Tesi sul tema "Tissu adipeux – Régénération (biologie)"
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Monsarrat, Paul. "Cellules souches, médecine régénérative et régénération parodontale". Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016TOU30031/document.
Testo completoThe first part of this work introduces a new concept of analysis of clinical trial records and the dynamics of their evolution, both thematic and temporal. This concept has been applied to regenerative medicine, showing the lack of correlation between the source of stem cells and the fields of application. The stomatognathic diseases are few involved in clinical trials for stem cells therapy. Yet periodontitis, immuno-infectious diseases responsible for the destruction of the tooth supporting tissues, are a major public health issue. While the authors agree on the responsibility of the immune and microbial ecology in the pathophysiology of the disease, the reasons for dysbiosis, individual susceptibilities, are still unclear. Graft of mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) would return to homeostasis by promoting the activation of endogenous MSCs. The second part of this work shows that periodontitis were potentially associated with 57 systemic diseases; the clinical trials registry of the World Health Organization have been analyzed. The efficacy and safety of the use of MSCs for periodontal regeneration in animal models have also been demonstrated. Yet the models suffered from methodological problems, periodontal lesions are few representative of the pathophysiology. This second part thus provides data on the effectiveness of ASC (CSM from adipose tissue) to improve quantitative and qualitative regeneration of periodontal supporting tissues in a mouse model where periodontal lesions were generated by repeated administration of parodonto-pathogenic bacteria. It is therefore a model whose pathophysiology is closer to that found in humans. Finally, the second part demonstrates broad antibacterial spectrum of ASC whose effect is both direct (macrophage-like effect) and indirect (via the secretion of antibacterial factors)
Sastourné-Arrey, Quentin. "Fonctions et mécanismes de contrôle de la mobilisation des cellules stromales du tissu adipeux dans le processus de régénération musculaire". Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019TOU30091.
Testo completoSkeletal muscle is one of the few organs able to regenerate in mammals. After muscle injury, close interactions between muscle stem cells (the so-called satellites cells), immune cells and fibro-adipogenic progenitors (FAPs) via secreted chemokines and soluble factors are needed for optimal muscle regeneration. In the first days after muscle injury, the number of FAPs dramatically increases in the injured muscle. However, the biological origin of such early FAPs increase is unknown. We previously demonstrated that adipose stromal cells (ASCs) egress adipose tissue under inflammatory conditions (such as hind limb vaccination in mice). Interestingly, ASCs exhibit similar characteristics and biological properties with FAPs. Thus, we hypothesized that the early FAP increase observed after muscle injury was the result of ASCs mobilization from adipose tissue followed by their infiltration into the injured muscle. Our results show that 24 hours after muscle injury, FAP number increases in the injured muscle while no proliferation is observed. According to our hypothesis, the content of ASCs in the sub-cutaneous adipose tissue (ScAT) decreases though neither their apoptosis nor their necrosis was observed, suggesting that ASCs are mobilized from ScAT in response to muscle injury. To indeed demonstrate that ASCs exit ScAT and infiltrate the injured muscle we set up a murine model of adipose tissue grafting from CD34-GFP mouse (an ASCs marker) into wild type C57BL/6J mouse. Our results show that muscle injury triggers ASCs mobilization from ScAT and infiltrate the injured muscle. Furthermore, we described that blood platelets are involved in the mechanisms controlling ASCs trafficking. Altogether, our results show for the first time that adipose tissue is a reservoir of progenitor cells able to migrate endogenously to reach the injured muscle and to play a crucial role in its regeneration
Ziane, Sophia. "Développement et caractérisation d'un hydrogel thérapeutique pour la régénération du tissu osseux". Thesis, Bordeaux 2, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012BOR21930/document.
Testo completoBone tissue is characterized by its mineralized matrix which is subject to formation and resorption activities ensuring its renewal and remodeling throughout the life. In case of damage, the bone can repair itself naturally to restore its integrity and its physical properties. Nevertheless, some pathologies or surgical procedures can lead to massive loss of bone and the natural process of self-repair is insufficient. First line, the bone graft is considered (autograft and allograft), however, due to reduced availability and risks of rejection and transmission of infectious agents, this technique is not feasible in all clinical situations. The surgeon can then make use of osteoconductive biomaterials but these are only usable in the case of filling of small defects because they are simply passive scaffold for bone formation. These limits may be exceeded through the concept of tissue enginee- ring, designing innovative biomaterials with high osteogenic power conferred by particular growth factors or osteoprogenitor cells. In our work we seek to develop a new product of tissue engineering to repair bone defects. The proposed strategy is based on the combination of a three-dimensional scaffold and adult stem cells derived from human adipose tissue (ASC). The originality of this system comes from the three-dimensional matrix, which is a thermosensitive hydrogel composed of synthetic monomeric Glycosyl-Nucleoside-Fluorinated (GNF) low molecular weight. In the field of bone regeneration, hydrogels are generally used as cellularized matrix molecules associated with osteogenic (BMP2, Beta-Glycerophosphate) or ions (Calcium : Ca2+, Phosphate : PO42-) to allow osteoblast differentiation of cells encapsulated in the gel. However, in our work, we have not used these osteogenic factors. Our study revealed that the hydrogel of GNF has the essential criteria to be used in clinical practice : non-toxicity, biocompatibility, biodegradability, injectability and biointegration. Injections of gel/ASC complex performed in animal ectopic site have showed that the gel is formed in situ within 20 minutes and encapsulated cells survived and proliferated for several months. In situ, ASC were differentiated into mature osteoblasts expressing alkaline phosphatase and osteocalcin and synthesizing an extracellular matrix rich in calcium phosphate. So, this work has allowed the development of an innovative product for tissue engineering, combining a three-dimensional scaffold, the GNF based hydrogel, a cellular component, the ASC. This cellularized matrix appears promising as injection system for clinical applications of bone regeneration
Jordao, Zélzima Amélia. "Preuve de concept de l'utilisation d'un scaffold résorbable obtenu par impression 3D pour la reconstruction de l'hypoderme". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lille (2022-....), 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024ULILS019.
Testo completoNowadays, patients who have had the entire thickness of their skin destroyed, including the hypodermis, have access to clinical solutions with a number of limitations. At present, lipofilling is the main solution for hypodermis reconstruction, thanks to the wide availability of autologous adipose tissue and its ability to fill large volumes. However, the resorption rate is 80-90% due to the absence of vascularization. Tissue engineering can be an effective tool for developing a promising solution to improve the efficacy of lipofilling. The aim of this thesis is to develop a 3D-printed porous and resorbable scaffold to support vascular and adipose tissue regeneration. Synthetic bioresorbable polymers offer numerous advantages, such as ease of processing and adaptability (structure, properties, behavior, etc.), making them suitable for hypodermis repair. What's more, their combination with 3D printing makes it possible to create porous structures adapted to adipose tissue. Studies were carried out in 3 axes: choice of material, design and pre clinical validation. In vitro studies with PLCL and PDO showed that PLCL was more suitable for the development of the 3D scaffold. The SCO pattern was chosen for the design of the 3D scaffold, whose mechanical properties and porosity are compatible with soft tissue. Next, pre-clinical validation of the PLCL 3D scaffold, in the mouse model, proved that it can be used to improve survival and vascularization of adipose tissue
Lalande, Charlotte. "Développement d'un nouveau produit d'ingenierie tissulaire osseuse à base de polymères et de cellules souche du tissu adipeux". Thesis, Bordeaux 2, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011BOR21853/document.
Testo completoBone tissue engineering may associate osteoprogenitor cells to a tridimensional scaffold that can promote tissue reconstruction in order to replace bone grafting strategies whose limitations are well known. This study aims to develop a new tissue-engineered construct for bone regeneration constituted by i) a tridimensional polysaccharide-based scaffold, ii) adult stem cells extracted from human adipose tissue and identify the best culture conditions needed to develop a functional construct for clinical use. Our results show that this macroporous scaffold offers, without any osteoinductive factors, a suitable architecture and composition for driving osteoblastic differentiation of ADSCs especially when placing the tissue-engineered construct in dynamic conditions, thanks to cell aggregate conformation promoting cell-to-cell interactions. Thanks to ADSCs labeling, the tissue-engineered construct can be tracked in vivo in a non invasive way by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), after their subcutaneous implantation. Results evidenced that this scaffold behaves as a cell carrier for of holding in its own cell fraction and delivering another fraction to the site of implantation for inducing a better tissue regeneration process. Finally, a serum free medium meeting standards GMPs (Good Manufacturing Practices) has been developed for inducing ADSCs osteoblastic differentiation as a first step towards clinical application.In conclusion, this polysaccharide-based scaffold associated with ADSCs, cultured under low fluid flow in a new bioreactor device, could be a relevant and promising tissue engineered construct for bone tissue engineering applications
Labit, Elodie. "Le tissu adipeux : tissu modèle pour étudier le lien entre organisation et fonction ainsi que la régénération tissulaire". Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016TOU30101/document.
