Letteratura scientifica selezionata sul tema "Torre Agbar"

<p>Jean Nouvel obtuvo el Premio Pritzker de arquitectura en 2008, un reconocimiento a su trayectoria como arquitecto, dentro del grupo de los que podríamos denominar Star Arquitects. En el año 1966 consiguió la primera plaza en el examen de acceso para asistir a la escuela de Bellas Artes, École de Beaux-Arts, en Paris donde se licenció en arquitectura en 1972. Ya antes de acabar sus estudios colaboraba con Claude Parent, y alentado por las inclinaciones antisistema de su mentor y las lecturas de los textos y ensayos del urbanista Paul Virilio, fue forjando su propio pensamiento crítico. Esta manera personal de ver las cosas le llevó a ser uno de los miembros fundadores del Movimiento Mars 1976, cuyo objetivo era oponerse al corporativismo de los arquitectos, siendo posteriormente uno de los fundadores del Sindicato de la Arquitectura. Sus firmes posiciones y opiniones, un tanto provocativas, sobre la arquitectura contemporánea en el contexto urbano, junto con su manera de reinventarse a sí mismo en los proyectos que ha emprendido han forjado su imagen internacional. Sus obras han obtenido el reconocimiento en todo el mundo a través de numerosos premios, franceses e internacionales, de gran prestigio. En 1989, el Instituto del Mundo Árabe de París fue galardonado con el Premio Aga-Khan, por su papel como “un puente exitoso entre las culturas francesa y árabes”. En 2000, Jean Nouvel recibió el León de Oro de la Bienal de Venecia, y en 2001, tres de los más importantes premios internacionales: la Real Medalla de Oro del Instituto Real de Arquitectos Británicos (RIBA), el Premium Imperial de la Asociación de Bellas Artes de Japón y el Premio Borromini por el Centro de Cultura y Congresos en Lucerna. Fue nombrado Doctor Honoris Causa por el Royal College of Art de Londres en 2002. Tres años más tarde, recibió el premio anual de la Fundación Wolf en Israel “por proporcionar un nuevo modelo de contextualismo y la redefinición de la dialéctica entre las dos características más destacadas de la arquitectura contemporánea: concreción y efímero”. La Torre Agbar de Barcelona recibió el Premio Internacional Highrise 2006, “ya que hace una contribución excepcional al debate actual sobre los rascacielos”. En 2008 recibió el ya nombrado Pritzker Prize, y en Francia, ha sido galardonado con numerosos premios incluyendo la Medalla de Oro de la Academia Francesa de Arquitectura, dos Equerres d’Argent y el Gran Premio Nacional de Arquitectura.</p>

Edukasi tentang swamedikasi serat penggolongan obat sangat diperlukan masyarakat, terutama di kondisi pandemi yang mengharuskan kita untuk berkegiatan di rumah saja. Terutama peran ibu dalam mengurus keluarga ketika salah satu anggota keluarga mengalami sakit, namun masih bisa dilakukan swamedikasi. Perlunya masyarakat juga memahami bagaimana penggunaan obat yang benar, efek samping obat, kontra indikasi, penyimpanan obat dan tanda-tanda kerusakan sediaan obat secara fisik agar dalam pengobatan secara swamedikasi tidak menimbulkan penyakit lain yang dapat membahayakan jiwa. Menurut Torres et al (2018), salah satu faktor yang menyebabkan kesalahan dalam melakukan swamedikasi adalah tingkat pengetahuan yang rendah menyebabkan kesalahan swamedikasi dapat terjadi. Sehingga perlu dilakukannya uji tingkat pengetahuan dalam melakukan swamedikasi. Selain uji pengetahuan, perlu dilakukannya uji perilaku untuk mengetahui tingkat kesalahan swamedikasi yang dilakukan.

