Letteratura scientifica selezionata sul tema "Toxicologie – Optique"

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Articoli di riviste sul tema "Toxicologie – Optique"

1

Gautam, Nawaraj. "Food Colorants and their Toxicology: An Overview". Sunsari Technical College Journal 2, n. 1 (28 aprile 2016): 69–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/stcj.v2i1.14803.

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There are many kinds of colorants, which have been already banned or are used under strict supervision of food safety authorities. Use of artificial colorants over natural ones has increased in modern world. Besides, it has also concerned on importance of toxicological studies. Acceptable daily intake (ADI) of different colorants will define the optimum level of coloring substances on food items. Molecular size of coloring agents and their absorption ratio have significant role in toxico-kinetics. Bigger molecular size has lower absorption capacity and toxicity while vice versa for the smaller one. Higher absorption of smaller molecules can be lowered by binding with carrier molecules to make big enough to block through mucosal layer. Adverse health effects related to many colorants are itching, urticaria, anaphylaxis, hypersensitivity, intolerance reactions, mutagenicity, carcinogenicity, genotoxicity, cytostaticity and cytotoxicity. Color additives seem to be complex subject having direct relationship with consumer safety. Therefore, toxicology of attractive coloring agents might overlook the advantages of colorants. So, toxicologist and food scientist need to collaborate to define the use of different color additives and their safety in future in more scientific way.Sunsari Technical College Journal 2015, 2(1):69-75
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Charlebois, Denis, Konka Veeranjaneyulu e Roger M. Leblanc. "Étude de l’activité photosynthétique à l’aide de la spectroscopic photoacoustique: applications potentielles en écotoxicologie". Water Quality Research Journal 28, n. 4 (1 novembre 1993): 743–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wqrj.1993.040.

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Résumé La spectroscopic photoacoustique permet la détection de la chaleur émise lors de désactivations thermiques suite à l’absorption, par un échantillon, de la lumière monochromatique modulée. En faisant varier la longueur d’onde du faisceau d’analyse, nous obtenons un spectre comparable à celui obtenu par la spectroscopic d’absorption. La spectroscopic photoacoustique possède l’avantage d’être applicable aux échantillons dont les propriétés optiques ne se prêtent pas aux techniques spectroscopiques conventionnelles, par exemple dans le cas des algues unicellulaires. Cette technique permet, en plus de l’analyse spectrale, la mesure de l’activité photosynthétique d’échantillons sains ou soumis à divers agents environnementaux (polluants, chaleur, …). Des résultats obtenus avec Anacystis nidulans, Phaeodactylum tricornutum et Pisum sativum sont présentés dans le présent travail. Nous croyons que les possibilités de la spectroscopic photoacoustique sont suffisantes pour susciter l’intérêt des chercheurs dans le domaine de la toxicologie et en particulier dans l’évaluation des dangers environnementaux reliés à l’utilisation des substances toxiques.
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Betton, G., A. Cockburn, E. Harpur, J. Hopkins, P. Illing, C. Lumley e T. Connors. "A Critical Review of the Optimum Duration of Chronic Rodent Testing for the Determination of Non-Tumourigenic Toxic Potential: A Report by the BTS Working Party on Duration of Toxicity Testing". Human & Experimental Toxicology 13, n. 4 (aprile 1994): 221–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/096032719401300401.

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This review indicates that for the detection of non-neoplastic toxic effects: 1 Four decades of accumulated literature provide no lead as to the optimum duration of repeat dose toxicity testing required for all classes of chemicals, although 6 months repeated administration appears adequate for pharmaceuticals. 2 Three month studies predicted the 2 year outcome for 70% of the compounds evaluated in this pilot study using data published by the US National Toxicology Program. 3 In spite of the limitations of this pilot study, this finding is considered encouraging as it is close to that generated previously on more detailed confidential pharmaceutical data.1,2 This suggests that the exercise should now be expanded using confidential surveys of industrial data to determine the concordance resulting from the evaluation of a larger group of chemicals.
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Muhammad Qasim Memon, Rabail Altaf, Pardeep Kumar, Abrar Ul Hasnain Memon, Haya Afzal Memon e Sultan Rajper. "The most optimum imaging modality for diagnosis of shajjah hurt in medicolegal cases of head injuries." Professional Medical Journal 30, n. 01 (1 gennaio 2023): 118–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.29309/tpmj/2023.30.01.7122.