Testo completoAdipose tissue (AT) is very plastic tissue. During metabolic disease, it would be overdeveloped or atrophy. It is due to the fact that AT is i) energy storage thanks to white adipocyte and ii) energy consumer thanks to brown or brite adipocyte. The cellular composition is very well studied (adipocytes activity, proliferation, differenciation, link between AT stromal cells / adipocytes) but the tissue organization of AT is not known. During my thesis work, we study the i) tissular organization of white AT and ii) AT response after massive removal of white AT. Mice are used for this work. In the first step, our 3 dimensional imaging of white AT shows that AT is heterogeneous tissue: AT has 2 components: segmentable area, in the AT core and non-segmentable area, in the AT periphery. This structural heterogeneity is correlated with functional heterogeneity because segementable area differs to non-segmentable area from adipocyte shape and pattern genic expression. Furthermore, only segmentable area can be respond to cold exposure by Ucp1 up-regulation and browning genes markers. In the second step, massive ablation of subcutaneous white AT is performed on two mice strains: C57Bl/6 and MRL (known to be able to regenerate). MRL mice inguinal AT regenerate, unlike inguinal AT of C57Bl/6 mice. The use of antagonist of opioid receptor (naloxone) treatment leads regeneration AT in C57Bl/6. In opposite, opioid receptor agonist (tramadol) treatment in MRL mice inhibits AT regeneration. AT regeneration is dependant of burst oxydatif production by granulocytes. The use of the receptor knock down mice highlights that is the only receptor is involved in AT regeneration. More precisely, opioids effects are mediated by receptor on granulocyte immune cells
Abbo, Olivier. "Cellules stromales du tissu adipeux et cicatrisation : de la compréhension à l'application clinique pédiatrique". Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015TOU30299.
Testo completoAdipose derived mesenchymal stromal cells (ASC) are currently tested in regenerative medicine to promote tissue reconstruction after injury. In autologous purpose the possible loss of therapeutic function and cell properties during aging have been questioned in adult. To date no reliable information is available concerning ASC from pediatric patients and a better knowledge is required to intend their use for clinical applications. To address this issue, subcutaneous adipose tissue was collected from 27 donors aged 0-1 year and 50 donors aged 1-12 years and compared to adult ASC. Cells from the stromal vascular fraction (SVF) and subsequent cultured ASC were tested in vitro for their extraction and proliferation yield, phenotype, immunomodulation effect, CFU-F content, adipogenic, osteoblastic and angiogenic potentials. Only a slightly higher amount in cell number and proliferative rate were found. None of the other parameters was significantly different. In vivo, pediatric ASC induced an increase in microangiographic score in a mouse model of limb ischemia, even though improvement in vascular density was not significantly correlated to limb rescue. Finally mRNA analysis using microarray approach identified that only 305 genes were differentially expressed (217 down- and 88 up-regulated) in pediatric versus adult ASC, confirming that ASC from both groups of age shared very close intrinsic properties. Finally, we assessed the potentiality of pASC in a murine burn model, designed to cope with our daily practice as pediatric surgeons. We confirmed that cellular therapy based on pASC is effective as it improves early wound healing parameters (epithelialization, retraction). Laser Doppler analysis shows an higher local cutaneous blood flow with ASC than with NaCl. Moreover, we were able to follow the presence of the cells during 21 days. This work precises essential pASC features, which assessment was mandatory before considering a clinical use for malformative or acquired pathology during childhood. Nevertheless, precise understanding of ASC action mechanism needs to be completed as long term inocuity needs to be confirmed and mode of delivery to be adapted to a potential surgical use
Vermeiren, Corentin. "Étude du rôle de l’apolipoprotéine L6 dans le tissu adipeux murin". Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/279701.
Testo completoApolipoproteins L (APOL) are a family of conserved proteins among mammals. Murine APOL6 is mainly expressed by adipocytes in the adipose tissue. In a model of in vitro adipocyte cell culture, adipogenesis induced the expression of APOL6. This expression increased with IFNγ and decreased with TGFβ. Cyclic-AMP elevating agents also decreased the expression of APOL6. In vivo, APOL6 KO mice that were fed with a high fat diet gained less weight than their wild type (WT) counterparts. Furthermore, adipocytes from obese APOL6 KO mice were smaller than those from WT controls. Finally, immunoprecipitation experiments showed that APOL6 probably interacted with actin cytoskeleton proteins within adipocytes. In conclusion, APOL6 is likely associated with the actin cytoskeleton in adipocytes and could be involved in the regulation of the size of lipid droplets.
Option Biologie moléculaire du Doctorat en Sciences
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Côté, Julie Anne. "Nouveaux aspects de la biologie adipocytaire". Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/30506.
Testo completoAdipose tissue has been considered a passive reservoir for energy, but we now know that it is also a secretory and endocrine organ. Because of increasing obesity rates, a lot of ressources are being committed to prevent adipose tissue accumulation and associated biological effects. In the last years, our advance in the understanding of adipose tissue biology has greatly evolved. New paradigms on adipose tissue have emerged, especially regarding: 1) its radiologic density (or radiologic attenuation); and 2) its plasticity. In this thesis, we studied these two concepts. The overall objective of this thesis was to characterize the phenomena surrounding adipose tissue density and plasticity. To achieve our objective, we have applied methodological approaches that allowed us to measure abdominal adipose tissue accumulation and attenuation using computed tomography in a cohort of 240 women. We showed that subcutaneous and visceral adipose tissue attenuation is negatively and significantly associated with adipocyte size in the corresponding depot. Our results also demonstrated that women with adipocyte hypertrophy are characterized by an altered lipid profile compared to women with smaller adipocytes. Satistical adjustment for visceral adipose tissue area minimized these differences while subsequent adjustment for adipose tissue attenuation eliminated all differences. Our results suggest that fat cell size is a marker of adipose tissue radiologic attenuation and area, and therefore, an integrator of adipose tissue quality and quantity. We also studied the plasticity of the adipocyte precursors contained in the stromal-vascular fraction of adipose tissue and of mature adipocytes. To do so, we used flow cytometry analysis to characterize the phenotype of adipocyte precursors. We demonstrated that a subpopulation of CD45- CD31- CD34+ adipose progenitors express the cell surface protein CD38. These cells have higher levels of adipogenic genes compared to the CD45- CD31- CD34+ CD38- population. When cultivated, CD38+ cells show a greater adipogenic potential than the CD38- cells. We also found that obesity is associated with an increase in the number of CD38+ adipose progenitors, particularly in the intra-abdominal depot. Our results suggest that CD38 is a marker of commitment toward adipogenesis. Furtheremore, we studied the process of mature adipocyte dedifferentiation as a good example of adipose tissue plasticity. We examined changes in gene expression during the dedifferentiation process using microarray analysis. We found a decrease in the expression of genes associated with mature adipocyte functions and an increase in the expression of genes associated with cellular reprogramming, cell cycle and extra-cellular matrix. We have also developed a cellular culture system that allows us to dedifferentiate mature adipocytes and to modulate various aspects of the process. This allowed us to demonstrate a role for the Transforming growth factor β signaling in modulating collagen gene expression during dedifferentiation. Finally, we performed immunofluorescence and time-lapse microscopy experiments to characterize the process of mature adipocyte dedifferentiation. We demonstrated that adipocyte dedifferentiation is completely prevented by agents blocking cell division. We also observed binucleated adipocytes throughout the ceiling culture process and markers of mitosis. In conclusion, our studies allowed us to characterize various novel aspects of adipose tissue related to specific biological process, which have their roots in the adipocyte life cycle. They include hypertrophic expansion, cellular proliferation and differentiation, and adipocyte dedifferentiation. This is of significant importance in our understanding of adipose tissue dynamics.
Jouvion, Grégory. "Sélection de progéniteurs myogéniques issus du tissu musculaire : utilisation de la taille et de l’adhérence cellulaires". Rennes 1, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007REN1S161.