Se evaluó el efecto del hongo Beauveria bassiana (cepa UdeA13) en ninfas de quinto estado de desarrollo de Rhodnius prolixus bajo condiciones de laboratorio. El hongo se aisló de R. pallescens de la región de San Onofre (Sucre) y se cultivó en Agar Sabouraud Dextrosa (SDA). Las colonias de insectos se criaron y mantuvieron en condiciones controladas de temperatura de 25-27ºC y a una humedad relativa de 80% en oscuridad para su crecimiento y reproducción. Los insectos se alimentaron con sangre de gallina (Gallus gallus) semanalmente durante 1 h. Los tratamientos consistieron en suspensiones de conidios del hongo entomopatógeno B. bassiana en concentraciones de 3x105, 1x107, 3x108 y 3x109 conidios/ml, las cuales se asperjaron sobre los insectos utilizando un sistema emulador de la Torre de Pulverización de Burgerjon. A los insectos testigo se les asperjó una solución acuosa de Tween 80 (0,01%). Los efectos de las dosis del hongo B. bassiana se compararon entre ellas y los testigos. Se encontraron diferencias significativas (P<0,01) entre todos los tratamientos y el control así como entre todos los tratamientos sin el control. Las concentraciones 3x108 y 3x109 conidios/ml produjeron entre un 90 y 100% de mortalidad entre los días 7 y 9 después del tratamiento. Los resultados hallados en esta investigación indican que el hongo B. bassiana cepa UdeA13 puede ser considerado como agente de control biológico del vector R. prolixus.

The botryosphaeriaceous fungus Diplodia corticola A. J. L. Phillips, Alves & Luque was shown to be the most prevalent canker and dieback pathogen in cork oaks (Quercus suber L.) in the Iberian Peninsula causing a general decline of the trees as a consequence of canker formation in the trunks (1). In addition, D. corticola has been recently reported as a grapevine pathogen causing cankers in the vascular tissue of 1-year-old canes, spurs, and cordons in Texas (3). In 1998, Jacobs and Rehner reported one isolate of D. corticola from oak in California, but no information regarding the oak species from which the isolate was obtained and its virulence were available in the study (2). In 2009, D. corticola was isolated on potato dextrose agar (PDA) amended with 0.01% tetracycline hydrochloride from symptomatic grapevine cordons and on acidified PDA from the trunk of a canyon live oak tree from Sonoma and Plumas counties, respectively. Two grapevine isolates (UCD1260So and UCD1275So) and one oak isolate (CDFA519) were examined and morphologically compared with previously identified D. corticola isolates CBS678.88 and UCD2397TX from cork oak from Spain and grapevine in Texas, respectively. D. corticola colonies from California were characterized by moderately fast-growing, dark olivaceous, and dense aerial mycelium on PDA. Conidia were obtained from pycnidia formed on pine needles placed on 2% water agar. Conidia were hyaline, contents granular, aseptate, thick walled, ellipsoidal, sometimes becoming dark brown and septate with age. Nucleotide sequences of three genes (ITS1-5.8S-ITS2, a partial sequence of the beta-tubulin gene BT2, and part of the translation elongation factor EF1-α) from D. corticola isolates UCD1260So, UCD1275So, and CDFA519 from California were amplified. All DNA sequences from grapevine and oak tree isolates from California showed 99 to 100% homology with D. corticola isolates previously identified and deposited into GenBank. All DNA sequences obtained from Californian isolates were also deposited into GenBank. Pathogenicity tests were conducted by inoculating detached Vitis vinifera cv. Red Globe dormant canes and canyon live oak branches with agar plugs of isolates UCD1260So, UCD1275So, and CDFA519 (10 inoculations per isolate per host) as described by Úrbez-Torres et al. (3). The same number of grapevine canes and oak branches were inoculated with noncolonized agar plugs as controls. Six weeks after inoculation, the extent of vascular discoloration that developed from the point of inoculation was measured. D. corticola isolates UCD1260So, UCD1275So, and CDFA519 caused an average vascular lesion length of 30.4, 29.6, and 24 mm and 15, 13.2, and 8.6 mm in grapevine dormant canes and oak branches, respectively. Furthermore, D. corticola isolates from grapevine were pathogenic in oak branches and vice versa. Reisolation of D. corticola from discolored vascular tissue of inoculated material was 100%. The extent of vascular discoloration from inoculated grapevine canes and oak branches was significantly greater (P < 0.05) compared with the controls (1.8 and 2 mm, respectively). No fungi were reisolated from the slightly discolored tissue of the controls. To our knowledge, this is the first report of D. corticola causing grapevine cankers and oak trunk cankers in California. References: (1) A. Alves et al. Mycologia 96:598, 2004. (2) K. A. Jacobs and S. A. Rehner. Mycologia 90:601, 1998. (3) J. R. Úrbez-Torres et al. Am. J. Enol. Vitic. 60:497, 2009.

