Articoli di riviste sul tema "Tourisme rural – Zhejiang (Chine)"

Rural tourism has been a hot spot in tourism studies in recent years. This research uses Attitude Theory to investigate the influence mechanism of tourists' perceived value and place identity on their behavioral intention in rural tourism in Zhejiang Province, China. The study adopts the PLS-SEM method to process the data. The results indicate that tourists' behavioral intention is positively influenced by their perceived value and place identity. Additionally, perceived value has a positive impact on tourists' place identity, and place identity plays a positive intermediary role between perceived value and behavioral intention. Meanwhile, cultural value is perceived as having the greatest influence on place identity and behavioral intention. Therefore, rural tourist destinations should focus on cultural value and the tourists' sense of place to promote sustainable rural tourism development.

As the "rural revitalization" and "Health China 2030" strategies are promoted simultaneously, health tourism has become a new trend in the integration of tourism and health industry [1].One hand, with the rapid development of China's economic level, people's income level has increased and the demand for tourism has increased; on the other hand, in Covid-19 epidemic era, health is also a major issue of increasing concern for citizens, which makes health tourism gradually accepted by society and tourists. Zhejiang province has good health tourism resources, and the overall situation of health tourism shows an upward development trend, becomes one of the important projects of Zhejiang tourism industry. This paper explores the problems and shortcomings of the current health tourism in Zhejiang Province through the research methods of literature analysis, case study, in-depth interview and questionnaire, and tries to put forward feasible suggestions to provide effective help to Zhejiang health tourism under the background of rural revitalization as well as health tourism in other regions.

Rural tourism has become a hot topic in China in the context of the nation’s rural revitalisation. Rural tourism allows tourists to experience local life and promotes local economic development. However, there is considerable controversy over the landscape design of ancient Chinese villages. Many problems, such as how to design and protect the landscape of these ancient villages and how to improve the tourist experience, are not resolved. For our research object, we selected the ancient Gaotiankeng Village in Kaihua County, Zhejiang Province. Using questionnaires, image interviews, and some user experience techniques such as mental maps, we collected user experience data by assessing design cases. The visualisation method presented a wide range of experience in the landscape and planning field. This study primarily used computer image processing, image entropy calculation, and colour mapping to process the data. A visualisation framework was defined to highlight the landscape aesthetics, landscape service, and tourists’ emotion. The results indicated the relationship of three elements. The objective of our study was to develop a method of landscape design and planning that can effectively enhance tourists’ experience and provide practical suggestions for rural landscapes and relatively better services.

With the progress of economy, people have more and more leisure time and higher income. More and more people choose rural tourism and experience rural life when they choose to travel. This paper takes Zhejiang rural tourism as an example, based on the theory of complex ecosystem and Butler’s theory of tourism destination life cycle. First of all, through literature research, find out the development status of rural tourism in China and elaborate its influencing factors and finally put forward targeted suggestions. Secondly, through on-the-spot investigation, taking the villages in Zhejiang Province as the investigation objects, the relevant information is obtained through questionnaire survey and other methods. Finally, according to the results of literature research and field survey, taking Guzhu village and Jiaxing City in Zhejiang Province as examples, the tourism data over the years show that rural tourism can promote employment, provide multiple jobs, and improve farmers’ income. The proportion of rural tourism income in local tourism income has increased year by year. This paper discusses the impact of the development of rural tourism behavior on the ecological environment in Zhejiang Province and tries to find the perfect combination point of the coordinated development of rural tourism and environment.

Background and Aim: Zhejiang Province of China is located in China's East China Sea, is China's ports in the province, the province's famous fishing villages are known to fish a lot of unique marine location advantages formed distinctive fishermen's living customs, but also gradually formed a rich and colorful fishing culture in Zhejiang. Therefore, the sustainable tourism development of Zhejiang fishing villages is closely related to the overall economic level of Zhejiang Province. By searching for the characteristics of fishing villages in Zhejiang Province, we create a suitable image design and model and develop and promote it, to promote the development of sustainable cultural tourism in beautiful villages. Materials and Methods: Based on the perspective of sustainable development, this paper analyses and integrates the characteristics of the "Chinese Fishing Village" in Zhejiang Province from three aspects through literature research, field survey, and questionnaire survey, applying the concept of sustainable development and the strategy of CI to design an image design and model of sustainable development that meets the requirements of the Chinese fishing village, and promote it to the life of the fishing village. The image design and model of sustainable development of the "Chinese fishing village" are designed and promoted to the life of the fishing village, and the visual image of the sustainable development concept is set up, which helps to disseminate the core concept and spirit of the concept, to enhance the influence of the fishing village and to design and promote the common sustainable cultural development of the fishing village. Results: The study found that the characteristics of the "Chinese fishing village" in Xiangshan County, Zhejiang Province, China, combined the resource base of fishing culture and art in the fishing village with the brand communication, and designed a sustainable development model to take fishing culture as the core of the development, develop fishing culture resources, do a good job of promoting the fishing culture and increase the development of cultural and creative products, to promote the sustainable cultural tourism development of the village. sustainable cultural tourism development. Conclusion: Based on the results of the study, this paper derives image designs and models that contribute to the development of sustainable cultural tourism in villages.