Testo completoThe experimental procedures classically used to isolate the myogenic precursors, i. E. , the satellite cells, in fact supply a heterogeneous population of mononucleated cells among whom are progenitor cells with stem cell features. By using counterflow centrifugal elutriation, we showed that muscle-extracted cell size allow to sort a marginal population of immature progenitors or poorly committed cells in the myogenic program, on the basis of the small cell size. The successive plating technique (called “preplating technique”) allowed us to select progenitor cells after 6 days in culture, using initial adhesion delay. Combination of these two experimental approaches allowed us to obtain, after only 24 hours, a highly enriched population in myogenic progenitors that could display a higher efficiency compared to myoblasts in cell therapy experiments for muscle genetic diseases
Grellier, Adeline Maritie. "La communication ostéo-endothéliale : application en ingénierie du tissu osseux". Bordeaux 2, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008BOR21560.
Testo completoBone development and remodelling are dependant on a tight cell cooperation between osteoblastic and osteoclastic cell types, responsible for bone formation and degradation, respectively. Angiogenesis is also a key process involved in these mechanisms and cell communication between osseous and endothelial cells is fundamental This work aims to study the cell communication between human osteoprogenitors (HOPs) arising from bone marrow and human endothelial cells (human umbilical cord endothelial cells : HUVECs). This osteo-endothelial communication was analysed using a well defined in vitro co-culture model in 2D but also into a 3D system into alginate microsphères which were then implanted in vivo in a bone defect in nude mice. In a first part, the HOPs were submitted to a mechanical stress which is an important parameter for the physiology of bone. Their ability to regulate their phenotype was demonstrated under shear stress. In co-culture wuth HUVECs, the phenotype was regulated and VEGF (vascular endothelial growth factor seems to be involved in this regulation. The endothelial phenotype was also regulated in co-culture since HUVECs migration led to a tubular-like cell rearrangement. Into alginate microspheres cultured in vitro, the HUVECs stimulated the osteoblastic phenotype of HOPs. Moreover, after implantation in a bone defect in vivo, the HUVECs enhanced the HOP-induced mineralization. This work shows that the cells are able to communicate and seems promising for the development of new tissue engineering strategies
Girard, Anne-Claire. "Thérapies à partir du tissu adipeux : de la chirurgie esthétique et reconstructrice à la thérapie cellulaire. Application à la régénération des tendons chez les chevaux". Thesis, La Réunion, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012LARE0034/document.
Testo completoDespite the dark side of obesity in the pathogenesis of metabolic diseases, adipose tissue has been shown to be a good therapeutic tool. First, autologous fat grafting, also named lipofilling, has been used for over a century and represents a safe technique for soft tissue filling. However, although the technique has seen marked improvements over time, surgeons are still facing graft resorption that often requires overcorrection of the treated area or other interventions so that the aesthetic result is in line with expectations of the patient. Thus, MICROFILL® process has been developed in order to increase the rate of engraftment by promoting cell survival within the graft. The latter is enhanced by: - sampling and reinjection of small fat lobules in order to reduce ischemia and poor nutrition of the cells- elimination of deleterious elements (anesthetics, inflammatory cytokines) by a non-traumatic protocol involving soft centrifugations and washings. Furthermore, in recent years, adipose tissue has been found to have a greater therapeutic power by hosting mesenchymal stem cells with great potential. These adipose stem cells (ASCs) are present in large quantities and can be easily obtained from a simple liposuction. However, liposuction procedure often involves the use of a local anesthetic and a vasoconstrictor that can harm cells. Our studies have shown that lidocaine, an anesthetic commonly used, exerts cytotoxic effects on adipose stem cells, inhibiting cell proliferation (cell cycle arrest in G0-G1 phase) and inducing necrosis. Nonetheless, appropriate handling of adipose tissue, quite similarly to MICROFILL® protocol, reduces cell death. The deleterious effects of lidocaine appear to be related to the occurrence of cytoplasmic vacuolization whose nature is so far unclear. In addition, lidocaine also induces a process of autophagy, including molecular mechanisms of induction also unknown and whose physiological purpose could be cell survival despite the stress. The findings of these studies lead to some recommendations to follow regarding the use of lidocaine for the extemporaneous reinjection of ASCs in a patient. Also, in order to treat equine tendinopathy, these studies have been used to optimize adipose tissue harvest by liposuction on horses and the protocol of extraction of ASCs.Finally, this thesis has allowed developing a kit for veterinary use to treat equine tendinopathy. This new method of cell therapy has been tested in horses and has shown very promising results for tendon regeneration, knowing that treated horses could rapidly return to work
Hamdan, Ahmad. "Effets de dérivés sanguins sur le comportement de cellules ostéogéniques en culture : applications en ingénierie tissulaire osseuse". Paris 7, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA07G001.
Testo completoTissue engineering is a new domain developed in the aim of restoring, replacing or maintaining biological functions and tissue integrity. H implies the seeding of stem cells on 3D scaffolds in the presence of proper signaling molecules to promote cellular activity. The use of autologous products is preferred, when possible, in order to avoid ail risk associated with the use of allogenous or xenogenous products. Blood derivatives represent a potential autologous source for growth factors as well as other moiecules that couid be used in tissue engineering. Our objective was to evaluate, in an in vitro model, the effects of 2 blood derivatives on the behavior of rat calvaria osteoblastic cells. In the first part, we evaluated the effects of a homologous serum on osteoblastic ce11 proliferation and differentiation. In the second part of this work, we studied the in vitro effects of a new 3D scaffold of blood origin, globin, on osteoblastic cells. Our results show that these 2 blood derivatives are capable of stimulating osteoblastic cell activity and could find, in the future, clinical applications in the field of human bone tissue engineering
Rousseau, Alexandre. "Optimisation de substituts de tissus urologiques entièrement humains reconstruits par génie tissulaire avec les cellules isolées du tissu adipeux". Thesis, Université Laval, 2013. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2013/29958/29958.pdf.
Testo completoKostov, Laura. "Etude des rôles des récepteurs P2Y2 et P2Y6 dans la différenciation adipogénique et ostéoblastogénique des cellules stromales mésenchymateuses multipotentes dérivées du tissu adipeux inguinal murin". Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/323461.
Testo completoDoctorat en Sciences
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Boubaker, El Andalousi Ramzi. "Modification des caractéristiques morphologiques et fonctionnelles des muscles squelettiques après transplantation de cellules précurseurs isolées des tissus musculaire et adipeux". Montpellier 2, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002MON20020.
Testo completoBabilotte, Joanna. "BioFabrication par assemblage couche par couche pour l’ingénierie du Tissu Osseux". Thesis, Bordeaux, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021BORD0048.
Testo completoIn several clinical cases, dental implant placement can be hindered if the alveolar bone volume is limited. Current surgical methods for alveolar bone regeneration are not fully satisfying, and more reliable methods to regenerate bone is needed. Several biomaterials for bone substitution are available. However, they do not possess all the necessary properties for complete bone regeneration, as they lack osteoinductive and osteogenic potential.Tissue engineering can provide solutions for current issues in bone reconstruction. Tissue engineering strategies combine engineered scaffold with cells and suitable biochemical soluble factors. To produce the scaffold several techniques are available. These last years rapid prototyping technologies gained a huge interest, as they offer reproducibility and important resolution. The current issues remaining to produce living tissue constructs by bone tissue engineering techniques are related to cell seeding inside the macroporous scaffold. The conventional approach involves seeding cells onto a macroporous scaffold and expects cell colonization to form composite tissue constructs. Many limitations have been observed using this approach, due to slow vascularization, limited diffusion of nutrients, low cell density and non-uniform cell distribution.This project aims to address the limitations of scaffold-based bone tissue engineering, by organizing osteoprogenitor cells inside the scaffold. Based on previous results, we choose to use a layer-by-layer approach. This layer-by-layer fabrication method, also called “sandwich” in this work, should favor cell-material interaction and facilitate the maturation of these constructs. Finally, the amount and quality of tissue regenerated should be enhanced.The first part of the project consisted in the fabrication of scaffolds membranes. We have developed a new material, made of medical-grade poly(lactic-co-glycolic) acid (PLGA) mixed with hydroxyapatite nanoparticles (nHA), in the shape of a filament for 3D printing by Fused Deposition Modelling (FDM). PLGA was chosen for its biodegradation rate and its mechanical properties close to human cortical bone. Nanoparticles of HA were included to improve the bioactivity of the material for bone tissue engineering applications. Then, these materials were characterized for mechanical and physico-chemical properties before in vitro and in vivo studies. In these parts, we used the stromal vascular fraction of adipose tissue, to be closer to a potential clinical translation. The survival, proliferation and differentiation of the cells were evaluated. Finally, bone regeneration was observed after implantation of the constructs in a rat bone calvaria defect model
Guérin, Gaëtan. "Modélisation des interactions mécanobiologiques dans la phase de cicatrisation de l'interface os-implant". Toulouse 3, 2009. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/759/.
