Tesi sul tema "Traceurs climatiques"
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Armandine, Les Landes Antoine. "Impact des variations climatiques sur les ressources hydrogéologiques". Thesis, Rennes 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014REN1S101/document.
Testo completoGroundwater resources represent approximately 98% of global freshwater resources available for humans on our planet; therefore groundwater is fundamental resource of our societies. Due to climate change and strong link between climate and the cycle of water, an understandable concern is appeared about the potential impacts of climate change on water resources. Nowadays, growing body of evidence supports the fact that changes in climatic conditions (temperature, precipitation, evaporation…) impact the hydrologic cycle and consequently groundwater resources. The identification of groundwater sensibility to climate variations has become essential. The climate is a highly complex system where its variations drive by many factors both natural and human occurs on all time scales. Climatic changes are not a new phenomenon, groundwater resources have already been impacted by effects of climatic variations, are impacting presently and will be in the future. The work carried out under this thesis covered this problematic to characterize the groundwater resources sensibility to climate variations. With the help of environmental tracers analyzed at the regional scale, impacts of major climate events occurred since the last millions years (marine transgression and glacial period) have been identified in the current hydrogeologic system. Then, support by hydrogeological modeling the impact of climate change has been studied through the specific relationships between groundwater and surface water bodies and ocean. All these studies highlight the important sensibility of groundwater resources to climate variations in terms of quality (salinization) and quantity (lower water levels). Hydrogeological resources are particularly sensitive to climate and hydrological variations (recharge changes, seawater intrusion…), as well as to non-climatic factors (human activities). Thus groundwater resources management needs to consider both climatic and non-climatic risks and the long-term adaptation of these systems
Arnoux, Marie. "Interactions lacs-eaux souterraines et sensibilité aux changements climatiques et environnementaux". Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016SACLS581/document.
Testo completoIn the face of modern anthropogenic pressures, the preservation of freshwater resources, particularly groundwater, is paramount. This study investigates interactions between small lakes and groundwater in Quebec, where more than 10% of the territory is covered by freshwater including one million inventoried lakes, to determine whether these lakes may be used as indicators of groundwater change. Twenty-one kettle lakes, set in fluvioglacial deposits, have been specifically targeted for this study due to the high likelihood of connection to shallow unconfined aquifers. Groundwater flows were quantified via lake water balances coupled with two natural tracers of groundwater: stable isotopes of water and Radon-222. On a regional scale the majority of these lakes are characterized by an important annual groundwater inflow and a short-to-medium groundwater flushing time. Daily multi-layer modeling of one of the study lakes, Lake Lacasse, highlights the importance of conducting measurements of these complementary tracers on the water column at the local scale. Different climate and environmental change scenarios were tested to determine the long-term evolution of lake geochemistry. The results indicate that the sensitivity of the isotopic composition of lake water to changes in recharge by year 2050 is mainly controlled by the amount of the total lake balance contributed by groundwater, with an optimum sensitivity for 50-80% of the total inflows contributed by groundwater. This research demonstrates that the geochemical signatures of lakes can be used to indicate future groundwater change in response to climate and environmental evolution, which may assist in improvements to the sustainable management of freshwater resources
Ourbak, Timothée. "Variations climatiques interannuelles à interdécennales dans le Pacifique tropical telles qu'enregistrées par les traceurs géochimiques contenus dans les coraux massifs". Bordeaux 1, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006BOR13193.
Testo completoMoreno, Eva. "Propriétés magnétiques des sédiments de la marge du Portugal : traceurs des variations climatiques et océanographiques en Atlantique Nord depuis 340 000 ans". Aix-Marseille 3, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000AIX30050.
Testo completoMagnetic properties of sediments cored along the Portugal Margin have been analyzed and compared to other paleoenviromental indicators in order to reconstruct the climatic variations and oceanic regimes in the North Atlantic during the past 340 000 years. Three mechanisms of mineral transport have been identified : 1) iceberg rafting responsible for IRD (Ice Rafted Detritus) deposition , 2) eolian transport of dust and 3) deep water currents responsible for the transport of fine-grained magnetic minerals. The IRD contain a magnetic fraction (Ti-magnetite) associated with quartz and silicate grains. Their rhythmicity determined by the collapse of Northern ice caps, varies between 5 000 and 11 000 years. The precisely dated IRD layers identified by peaks Sl to S4 are contemporaneous with the Heinrich events HI to H4. IRD layers have also been identified during stages 5, 6 and 7, showing the existence of Heinrich-like events
Bouchet, Marie. "Coherent dating of deep polar ice cores and implications for understanding climate mechanisms". Electronic Thesis or Diss., université Paris-Saclay, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024UPASJ020.