Studies have extensively explored inclusive tourism in rural areas in the recent past. However, several forms of inclusive tourism are associated with several limitations. Firstly, few tourists travel to rural places because they consider the developed areas unattractive. Secondly, the area is not attractive because the design and services do not match the area. Thirdly, the people living in rural areas are not content and happy. The aim of the present study is to propose a visualization method-based dynamic design strategy for exploring a new balance between tourism experience and local development. The research and application of the method were conducted in two traditional Chinese villages in western Zhejiang, China. The classification of landscape services (LS) and historical landscape elements (HLE) was used to define the design goals. The visualization method was used during the whole design and construction process of revitalizing Yuan Touli village. The results showed that the method allows for easy analysis and is an efficient tool for developing participant designs based on the different roles in village tourism. The visualization method can circumvent the limitations of ensuring inclusive tourism. The design definition, study’s limitations and future research directions are presented in the study.

This study aims to construct an evaluation index system to measure the commodification of living space in Chinese rural areas and investigate the spatial characteristics of the commodification. Based on the dataset collected from public institutions in Zhejiang province, this study applies the entropy method to calculate the weights of the evaluation indicators and the commodification level. The results reveal that overall commodification levels of rural spaces in Zhejiang Province are different from each other due to different levels of economic development, transportation, tourism resources, and government support. In addition, this study suggests appropriate commodification strategies corresponding to the commodification development potential of the four types of rural living spaces (i.e., advanced development areas, promotion development areas, transformation development areas, and potential development areas). This study provides an evaluation index system measuring the commodification of rural living places and guidelines for effectively developing commodification of rural places.

The sustainable development of tourism is essential for revitalizing historically and culturally significant ancient villages in China. Despite the longstanding recognition of the relationship between the spatial distribution of village destinations and their sustainable development, there is a dearth of longitudinal studies in village tourism. Using the geographic information system (GIS) spatial analysis method and the exploratory spatial data analysis model, this study explored the spatial-temporal features of ancient village tourism over three important time nodes of rural tourism development (in Zhejiang, China), as well as the contributing factors at both the provincial and prefectural city levels. The findings of this study suggested a spatial inequality in the distribution of ancient villages, in terms of tourism development over time. In particular, tourism development was clustered in the southern region, with a noticeable spillover effect. Meanwhile, transportation, source markets, and physical topography are essential factors contributing to this spatial distribution. The study contributes to ancient village tourism development literature and offers meaningful, practical implications for regional governments and business investors.

The idea of green economy is being taken seriously all over the world. For developing countries, the key to developing green economy is to strike a balance between environmental protection and economic development. As the largest developing country, China has been exploring scientific schemes to deal with the relationship between environmental protection and economic development. Developing rural tourism is an important way to transform ecological advantages into economic benefits. However, the role of rural tourism remains controversial. No scholars have yet provided solutions for village-level practices in developing countries from the perspective of endogenous development theory. Taking Yucun, a village in Zhejiang Province as an example, this paper reveals the endogenous way of green economy development at the village level through the method of case study. It is confirmed that the key to transforming rural ecological advantages into economic benefits is to cultivate the village’s endogenous development capacity, including activating local resources, cultivating local identity, stimulating local participation, and building a collaborative network. Only by implementing the endogenous development mode in rural areas cannot only stimulate the positive role of rural tourism and form a virtuous cycle, but also avoid the negative effects of rural tourism previously pointed out by scholars.

