

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Trade balance position is a vital component of economic growth and development for any economy. It is expressed in monetary terms over a prescribed time period and measures the variance between the value of what an economy exports and imports. Kenya is a market- based economy and has continued to benefit a lot from key sectors of agriculture, manufacturing and tourism. Persistent and continuous trade deficits is unfavorable to any economic outlook since it negatively impacts level of employment, growth and foreign exchange. Kenya‟s trade balance position is heavily supported by key sectors of agriculture, manufacturing and tourism through their immense contribution in foreign exchange earnings. The manufacturing sector on the other hand enjoyed a significantly high rate of growth between 1964 to 1974 of respectively 4.2% and 31% but continued to experience mixed growth rates in the 90s of 3.6% and 2.7% attributed to trade liberalization, election uncertainties, changing policies on import duty. Literature on how trade balance affects economic growth exists but there is limited evidence relating manufacturing and the sector affects trade balance. This study aimed to investigate the effect of manufacturing earnings on the trade balance in Kenya. This study was anchored on the Absorption theory of trade and used correlation research design and secondary time series data from 1964–2018. The data was collated from Kenya National Bureau of Statistics as contained in Statistical Abstracts. Vector Error Correction findings registered significance at 5% level with coefficients of 0.904 signifying that a 1% increase in net earnings from manufacturing increases trade balance by 0.904%. Trade balance is self-correcting at an annual rate of 43.7%. This study further concluded that in the long-run, earnings from manufacturing sector has a strong relationship with trade balance position in Kenya in the current period. This study recommends a strengthening of the manufacturing sector to help improve the positive gap between earnings from exports and imports in Kenya.

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Adom, Assandé D. "Analysis of the Effect of Trade Balance on Manufacturing: Evidence from the United States". International Journal of Advances in Management and Economics 9, n. 3 (30 aprile 2020): 49–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.31270/ijame/v09/i03/2020/6.

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The relationship between a country’s manufacturing industry and net trade carries a great deal of complexity and proves critical as the economy matures. Moreover, debates in public arenas are oftentimes not helpful in alleviating confusions. This study attempts to empirically explore the nature of this relationship for the United States in particular. Using a set of structural vector auto-regressions, it reveals that the development of the manufacturing sector is inhibited in the long-run by worsening trade balances. However, this relationship does not appear significant. The implication of this finding weakens arguments singling out negative trade balances as driving forces behind the perceived woes of US manufacturing. Keywords: Manufacturing, Trade balance, United States, Cointegration, Vector auto-regression. JEL Classification: F14, F60, C51.

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Zhu, Qingyi. "The Impact of Sino-US Trade Friction on China's Manufacturing Industry". Lecture Notes in Education Psychology and Public Media 22, n. 1 (20 novembre 2023): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.54254/2753-7048/22/20230201.

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Against the backdrop of rapid economic development and globalization, the trade environment for Chinas manufacturing industry to integrate into the global value chain has undergone changes. The trade frictions between China and the United States have escalated from time to time, and how to face the challenges has become a major issue. Based on the background of trade frictions between China and the United States, this article first introduces the current development status of Chinas manufacturing industry, and then conducts an in-depth analysis of the changes in international and domestic market demand for Chinas manufacturing industry. Secondly, it analyzes the part of the Entity List of the China-United States trade war that affects the Chinese market, and analyzes the impact of Sino-US trade friction on the integration of Chinas manufacturing industry and the global value chain. Finally, some suggestions are put forward for the Chinese manufacturing industry to cope with trade frictions between China and the United States, providing strategies for industry protection and the path to achieve the transition of the manufacturing industry in the global value chain.

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Bergoeing, Raphael, Timothy J. Kehoe, Vanessa Straus-Kahn e Kei-Mu Yi. "Why Is Manufacturing Trade Rising Even as Manufacturing Output is Falling?" American Economic Review 94, n. 2 (1 aprile 2004): 134–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/0002828041302299.

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Dobrovolska, Kateryna, e Svitlana Kovalchuk. "Problematic aspects of trade manufacturing chains branding". Technology audit and production reserves 5, n. 4(49) (25 luglio 2019): 36–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.15587/2312-8372.2019.181965.

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Ogu, Callistus, Chibueze Aniebo e Paul Elekwa. "Does Trade Liberalisation Hurt Nigeria’s Manufacturing Sector?" International Journal of Economics and Finance 8, n. 6 (24 maggio 2016): 175. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijef.v8n6p175.

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<p>This study examines the role of trade liberalization in the growth of manufacturing output in Nigeria, focusing on the short to medium term period while not ignoring the very important long term on which most studies have focused. Data for the period 1980 to 2013 were obtained from CBN and WDI, with which parameter estimates were extracted for the short to medium term using the error correction mechanism. Trade liberalization was found to hurt manufacturing output in the short run although it showed a real potential to boost it in the long term. An overhaul of competition policy was recommended with a view to establishing Neutral Status in manufacturing export trade.</p>

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Hoekman, Bernard, e Ben Shepherd. "Services Productivity, Trade Policy and Manufacturing Exports". World Economy 40, n. 3 (22 settembre 2015): 499–516. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/twec.12333.

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Adlung, R., e W. Zhang. "Trade Disciplines with a Trapdoor: Contract Manufacturing". Journal of International Economic Law 16, n. 2 (14 maggio 2013): 383–408. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jiel/jgt009.

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GARCÍA OLAVERRI, Carmen, e Emilio HUERTA. "Trade union influence in Spanish manufacturing firms". International Labour Review 150, n. 3-4 (dicembre 2011): 279–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1564-913x.2011.00117.x.

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Armah, Bartholomew. "Trade-affected workers: Manufacturing and services compared". Social Science Journal 33, n. 1 (1 marzo 1996): 83–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0362-3319(96)90007-5.

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