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Objective: To compare the optimum imaging modality to assess the various kinds of Shajjah hurt in MLE cases of head injuries. Study Design: Cross-sectional study. Setting: Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology at Gambat Medical College at Pir Abdul Qadir Shah Jeelani Institute of Medical Sciences, GAMBAT. Period: March 2021 to February 2022. Material & Methods: Medicolegal cases of head injuries of all age groups (infant to old) and of either gender presented to the Emergency department for treatment and medicolegal certification were included. 164 medicolegal cases of moderate to severe head injuries were included based on Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score of 12 or less. Injuries were categorized according to age, gender, kinds of Shajjah and modality with which the type of Shajjah hurt was diagnosed. Results: X-Rays failed to detect Shajjah hurt in at least one-fourth of the cases. X-Rays misdiagnosed 5 cases of Munaqillah, 48 cases of Ammah, and 21 cases of Damighah as Shajjah e Hashimah. X-rays also misdiagnosed the 16 cases of Shajjah e Ammah and 7 cases of Shajjah e Damighah as Shajjah e Munaqillah (fracture with dislocation). CT scan accurately diagnosed 16 (9.76%) cases as Shajjah hashimah, 20 (12.2%) as Shajjah Munaqillah, 79 (48.17%) as Shajjah Ammah, and 49 (29.88%) as Shajjah Damighah. Conclusion: In comparison to X-ray, CT scan had superior performance in correctly assigning the type of Shajjah hurt.
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White, S. L., e D. M. Hoover. "Effects of long-term exposure to modified Karnovsky’s fixative on tissue ultrastructure". Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 48, n. 3 (12 agosto 1990): 806–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s042482010016159x.

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In toxicology studies, the potential to store tissues in the primary fixative offers the flexibility to collect selected specimens and hold them for further processing contingent upon findings in other areas such as histopathology and biochemistry. This would allow conservation of resources and time by eliminating the need to duplicate studies specifically for electron microscopy. Previous investigators have dealt primarily with the morphological effects on the tissue produced by various fixatives, buffers, and osmolalities while using optimum processing schedules. However, little information is available on longterm exposure to the primary fixative25. In the present study, we investigated the ultrastructural morphological effects on tissues stored 1 month or 6 months in modified Kamovsky's fixative as compared to tissues given a 3 hr exposure to the primary fixative.Three male and 3 female Fisher 344 rats ages 6 to 7 weeks were prepared for whole body fixative perfusion by giving an I.V. heparin sodium injection followed by ether anesthesia.
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6

Krokos, Adamantios, Elisavet Tsakelidou, Eleni Michopoulou, Nikolaos Raikos, Georgios Theodoridis e Helen Gika. "NSAIDs Determination in Human Serum by GC-MS". Separations 5, n. 3 (16 luglio 2018): 37. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/separations5030037.

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Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are being widely consumed without medical prescription and are often the cause of intoxication, usually in young children. For this, there is a special need in their determination in routine toxicology analysis. As screening methods mainly focus on drugs of abuse (DOA) that are alkaline compounds in their majority, they are not optimized for acidic drugs, such as NSAIDs. Thus, more specific methods are needed for the detection and quantification of this class of drugs. In this study, the efficient extraction of NSAIDs from blood serum and their accurate determination is studied. Optimum pH extraction conditions were studied and thereafter different derivatization procedures for their detection. From the derivatization reagents used, N,O-Bis(trimethylsilyl)trifluoroacetamide (BSTFA) with 1% Trimethylchlorosilane (TMCS) was found to be the optimum choice for the majority of the examined NSAIDs; pH of 3.7 was selected as the most efficient for the extraction step. Herein the formation of the lactam of diclofenac was also thoroughly investigated. The developed Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) method had a run time of 15 min with the mass spectrometer operating in Electron Impact (EI) within the mass range of 40 to 500 amu. The method was linear with R2 above 0.991 and limits of quantitation (LOQ) ranging from 6 to 414 ng/mL. The intra-day accuracy and precision were found between 1.03%–9.79% and 88%–110%, respectively, and the inter-day accuracy and precision were between 1.87%–10.79% and 91%–113%. The optimum protocol was successfully applied to real clinical samples, where intoxication of NSAIDs was suspected.
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Norheim, Gunnar. "AN APPROACH TO THE PROBLEM OF OPTIMUM SELENIUM INTAKE IN MAN". Acta Pharmacologica et Toxicologica 59 (13 marzo 2009): 177. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0773.1986.tb02737.x.