This study aims to clarify a new endogenous model of geocultural villages by examining land use change, industrial transformation, and their impacts on rural society and the economy of Baiyankeng village, Zhejiang Province, China. This empirical study focuses on the actions of residents and their effects after Baiyankeng was registered as the pilot geocultural village in China. To address the dual configuration of urban/rural areas and three-dimensional rural issues, the Chinese government released a set of policies for rural vitalization in the early 2000s, which included the establishment and promotion of geocultural villages in 2013. This study found that the local leadership—the township government and the village committee—played a significant role in leveraging the unique geological resources of the village. They aggressively pitched for Baiyankeng village to be recognized as the first-ever geocultural village, and successfully established an effective model of self-governance that empowered villagers to actively and enthusiastically participate in the process. By doing so, they successfully created a booming tourism industry while boosting local production of Chinese Torreya nuts and green tea. From the perspective of the land system in China, the mechanism of geocultural villages (henceforth known as rural geoparks) in this study shows new endogeneities of rural vitalization in China.

Understanding the spatiotemporal patterns and key determinants of rural homestay industry agglomeration is crucial for the well-planning and well-management of rural tourism during the process of rural revitalization in China. By employing multi geospatial datasets, this study investigated the long-term spatiotemporal patterns and their key determinants of homestay inns during the period 2004–2019 in Moganshan, a well-known rural tourism destination in Zhejiang Province, China. The kernel density estimation and spatial autocorrelation were integrated to identify the hotspots of rural homestay inns at a fine scale. The key determinants were further uncovered using multiple stepwise regression and logistic regression models. The result shows that the overall growth of homestay inns was slow at the early stage and has progressed rapidly since 2014, with 94.2% of homestay inns newly opened during the period 2014–2019. The first hotspot was located in Moganshan National Park and then spread to the surrounding villages. Three hotspot zones have emerged, including the northern hotspot zone (Sihe-Xiantan), central hotspot zone (Houwu-Park-Liaoyuan), and southern hotspot zone (Ziling-Laoling-Lanshukeng) by 2019. The modeling indicates that government policy was an essential determinant for the increase in homestay inns, followed by entrepreneurship and investment. The new homestay inns were more likely to occur in settlements close to scenic spots, river networks, and cultivated land. Abundant scenic spots and heterogeneous landscapes were also preferred when selecting sites and executing landscape design for homestay inns. Our empirical study has provided practical insights for policy makers, entrepreneurs, and planners for future sustainable homestay industry development.

The phenomenon of hollow villages is a long-lasting obstacle to China’s rural development. With this background, this study examines a for-profit community-based tourist program operated at a rural hollow village in Zhejiang, China and explores how this program facilitates meaningful transformations in the community. The theoretical concept of empowerment was introduced to critically understand and analyse the community transformations, and the data was collected through program-related or village-related media content, participant observation, and focus group interviews. Our findings reveal that varied types of empowerment had been gained by the residents via the program, which has strongly demonstrated the positive and meaningful transformations in the community. Lastly, gentrification, a type of community transformation, was a positive change from the program managerial staff’s view, but it could lead to uncertainties and problems of the economic and political disempowerment to the residents in the long term.

The phenomenon of hollow villages is a long-lasting obstacle to China’s rural development. With this background, this study examines a for-profit community-based tourist program operated at a rural hollow village in Zhejiang, China and explores how this program facilitates meaningful transformations in the community. The theoretical concept of empowerment was introduced to critically understand and analyse the community transformations, and the data was collected through program-related or village-related media content, participant observation, and focus group interviews. Our findings reveal that varied types of empowerment had been gained by the residents via the program, which has strongly demonstrated the positive and meaningful transformations in the community. Lastly, gentrification, a type of community transformation, was a positive change from the program managerial staff’s view, but it could lead to uncertainties and problems of the economic and political disempowerment to the residents in the long term.

The phenomenon of hollow villages is a long-lasting obstacle to China’s rural development. With this background, this study examines a for-profit community-based tourist program operated at a rural hollow village in Zhejiang, China and explores how this program facilitates meaningful transformations in the community. The theoretical concept of empowerment was introduced to critically understand and analyse the community transformations, and the data was collected through program-related or village-related media content, participant observation, and focus group interviews. Our findings reveal that varied types of empowerment had been gained by the residents via the program, which has strongly demonstrated the positive and meaningful transformations in the community. Lastly, gentrification, a type of community transformation, was a positive change from the program managerial staff’s view, but it could lead to uncertainties and problems of the economic and political disempowerment to the residents in the long term.