Sharp decline and mortality of coast live oak (Quercus agrifolia) has been observed in San Diego County, CA since 2002. Much of this decline has been attributed to a new pest in California, the goldspotted oak borer (GSOB, Agrilus coxalis) (1). Symptoms include crown thinning, bark cracking and/or peeling, patches of stain (1 to 10 cm in diameter), bleeding on the bole, and tree death and are most often observed on trees with a diameter at breast height (DBH) >30 cm. In 2008, a Botryosphaeria sp. was recovered from necrotic tissue of bleeding bole cankers from GSOB-affected trees in Jamul, CA. Zone lines separated dead and live tissue in affected phloem and xylem. Pycnidia were observed on the bark surface of the infected host. Fifty conidia averaging 32 × 18 μm, one-septate with age, and morphologically similar to conidia described by Úrbez-Torres et al. were observed (4). Oak stands with tree mortality were surveyed in GSOB-infested and -uninfested sites over eight locations throughout San Diego and Riverside counties in 2009 and 2010. Symptomatic tissue or conidia from pycnidia of affected trees, plated onto potato dextrose agar amended with 0.01% tetracycline and incubated at 25°C for 1 week, consistently produced cultures with dense, wooly, olive-green mycelium. Mycelia fit the description of Botryosphaeria corticola A.J.L. Phillips, Alves et Luque (anamorph Diplodia corticola) (2). The resulting amplified ITS4/5 region of two sequences matched 100% to published D. corticola sequences (GU799472 and GU799460) (4). These sequences were deposited with NCBI GenBank (HM104176 and HM104177). Koch's postulates were conducted by inoculating 2-mm-diameter holes on five coast live oak trees with D. corticola. Holes were drilled to the cambium at 2 to 4 locations per tree within 1 to 2 m up the bole using a 0.157-cm portable electric drill. Trees ranged from 3.7- to 32.4-cm DBH. Either single agar plugs from two isolates each of a 7-day-old culture (UCR454 and UCR793) or noncolonized agar plugs as uninoculated controls were inserted into the holes and then covered with petroleum jelly and Parafilm. Average temperature was 10°C, relative humidity of 64%, and no precipitation during inoculation. Inoculations were conducted at a location in San Diego County uninfested by GSOB and repeated twice. After 3.5 months, bark was removed from inoculation sites. Average lesion length was not significantly different between inoculations, thus data were combined (one way analysis of variance [ANOVA]; P = 0.05). Lesions averaged 13.9 × 2.3 cm and were significantly different (n = 30; one way ANOVA; P = 0.05) from controls that measured 0.31 × 0.3 cm. Staining was observed around the inoculation points on all trees and three trees exhibited bleeding. Necrotic tissue was observed in the phloem and 3 mm into the xylem tissue, where the lesion had extended up and down the grain. D. corticola was consistently reisolated from necrotic tissue but not from control treatments. B. corticola was originally described as a canker pathogen on Quercus spp. in the western Mediterranean (2), and is known to contribute to the decline of cork oak (Q. suber) in the region (3). To our knowledge, this is the first report of D. corticola causing bot canker on coast live oak in California. References: (1) T. W. Coleman and S. J. Seybold. U. S. For. Serv. R5-PR-08, 2008. (2) A. Correia et al. Mycologia 96:598, 2004. (3) J. Luque et al. For. Pathol. 38:147, 2008. (4) J. R. Úrbez-Torres et al. Plant Dis. 94:785, 2010.