Testo completoIt is possible to gain insights from past climate natural variability in order to constrain the response of the climate system to change in the external forcing and future projections. Paleoclimate data provide empirical estimates of pre-anthropic large-scale climate change across a range of timescales, including the long timescales (several thousand years) associated with the glacial-interglacial transitions of great amplitude that affected Earth's climate every ~100 thousand years over the past million years. This is of particular interest for climatic projections, as it may allow for the estimation of the rate of ice cap melting. Furthermore, paleoclimate data can be employed to investigate "tipping point" events, which show the potential for rapid (over a few decades) and significant instabilities in the climate system. Among the paleo archives, deep polar ice cores are distinctive in that they offer direct records of ancient global atmospheric composition in greenhouse gases and documented past local changes in snowfall and temperature. My PhD focused on the EPICA Dome C (EDC) drilling site in East Antarctica which provides the oldest continuous ice core record so far. It documents climate change that occurred over a wide range of timescales (from a few decades to several thousands of years) over the past 800,000 years. While water isotopes are classically used to infer past temperature and accumulation rate when measured in ice cores, we show that δ¹⁵N of N2 measured in air bubbles trapped in ice core can be a complementary tool. δ¹⁵N of N2 indeed reflects the depth of bubble enclosure in the ice sheet, itself driven by surface temperature and snow accumulation rate at surface. A new record of δ¹⁵N of N2 over the last 800 kyr is presented and provides an accurate identification of the lead-lag relationship between atmospheric CO₂ and Antarctic climate over deglaciations. Secondly, I developed a precise, coherent timescale for five deep polar ice cores, spanning the past 800,000 years, known as the Antarctic Ice Core Chronology (AICC) 2023. This timescale is built using the probabilistic dating model Paleochrono-1.1 and constrained by new EDC measurements and glaciological modeling outputs. This permitted to reduce the average uncertainty of the EDC age scale from 1,700 to 900 years. The revised chronology aligns better with independent and absolute chronologies of other paleo archives.Furthermore, we proposed a methodology for constructing coherent, relative, and absolute chronologies for marine and glacial archives over past glacial-interglacial cycles. Evaluating the sensitivity of the coherent chronology to dating methodologies produced robust error bars, aiding in the precise identification of climatic event sequences (e.g. relative timing of changes in insolation, atmospheric greenhouse gases, global sea level, and regional temperatures) during glacial-interglacial transitions. In a preliminary study, we identify a few-year lead of atmospheric CO2 with respect to sea level in six of the seven latest deglaciations. Further research is needed to study the implications of such chronologies to understand the causal relationships between external forcing and the climate's internal response.My approach combined glaciological and statistical modeling with an experimental analysis of air trapped in EDC ice core and a data analysis of various paleo records from polar ice cores, marine sedimentary cores and speleothems. My research contributes significantly to improving climate reconstructions from ice cores, reducing dating uncertainties, and developing coherent chronological frameworks. These advancements enhance our understanding of the climate's response to an external forcing and of the interactions between different Earth System components during glacial-interglacial transitions
Freudenthal, Sébastien. "Utilisation des fréons comme traceurs de la circulation profonde en Atlantique tropical. : identification et suivi de la composante récente de l'eau de la Mer du Labrador entre 1990 et 2000". Paris 6, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002PA066522.
Testo completoHuntsman-Mapila, Philippa. "Bassins de rift à des stades précoces de leur développement : l'exemple du bassin Makgadikgadi-Okavango-Zambezi, Botswana et du bassin Sud-Tanganyika (Tanzanie et Zambie) : composition géochimique des sédiments : traceurs des changements climatiques et tectoniques". Brest, 2006. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00161196.
Testo completoThis thesis presents the results of a multidisciplinary study of sediments, with an emphasis on geochemistry, with the following objectives: I) improve our understanding of geochemical processes occurring as a result of erosion, transport and deposition in two rift basin in their early stage of development; 2) reconstruct environments in these two regions of the rift during the Late Pleistocene and Holocene and 3) define sedimentary and geochemical criteria to allow us to discriminate tectonic setting and climate change in nascent and early stage rift basins. 11e two basins chosen to represent early stage rift development were I) the Makgadikgadi-Okavango-Zambezi basin located in NW Botswana md 2) the Mpulungu Basin, located at the south-western extremity of Lake Tanganyika. The geochemicat study of sediments and water of the Okavango Delta revealed the presence of elevated arsenic in the groundwater occurring as n result of the dissolution of oxides under reducing conditions. The presence of elevated arsenic in the sediments is linked to organic rich clays, deposited under lacustrine conditions during periods of higher rainfall et possible impoundment of the river by die Thamalakane Fault. The geochemical results were used as n proxy for climate change in the Mpulungu basin. The results indicate n remarkable excursion winch coincides with the Younder Dryas event, Tins environmental event appears to be the most important event in southem Lai Tanganyika during the period 23 —3 ka, winch is characterized by the transport of weathered material into die basin due ton change in vegetation cove in the catchment area
Pichon, Jean-Jacques. "Les diatomées, traceurs de l'évolution climatique et hydrogéologique de l'Océan austral au cours du dernier cycle climatique". Bordeaux 1, 1985. http://www.theses.fr/1985BOR10622.
Testo completoBourdin, Clément. "Enregistrement des variations climatiques par les éléments traces dans les spéléothèmes". Phd thesis, Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00863089.
Testo completoBiscéré, Tom. "Effets des métaux et des changements climatiques sur les coraux". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SORUS382.
Testo completoCoral reefs have largely degraded in recent decades under the influence of human activities. Among those disturbances, the increase in metal concentrations affects many reefs worldwide (e.g. Australian Great Barrier Reef, Costa Rica, Red Sea, New Caledonia). Furthermore, reefs have now to face climate change, and more particularly temperature increase and ocean acidification. In this context, the aims of my thesis were to (1) determine the effects of the main metals present in lateritic sediments (iron, manganese, nickel and cobalt) on coral physiology using concentrations representative of those measured along the New Caledonian coastline, and to (2) define their potential roles in this context of climate change. My results showed that metals affect coral metabolism in different ways. While at ambient temperature, a nickel or manganese enrichment stimulates host metabolism and symbiont photosynthesis, conversely a cobalt enrichment inhibits calcification and becomes even toxic for the host and symbionts, from 1 μg L-1. Despite its importance in photosynthetic processes, an iron enrichment induces a decrease in Symbiodinium densities and an inhibition of calcification rates. Under thermal stress, manganese enhances coral tolerance to temperature increase, likely by stimulating their antioxidant defenses, while nickel worsens its effects by decreasing even more their growth. These works represent an important step towards a better understanding of coral responses to metal enrichment and would explain, to some extent, species susceptibility to climate change
Pourrier, Jonathan. "Caractérisation des processus de transferts et d’interactions entre les compartiments hydrologiques, hydrogéologiques et cryosphériques d’un bassin versant andin semi-aride soumis à une forte variabilité climatique (Vallée de l’Elqui – Chili)". Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014MON20108/document.