In the context of rural revitalization strategies and humans’ increasing leisure pursuits, rural tourism has begun to act as a new development path of rural economic growth and industrial transformation. This phenomenon generally occurs in rural areas around metropolitan areas, manifesting as the transformation or reconstruction of rural spaces. As a result, many new types of tertiary industry spaces utilizing rural land for leisure activities have emerged. We analyze the connotations of rural spatial and industrial transformation from the perspective of spatial production and innovatively propose that the transformed space is an ecological product, which includes three types in practice: industrial space, consumption space, and residential space. This study facilitates urban–rural integration and common prosperity. Given the lack of analysis of rural ecological products, especially rural spatial ecological products (e.g., rural B&Bs and other tertiary industry spaces), this study aims to explore the value expression and driving factors of rural spatial ecological products based on geo-visual (spatially visualizing) analytical tools looking at 10361 B&Bs in Jiangsu and Zhejiang Provinces of China as typical examples. Our results show that (1) the value of rural spatial ecological products is reflected in the price that urban consumers are willing to pay for rural natural landscapes, which constitutes an ecological premium; and (2) the prices of rural spatial ecological products are strikingly different at multiple spatial scales, and this difference is related to the local ecological resources. This study provides insights into the rational allocation of the limited resources required for rural construction, which helps optimize the spatial planning of rural ecotourism and enhance the gametogenous development momentum of rural areas. At the same time, this study theoretically expands the research results of cultural ecosystem services.

As a rural tourism product, homestays play an essential role in sustainability. The operation of homestay business is directly linked to the success or failure of community-based tourism development. By taking rural homestay business in Zhejiang as a research object, the paper aims to clarify the interrelationships among influencing factors in the operation of rural homestay business from a performance perspective. Based on multi-criteria decision making (MCDM) techniques, this paper not only constructed the evaluation system of homestay business in the Chinese context by the Fuzzy Delphi Method (FDM), but also disclosed the interrelationships of criteria and aspects by a decision-making trial and evaluation laboratory (DEMATEL) and the DEMATEL-based analytical network process (DANP). Results show that: (1) 5 aspects and 31 criteria comprise the evaluation system of homestay business, (2) the aspects and criteria with high global weight are nearly clustered into the effect group, (3) the weight of service quality and homestay geist and community co-prosperity as the rank top two, (4) more than these, hardware facilities construct the product features of homestays because of the role of driving elements, (5) owing to the core elements, criteria about operational efficiency become guiding principles of homestay business, and (6) service quality and integrated utilization of socio-cultural resources underpin the sustainable development of homestay business in the long run. Therefore, the interrelationships of aspects and criteria provide further insights and underline the focus on homestay business for practitioners. At the same time, these serve as an effective administration tool for industry administrations. These will lay a solid foundation to enhance the level of homestay business and boost the sustainable development of community-based tourism.

Xu Fu Village Ningbo LID Intensive Rural Construction Planning is a cooperation project between Zhejiang University and Ningbo Institute of Technology which named "12th Five-Year National Science and Technology support program-the comprehensive demonstration of the key technology of the beautiful rural construction in the rapid urbanization area of the Yangtze River Delta". This plan focuses on intensive rural construction as part of rural development and construction project that applies the principles of low impact development. Xu Fu Village located in the Yangtze River Delta Region. Currently, the rural growth brings the high impact of development, as a result of rapid urbanization growth arising several issues, such as low land use efficiency, dispersed rural residence, homestead occupies more, rural roads covering over, etc. Meanwhile, Xu Fu village wishes to develop its tourism potential. Thus, the intensive rural construction should be done to avoid the severe effect. The project result hopefully can improve the quality and level of rural residential planning, design, and construction; improve their living environment; save construction land and water use; and improve energy efficiency. The aim of this study is to review the Low Impact Development (LID) Intensive Rural Construction in Xu Fu Village, Ningbo City through the rural resilience perspective. This paper will describe the project plan first, then review it through rural resilience perspective. This paper will elaborate the rural resilience theory and then review the rural resiliency through two parts; the first part is identifying rural resilience in rural infrastructure development based on the criteria created by Ayyob S. and Yoshiki Y. (2014), about urban resiliency criteria, and then the second part is reviewing Xu Fu Village resilience through Arup Resilience Qualities (2012), considering three rural resilience domain (economy, ecology, and cultural).