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8

Scarpitta, S. Charles. "Optimum 222Rn-adsorbing Activated Charcoals". Health Physics 62, n. 6 (giugno 1992): 576–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00004032-199206000-00013.

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9

Xiong, Lu, Mengxue Peng, Meng Zhao e Zhihong Liang. "Truncated Expression of a Carboxypeptidase A from Bovine Improves Its Enzymatic Properties and Detoxification Efficiency of Ochratoxin A". Toxins 12, n. 11 (29 ottobre 2020): 680. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins12110680.

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Ochratoxin A (OTA) is a toxic secondary metabolite produced mainly by Penicillium spp. and Aspergillus spp. and commonly found in foodstuffs and feedstuffs. Carboxypeptidase A (CPA) can hydrolyze OTA into the non-toxic product ochratoxin α, with great potential to realize industrialized production and detoxify OTA in contaminated foods and feeds. This study constructed a P. pastoris expression vector of mature CPA (M-CPA) without propeptide and signal peptide. The results showed that the degradation rate of OTA by M-CPA was up to 93.36%. Its optimum pH was 8, the optimum temperature was 40 °C, the value of Km was 0.126 mmol/L, and the maximum reaction rate was 0.0219 mol/min. Compared with commercial CPA (S-CPA), the recombinant M-CPA had an improve stability, for which its optimum temperature increased by 10 °C and stability at a wide range pH, especially at pH 3–4 and pH 11. M-CPA could effectively degrade OTA in red wine. M-CPA has the potential for industrial applications, such as can be used as a detoxification additive for foods and feeds.
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Joksić, Gordana, Mileva Mićić, Jelena Filipović, Dunja Drakulić, Miloš Stanojlović, Bojan Čalija, Ana Valenta Šobot, Miroslav Demajo e Robert Nilsson. "Cell proliferation assay – method optimisation for in vivo labeling of DNA in the rat forestomach". Acta Veterinaria 67, n. 1 (1 marzo 2017): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/acve-2017-0001.

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AbstractThe study of cell proliferation is a useful tool in the fields of toxicology, pathophysiology and pharmacology. Cell proliferation and its degree can be evaluated using 5-bromo-2′-deoxyuridine which is incorporated into the newly synthesized DNA. The aim of this study was the optimization of subcutaneous application of 5-bromo-2′-deoxyuridine implantation for continuous and persistent marking of proliferating cells in the rat forestomach. 3-tert-Butyl-4-hydroxyanisole was used as the agent that ensures cell proliferation. In order to determine the optimal dose for proliferating cells labeling, 5-bromo-2′-deoxyuridine doses of 50 mg, 100 mg, 200 mg or 350 mg were implemented 2 days prior to sacrifice by flat-faced cylindrical matrices. Immunohistochemical analysis using 5-bromo-2′-deoxyuridine in situ detection kit was performed for the detection of 5-bromo-2′-deoxyuridine labeled cells. The results showed that for adult rats, the optimum 5-bromo-2′-deoxyuridine dose is 200 mg per animal for subcutaneous application. The here described manner of 5-bromo-2′-deoxyuridine in vivo labeling provides a simple, efficient, and reliable method for cell labeling, and at the same minimizes stress to animals.
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Tesi sul tema "Toxicologie – Optique"

1

Dittmar, Eric. "Etude des paramètres physico-chimiques lors de la thermolyse de matériaux utilisés en aéronautique et dans le bâtiment". Rouen, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990ROUE5008.