Testo completoWe hypothesized that explicitmodeling of mechanobiological interactions could be helpful to make progress in the investigation of periprosthetic healing. The governing equations were based upon the coupling of poroelasticity with cellular migrations in presence of growth factors to obtain a multiphasic model of reactive transport. The role of implant in tissue healing was evaluated using a dedicated experimental implant as reference. A multiscale approach allowed cellular interaction to be locally studied. We focused on local osteogenic role of implant surface, mechanical unstability stimuli and clinical aspects through defects of localization and shape of interface. The results were in good agreement with healing patterns observed in experiments and clinical setting. This confirmed the reliability of our original research approach
Maisani, Mathieu. "Conception et développement d’hydrogels pour l’ingénierie tissulaire appliquée au tissu osseux". Thesis, Bordeaux, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017BORD0667/document.
Testo completoNew strategies to overcome the clinical limitations of current techniques for bone defect filling and regeneration has led to the involvement of bone tissue engineering. Indeed, strategies based on tissue engineering techniques seem to be an alternative to the use of grafts and thus to defeat their limits. The approach employed in this thesis consists in development and use of hydrogels as scaffold materials for bone defect filling and regeneration. There are many approaches that also use hydrogels, each one with its advantages and limitations. In this context, our work consisted in the use of a non-polymeric hydrogel as basic material in the development of strategies for bone tissue engineering. Briefly, several cell types are present within bone tissue and will participate in the processes of bone formation and regeneration. The objective of our strategies was the contribution of exogenous stem cells and then their differentiation into osteogenic cells or the recruitment and differentiation of the host cells into osteogenic cells within the material. The GNF gel was used as a three-dimensional matrix considering its properties of injectability, gelation in the absence of toxic crosslinking agent and its osteoinductive potential. The goal was to develop strategies for bone tissue engineering by combining the GNF gel with a natural matrix of cellular collagen or bioactive molecules to promote the regeneration of bone lesions. This work allowed to develop and characterize strategies relevant to the regeneration of bone lesions based on the use of hydrogels
Busser, Hélène. "Isolation et caractérisation des cellules stromales mésenchymateuses multipotentes du tissu adipeux: Étude des sous-populations et comparaison avec la moelle osseuse". Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/221980.
Testo completoLes cellules stromales mésenchymateuses multipotentes (CSM) ont été mises en évidence dans la moelle osseuse et peuvent être isolées de « virtuellement tous les organes ». Elles participeraient à la maintenance et au renouvellement des tissus. Une fois isolées, elles sont capables d’adhérer à des surfaces en plastique en prenant une forme fibroblastique. Elles sont caractérisées par un phénotype particulier et peuvent se différencier en divers types cellulaires lorsque cultivées dans un milieu d’induction spécifique. Ces caractéristiques ont été définies sur les CSM en culture et ne reflètent pas forcément ce qui se passe in situ.Les CSM présentent des propriétés particulières. Elles peuvent sécréter des facteurs de croissance ainsi que de nombreuses cytokines qui leur permettent d’une part d’avoir une activité trophique et d’autre part de moduler le système immunitaire. Elles sont aussi capables de se différencier. Ces différentes propriétés les rendent particulièrement attractives pour la thérapie cellulaire.Les CSM font déjà l’objet de nombreuses études pré-cliniques et cliniques dont les résultats sont difficilement interprétables car nous n’avons à l’heure actuelle qu’une compréhension limitée de leur biologie de base. Les CSM sont encore mal définies in situ et sont hétérogènes. Cette hétérogénéité provient de leur différence d’origine et de leur préparation cellulaire :il n’existe aucune standardisation des protocoles d’isolation et de culture. Cette hétérogénéité entraine de nombreuses questions relatives à la sécurité du patient qui doivent être élucidées.La première partie de ce travail cherche à optimiser les méthodes d’extraction et de purification des CSM du tissu adipeux humain, la principale source de CSM autologues avec la moelle osseuse. Les méthodes classiques requièrent une étape de digestion enzymatique dont l’enzyme utilisée et le temps de digestion du tissu adipeux peuvent induire des altérations cellulaires et modifier leurs fonctions. De plus, l’adjonction de xénobiotiques augmente le risque de contamination et complique le suivi des bonnes pratiques de fabrication (BPF). Nous proposons une méthode qui s’affranchit de cette étape de digestion enzymatique tout en étant plus facile, plus sûre, plus rapide, moins chère et moins traumatisante pour les cellules. Elle permet d’obtenir un nombre tout aussi important de CSM du tissu adipeux que la méthode enzymatique classique en préservant leurs propriétés.La deuxième partie de ce travail vise à caractériser les sous populations de CSM du tissu adipeux humain en les comparant à celles de la moelle osseuse, source de référence historique. Cette étude a permis d’approfondir la connaissance des marqueurs de surface des CSM de ces 2 sources in situ, tout en évaluant les différentes propriétés des sous-populations isolées grâce aux marqueurs de surface CD271, SUSD2, MSCA-1, CD44 et CD34. Nous avons montré que les CSM de la moelle osseuse expriment les marqueurs MSCA-1, CD271 et SUSD2 in situ et qu’il existait une sous-population clairement positive pour le CD34 avec des propriétés différentes de celles de la population non sélectionnée ou négative pour ce marqueur. Il existe aussi 2 sous-populations positive et négative pour le CD44 avec des propriétés similaires.Contrairement aux CSM de la moelle osseuse, une seule sélection a permis d’isoler efficacement les CSM du tissu adipeux par une sélection positive sur base de l’expression du CD34. Nous avons pu aussi isoler une population CD271+ mais seulement des prélèvements de lipoaspirations et non des abdominoplasties.Au vu de nos résultats, MSCA-1 semble le meilleur marqueur pour isoler les CSM de la moelle osseuse tandis que le CD34 est le seul marqueur capable d’isoler positivement celles du tissu adipeux. Ainsi, nous montrons que les CSM issues de différentes sources partagent des propriétés similaires avec cependant des caractéristiques propres. Le choix de la source et du marqueur pour isoler une sous-population sont donc importants en fonction de leur utilité clinique envisagée.
Doctorat en Sciences biomédicales et pharmaceutiques (Médecine)
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
Teyssier, Jacques. "Analyse des différents types de variabilité, individu, âge, tissu, dans une étude de la lipogenèse et une étude longitudinale de la taille des adipocytes chez le lapin en croissance". Montpellier 2, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988MON20161.
Testo completoWazzani, Rkia. "Effets de l'exercice physique sur le tissu osseux et sa vascularisation : comparaison entre différentes modalités de course". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Amiens, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022AMIE0092.
Testo completoPhysical exercise is characterized by its beneficial effects on the human body. At the bone level, it results in an osteogenic action that improves the quality of the bone tissue. This is determined by vascularization and angiogenesis, among other things. The vascular network provides the bone tissue with the oxygen and nutrients that the bone cells need for their proper functioning. The effect of exercise on these different parameters depends on the intensity, frequency and type of exercise. Continuous exercise has little effect on bone tissue. Intermittent exercise has beneficial effects in terms of osteogenesis in Wistar rats. However, no study, to our knowledge, has investigated the effect of combined exercise on bone tissue quality and vascularization. Our objective is to analyze the effects of these different modalities of continuous, intermittent and combined exercise on the architectural and micro-architectural parameters of bone tissue, while taking into account the different mechanisms of mechano-transduction and vascularization. This study shows that combined training tends to promote angiogenesis of the distal femur. This phenomenon is associated with an osteogenic effect on the femoral trabecular bone. Intermittent running, previously known in the literature for its osteogenic effect, tends to have a slight angiogenic effect. Continuous running at moderate intensity does not seem to affect all the parameters in the femoral bone
Catros, Sylvain. "Etude de la Micro-Impression d'Eléments Biologiques par Laser pour l'Ingénierie du Tissu Osseux". Thesis, Bordeaux 1, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010BOR14108/document.