International Business Research wishes to acknowledge the following individuals for their assistance with peer review of manuscripts for this issue. Their help and contributions in maintaining the quality of the journal are greatly appreciated.International Business Research is recruiting reviewers for the journal. If you are interested in becoming a reviewer, we welcome you to join us. Please find the application form and details at http://recruitment.ccsenet.org and e-mail the completed application form to ibr@ccsenet.org.Reviewers for Volume 10, Number 11Antônio André Cunha Callado, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernmabuco, BrazilArash Riasi, University of Delaware, USACelina Maria Olszak, University of Economics in Katowice, PolandChuan Huat Ong, KDU Penang University College, MalaysiaDea’a Al-Deen Al-Sraheen, Al-Zaytoonah University of Jordan, JordanEva Mira Bolfíková, Univerzity of P. J. Šafárik in Košice, Slovak RepublicFederica Caboni, University of Cagliari, ItalyGiuseppe Granata, University of Cassino and Southen Lazio, ItalyHongliang Qiu, Tourism College of Zhejiang, ChinaHsiao-Ching Kuo, Washington and Jefferson College, USAHung-Che Wu, Nanfang College of Sun Yat-sen University, ChinaKaren Gulliver, Argosy University, Twin Cities, USAMaria Teresa Bianchi, University of Rome “LA SAPIENZA”, ItalyMiriam Jankalová, University of Zilina, SlovakiaMohamed Abdel Rahman Salih, Taibah University, Saudi ArabiaMohamed Rochdi Keffala, University of Kairouan, TunisiaMongi Arfaoui, University of Monastir, TunisiaMonika Wieczorek, University of Economics in Katowice, PolandMuath Eleswed, American University of Kuwait, USAOnur Köprülü, Mersin University, TurkeyRadoslav Jankal, University of Zilina, SlovakiaRoxanne Helm Stevens, Azusa Pacific University, USASerhii Kozlovskiy, Donetsk National University, UkraineShun Mun Helen Wong, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong KongSumathisri Bhoopalan, Sastra University, IndiaValeria Stefanelli, Università del Salento, ItalyVincent Grèzes, University of Applied Sciences Western Switzerland (HES-SO Valais-Wallis), SwitzerlandYan Lu, University of Central Florida, USA

A Rural revitalization has been paid great attention in China as a result of rapid socio-economic development, and officially established as a national strategy in recent years. The study aims to identify the potential of tea tourism, as a specific form of rural gastronomic tourism, could contribute to regional revitalization, on the strength of rich tea resources and authentic tea culture in China. From an actor-oriented perspective, the comparative case study in Zhejiang province shows that, the actual tea tourism practice in case areas is shaped by environmental and personal factors. Meanwhile, the potential of tea resources hasn’t been fully integrated in tourism activities, as practitioners’ operating capability restricted by conceptual issues and other self-limitations. Despite, the evolution of tea tourism becomes a channel to facilitate residents’ livelihood and life quality, turning the situation of rural residents’ outflow to inflow, achieved various aspects of rural revitalization. Finally, practical implications are also discussed to offer enlightenments to regional tea tourism practice.