Several species in the Botryosphaeriaceae family cause perennial cankers in the vascular tissue of grapevines and are responsible for the disease known as bot canker in California (3). Tissue from grapevine vascular cankers from samples submitted to our laboratory in the summer of 2009 were plated onto potato dextrose agar (PDA) amended with 0.01% tetracycline hydrochloride. Lasiodiplodia crassispora (Burgess & Barber) and Neofusicoccum mediterraneum (Crous, M.J. Wingf. & A.J.L. Phillips) were identified based on morphological and cultural characters as well as analyses of nucleotide sequences. L. crassispora isolates were characterized by a fast-growing, white mycelium that turned dark olivaceous with age on PDA. Conidia from pycnidia formed in cultures were thick walled and pigmented with one septum and vertical striations when mature. Conidia measured (25.8–) 27.5 to 30.5 (–33.4) × (12.1) 14.3 to 16.8 (–18.2) μm (n = 60). Pycnidia contained septate paraphyses. N. mediterraneum was characterized as having moderately fast-growing, light green mycelia on PDA. Pycnidia formation was induced with pine needles placed on 2% water agar. Conidia from pycnidia were hyaline, ellipsoidal, thin walled, unicellular, and measured (18.2–) 20.5 to 27.8 (–29) × (5.1) 5.9 to 6.5 (–7.2) μm (n = 60). DNA sequences of the internal transcribed spacer region (ITS1-5.8S-ITS2), part of the β-tubulin gene (BT2), and part of the translation elongation factor 1-α gene (EF1-α) from L. crassispora (UCD23Co, UCD24Co, and UCD27Co) and N. mediterraneum (UCD695SJ, UCD719SJ, UCD720SJ, UCD749St, and UCD796St) grapevine isolates from California were amplified and sequenced. Consensus sequences from L. crassispora and N. mediterraneum from California showed 99 to 100% homology with L. crassispora and N. mediterraneum isolates previously identified and deposited in GenBank (1,2). Sequences from the examined DNA regions of all isolates were deposited at GenBank (GU799450 to GU799457 and GU799473 to GU799488). Pathogenicity tests using three isolates per species were conducted on detached dormant canes of cv. Red Globe. Ten canes per isolate were inoculated by placing a 7-day-old 5-mm-diameter agar plug from each fungal culture into a wound made with a drill on the internode (4). Twenty shoots were inoculated with noncolonized PDA plugs for negative controls. Six weeks after inoculations, necrosis was measured from the point of inoculation in both directions. One-way analysis of variance was performed to assess differences in the extent of vascular discoloration and means were compared using Tukey's test. L. crassispora isolates caused an average necrotic length of 21.1 mm, which was significantly lower (P < 0.05) than the average necrotic length of 35.6 mm caused by the N. mediterraneum isolates. Reisolation of L. crassispora and N. mediterraneum from necrotic tissue was 100% for each species. The extent of vascular discoloration in infected canes was significantly greater (P < 0.05) than in control inoculations (8 mm) from which no fungi were reisolated from the slightly discolored tissue. To our knowledge, this is the first report of L. crassispora and N. mediterraneum as pathogens of Vitis vinifera and as a cause of grapevine cankers in California. References: (1) T. I. Burgess et al. Mycologia 98:423, 2006. (2) P. W. Crous et al. Fungal Planet. No. 19, 2007. (3) J. R. Úrbez-Torres and W. D. Gubler. Plant Dis. 93:584, 2009. (4) J. R. Úrbez-Torres et al. Am. J. Enol. Vitic. 60:497, 2009.

Las palomas urbanas (Columba livia) son portadoras de diversos agentes patógenos de importancia zoonótica para el hombre, entre ellas Salmonella spp. y Cryptococcus neoformans; los problemas no son para los que manipulan las palomas, sino quienes puedan inhalar esporas infectantes presentes en las heces. El objetivo del estudio fue evaluar la presencia de Salmonella spp. y C. neoformans en excretas de palomas de la Basílica Catedral de Lima y el Convento de San Francisco de Asís de Lima. Se realizó un estudio observacional. Se tomaron muestras en fachadas, torres, escaleras altas, techos, campanario y balcones. Se recolectaron 47 muestras secas para C. neoformans y 40 muestras frescas para Salmonella. Las muestras secas se sembraron en medios de cultivos Sabouraud y Niger Seed. Las muestras frescas se sembraron en medio pre-enriquecido. A las colonias sospechosas de ser C. neoformans se les realizó examen directo con tinta china y prueba de asimilación de urea. Las colonias positivas en ambas pruebas, se cultivaron en agar L-Canavanina-Glicina-azul de Bromotimol (CGB) para diferenciar C. neoformans y C. gatti. Se confirmó la identificación de C. neoformans mediante el método API 20C AUX. Se encontró que todas las muestras frescas fueron negativas a Salmonella spp. y en 9/47 muestras secas se aisló C. neoformans. En conclusión, la presencia de muestras positivas a C. neoformans debe alertar a las autoridades correspondientes para evaluar e implementar estrategias de control de la población de palomas.