Testo completoBone Tissue Engineering is a multidisciplinary field which aims to produce artificial tissues for regenerative medicine. The purpose of this work was to produce three-dimensional bone substitute using a laser-assisted bioprinting (LAB) workstation developped in the laboratory INSERM U577 (TEAL Project: Tissue Engineering Assisted by Laser). The first step of the work consisted in the synthesis of specific materials for LAB and in the characterization of their biological and physico-chemical properties. We have prepared a nano-hydroxyapatite bioink, human cells bioinks and hydrogels bioinks. Then, three-dimensional materials have been prepared using LAB and have been implanted in vivo in mice. The results have shown that Laser Assisted Bioprinting is an efficient method fo patterning 3-D materials using biolgical elements
Maimoun, Laurent. "Influence de l'exercice physique et de l'immobilisation sur le métabolisme osseux : relation avec les paramètres hormonaux". Montpellier 1, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001MON1T022.
Testo completoVinel, Alexia. "Rôles respectifs des sous fonctions du ER alpha impliquées dans les effets bénéfiques des œstrogènes sur l'os : du squelette appendiculaire aux maxillaires". Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015TOU30375.
Testo completoThe expending incidence and the financial cost of osteoporosis make this pathology a major public-health issue. The brutal disruption of 17β-estradiol (E2) production by the ovaries wich occurs at menopause is responsible for a dramatic increase of osteoporosis incidence. This bone pathology is characterized by a global bone tissue demineralization leading to a weakening of the entire skeleton and a high risk of fracture. Far from being inert, bone is a highly dynamic tissue which undergoes a perpetual remodeling throughout life. Bone remodeling is a unique feature that allows bone to accommodate mechanical strength and repair microfractures. This process is essentially ensured by two cell types, bone-resorbing osteoclasts and bone-forming osteoblasts, the differentiation and the activity of which beinghighly regulated by E2 through estrogen receptor ERα. As the other member of the nuclear receptor family, ERα harbors two independent activating functions, (AF)-1 localized at the N-terminal extremity and AF2 at the C-terminal one of the receptor, both involved in transcriptional effects. Moreover, a fraction of ERα is located at the plasma membrane after cysteine 447 in human (or 451 in mice) palmitoylation. where it activates membrane initiated steroid signals” (MISS) effects. The aim of this thesis has been first to gain insight ER subfunctions involved in estrogen bone sparing effects. Thus, by combining the use of knock-out mice models targeting MISS (ERα –C451A) and AF1 (ERα-AF10) of ER with pharmacological tools, our results have contributed to highlight the role of these ERα sufunctions in different bone compartments (i.e. cortical versus trabecular) and cell types (osteoclasts versus osteoblasts). In addition, we extended previous work regarding beneficial estrogens effects on vertebrae and on the appendicular skeleton to the jaws. Indeed, increasing evidence support an association between osteoporosis and jaw bone demineralization in postmenopausal women. To this aim, impact of bilateral ovariectomy on mice mandibular bone was first evaluated in a time-depend matter. Then, exogenous E2 effect on mice mandibular bone from different knock-out mice models targeting ERα or ER (ERα-/-, ERβ-/-, ERαAF2°, ERαAF1°, ERα-C451A) was evaluated. In addition to their beneficial role to prevent osteoporosis, estrogens also decrease climacteric symptom, atheroma and type 2 diabetes incidences. However, estrogens also favor the promotion of uterus and breast cancer growth. Thus, the major challenge consists in uncoupling some beneficial actions from other deleterious ones, that is, selective ER modulation. Results obtained during this thesis provide a better understanding of the ERα signaling pathways involved in bone sparing effect and thus may contribute to the design of new, bone-specific treatment strategies or menopause treatment with minimal adverse effects
Ambard, Dominique. "Contribution à l'étude des interactions mécano-biologiques dans la cicatrisation des tissus périprothétiques". Toulouse 3, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005TOU30186.
Testo completoRenaud, Matthieu. "Évaluation d'un substitut osseux résorbable porteur de cellules souches : approche cellulaire pour la régénération osseuse in vivo". Thesis, Montpellier, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018MONTT081.
Testo completoDespite the development of biomaterials in the field of bone grafts and alveolar preservation, the results are no sufficient to made reconstructions ad integrum of bone tissue. Bone engineering techniques seem to be the preferred way to improve our surgical techniques. Porous silicon is a promising material for tissue engineering and especially for bone regeneration. Indeed, its surface allows cell adhesion. And then, it’s a non-toxic and bioresorbable interesting material properties carrying stem cells. Dental pulp stem cells (DPSC) are easily accessible cells in the oral cavity. Their proliferation and differentiation capacities associated with porous silicon appear to be attractive for therapeutic applications in bone regeneration. The results of the in vitro studies have shown the interest for in vivo application. In this thesis, we have tested the combination of porous silicon and dental pulp stem cells in vivo experimentation, using the same characteristics of the in vitro reference study. For this, the material was produced in particle form to be used as bone filling material, associated or not with DPSC. The rat-tail model was developed and tested to reduce the number of animals needed for the study while maintaining the statistical power of the results. Studies have shown the possibility of using this model for bone regeneration defects surgically created. In addition, it seems that this model can also be useful for studies on osseointegration of implantable systems and bone regeneration around these implants. Then, the porous silicon was tested under these conditions, with or without DPSC, in comparison with a positive control and a negative control. This association has emerged as a promising approach for bone regeneration in vivo
Chassonnery, Pauline. "Modélisation mathématique en 3D de l'émergence de l'architecture des tissus conjonctifs". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Toulouse 3, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023TOU30354.
Testo completoIn this thesis, we investigate whether simple local mechanical interactions between a reduced set of components could govern the emergence of the 3D architecture of biological tissues. To explore this hypothesis, we develop two mathematical models. The first one, ECMmorpho-3D, aims at reproducing a non-specialised connective tissue and is reduced to the Extra-Cellular Matrix (ECM) component, that is a 3D dynamically connected fibre network. The second, ATmorpho-3D, is built by adding to this network spherical cells which spontaneously appear and grow in order to mimic the morphogenesis of Adipose Tissue (AT), a specialised connective tissue with major biomedical importance. We then construct a unified analysis framework to visualise, segment and quantitatively characterise the fibrous and cellular structures produced by our two models. It constitutes a generic tool for the 3D visualisation of systems composed of a mixture of spherical (cells) and rod-like (fibres) elements and for the automatic detection of in such systems of clusters of spherical objects separated by rod-like elements. This tool is also applicable to biological 3D microscopy images, enabling a comparison between in vivo and in silico structures. We study the structures produced by the model ECMmorpho-3D by performing numerical simula- tions. We show that this model is able to spontaneously generate different types of architectures, which we identify and characterise using our analysis framework. An in-depth parametric analysis lead us to identify an intermediate emerging variable, the number of crosslinks per fibre, which explains and partly predicts the fate of the modelled system. A temporal analysis reveals that the characteristic time-scale of the organisation process is a function of the network remodelling speed, and that all systems follow the same, unique evolutionary pathway. Finally, we use the model ATmorpho-3D to explore the influence of round cells over the organisation of a fibre network, taking as reference the model ECMmorpho-3D. We show that the number of cells can influence the local alignment of the fibres but not the global organisation of the network. On the other hand, the cells inside the network spontaneously organise into clusters with realistic morphological features very close to those of in vivo structures, surrounded by sheet-like fibre bundles. Moreover, the distribution of the different morphological types of clusters is similar in in silico and in vivo systems, suggesting that the model is able to produce realistic morphologies not only on the scale of one cluster but also on the scale of the whole system, reproducing the structural variability observed in biological samples. A parametric analysis reveals that the proportion in which each morphology is present in an in silico system is governed mainly by the remodelling characteristic of the fibres, pointing to the essential role of the ECM properties in AT architecture and function (in agreement with several biological results and previous 2D findings). The fact that these very simple mathematical models can produce realistic structures supports our hypothesis that biological tissues architecture could emerge spontaneously from local mechanical inter- actions between the tissue components, independently of the complex biological phenomena taking place around them. This opens many perspectives regarding our understanding of the fundamental principles governing how biological tissue architecture emerges during organogenesis, is maintained throughout life and can be affected by various pathological conditions. Potential applications range from tissue engineering to therapeutic treatment inducing regeneration in adult mammals
Alves, Antoine. "Approche novatrice de l’évaluation de la régénération des tissus mous en histopathologie quantitative". Thesis, Lyon, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LYSE1140.