En anthropologie, la migration, du mot latin migratio, signifie en principe un déplacement physique d’un être humain (migration humaine), bien que des déplacements non-humains soient aussi qualifiés de migrations (migration animale, migration de plantes, migration de planètes etc.). Suite à la généralisation de l’État-nation comme forme d’organisation politique au 19e siècle, on distingue surtout la migration transnationale (qui implique le déplacement d’au moins une frontière nationale) et la migration interne (à l’intérieur de frontières étatiques). Par ailleurs, ces migrations peuvent prendre la forme d’une migration pendulaire (mouvement de va-et-vient), circulaire (mouvement en cercle), saisonnière (migration de travail influencé par les saisons agricoles) ou durable, menant à une installation et une naturalisation. Parmi les causes, on a longtemps souligné les migrations de travail alors que les cas de migrations climatiques et forcées augmentent de façon significative : migrations imposées par le contexte, notamment politique, par exemple pendant une guerre civile ou encore déplacements engendrés par des changements climatiques comme une sècheresse ou l’avancement du désert dans la zone du Sahel. Le tourisme est parfois considéré comme une forme volontaire de migration à courte durée. Jusqu’à présent, peu de travaux lient les réflexions sur les migrations avec celles sur la mobilité (Ortar, Salzbrunn et Stock, à paraître). Certaines recherches sur l’ethnicité (Barth 1999 [1969]) et la transnationalisation ainsi que de nouvelles catégories statistiques développées au niveau gouvernemental témoignent du fait que certaines personnes peuvent être considérées ou perçues comme migrant-e-s sans avoir jamais effectué un déplacement physique au-delà des frontières nationales de leur pays de naissance. Ainsi, aux Pays-Bas et en Belgique, dans le discours politique, on distingue parfois autochtones (grec, littéralement terre d’ici) et allochtones (grec, littéralement terre d’ailleurs). Au Pays-Bas, on entend par allochtone une personne qui y réside et dont au moins un parent est né à l’étranger. Ce terme était destiné à remplacer le terme « immigré », mais il continue à renvoyer des résidents (voire des citoyens) à (une partie de) leur origine. Le terme allemand « Migrationshintergrund » (littéralement background migratoire) pose le même problème. L’anthropologie s’intéresse de facto dès l’émergence de la discipline aux migrations, notamment dans l’étude de sociétés pastorales (en focalisant les déplacements des éleveurs et de leurs troupeaux) ou dans l’analyse des processus d’urbanisation (suite à la migration du monde rural vers les villes). En revanche, l’anthropologie des migrations et de la transnationalisation n’émergent que dans les années 1990 en tant que champ portant explicitement ce nom – d’abord dans le monde anglophone (Glick Schiller N., Basch L. et C. Blanc Szanton 1992, Hannerz U. 1996), et ensuite dans le monde francophone (Raulin A., D. Cuche et L. Kuczynski 2009 Revue Européenne des Migrations internationales, 2009, no. 25, vol. 3), germanophone (Pries L. 1996), italophone (Riccio 2014), hispanophone, lusophone etc.. La traite des esclaves et les déportations de millions de personnes d’Afrique Sub-Saharienne vers l’Europe et les Amériques, qui ont commencé au 17e siècle et duré jusqu’en 1920, ont été étudiées dans le cadre de l’anthropologie marxiste (Meillassoux 1986) puis par des historiens comme Olivier Pétré-Grenouilleau (2004) ou encore par Tidiane N’Diaye (2008), ce dernier ayant mis l’accent sur la longue et intense implication de commerçants arabes dans la traite négrière. La violente « mission civilisatrice » ou campagne de conquête coloniale a très souvent été accompagnée d’une mission de conversion au christianisme, ce qui a fait l’objet de publications en anthropologie depuis une trentaine d’années sous l’impulsion de Jean et John Comaroff (1991) aux Etats-Unis, et plus récemment en France (Prudhomme 2005). Selon les contextes régionaux, l’une ou l’autre forme de migration a été étudiée de manière prépondérante. En Chine, les migrations internes, notamment du monde rural vers les villes, concernent presque autant de personnes dans l’absolu (229,8 millions en 2009 selon l’Organisation internationale du Travail) que les migrant-e-s transnationaux dans le monde entier (243,7 millions en 2015 selon les Nations Unies/UN International Migration Report). Le pourcentage de ces derniers par rapport à la population mondiale s’élève à environ trois pour cent, ce qui semble en décalage avec la forte attention médiatique accordée aux migrant-e-s transnationaux en général et aux réfugiés en particulier. En effet, la très grande majorité des déplacé-e-s dans le monde reste à l’intérieur des frontières d’un État-nation (Withol de Wenden C., Benoît-Guyod M. 2016), faute de moyens financiers, logistiques ou juridiques (passeport, visa). La majorité des réfugiés politiques ou climatiques reste à l’intérieur des frontières nationales ou dans un des pays voisins. Ainsi, selon l’UNHCR/ l’Agence des Nations Unies pour les Réfugiés, sur les 65,3 millions de personnes déplacées de force, 40,8 millions étaient des déplacé-e-s internes