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Le développement d'un modèle-feu permettant le suivi des débits massiques, des températures, de l'opacité des fumées, des taux de CO et de CO2, rend possible l'estimation des risques présentés en cas d'incendie, par des matériaux utilisés dans l'industrie du bâtiment ou en aéronautique. L'acquisition et le traitement informatiques des données permettent de proposer une méthode de classement des matériaux, pour un risque donné et pour un scénario donné. Cette étude est menée parallèlement à une étude toxicologique recourant à une exposition animale et les particules de fumée sont observées en microscopie électronique
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2

Azemar, Nathan. "Μοdélisatiοn des tοxicités οptiques induites par radiοthérapie avec faisceaux de prοtοns". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Normandie, 2024. https://theses.hal.science/tel-04947852.

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La protonthérapie, grâce à sa capacité à délivrer des doses élevées aux tumeurs tout en épargnant les tissus sains, est une option thérapeutique privilégiée pour traiter des localisations proches des structures optiques. Cependant, les rayonnements peuvent endommager les voies visuelles et causer des déficits visuels sévères. Cette thèse vise à modéliser les toxicités optiques induites par la protonthérapie chez les patients traités pour des tumeurs de la tête et du cou. Le travail repose sur l’analyse de données dosimétriques et paracliniques collectées auprès de 223 patients traités par protonthérapie au Centre François Baclesse et suivis au CHU de Caen. Une base de données multicentrique a été constituée, incluant les dosimétries, ainsi que les résultats des examens paracliniques (champ visuel, tomographie par cohérence optique et potentiels évoqués visuels). Un modèle relationnel a été développé pour établir un lien entre les résultats de champ visuel et la dose reçue par les organes visuels. Cette modélisation a mis en lumière les difficultés d'association des points du champ visuel avec les structures des voies optiques, en raison de la petite taille des structures, des incertitudes de segmentation et des mouvements des patients. Ce constat nous a conduit à mener une réduction de données et à évaluer les incertitudes de ces dernières. Ces analyses ont révélé les effets immédiats du traitement sur les examens paracliniques, ainsi que leurs évolutions dans le temps. Ces travaux ouvrent la voie à l’utilisation de modèles géométriques pour anticiper les complications visuelles et ainsi optimiser la prise en charge des patients
Proton therapy, with its ability to deliver high doses to tumors while sparing healthy tissues, is a preferred therapeutic option for treating tumors located near optical structures. However, radiation exposure can damage visual pathways, leading to severe visual deficits. This thesis aims to model the optical toxicities induced by proton therapy in patients treated for head and neck tumors. This work is based on the analysis of dosimetric and paraclinical data collected from 223 patients treated with proton therapy at the Centre François Baclesse and monitored at the University Hospital of Caen. A multicenter database was created, including dosimetry data as well as paraclinical examination results (visual field tests, optical coherence tomography, and visual evoked potentials). A relational model was developed to establish a link between visual field outcomes and the dose received by visual organs. This modeling highlighted challenges in associating visual field points with optical pathway structures, due to the small size of these structures, segmentation uncertainties, and patient movements. Consequently, a data reduction and uncertainty evaluation were performed. These analyses revealed the immediate effects of treatment on paraclinical examinations, as well as their progression over time. This work paves the way for the use of geometric and statistical models to predict visual complications, thus optimizing patient care
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Juricek, Ludmila. "Rôles du récepteur aux hydrocarbures aromatiques (AhR) dans la structure de la myéline du système nerveux central de la souris". Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015USPCB166.