Testo completoThe paradigm shift brought about by the expansion of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine away from the use of biomaterials, currently questions the value of histopathologic methods in the evaluation of biological changes. To date, the available tools of evaluation are not fully consistent and satisfactory for these advanced therapies. We have developed a new, simple and inexpensive quantitative digital approach that provides key metrics for structural and compositional characterization of the regenerated tissues. For example, metrics provide the tissue ingrowth rate (TIR) which integrates two separate indicators; the cell ingrowth rate (CIR) and the total collagen content (TCC) as featured in the equation, TIR%=CIR%+TCC%. Moreover a subset of quantitative indicators describing the directional organization of the collagen (relating structure and mechanical function of tissues), the ratio of collagen I to collagen III and the optical anisotropy property of the collagen (maturity indicator) was automatically produced as well. Using an image analyzer, all metrics were extracted from only two serial sections stained with either Feulgen & Rossenbeck (cell specific) or Picrosirius Red F3BA (collagen specific). To validate this new procedure, 3D scaffolds were intraperitoneally implanted in healthy and diabetic rats. It was hypothesized that quantitatively; the healing tissue would be significantly delayed and of poor quality in diabetic rats in comparison to healthy rats. In addition, a chemically modified 3D scaffold was similarly implanted in a third group of healthy rats with the assumption that modulation of the ingrown tissue would be quantitatively present in comparison to the 3D scaffold-healthy group. After 21 days of implantation, both hypotheses were verified by use of this novel computerized approach. When the two methods were run in parallel, the quantitative results revealed fine details and differences not detected by the semi-quantitative assessment, demonstrating the importance of quantitative analysis in the performance evaluation of soft tissue healing. This automated and supervised method reduced operator dependency to a minimum and proved to be simple, sensitive, cost-effective, time-effective, a way of doing objective therapeutic comparisons and a way to elucidate regeneration and the dynamics of a functional tissue
Spingarn, Camille. "Contribution à la biomécanique de la régénération osseuse : modélisation, simulation et applications". Thesis, Strasbourg, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019STRAD010/document.
Testo completoThis work deals with modelization of bane remodeling. We present first a madel thal accounts for the cellular res panse to a mechanical stimulus in a general case at a continuous scale. This madel is applied to 2D and 3D geometries at macroscopic scale to mimic real cases, as weil as 2D trabecular-type geometries at mesoscopic scale. However, the complexity of bane remodeling does not allow a unique approach. Th us, the thesis work is focused on the particular case of orthodontie bane re mode ling. A new specifie madel is developed accounting for the influence of the periodontal ligament on orthodontie bane remodeling by integrating the oxygen concentration effect controling the evolutions of cellular densities. The cellular experimental data in vitro are extracted from the literature, and serve as input data of the developed madel in arder to ablain the evolution of bane density around the root of a 3D cylindrical tooth
Guerrero, Julien. "Devenir des cellules souches mésenchymateuses humaines dans un environnement tridimensionnel : application à l’ingénierie du tissu osseux". Thesis, Bordeaux, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014BORD0200/document.
Testo completoBone tissue engineering aims to resolve the existing limitations of boneregeneration methods. One of the proposed strategies consists on the association,within a three-dimensional (3D) matrix, with autologous cells able to regenerate afunctional 3D tissue. The purpose of this study was therefore to investigate theimpact of cellular communication, between cells of the stromal compartment andendothelial cells, within the three-dimensional porous matrix made of biodegradablenatural polysaccharides, focusing on bone repair. Our results show that thearchitecture and the nature of the 3D macroporous matrix promotes the guidance ofmesenchymal stems cells, derived from human bone marrow, towards theosteoblastic lineage. Also, that the organization in aggregates, promoted by the 3Dmatrices, stimulated cell communication, evidenced by the formation of GAPjunctions and activity of Connexins 43. We also focused on the function ofPannexines 1 and 3 for the 3D culture in these matrices of polysaccharides. Inconclusion, this work shows that cell-cell interactions play a major role in order toimprove bone tissue regeneration. Also, cellular and experimental data demonstratesthe advantage of using a total fraction of bone marrow cells to promote both boneformation and vascularization
Bouyer, Charlène. "Manipulations acoustiques de cellules pour l'ingénierie tissulaire". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Lyon 1, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LYO10297.
Testo completoGenetic or physical cells manipulation aspires to be new challenges in tissue engineering. Current technologies to generate tissues, such as micro-scale hydrogels (microgel) assembly, scaffold seeding, molding or bio-printing suffer from the difficulty to control cells organization, multi-steps time consuming procedures and/or potentially cytotoxic side effects. In this PhD, we aimed at developing cell-friendly and rapid techniques, easily transferable to biological laboratories, for two broadly challenging applications: bone healing and neural tissue engineering, for which the above-mentioned techniques cannot yet provide widely reliable models. In case of a bone critical size defect, external help is often needed for bone healing, and gold-standard for care is bone autograft. Alternatively, the fracture healing process can be stimulated and restored by the implantation at the fracture site of hydrogels embedding growth factors. Both technologies suffer however from side effects such as donor site morbidity or cells over-proliferation in the hydrogel proximity. Moreover, the kinetic of growth factors release cannot be temporally controlled. In this work, we aim at developing an alternative method using ultrasound to spatially and temporally control growth factors release within a biocompatible material: fibrin hydrogels. Towards this goal, we encapsulated, in lipoplexes, plasmids that are under the control of a heat-shock promoter. We then transfected cells, stimulate the production of the targeted protein by heat shock and reported its expression. We also optimized an encapsulation protocol for cells within fibrin gels. This proof of concept demonstrates the feasibility of transfection by lipoplexes with a plasmid under control of heat shock, and pave the way for future developments of in situ transfection of autologous cells, for a tight temporal and spatial control of therapeutic proteins expression using ultrasound-induced hyperthermia
Lonjon, Nicolas. "Mise au point d'une étude de greffe de cellules dans un modèle de lésion médullaire chez le rat : chirurgie expérimentale et outils moléculaires". Thesis, Montpellier 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011MON1T013.
Testo completoSpinal cord injuries (SCI) lead to deficits and often to major handicaps. To limit consequences of SCI, research focuses on the development of therapeutic strategies that aimed either at the reduction of the lesion and/or nervous tissues regeneration. Unfortunately, up to now the sole neuroprotective strategy did not demonstrate beneficial effects at the clinical level and there is thus more and more hopes based on neuroregenerative strategy in particular based on cell transplantation. In that aim, we have developed and characterized a rat injury model and grafted in the lesion site human embryonic progenitors to promote regeneration of nervous tissues.We have set up a rat model of spinal cord compression using an inflated balloon in the epidural space at the thoracic level (T9). Injured animals presented an initial complete sensory-motor paraplegia followed by a limited spontaneous neurological recovery (10%) one week after traumatism. Using this model, we have studied a regenerative strategy based on in situ progenitor cells transplantation in the injured spinal cord. Grafting of human embryonic progenitors had been done in the lesion site and in metamers located bellow and above the lesion. Human embryonic progenitors had been previously engineered in vitro to produce Neurogenin 2, a neurotrophic factor, that favours cell differentiation into neural lineages. The developed spinal cord compression model is reliable and reproducible. Pharmacological validation using a neuroprotective molecule, an antagonist of NMDA receptors (Gacyclidin), not only confirmed the pertinence of this model for the evaluation of therapeutic strategies but also that excitotoxicity plays a major role in the physiopathological processes involved in the secondary phase after lesion.Thirty five days after transplantation, rats that had been grafted with Neurogenin 2 expressing human embryonic progenitors demonstrated a significant motor recovery. This recovery was associated with a partial restoration of serotonin innervations bellow the lesion site and translocation of 5HT1A receptors to the plasma membrane of motoneurons. Animals transplanted with naïve cells presented a lower functional recovery than injured rat that had not been grafted. Moreover, one month after transplantation, grafted cells were not identifiable in the injured spinal cord. These encouraging results favour a beneficial effect of Neurogenin 2-expressing cells transplantation. One month after grafting, hENPs were undetectable in the injured spinal cord, thus functional recovery appears to be indirect and is likely due to trophic support supply. Partial restoration of serotonin innervations, whose role is well known in the locomotor function, may explain part of the observed functional recovery. These results clearly require to be validated in bigger animal models (monkey, pig) before any translation to the clinic
Bouyer, Charlène. "Manipulations acoustiques de cellules pour l'ingénierie tissulaire". Thesis, Lyon 1, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LYO10297/document.