et seulement 3,2 millions des demandeur-e-s d’asile en 2015. L’urbanisation croissante qui s’opère dans le monde suscite une augmentation de la migration de travail, notamment en Chine. Dans cet État, le système d’enregistrement et d’état-civil (hukou) limite l’accès aux services sociaux (santé, école, etc.) à la commune de naissance : un changement de résidence est soumis à des conditions restrictives, ce qui engendre une perte de droits élémentaires pour des dizaines de millions de migrants ruraux ne possédant pas de permis de résidence (Jijiao 2013). En France, jusqu’au tournant culturel (qui marque une bifurcation de la focale de la recherche vers les appartenances culturelles et religieuses des personnes étudiées) dans les années 1990, les sciences sociales des migrations, notamment la sociologie des migrations, ont surtout étudié les conditions et rapports de travail, les inégalités sociales ou encore la politique du logement et les inégalités spatiales (Salzbrunn 2015), conduisant ainsi à une très forte focalisation sur les rapports de classe et sur les conditions de vie des immigré-e-s des anciennes colonies. La migration des personnes hautement qualifiées n’a en revanche été que peu étudiée. Après la chute du mur de Berlin, les « appartenances multiples » (concept central de l’ouvrage de Yuval-Davis, Viethen et Kannabiran 2006), notamment religieuses (Capone 2010), ont été privilégiées comme objet de recherche. Cette tendance, accompagnée par un climat politique de plus en plus xénophobe dans certains pays européens, a parfois pointé vers une « ethnicisation » de la religion (Tersigni, Vincent et Willems, à paraître). Le glissement de perception d’une population de la catégorie des « travailleurs immigrés » ou « Gastarbeiter » (littéralement « travailleurs invités ») vers celle de « musulmans » s’inscrit dans un processus d’altérisation, sous-entendant dans les deux cas qu’il s’agit d’un groupe homogène marqué par les mêmes caractéristiques, et ignorant de ce fait la « diversité au sein de la diversité » (Vertovec 2010), notamment les différences en termes de niveau de formation, de genre, d’âge, de statut juridique, de préférence sexuelle, du rapport aux discours et pratiques religieux etc. Beaucoup d’études se sont ainsi focalisées sur des groupes fondés sur le critère d’une nationalité ou d’une citoyenneté commune, ce qui a été critiqué comme relevant d’un « nationalisme méthodologique » (Glick Schiller et Caglar 2011). Même le nouveau champ de recherches consacré aux espaces sociaux transnationaux (Basch, Glick Schiller et Szanton Blanc 1992 ; Salzbrunn 2016) a parfois été (auto-)critiqué pour la reproduction des frontières nationales à travers une optique transnationale. Ont alors émergé des réflexions sur une relocalisation de la migration (Glick Schiller et Caglar 2011) et sur l’enracinement spatial de la migration dans des espaces sociaux translocaux (Salzbrunn 2011). Bien que la moitié de la population migratoire soit féminine, les aspects de genre n’ont été étudiés que très tardivement (Morokvasic-Müller 1984), d’abord dans un contexte de regroupement ou de liens familiaux maintenus pendant la migration (Delcroix 2001 ; Kofman 2004 ; Kofman et Raghuram 2014), puis dans celui des approches féministes du développement (Verschuur et Reysoo 2005), de la migration du travail et des frontières genrées (Nouvelles Questions Féministes 26, 2007). En effet, les dynamiques internationales dans la division du travail engendrent une chaîne globale des soins (« global care chain ») qui repose essentiellement sur les femmes, que ce soit dans le domaine médical, de la pédiatrie ou des soins aux personnes âgées. La réflexion sur la division internationale du travail reproductif a été entreprise par Rhacel Parrenas (2000) et développée par Arlie Hochschild (2000). On peut obtenir une vue d’ensemble des projets européens consacrés au genre et à la migration, voir les résultats du projet européen GEMMA. Enhancing Evidence Based Policy-Making in Gender and Migration : http://gemmaproject.seminabit.com/whatis.aspx En anthropologie politique, l’évolution de systèmes politiques sous l’impact d’une migration de retour, a été étudiée dans un contexte postcolonial (von Weichs 2013). De manière générale, les réflexions menées dans un contexte études postcoloniales de ce type n’ont été entreprises que tardivement en France, et ce souvent dans une optique très critique, voire hostile à ces débats (L’Homme 156, 2000). Parmi les autres sujets traités actuellement en anthropologie des migrations se trouvent les inégalités sociales et spatiales, les dynamiques religieuses transnationales (Argyriadis et al. 2012), les réfugiés et leurs moyens d’expressions politiques et artistiques (Salzbrunn 2014) ou musicales (Civilisations 67, 2018 ; Salzbrunn, Souiah et Mastrangelo 2015). Enfin, le développement conceptuel du phénomène de transnationalisation ou des espaces sociaux translocaux, voire le retour à la « localisation de la migration » (titre de l’ouvrage de Glick Schiller et Caglar 2011) sont des réponses constructives à la question : Comment étudier les migrations dans des sociétés super-diverses (Vertovec 2011) sans réifier leurs appartenances ?