Testo completoThe north Chile is affected by an arid to semi-arid climate, associated with a strong seasonal to inter-annual variability. In this region, while mountainous areas are supporting low areas, the availability of water resources remains limited. In order to improve the water management in these basins, it is necessary to precise how the high areas support the low areas, and to characterize water transfers and interaction processes between the constitutive compartments of the hydrosystem. This work concern the characterization of the hydrodynamic behavior of the Elqui watershed from the headwaters, in the Andes, to the valleys, ranging between 500 and 2000 m.a.s.l.In the headwaters, the interactions processes between cryospheric and hydrologic compartments and their impact on water transfers to the low areas are characterized. The behavior of unglacierized or partially glacierized watershed is also studied. In the low area of the watershed, the study mainly considers groundwater-surface water interactions under semi-arid context and the impact of the climatic variability on these processes. This study is based on more than 40 years of hydro-meteorological data available in the lower zone of the basin, completed by hydrological measurements in the upper zone (> 2000 m.a.s.l.) and chemical (majors and traces elements) and isotopic samples (²D, 18O) over the whole study area realized between 2011 and 2013.This work demonstrated that the conceptual model of the Elqui basin hydrological behavior, generally accepted, was incomplete. In the high area (> 2000 m.a.s.l.), the study of a glacierized watershed show that the function of the cryosphere overpass the water production with some compartments storing water during humid periods and draining their water content during dry periods. This process buffers the temporal variability of precipitations and melting rates in the high area. Physico-chemical analysis, allows to identify some ignored aquifer compartments, as the volcanic and plutonic compartments. The results of this study improve the knowledge about interactions processes between cryospheric, hydrologic and hydrogeologic compartments, which precise the hydrological functioning of the high area. The interpretation of the hydrological behavior of the high altitude area allows to better understand the way that it support the low area, and the way that climate variability may affects it.In the low area, results show that the groundwater-surface water interaction potential is good between alluvial and hydrological compartments, but also between the plutonic and the alluvial compartments. The study of hydro-meteorological and physico-chemical data allowed to characterize the type of exchanges that take place between groundwater and surface water. In some sectors the main process is the recharge of the alluvial compartment by the hydrological compartment, while in other sectors the processes show a seasonal variability with periods of alluvial compartment recharge and periods of hydrological compartment support. The answer of these processes face to climatic and anthropic forcing will constrain the evolution of the availability and quality of the water resources in the Elqui basin. Finally, the results of this study will certainly allow to better anticipate the future modifications of the semi-arid mountainous watershed hydrological functioning
BOISEAU, MURIEL. "Etude de la variabilite climatique liee a l'enso dans l'ocean pacifique central sud (moorea) a partir de traceurs geochimiques contenus dans le squelette d'une carotte de corail (porites lutea)". Paris 7, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998PA077016.
Testo completoPotier, Hugo. "Major and trace elements in the changing Arctic environment : interactions between C-N-Mo-V biogeochemical cycles". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2024. https://accesdistant.sorbonne-universite.fr/login?url=https://theses-intra.sorbonne-universite.fr/2024SORUS094.pdf.
Testo completoClimate change is deeply affecting the functioning of Arctic ecosystems through increases in temperature and precipitation in these environments. In particular, the increase in primary productivity resulting from the lifting of thermal and hydric constraints on plant growth, coupled with changes in the nature of the plant cover and the thawing of permafrost, is likely to induce significant constraints on the biogeochemical cycles of elements composing organic matter, especially carbon (C) and nitrogen (N). An important lever to reduce nitrogen limitation of plant growth could be to increase the flux of biological nitrogen fixation (BNF), a microbial process that requires, among other elements, molybdenum (Mo) or vanadium (V). The abundance of these two trace elements may thus limit the availability of nitrogen and, therefore, the plant growth in those ecosystems. The aim of this research work is to improve our understanding of the interactions between the biogeochemical cycles of major (C, N) and trace (Mo, V) elements in these environments. It explores the potential of using stoichiometric data collected in subarctic habitats with contrasting plant and soil characteristics of the Abisko region (northern Sweden). The quantification of elemental stocks in aboveground biomass and soils highlighted the importance of variations in plant community composition for the distribution of these stocks in biomass compartments with different dynamics, as well as the relatively weak links in elemental stocks between aboveground biomass and soils. Considering several processes potentially involved in soil surface enrichment of Mo and V, both elements have distinct behaviours in light of the respective contribution of lithogenic and biological influences and the role of physicochemical conditions for their mobility. A modelling approach highlighted the strong links between N, Mo and V in soil stoichiometry and suggested that organic soils have a relatively important nitrogen-fixing activity. The results of this thesis highlight the strong interaction between major and trace elements, their expected modifications as induced by changes in vegetation in the Arctic, and the potential limitation of BNF by the availability of Mo and V. These results call for a more detailed characterisation of the bioavailability of these trace elements to microbial communities combined with measurements focusing on the BNF process in order to further explore these limitations. Finally, this work points out the need to continue exploring the interaction of biogeochemical cycles of major and trace elements for the future of Arctic ecosystems
Martias, Chloé. "Dynamique de la matière organique dissoute colorée et fluorescente en zone lagonaire tropicale dans le Pacifique Sud (Nouvelle Calédonie) : influences climatiques et anthropogéniques". Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018AIXM0133/document.
Testo completoNew Caledonia (South-West Pacific) is a tropical area under strong environmental pressure (climate change and local anthropogenic forcing). The aim of this thesis was to gain a better understanding of the colored (CDOM) and fluorescent (FDOM) dissolved organic matter dynamic in the New Caledonia Lagoon where strong ultramafic erosion pressure is associated with trace metals (i.e., nickel, manganese and cobalt). 3D spectrofluorimetry was used to characterize the CDOM/FDOM. The West and East coasts were sampled during one year and a half in a context of El Niño (2015-2016), interrupted by strong rainy events (storms) and during CALIOPE 3 cruise (East coast). A parallel factor analysis (PARAFAC) of EEMF led to the identification of 5 fluorophores: marine humic-like, 2 tyrosine-like and tryptophan-like peaks (T2 peak) from the biological balance between phytoplankton and bacterioplankton and a terrestrial humic-like from rivers draining caledonian coast. The CDOM signal at 350 and 442 nm had a strong dependency on river inputs accentuated during storms and revealed photodegraded CDOM. The FDOM signal in the East showed a seasonal cycle (wet/dry season) contrary to the West coast depending on sporadic rainy events. Data acquired during the CALIOPE 3 were coupled with trace metal concentrations, biogeochemical parameters, and plankton communities. Some fluorophores displayed a preferential association with nickel and cobalt. The complexation capacities of these fluorophores toward trace metals were revealed by a quenching experiment that allowed to derive complexation constants
Louarn, Essyllt. "Étude de la variabilité de la circulation des masses d'eau profondes en Atlantique Nord en relation avec le climat : utilisation des traceurs transitoires halocarbonés". Brest, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008BRES2035.