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Le récepteur aux hydrocarbures aromatiques (AhR) est un facteur de transcription activé par de nombreux xénobiotiques (molécules étrangères à l’organisme) qui régule l’expression d’enzymes et transporteurs permettant le métabolisme et l’élimination de ces ligands. Cette protéine exprimée dans toutes les cellules chez les vertébrés, joue un rôle majeur dans la détoxication et la protection des organismes vis à vis des molécules toxiques. Des orthologues de celle-ci ont été identifiés chez les invertébrés mais ne semblent pas jouer le même rôle; ils sont exprimés principalement dans des neurones et ne sont pas activés par des polluants. L’absence du AhR chez ces organismes entraîne au niveau cellulaire, des défauts de morphologie dendritique et sur le plan comportemental, des anomalies dans le comportement de nutrition. Malgré ces découvertes, peu de recherches ont été entreprises sur les conséquences d’une invalidation du AhR sur le fonctionnement du système nerveux central chez les vertébrés. Au cours de ma thèse, j’ai étudié ces conséquences au niveau moléculaire, cellulaire et comportemental: les souris AhR KO développent un nystagmus pendulaire horizontal dont l’origine est en partie liée à des défauts structuraux de la gaine de myéline. Au niveau moléculaire, nous avons mis en évidence un changement de la composition lipidique, de l’expression des gènes de la myéline et de l’inflammation, défauts qui sont retrouvés en partie chez des souris dont le AhR a été invalidé spécifiquement dans l’oligodendrocyte, la cellule responsable de la formation de la gaine de myéline. J’ai donc réalisé des études en parallèle sur la lignée murine d’oligodendrocyte, 158N, et montré que l’invalidation du AhR dans cette lignée ainsi que in vivo, modifiait l’expression du gène MAG (Myelin Associated Glycoprotein). Compte tenu du rôle du AhR en tant que récepteur de polluants, nous avons également exposé ou traité nos modèles avec de la TCDD (dioxine de Seveso) et montré que celle-ci modifiait également l’expression du gène MAG. Mes travaux démontrent donc que le AhR joue un rôle au niveau oligodendrocytaire dans la formation de la gaine de myéline. Son rôle connu en tant que récepteur de polluants laisse supposer que certaines contaminations environnementales pourraient jouer un rôle dans l’incidence de pathologies au niveau du système nerveux central, ce qui soulève de nombreuses questions en terme de santé publique
The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) is a transcription factor activated by many xenobiotics (foreign molecules) that regulates the expression of enzymes and transporters which allow the metabolism and elimination of these ligands. This protein expressed in all cells in vertebrates, plays a major role in detoxication and protection of the organisms against toxic molecules. Some orthologs have been identified in invertebrates but do not seem to play the same role; they are expressed mainly in neurons and are not activated by pollutants. The absence of the AhR in these organisms causes at the cellular level, defects of the dendritic morphology and behaviourally, abnormalities in the feeding behavior. Despite these findings, little research has been conducted on the consequences of the AhR invalidation in the central nervous system of vertebrates. During my PhD, I studied these consequences at the molecular, cellular and behavioral : the AhR knockout mice develop a horizontal pendular nystagmus whose origin is partly related to structural defects in the myelin sheath. At the molecular level, we have shown modifications in the lipid composition, myelin and inflammation gene expression, defects that are found partly in mice whose AhR was invalidated specifically in the oligodendrocytes, the cells involved in myelin sheath formation. I therefore made parallel studies on the murine oligodendrocyte lineage, 158N, and showed that the invalidation of the AhR in this cell line and in vivo, altered MAG (Myelin Associated Glycoprotein) gene expression. Given the role of the AhR as a receptor of pollutants, we have also exposed or treated our models with TCDD (dioxin of Seveso) and showed that it also changed the expression of MAG gene. My works show that the AhR is involved in oligodendrocyte level in the formation of the myelin sheath. As the AhR is also a receptor of pollutants, some environmental contaminants may play a role in the incidence of diseases in the central nervous system, which raises many issues in terms of public health
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Ghazaly, Christelle. "Développement d’un capteur spectrophotométrique pour la mesure en temps réel des expositions professionnelles à l’ozone". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lorraine, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LORR0207.