Testo completoGenetic or physical cells manipulation aspires to be new challenges in tissue engineering. Current technologies to generate tissues, such as micro-scale hydrogels (microgel) assembly, scaffold seeding, molding or bio-printing suffer from the difficulty to control cells organization, multi-steps time consuming procedures and/or potentially cytotoxic side effects. In this PhD, we aimed at developing cell-friendly and rapid techniques, easily transferable to biological laboratories, for two broadly challenging applications: bone healing and neural tissue engineering, for which the above-mentioned techniques cannot yet provide widely reliable models. In case of a bone critical size defect, external help is often needed for bone healing, and gold-standard for care is bone autograft. Alternatively, the fracture healing process can be stimulated and restored by the implantation at the fracture site of hydrogels embedding growth factors. Both technologies suffer however from side effects such as donor site morbidity or cells over-proliferation in the hydrogel proximity. Moreover, the kinetic of growth factors release cannot be temporally controlled. In this work, we aim at developing an alternative method using ultrasound to spatially and temporally control growth factors release within a biocompatible material: fibrin hydrogels. Towards this goal, we encapsulated, in lipoplexes, plasmids that are under the control of a heat-shock promoter. We then transfected cells, stimulate the production of the targeted protein by heat shock and reported its expression. We also optimized an encapsulation protocol for cells within fibrin gels. This proof of concept demonstrates the feasibility of transfection by lipoplexes with a plasmid under control of heat shock, and pave the way for future developments of in situ transfection of autologous cells, for a tight temporal and spatial control of therapeutic proteins expression using ultrasound-induced hyperthermia
Olivier, Florian. "Elaboration, caractérisation, dopages et évaluations in vitro et in vivo de matériaux hybrides : Tissus de fibres de carbone / Phosphates de calcium". Thesis, Orléans, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018ORLE2052/document.
Testo completoOptimization of the synthesis of calcium phosphates (CaP) on carbon fiber cloths (TFC) was performed in using sono-electrodeposition process in order to obtain uniform coatings. The electrochemical potential applied and the electrolyte temperature during the synthesis were determined as being key parameters. For a constant potential of -1 V at 70 ° C, a controlled water electrolysis regime results in the deposit of plate-like calcium-deficient apatite (CDA). This plate-like particles (from a few tens to hundreds of nm in length) consist in an ordered structure of carbonated CDA in their core and in a disordered structure in the hydrated surface, a typical organization of biomimetic apatites. The hybrid material was doped with strontium, resulting in a carbonated CDA coating where the Ca²+ ions are controllably substituted by Sr²+ ions, leading to new properties for a bone regeneration application. This work has also shown the possibility of selectively adsorb targeted active molecules (tetracycline, naproxen, aspirin) in each component of the hybrid material. The desorption curves revealed two modes of release depending on the active molecule.A biological evaluation of the different hybrid materials was carried out. The in vitro study investigated the viability and proliferation of human osteoblasts at the surface of hybrid materials, demonstrating their biocompatibility. The interest of a doping (Sr²+, aspirin and naproxen) on osteoblast activity was demonstrated. An in vivo pilot experiment was conducted, through the creation of a bone defect in rat thighbones to study the influence of TFC/CaP biomaterials on the quantitative and qualitative evolutions of bone regeneration
Stricher, Mathilde. "Développement de biomatériaux bioinspirés non animaux pour l’ingénierie tissulaire : application en médecine régénérative". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Compiègne, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022COMP2706.
Testo completoV. carteri f. nagariensis is an established model for the study of the genetic basis underlying the acquisition of mechanisms of multicellularity and cellular differentiation. This microalga constitutes, in its most simplified form, a sphere built around and stabilised by a form of primitive extracellular matrix. Based on its structure and its ability to support surface cell adhesion most likely induced by the composition of its extracellular matrix, we have developed a modular approach to soft tissue engineering by compact-stacking of V. carteri colonies. V. carteri suspension demonstrated cytocompatibility, histogenesis promoting properties, and no induction of an inflammatory response in vitro, which allowed us to consider the use of V. carteri suspension colonies for soft tissue augmentation and to initiate the study of its in vivo biocompatibility. V. carteri exhibited cellular fate-directing properties,causing fibroblasts to take on an alkaline phosphatase+ stem-cell-like phenotype and both human adipose-derived stem cells and mouse embryonic stem cells to differentiate into preadipocytes to adipocytes. The ability of V. carteri to support histogenesis and adipogenesiswas also observed in vivo by subcutaneous tissue augmentation of athymic mice, highlighting the potential of V. carteri to support or influence tissue regeneration. The potential identified in V. carteri inspired us to develop other alternatives materials including plant-based polymers in the form of a cellulose and polyvinyl alcohol based composite hydrogel that we extensively characterised with the same intent of application as a substitute for soft tissue augmentation. We finally pursued the biomimetic approach by studying the feasibility of developing plant-based and V. carteri-based materials that would display its microsphere morphology and, additionally, its protein content. Our conclusion presents V. carteri as an innovative and inspiring biomaterial for tissue engineering and soft tissue regeneration. Its strategies in terms of shape, structure, and composition can be central in the design of a new generation of bio-inspired heterogeneous biomaterials, recapitulating more appropriately the complexity of the body tissues when guiding their regeneration
Louerguioui, Ali. "Techniques de multiplication par clonage "in vitro" du genre eucalyptus". Grenoble 2 : ANRT, 1988. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb37615472r.
Testo completoLamontagne, Vikie. "Altérations métaboliques et nature des acides gras : implication dans la différenciation des cellules régénératives du tissu adipeux". Thèse, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/3867.
Testo completoThe secretion of a large number of bioactive mediators by adipose tissue in abdominal obesity promotes metabolic diseases such as glucose intolerance, insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. Cardiovascular complications, in particular atherosclerosis, are the leading causes of mortality in patients with type 2 diabetes. It has been shown that the stromal vascular fraction of adipose tissue comprised adipose-derived regenerative cells (ADRC) and that these cells possess progenitor cells characteristics. Effects of glucose intolerance and type 2 diabetes on adipocytes are well documented. However, consequences of these pathologies on ADRC behaviors are not well understood. Particularly, the impact of these metabolic alterations on the adipogenic and endothelial differentiation potential of ADRC has not been investigated. Aim of this project was to evaluate, in a murine model, the effect of these metabolic alterations on the balance of the in vitro ADRC differentiation into adipocytes or endothelial cells. Glucose intolerance and type 2 diabetes were induced in mice by the intake of two high-fat diets enriched in vegetal (VD) or animal (AD) fat. The impact of the fat origin on the ADRC differentiation was then evaluated. To do this, the development of cellular culture conditions of ADRC was necessary and an important part of this work. Our results suggest that DMSO is an efficient cryoprotective agent that conserves the viability and progenitor properties of ADRC following their freezing. Moreover, among tested scaffolds for the culture of ADRC, collagen is the best matrix to maintain progenitor characteristics and this matrix enriched the cellular population in progenitor cells. The cellular density of non-adipose cells fraction in the adipose tissue was significantly more elevated for VD mice than for the control group. The in vitro evaluation of adipogenic differentiation demonstrated an increase in the differentiation potential for ADRC from VD group compared to AD and control groups. In addition, the endothelial differentiation was abrogated for ADRC from VD group, compared to a delayed one for AD. These results suggest that the adipogenic and endothelial differentiation potential of ADRC and, consequently, the balance between emerging mature cells, are affected by the metabolic status of mice together with the nature of fatty acids. These results highlight, for the first time, the importance to evaluate the ADRC behavior in function to the metabolic status of donor, a parameter that could have an important impact in the use of autologous ADRC in cell-based therapy for the repair of injured vascular tissues in diabetic patients.
Cyr, Yannick. "Interaction entre les apoB-lipoprotéines et le tissu adipeux blanc dans la régulation du risque cardiométabolique chez l’humain". Thèse, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/23510.