Testo completoThe North Atlantic deep circulation variability is studied regarding global change. The variability is assessed using halocarbonated tracers (CFC-11, CFC-1 2, CFC-113 and CC14) and studying hydrographic cruises spanning from 1991 to 2006. In this work, water mass formation (Mediterranean Sea Water and Labrador Sea Water) and North Atlantic deep water masses properties and transport variability are studied. First, in the Gulf of Cadiz, the presence of a old and high-silicate water, caracterized as Antarctic lntermediate Water, is observed. That water is seen as participating to the lower Mediterranean Sea Water out of the Gulf. The formation site of the upper Labrador Sea Water is observed wider than formerly considered. It forms every year in the central Labrador Sea, that zone, under certain conditions, extends to the north South of Greenland (2005). Under severe wintertime, deep convection can occur in the Imminger Sea as observed in this study in 1997 and 2002. Second, the variability of the Labrador Sea Water is high since the 90’s. A reduction of the maximal convection depth is observed, at the same time the CFC-1 1 transport decreased at the level of the LSW. The Denmark Strait Overflow Water variability observed in the lmminger Sea is linked to a change in proportion of different waters composing it, in particular the presence of Polar Surface Water. Finally the CFC-11 fluxes north of the North Atlantic show a diminution of the air-sea exchange above that area especially in 2006 due to a decrease of the winter mixed layer depth, supporting a decrease of the uptake of anthropogenic carbon in that area
Cuny-Guirriec, Kristan. "Le rapport élémentaire Li/Mg dans les coraux scléractiniaires : un nouveau et puissant traceur des paléo-températures de l’océan ?" Electronic Thesis or Diss., université Paris-Saclay, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020UPASV009.
Testo completoThe Li/Mg paleothermometer was here updated in a calibration including 15 species of coral from culture or various environmental context, from tropical areas to deep Antarctic waters. This work showed that this new proxy well defines the whole ocean temperature range from -1 to 29°C, with a precision of ± 1.0°C. However, presence of organic matter or diagenetic calcite in the skeleton can bias the reconstructed temperatures. A specific chemical cleaning and micro analysis can overcome these effects. Yet, uncertainties of reconstructed temperatures are higher for tropical corals from shallow waters, largely subjected to seasonal variation of environmental factors (e.g. SST, light, precipitations). Calcification and growth processes of these zooxanthellate species, controlled by their localisation in the lagoon and by seasonal variation, seem to alter the precision of the Li/Mg proxy. By combining Li/Mg and Sr/Ca ratios in a multi-proxy approach, these uncertainties can be considerably reduced, with a precision reaching ± 0.6°C. In a first application, general and local calibrations were compared in order to reconstruct the historical evolution of temperatures from analysis on a Siderastrea siderea, sampled alive in Martinique. The resulting temporal series covers the last two centuries and clearly shows the global warming affecting the Caribbean, in agreement with existing data. A second application was conducted on fossil deep-water corals from Mediterranean Sea, providing the first reconstruction of the temperature evolution of intermediate waters since 55.000 years, with a particularly cold signal during LGM, in response of the last glacial/interglacial cycle
Vicari, Rosa. "Digital traces of climate risks : assessing the communication impact of Paris resilience strategy". Thesis, Paris Est, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PESC1168.
Testo completoClimate pressures contribute to the complexity of urban systems that have multiple functions and interacting components. The concept of resilience introduces a holistic approach, embracing both the physical environmental and the socio-economic components of cities. This thesis contributes to the current need to forge this link when studying climate-related risks in urban areas. More specifically, it attempts to answer the question: how can we assess the impact of communication on urban resilience?‘Resilience thinking’ involves overcoming fragmentation in risk management, by creating synergies among stakeholders. It is a challenge that illustrates the importance of the ‘social construction of reality’: a specific dimension of the city that corresponds to the perceptions and attitudes of the urban community regarding an issue or solution. Identifying relevant communication indicators is a prerequisite to collecting meaningful data on stakeholder views and evaluating their impact on resilience.With these premises in mind, the thesis proposes new communication indicators. These indicators have been created and tested in the context of the Paris region to investigate the communication processes that underlie local climate resilience strategies.The first part of this study revolves around the communication actions implemented in Paris by local, national and international authorities in the framework of flood resilience strategies. Recurrent and relevant communication variables have been identified and used as a basis to outline communication indicators.Some of these indicators have then been tested. A first series of experiments are based on research methods that are usually adopted by SIA (Social Impact Assessment) experts. Exploration techniques of unstructured big data (advanced text mining and complex network representation) have been used for a second set of experiments.The experiments based on SIA techniques (press coverage monitoring, a questionnaire and interviews) have been carried out in the framework of the communication strategy of Interreg NWE IVB RainGain, a European project on urban flood resilience.Communication impact has been evaluated in both quantitative (frequency of communication activities and audience size) and qualitative terms (knowledge transfer and risk perception reduction). Impact evolution over time and correlations with another resilience driver (weather hazards) have been also addressed.The experiments based on text mining and network representation have resulted into an analysis of the socio-semantic networks that underlie digital communications.Four corpora of texts have been extracted from the Web: tweets and press news covering the Seine River flood of 2016 and the Alpes-Maritimes flood of 2015; public authorities’ documents on flood risk management in the Paris region, released from 2003 to 2017.The analysis of the corpora was supported by open source software (Gargantext and Gephi) and it has involved several steps: extraction of hundreds of key terms; network representations based on key term co-occurrences; cluster visualisation based on adjacency matrix; quantitative analysis of the nodes and edges. This has allowed appraising the most prominent topics and actors, as well as frequent connections and clusters of topics and actors that characterise the media and political debates.Through a comparison of the four corpora, it has been possible to observe ho these patterns change in the context of two different extreme weather events, in the short-term and in the long-term
Martias, Chloé. "Dynamique de la matière organique dissoute colorée et fluorescente en zone lagonaire tropicale dans le Pacifique Sud (Nouvelle Calédonie) : influences climatiques et anthropogéniques". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Aix-Marseille, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018AIXM0133.