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L’ozone provoque des maux de tête, des lésions pulmonaires et oculaires, ainsi que des maladies respiratoires graves telles que l'asthme. L’ozone est émis dans l’atmosphère des lieux de travail dans différents secteurs, notamment les imprimeries, les stations d’épuration des eaux, les ateliers de soudage à l’arc électrique et les industries de transformation des matières plastiques. L’exposition des salariés à des concentrations dépassant les valeurs limites d'exposition professionnelle (VLEP) nationales et européennes de l’ozone, fixées à 100 ppbv sur 8 heures et à 200 ppbv sur 15 minutes, peut provoquer des altérations sévères de la santé. Actuellement, la détermination des concentrations d’ozone dans l’air est réalisée à l’aide de tubes colorimétriques, assurant des mesures ponctuelles, ou en utilisant des capteurs commerciaux. Des études ont également été réalisées sur les capteurs, à base de cellules électrochimiques ou de semi-conducteurs et plus rarement sur des capteurs optiques. La limite de détection de ces capteurs est compatible avec les VLEP de l’ozone, mais ils sont fragiles et ne sont pas sélectifs. Il n’existe pour le moment aucune méthode de référence fiable et robuste pour l’évaluation des expositions professionnelles à l’ozone. L’objectif de cette étude est le développement d’une méthode de mesure en temps réel de l’ozone, qui soit caractérisée par un signal stable sous air, une sensibilité et une sélectivité élevée. Ce système de mesure doit permettre également d’identifier les phases les plus exposantes pour les salariés. Nous avons choisi la spectroscopie visible comme système de détection simple, rapide et précis. Nous avons élaboré avec succès le matériau sensible, basé sur un colorant peu coûteux, le bleu de méthylène, adsorbé sur un film mince de silice mésoporeuse déposé sur plaque de verre par dip-coating. Ce matériau est stable plus de 50 jours stocké sous air ambiant. Le système comprend également un tube de Nafion® ; utilisé afin de stabiliser le taux d’humidité relative de l’air. Le signal du capteur mesuré est la diminution d’absorbance à 600 nm. Cette diminution résulte de l’oxydation du colorant en présence d’ozone, et est irréversible sous air. Le capteur développé est caractérisé par une sensibilité aux faibles concentrations d’ozone allant de 10 à 500 ppbv, une cinétique de réponse reproductible et aucune interférence directe en présence de 500 ppbv de dioxyde d’azote. La dépendance à la température de la réponse du capteur est décrite. La performance de la détection pendant des scénarios d’exposition pendant des temps courts et à des concentrations variables est décrite. Le système élaboré pourrait servir de bon candidat pour la surveillance en temps réel des expositions professionnelles à l’ozone. Cette étape exigera une miniaturisation des différents composants du banc d’essais afin de pouvoir utiliser le capteur développé sur les lieux de travail
Ozone causes headaches, eye burns and lung damage and serious respiratory diseases such as asthma. Ozone is emitted into the atmosphere of workplaces in various sectors, including printing, water treatment, arc welding, and plastics processing. Exposure of workers to concentrations exceeding national and european ozone occupational exposure limit values (OELs), set at 100 ppbv over 8 hours and 200 ppbv over 15 minutes, may cause severe health alterations. Currently, the determination of ozone concentrations is carried out by using colorimetric tubes, providing spot measurements, or by using commercial sensors. Some studies were carried out on electrochemical cells or semiconductors based sensors and more rarely on optical sensors. The detection limit of these sensors is compatible with ozone OELs, but they are fragile and not selective. There is currently no reliable and robust reference method for the assessment of occupational exposures to ozone. The objective of this study is the development of a real-time ozone measurement method, which is characterized by a stable signal under air, high sensitivity, and selectivity. This measurement system must also make it possible to identify the most exposed phases for employees. We chose visible spectroscopy as a simple, fast and accurate detection system. We have successfully developed the sensitive material, based on an inexpensive dye, methylene blue, adsorbed on a thin film of mesoporous silica deposited on a glass plate by dip-coating. This material is stable for more than 50 days stored under ambient air. The system also includes a Nafion® tube; used to stabilize the relative humidity of the air. The measured sensor signal is the absorbance decrease at 600 nm. This reduction results from the oxidation of the dye in the presence of ozone and is irreversible under air. The developed sensor is characterized by sensitivity to low ozone concentrations ranging from 10 to 500 ppbv, reproducible response kinetics and no direct interference in the presence of 500 ppbv of nitrogen dioxide. The temperature dependence of the sensor response is described. The performance of the detection during exposure scenarios for short times and variable concentrations is described. The developed system could be a good candidate for real-time monitoring of occupational ozone exposures. This step will require miniaturization of the test bench components to use the sensor developed in the workplace
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