In September 2010, grapevine (Vitis vinifera) trunk diseases were observed in several vineyards of Yantai District in Shandong Provinces and Changli County of Hebei Provinces of China. Characteristic symptoms of Botryosphaeria canker were apparent, including dark brown discoloration on the trunk (visible in cross-section), cob base shriveling, drying of fruit clusters, and berry falling (2). To identify the causal pathogen, culturing of fungi was attempted from 387 small pieces of tissue from the canker margins of 43 diseased plants. Samples were surface disinfected by placing them in 75% ethanol for 1 min and rinsing with sterilized water three times before culturing on potato dextrose agar (PDA) at 28°C for 7 to 10 days. Fungi isolated were single spored to obtain pure cultures. On the basis of colony characteristics on PDA, 18 isolates from the 387 tissue pieces were eventually identified as Botryosphaeria obtusa (1), Most of the other fungi isolated were B. dothidea. B. obtusa colonies were grayish white, becoming dark brown with age, and pycnidia were formed after incubation for approximately 7 days. Conidia measured 8 to 11 × 17 to 26 μm (n= 50). Two isolates were used for rDNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequence analysis with primers ITS1 and ITS4 (3). PCR products were separated by electrophoresis and bands were purified for legation with PMD-18T (Takara Company, Dalian, China) vector for sequencing. BLAST searches of two ITS sequences had 99 to 100% identity to B. obtusa. EF1-α and β-tubulin sequence analysis gave similar results. Koch's postulates were completed in the greenhouse on grape shoots inoculated with two isolates of B. obtusa originally isolated from diseased plants in the field. Inoculations were made on green shoots of V. vinifera cv. Dunkelfelder T. Six shoots were inoculated per isolate by wounding with a 4-mm cork borer (2 mm deep) and placing a colonized agar plug from a 5-day-old culture on the wound and wrapping it with Parafilm. Controls were mock inoculated with an agar plug from sterile PDA. Inoculated shoots were incubated in the dark under moist conditions in the laboratory for 8 to 10 days at 25°C. Inoculated shoots had necrotic cankers after 8 to 10 days and B. obtusa was recovered from each canker margin. The results indicated that some grapevines in China with symptoms of Botryosphaeria canker were infected by B. obtusa. To our knowledge, this is the first report of this pathogen causing trunk disease on grapevine in China. References: (1) A. Taylor et al. Australas. Plant Pathol. 34:187, 2005. (2) J. R. Úrbez-Torres et al. Plant Dis. 92:519, 2008. (3) T. J. White et al. Page 315 in: PCR Protocols: A Guide to Methods and Applications. Academic Press, San Diego, 1990.

 Pemanfaatan limbah yang belum mempunyai nilai ekonomis, berlimpah dan mengandung gizi relatif baik bahkan dapat mengurangi pencemaran lingkungan adalah tindakan bijaksana.  Biji durian adalah salah satu limbah yang cenderung meresahkan masyarakat disaat musim buah durian. Namun pemanfaatannya sebagai sumber pakan masih sangat terbatas. Hal ini disebabkan rendahnya kualitas gizi biji durian merupakan faktor pembatas dalam pemanfaatanya sebagai pakan ternak. biji durian harus diolah terlebih dahulu agar nilai gizinya meningkat. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh fermentasi dengan beberapa level Saccharomyces cerevisiae dan Rhizopus oligosporus terhadap peningkatan kualitas nutrisi tepung biji durian.Penelitian ini dilaksanakan pada Bulan Februari-November 2018 di Desa Sri Kuncoro Kabupaten Bengkulu Tengah, analisa Proksimat dilakukan di Laboratorium Nutrisi dan Bahan Makanan Ternak Universitas Bengkulu serta analisa Asam Amino dilakukan Laboratorium Terpadu Institut Pertanian Bogor. Rancangan percobaan yang digunakan adalah Rancangan Acak Lengkap (RAL) dengan 5 perlakuan dan 4 ulangan.  Steel dan Torrie (1991), dengan perlakuan yang diujikan sebagai berikut : F0 (kontrol) = Tepung Biji Durian Kukus; FS 0,5 = Fermentasi dengan  0,5 % Saccharomyces cerevisiae; FS 0,75 = Fermentasi dengan  0,75 % Saccharomyces cerevisiae; FR 0,5 = Fermentasi dengan  0,5 % Rhizopus oligosporus; FR 0,75  = Fermentasi dengan  0,75 % Rhizopus oligosporus. parameter yang diamati adalah asam amino, protein kasar, kadar air, bahan kering, bahan organik, serat kasar, lemak kasar dan abu tepung biji durian yang difermentasi dengan Saccharomyces cerevisiae dan Rhizopus oligosporus pada lama penyimpanan 48 jam.Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa perlakuan fermentasi tepung limbah biji durian dengan ragi tape (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) dan ragi tempe (Rhizopus oligosporus) tidak mengganggu kandungan nutrisi hanya terjadi penurunan pada nilai serat kasar. Hasil terbaik yang menunjukkan perubahan nilai nutrisi yaitu pada perlakuan dengan menggunakan ragi tape 0,75% mengacu pada kemampuan menguraikan serat kasar. Kata Kunci : Limbah Biji Durian, Fermentasi, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Rhizopus oligosporus,