Testo completoNew Caledonia (South-West Pacific) is a tropical area under strong environmental pressure (climate change and local anthropogenic forcing). The aim of this thesis was to gain a better understanding of the colored (CDOM) and fluorescent (FDOM) dissolved organic matter dynamic in the New Caledonia Lagoon where strong ultramafic erosion pressure is associated with trace metals (i.e., nickel, manganese and cobalt). 3D spectrofluorimetry was used to characterize the CDOM/FDOM. The West and East coasts were sampled during one year and a half in a context of El Niño (2015-2016), interrupted by strong rainy events (storms) and during CALIOPE 3 cruise (East coast). A parallel factor analysis (PARAFAC) of EEMF led to the identification of 5 fluorophores: marine humic-like, 2 tyrosine-like and tryptophan-like peaks (T2 peak) from the biological balance between phytoplankton and bacterioplankton and a terrestrial humic-like from rivers draining caledonian coast. The CDOM signal at 350 and 442 nm had a strong dependency on river inputs accentuated during storms and revealed photodegraded CDOM. The FDOM signal in the East showed a seasonal cycle (wet/dry season) contrary to the West coast depending on sporadic rainy events. Data acquired during the CALIOPE 3 were coupled with trace metal concentrations, biogeochemical parameters, and plankton communities. Some fluorophores displayed a preferential association with nickel and cobalt. The complexation capacities of these fluorophores toward trace metals were revealed by a quenching experiment that allowed to derive complexation constants
Drugat, Laurine. "Géochimie des spéléothèmes du sud-ouest de l'Europe (chronologie U-Th et 14C, éléments traces, 87Sr/86Sr, 18O/16O, 13C/12C) appliquée aux reconstitutions climatiques et environnementales à l'Holocène". Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SACLV066.
Testo completoThe purpose of this thesis is to use speleothem geochemistry through a multi-proxy study to reconstruct environmental and climatic variations in southwestern Europe during the Holocene. This work, based on three sites distributed between Spain and France, covers the last 14,000 years. Due to its location at the confluence of the high and low latitudes, this region of south-western Europe is especially sensitive to both the influence of the North Atlantic climate but also the Mediterranean and subtropical African and Asian climate. This particular context allows to study ideally the impact of the different climatic mechanisms driving the modifications of its environment. The choice of the study sites’ distribution aims to compare sites with main Atlantic influence (Candamo, N Spain), Mediterranean (Salamandre cave, SE France) and mixt one (Nerjà, S Spain). The understanding of geochemical behavior was the first part of this study. After the establishment of a chronological frame (14C, U/Th), elemental geochemistry (trace elements and rare earth elements) and isotopic (87Sr/86Sr, d18O, d13C) was coupled. The 87Sr/86Sr isotope ratio, traditionally used as a source tracer for Sr, has been coupled to the study of elementary variations of alkali elements (Li, Rb, Cs) in order to determine changes in the contribution of bedrock and soil in speleothems. The behavior of these alkalis has also been shown to be related to different modes of transport (particulate dissolved or bound to organic complexes) and the use of d13C and rare earths (light rare earth and heavy rare earth fractionation and cerium anomaly) made it possible to confirm or not these hypotheses. The second part of this work was to apply these geochemical mechanisms to the determination of the hydrological and environmental processes and to place them in the specific climatic context of each study site. Thus, the alkali elements (Li, Rb, Cs) have proved to be good indicators of weathering phenomena that may be related to climate change (such as the transition between Bölling-Alleröd and Younger-Dryas in the Salamandre site), and/or environmental changes (period of deforestation or establishment of vegetation in the Middle Holocene in the case of the sites of Nerjà or Candamo). These events can thus take place in very different contexts (dry climate, deforestation, detrital inputs during wet climate by leaching) the coupling to other proxis is then necessary to specify the conditions of enrichment of these alkali elements
Drugat, Laurine. "Géochimie des spéléothèmes du sud-ouest de l'Europe (chronologie U-Th et 14C, éléments traces, 87Sr/86Sr, 18O/16O, 13C/12C) appliquée aux reconstitutions climatiques et environnementales à l'Holocène". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SACLV066.
Testo completoThe purpose of this thesis is to use speleothem geochemistry through a multi-proxy study to reconstruct environmental and climatic variations in southwestern Europe during the Holocene. This work, based on three sites distributed between Spain and France, covers the last 14,000 years. Due to its location at the confluence of the high and low latitudes, this region of south-western Europe is especially sensitive to both the influence of the North Atlantic climate but also the Mediterranean and subtropical African and Asian climate. This particular context allows to study ideally the impact of the different climatic mechanisms driving the modifications of its environment. The choice of the study sites’ distribution aims to compare sites with main Atlantic influence (Candamo, N Spain), Mediterranean (Salamandre cave, SE France) and mixt one (Nerjà, S Spain). The understanding of geochemical behavior was the first part of this study. After the establishment of a chronological frame (14C, U/Th), elemental geochemistry (trace elements and rare earth elements) and isotopic (87Sr/86Sr, d18O, d13C) was coupled. The 87Sr/86Sr isotope ratio, traditionally used as a source tracer for Sr, has been coupled to the study of elementary variations of alkali elements (Li, Rb, Cs) in order to determine changes in the contribution of bedrock and soil in speleothems. The behavior of these alkalis has also been shown to be related to different modes of transport (particulate dissolved or bound to organic complexes) and the use of d13C and rare earths (light rare earth and heavy rare earth fractionation and cerium anomaly) made it possible to confirm or not these hypotheses. The second part of this work was to apply these geochemical mechanisms to the determination of the hydrological and environmental processes and to place them in the specific climatic context of each study site. Thus, the alkali elements (Li, Rb, Cs) have proved to be good indicators of weathering phenomena that may be related to climate change (such as the transition between Bölling-Alleröd and Younger-Dryas in the Salamandre site), and/or environmental changes (period of deforestation or establishment of vegetation in the Middle Holocene in the case of the sites of Nerjà or Candamo). These events can thus take place in very different contexts (dry climate, deforestation, detrital inputs during wet climate by leaching) the coupling to other proxis is then necessary to specify the conditions of enrichment of these alkali elements
Gabrieli, Jacopo. "Les éléments présents à l'état de traces et les hydrocarbures aromatiques polycycliques dans la neige et la glace prélevées au col Gnifetti, massif du Mont Rose (4450 m) : implications environnementales et climatiques". Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008GRE10218.
Testo completoA new melting device for on-line decontamination and continuous analysis of alpine firn/ice cores has been designed, built and tested. Melt water from the inner part of each ice core section was pumped to an ICP-QMS and a conductivity micro-cell for continuous measurements of trace elements concentrations and conductivity, respectively. Discrete samples were also collected for trace elements, Pb isotopes and 239Pu determinations by ICP-SFMS and ICP-OES. Melt water from the outer section was extracted on-line by solid-phase cartridges for semi-continuous Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) analysis. Pronounced seasonal variations were observed for all elements, both crustal (Mg, Al) and anthropogenically enriched (Pb). To understand short-time variations, air mass back trajectories are an important parameter which must be considered. Also the knowledge of the temperature inversion dynamics and the boundary layer features is extremely important because they play a key role in the transport and dispersion of aerosol and gases from low-altitude emission sources. The largest emissions of Pb through history occurred during the 19th and 20th centuries and especially between the 1950s and 1970s. To determine if changes observed in Colle Gnifetti core faithfully reflect changes in emissions from nearby European countries, we have compared snow/ice data with emissions data present in the literature. For example, from 1800 AD to the first decade of 20th century Pb concentrations progressively increased, reaching a maximum in the 1920s. During the 1920s Pb concentrations suddenly halved and remained low for the next two decades. After the Second World War, Pb depositions increased dramatically with the introduction of Pb additives in gasoline, peaking in the mid-1970s. From 1975, Pb concentrations in Colle Gnifetti ice began to decrease in accordance with the first environmental policies in Europe which started to limit pollutant emissions. Before 1875 PAHs levels were very low: the pre-1750's PAHs concentrations were assumed to be the background level. ΣPAHs in the 1945-1955 ten-year period were 10 times greater than background values with ΣPAHs* greater by about 40-50 times. From 1900, PAHs concentrations increased exponentially, reaching a maximum in 1920. In the 1920s, after the First World War economic stagnation in Europe depressed industrial activities which were converting to civilan production. From the mid-1930s PAHs rapidly doubled reaching their maximum concentrations from 1940 to 1950. The heaviest ΣPAHs* concentrations decreased by a factor 5 from 1950 to 1975 while for total ΣPAHs the concentrations halved. From 1975 to 2003 ΣPAHs rose again and nearly returned to 1910s values. Although the general PAHs trends are strongly correlated with anthropogenic emission variation, the fine shape of the profile is less clear and could be influenced by several parameters. Plutonium is present in the environment as a consequence of the atmospheric nuclear testing carried out in the 1960s, the production of nuclear weapons and nuclear industry releases over the past 50 years. The shape of 239Pu profile reflects three main periods of atmospheric nuclear weapons testing. The 206Pb/207Pb ratio for the pre-1700 background period ranged between 1. 18 and 1. 20, in agreement with the composition of local rocks. Although Pb deposition on Colle Gnifetti after 1900 was almost totally due to anthropogenic emissions, the 206Pb/207Pb ratio does not decline intensely until 1975. This is due to the average Pb isotopic composition of industrial emissions and gasoline additives used which was very similar to the crustal composition in local rocks and soil. After 1975, a sudden and intense 206Pb/207Pb ratio depletion is recorded. This value reached a minimum of 1. 11 in 1979-1980. This behaviour is characteristic of the ILE experiment (Isotopic Lead Experiment) - a large scale isotopic tracer experiment using Pb isotopes that was carried out between 1975 and 1980 in the Piedmont region of northwest Italy centred on Turin
Wainer, Karine. "Reconstruction climatique des derniers 200 ka à partir de l'étude isotopique et géochimique des spéléothèmes du sud de la France". Phd thesis, Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00547900.
Testo completoCavalière, Camille. "Evaluer et valoriser les apports effectifs des tweets géolocalisés émis en réponse aux catastrophes naturelles. Application aux phénomènes hydrométéorologiques extrêmes du Texas". Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020GRALS002.
Testo completoDigital footprints have invaded our daily lives: captured in real time by various media on Web 2.0 platforms and mainly by smartphones, they offer the advantage of being frequently geolocated. These footprints thus constitute virtual markers attesting to the physical presence of an individual in a given space at a given time. That is why they were quickly integrated into the research and considered as the opportunity to build a knowledge of social phenomena using a bottom-up approach. The doctoral research focuses on a particular digital footprint, geolocated tweets, in the context of hydrometeorological risks. Due to the many violent phenomena that occurred in the early 2010s, natural disaster and risk management was one of the first topics considered to explore the potential of geolocated tweets as a new source of field information. However, the geographical study of these footprints encounters difficulties that remain marginal in the approach of data analysts: seeing as the variability of access and use of new mobile digital technologies, what is the social and spatial representativeness of these footprints? How to consider the tools of the spatial analysis and the cartography regarding these new types of heterogeneous data that are acquired outside any conventional norm? In this research, we explore these questions from the extreme phenomena of hydrometeorological origin, which occurred in Texas in the spring of 2016 and in August 2017. We explore semantic and spatial extraction methods to build a corpus of tweets relating to the phenomena studied (named crisis tweets). In a second step, the analysis of crisis tweets is focused on three axes: we explore the spatial and statistical behaviors of places of virtual activity and look for socio-spatial factors that explain its spatial distribution. We test the relevance of the geolocated crisis tweet as a marker of the various parameters of the phenomenon (localization at a fine scale, intensity, etc.) by crossing the tweets with official ground-truth data. Finally, we seek to enhance the textual component of crisis tweets by mapping, notably by combining semantic analysis by grammatical category and social vulnerability of populations
Bhurtun, Pratima. "Dynamique de la qualité des masses d’eau dans le bassin Artois-Picardie : compréhension des mécanismes actuels et prévision des évolutions dans un contexte de changement climatique". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lille (2018-2021), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LILUR055.
Testo completoThe River Selle is a non-channelised stream in the Artois-Picardy basin and is considered as a priority waterbody by the Artois-Picardy Water Agency. The aim of this work was to study the spatio-temporal behaviour of several substances at different time scales, ranging from low-frequency (grab sampling, passive samplers) to high-frequency monitoring. More specifically, tracers of pollution reflecting urban, agricultural and industrial contamination (nitrates, phosphates, trace metal elements, pesticides, pharmaceutical residues, dissolved organic matter) were investigated. We confirmed that the River Selle is mainly fed by a nitrate-rich groundwater. Besides, the nitrates and atrazine concentrations in the river water were similar to those found in the groundwater. At the upstream of the river, the land-use is mainly dominated by agriculture whereas most of the urban islets are located at the downstream of the river. Consequently, during dry weather, ultra-trace concentrations of some pesticides and pharmaceutical residues were recorded and phosphate levels often exceeded 0.2 mg L-1. Due to the minor flow input of the wastewater treatment plants into the river, metallic contamination in the River Selle (particularly Gd and Zn) is quite low despite the high concentrations measured in wastewater effluents. Water quality issues during storm events were identified by high-frequency monitoring. Significant but time-limited peaks in phosphorus and organic carbon were observed, while nitrates were diluted. The composition of dissolved organic matter was studied by fluorescence spectroscopy. The spectral signature of different types of water (groundwater, surface water and wastewater effluents) was characterised as well as the origins of this organic matter (autochtonous vs allochthonous). Finally, these results enable to discuss qualitatively the future effects of climate change at a regional scale on the evolution of the water quality of the River Selle
Bhurtun, Pratima. "Dynamique de la qualité des masses d’eau dans le bassin Artois-Picardie : compréhension des mécanismes actuels et prévision des évolutions dans un contexte de changement climatique". Thesis, Lille 1, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LIL1R055.
Testo completoThe River Selle is a non-channelised stream in the Artois-Picardy basin and is considered as a priority waterbody by the Artois-Picardy Water Agency. The aim of this work was to study the spatio-temporal behaviour of several substances at different time scales, ranging from low-frequency (grab sampling, passive samplers) to high-frequency monitoring. More specifically, tracers of pollution reflecting urban, agricultural and industrial contamination (nitrates, phosphates, trace metal elements, pesticides, pharmaceutical residues, dissolved organic matter) were investigated. We confirmed that the River Selle is mainly fed by a nitrate-rich groundwater. Besides, the nitrates and atrazine concentrations in the river water were similar to those found in the groundwater. At the upstream of the river, the land-use is mainly dominated by agriculture whereas most of the urban islets are located at the downstream of the river. Consequently, during dry weather, ultra-trace concentrations of some pesticides and pharmaceutical residues were recorded and phosphate levels often exceeded 0.2 mg L-1. Due to the minor flow input of the wastewater treatment plants into the river, metallic contamination in the River Selle (particularly Gd and Zn) is quite low despite the high concentrations measured in wastewater effluents. Water quality issues during storm events were identified by high-frequency monitoring. Significant but time-limited peaks in phosphorus and organic carbon were observed, while nitrates were diluted. The composition of dissolved organic matter was studied by fluorescence spectroscopy. The spectral signature of different types of water (groundwater, surface water and wastewater effluents) was characterised as well as the origins of this organic matter (autochtonous vs allochthonous). Finally, these results enable to discuss qualitatively the future effects of climate change at a regional scale on the evolution of the water quality of the River Selle
Joussain, Ronan. "Histoire de l’érosion de l’Himalaya durant le dernier cycle climatique : approches sédimentologiques, minéralogiques et géochimiques des sédiments de la partie proximale de l’éventail sous-marin profond du Bengale". Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016SACLS433.
Testo completoThe aim of this study is to reconstruct the erosional history of the Himalayan ranges, in order to connect these parameters to global climatic events and variations in the intensity of the monsoon. In this work, sediments from 3 marine cores collected in the Bay of Bengal, during the MONOPOL cruise were analyzed using mineralogical (XRD and grain-size) and geochemical (major, trace, Nd and Sr isotopic composition) methods. Chronological framework of studied cores were based on δ¹⁸O from planktonic foraminifera (G. ruber), and ¹⁴C ages dating (AMS). These cores cover the last 180 kyr. The multi-proxy approach conducted on these cores, gives us critical information about the source, to reconstruct the temporal variability of sediment export to the proximal northeastern Bengal Fan and its potential links to climatic changes (Indian monsoon and/or sea-level changes). Results also give insights on the chemical weathering processes and the dynamic of transport of the sediments through time as well. Moreover, a high-resolution study, on a site located on the active middle fan channel levee of the fan provides information on changes in the weathering pattern and the dynamic of transport of sediments from the Himalayan system during the Holocene. Thus, it is possible to quantify the impact effect of summer monsoon rainfall during that time interval. These results have been used to assess changes in the sedimentary sources (Indo-Gangetic plain vs highlands) and document the chemical weathering states of the detrital material within the Ganges-Brahmaputra river basin catchment
Cartapanis, Olivier. "Variabilité de la zone de minimum d’oxygène du Pacifique Est équatorial au cours du Quaternaire récent". Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012AIXM4365/document.
Testo completoThis thesis aims at documenting the spatiotemporal variations of the Oxygen Minimum Zone (OMZ) of the northeastern Pacific, and identifying the mechanisms that caused theses variations. The study is based on the geochemical analyses of major, minor, and trace elements of sediments from the northeastern Pacific, by combining ICP-MS and XRF scans measurements. These measurements allowed distinguishing the effect of biologic productivity and oceanic ventilation on sediment oxygenation. I was able to highlight the predominant impact of the productivity off the Baja California Margin (23°N), which varied in phase with the high northern Atlantic temperature across the past 120,000 years. Moreover, oceanic ventilation did play an important role off the Papagayo Gulf (12°N), because of the advection of water mass coming from the high northern and southern latitudes. OMS intensity in the northeastern Pacific could thus be influenced by changes in the atmospheric and oceanic circulation, in relation to high northern and southern latitudes climates
Bentahila, Yasmine. "Sédimentation autour de Taiwan de 35000 ans à l'actuel : variations des sources (isotopes du Pb-Sr-Zn) et des conditions environnementales (isotopes du Cu-Zn)". Phd thesis, Université Montpellier II - Sciences et Techniques du Languedoc, 2006. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00103456.
Testo completoA l'échelle des derniers 35ka, d'importantes variations isotopiques en Sr-Pb (terrigène) et en Cu-Zn (carbonate) sont enregistrées dans les échantillons du forage ODP 1202D (Bassin d'Okinawa). Les isotopes du Sr et du Pb mettent en évidence une augmentation des apports lœssiques durant la période du Younger Dryas : cette augmentation est reliée à une intensification de la mousson d'hiver, engendrant des vents plus forts provenant du continent asiatique. Parallèlement, les fractionnements isotopiques importants du Cu et du Zn enregistrés depuis 6.9ka seraient liés à l'incorporation préférentielle des isotopes légers par l'activité biologique dans la zone euphotique. Ainsi, les faibles fractionnements isotopiques mesurés dans les échantillons du Younger Dryas seraient dus à un mélange entre les eaux de surfaces et les eaux plus profondes du fait de l'intensification des vents, provoquant ainsi une homogénéisation isotopique.
Gabrieli, Jacopo. "Les élements présents a l'état de traces et les Hydrocarbures Aromatiques Polycycliques dans la neige et la glace prélevées au Col Gnifetti, massif du Mont Rose (4450m): implications environnementales et climatiques". Phd thesis, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00407177.
Testo completoD'importantes variations saisonnières des concentrations sont observées pour tous les éléments, aussi bien les éléments qui proviennent de manière prédominante de la croûte terrestre (Mg, Al) que les éléments enrichis par suite d'apports anthropiques (Pb). Pour comprendre ces variations à court terme, il est important de se référer aux rétro-trajectoires des masses d'air. D'autres paramètres importants sont la dynamique des inversions de températures et les caractéristiques de la couche limite. Ils jouent en effet un rôle majeur dans le transport et la dispersion des aérosols et des gaz à partir des sources d'émissions situées à basse altitude.
Les émissions les plus importantes de Plomb au cours de l'histoire ont eu lieu pendant les 19e et 20e siècles, et plus particulièrement des années 1950 aux années 1970. Pour déterminer si les variations observées dans la carotte du Colle Gnifetti reflètent fidèlement les variations des émissions dans les pays européens voisins, nous avons comparé les données obtenues pour la neige et la glace avec les données d'émission disponibles. De 1800 jusqu'à la première décennie du 20e siècle, les concentrations de Plomb ont augmenté de manière très marquée, atteignant un maximum dans les années 1920. Pendant les années 1920, les concentrations de Plomb décroissent rapidement d'un facteur deux, et restent à ce niveau pendant les deux décennies suivantes. Après la fin de la 2e guerre mondiale, les flux de retombées de Plomb augmentent de manière très importante par suite de l'utilisation des additifs au Plomb dans l'essence, et atteignent un maximum au milieu des années 1970. A partir de 1975, les concentrations de Plomb mesurées dans la neige et la glace du Colle Gnifetti commencent à décroître par suite des règlementations adoptées en Europe pour limiter les émissions de polluants.
Avant 1875, les concentrations de HAP étaient très basses: les concentrations observées dans la glace datant d'avant les années 1750 représentent très probablement le niveau de bruit de fond de ces composés. Les concentrations cumulées des HAP au cours de la décennie 1945-1955 sont supérieures d'un facteur dix aux valeurs de bruit de fond, alors que les concentrations cumulées de HAP* sont environ 40 à 50 fois plus élevées. A partir des années 1900, les concentrations de HAP augmentent de façon très importante, atteignant un maximum vers 1920. Pendant les années 1920, après la première guerre mondiale, la récession économique en Europe conduit à une chute des activités industrielles. A partir du milieu des années 1930, les concentrations de HAP doublent rapidement, atteignant un maximum pendant les années 1940. La concentration cumulée des HAP* les plus lourds décroit ensuite d'un facteur cinq de 1950 à 1975 alors que la concentration cumulée des HAP décroit d'un facteur deux. De 1975 à 2003, la concentration totale des HAP augmente à nouveau, approchant les valeurs des années 1910. De manière globale, les variations temporelles observées pour les HAP sont fortement corrélées aux variations des émissions anthropiques. Cependant, les variations détaillées sont difficiles à interpréter et pourraient être influencées par divers paramètres.
Le Plutonium est présent dans l'environnement par suite des essais nucléaires atmosphériques des années 1960, de la production des armes nucléaires et des rejets par l'industrie nucléaire au cours des 50 dernières années. Le profil de variations du Plutonium dans la neige et la glace du Colle Gnifetti met en évidence les trois périodes principales d'essais nucléaires atmosphériques.
Le rapport isotopique 206Pb/207Pb est compris entre 1.18 et 1.20 pour la glace datant d'avant 1700, en accord avec la composition des roches locale. Bien que les retombées de Plomb au Colle Gnifetti après les années 1900 soient presque entièrement dues à des apports anthropiques, on n'observe pas de variations importantes du rapport isotopique jusqu'en 1975. Ceci est lié au fait que la composition isotopique moyenne du Plomb dans l'essence et le pétrole utilisés était très semblable à la composition isotopique des roches et des sols locaux. Après 1975, on observe une décroissance brutale et forte du rapport isotopique 206Pb/207Pb, jusqu'à des valeurs proches de 1.11 en 1979-1980. Cette décroissance brutale est liée à une expérience réalisée entre 1975 et 1980 dans la région du Piémont au Nord-Ouest de l'Italie (Isotopic Lead Experiment).