Testo completoPrediabetes and type 2 diabetes (T2D) affect approximately 9 million Canadians, which represents close to 30% of the population. T2D is characterized by insulin resistance (IR) that cannot be compensated by increased insulin secretion. White adipose tissue (WAT) dysfunction is at the root of this pathology and is characterized by increased lipid flux to peripheral tissues causing IR and hypersecretion of apoB-lipoproteins (apoB) by the liver, contributing to increased plasma apoB. In line, epidemiological studies show that plasma apoB is an independent predictor of T2D development 3 to 10 years before onset. In this thesis, we formulated the hypothesis that increased secretion of apoB-lipoprotein secondary to WAT dysfunction promotes further development of this dysfunction in a feed-forward cycle that contributes to increased metabolic risk. To investigate this, we have combined in vitro experiments as well as post hoc analyses of in vivo and ex vivo data from a cohort of men and postmenopausal women recruited from two metabolic studies conducted at Institut de recherches cliniques de Montréal between 2006 and 2019. In circulation, more than 90% of apoB-lipoproteins are in the form of LDL. The number of apoB-lipoproteins (measured by plasma apoB), is associated to the development of WAT dysfunction in humans via different mechanisms. Postprandial enrichment of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins (TRL) by WAT-secreted apoC-I has been proposed as one of them. In a first manuscript, we show that subjects (N=39) with dysfunctional WAT secrete greater amount of apoC-I, which is associated specifically to delayed postprandial chylomicrons clearance in a mechanism that appears to be dependent on apoC-I-mediated inhibition of adipocyte lipoprotein lipase. This constitutes a new mechanism linking adipose tissue dysfunction to increased plasma apoB. Proprotein convertase subtilisin-kexin type 9 (PCSK9) is a circulatory enzyme that targets apoB-lipoprotein receptors, such as the LDLR and CD36, for degradation. Low circulating PCSK9 relative to high plasma apoB, expressed as a higher apoB-to-PCSK9 ratio, is strongly associated to WAT dysfunction and IR, suggesting that increased receptor-mediated uptake of apoB-lipoproteins plays an important role in these pathologies. In parallel, apoB-lipoproteins, mostly native and oxydized LDL, activate the NLRP3 inflammasome (Nucleotide-binding domain and Leucine-rich repeat Receptor, containing a Pyrin domain 3). The NLRP3 inflammasome is an intracellular receptor responsible for interleukin-1 beta (IL-1) secretion, which is known to be implicated in the pathogenesis of T2D. In a second manuscript, we demonstrate in overweight and obese subjects (N=31) that the apoB-to-PCSK9 is indeed an index of WAT surface-expression of LDLR and CD36 both at fasting and in the postprandial state. Similarly, the apoB-to-PCSK9 ratio is associated with chronic NLRP3 inflammasome priming at fasting and with postprandial macrophage infiltration and concomitant NLRP3 upregulation within WAT. Finally, recent epidemiological studies suggest an increased risk for T2D in subjects with low plasma LDL cholesterol (LDL-C) secondary to loss-of-function genetic variants in PCSK9, or secondary to cholesterol-lowering therapies. In a third manuscript, we show that in subjects with low LDL-C (<3.5mM, N=28), lower plasma PCSK9 identifies subjects with higher WAT LDLR and CD36 surface-expression. Despite having lower LDL-C, subjects with lower plasma PCSK9 show dysfunction WAT and decreased disposition index. Mechanistically, human SGBS adipocytes chronically exposed to native LDL show impaired differentiation and concomitant dysfunction. While this phenomenon cannot be described by NLRP3 inflammasome activation, since it is not expressed in these adipocytes, native human LDL increase the ratio of secreted active Il-1 relative to inactive pro-IL-1 suggesting activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome in human THP-1 macrophages. In conclusion, these observations suggest that dysfunctional WAT promotes delayed postprandial lipoprotein clearance via increased apoC-I secretion, thus promoting hyperapoB and increased cardiometabolic risk. In turn, upregulated receptor-mediated uptake of apoB-lipoproteins appears to be connected to the development of WAT dysfunction and associated cardiometabolic risk factors. At the cellular level within WAT, this could be secondary to a concomitant effect of LDL on preadipocytes inducing their reduced differentiation and function and on macrophage inducing activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome.
Shamansurova, Akhmedova Zulaykho. "Déterminer les mécanismes impliqués dans les effets du récepteur à la rénine et prorénine dans l’obésité et dans le diabète = Determining mechanisms implicated in the effects of the renin and prorenin receptor in the development of obesity and diabetes". Thèse, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/18567.
Testo completoObesity is a worldwide epidemic and increases the risk of developing type 2 diabetes and its complications. In obesity, adipose tissue secretes large amounts of hormones and cytokines that negatively regulate glucose and lipid metabolism, causing inflammation and insulin resistance. Obesity also increases the activity of both local (tissue-specific) and circulating renin-angiotensin system (RAS). Angiotensinogen is converted to angiotensin I by renin, whereas prorenin may only do so upon binding to the (pro)renin receptor [(P)RR] 1. This is thus the angiotensin-dependent (Ang-D) pathway of the (P)RR. The binding of renin and prorenin with the (P)RR also activates an angiotensin-independent pathway (Ang-ND), leading to intracellular signaling involving, for instance, the mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK), the extracellular regulatory kinase ½ (Erk1/2), the promyelocytic leukemia zinc finger protein (PLZF) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-a) 1, 2. These can produce cell growth and proliferation, apoptosis and fibrosis 1, 2, and as such may contribute to tissue damage and complications associated with obesity. The beneficial effects of pharmacological blockade of the (P)RR include prevention of the development of cardiac and renal fibrosis, as well as of diabetes-associated nephropathy and retinopathy. However, effects of the (P)RR in adipose tissue have been poorly investigated. Hence, our objective was to study the role of the (P)RR in the development of obesity and insulin resistance by: 1) administering HRP (a (P)RR blocker peptide) to mice fed a high-fat diet (HFD), and 2) in knock-out (KO) mice with adipose tissue-specific (P)RR gene deletion, which were generated in our laboratory by cre-loxp technology. (P)RR gene and protein expression in adipose tissue were increased in mice fed a HFD independently of HRP treatment. HRP treatment also reduced mice body weight and fat masses in HFD-fed mice while they only tended to be lower in mice on normal diet (ND). Similarly, the adipose tissue specific (P)RR KO mice had reduced body weight and fat masses, even on ND, and as such confirmed the involvement of adipose tissue (P)RR in the development of obesity. The KO phenotype included increased horizontal activity, only in the dark cycle (active period), which would increase energy expenditure and could contribute to their lower body weight and fat mass. Male hemizygous KO mice had higher basal metabolic rate as they had increased oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide production during both their active and inactive period. This increased basal metabolism may result in part from an increase in thermogenesis as increased “beiging” gene expression, PRDM16, was observed in peri-renal fat of male KO mice. In line with this, recent results from our laboratory have also shown that HRP may induce “beiging” in subcutaneous fat 3. In mice treated with the HRP, although glycemia was similar to placebo treated mice, plasma insulin and the insulin to glucose ratio were lower compared to untreated groups on both HFD or ND. Similarly, (P)RR KO mice had lower plasma insulin and C-peptide levels compared to controls, without any differences in the glycemia curves during an oral glucose tolerance test. Given that the basal and stimulated insulin levels were significantly lower in KO mice, without any changes in total pancreatic insulin content and with similar insulin to C-peptide ratio, this suggests that pancreatic insulin metabolism was not modified. The increased circulating adiponectin levels observed in KO mice may have contributed to the better insulin sensitivity present in the mice. In the HRP treated mice, we observed an improved gene expression profile of glucose transporters GLUT1 and GLUT4, TNF-alpha, MCP-1, F4/80 and leptin in adipose tissue, which may also contribute to the increased insulin sensitivity. Given that better insulin sensitivity was observed in mice with both (P)RR pharmacological blockade and genetic suppression, this suggests that the (P)RR is involved in the regulation of glucose homeostasis. In addition, lower circulating triglycerides (TG) levels were found in mice treated with HRP, whereas lower TG levels were observed only in skeletal muscles in (P)RR KO mice. Put altogether, the lower lipid content and higher plasma adiponectin levels likely result from a healthier fat tissue as revealed by histological analysis which showed a reduction in adipocytes size in KO mice and was recently revealed in HRP treated HFD fed mice 3. Our results demonstrate that the (P)RR, particularly in adipose tissue, is implicated in the regulation of body weight and glucose homeostasis via modulation of adipocytes morphology and function. The development of a new clinical strategy focused on blockade of the (P)RR specifically in adipose tissue could help to treat obesity and its associated pathologies such as insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes.
Tan, Paul. "Mécanismes impliqués dans les effets du récepteur à la (pro)rénine sur le développement de l'obésité et de ses complications cardiométaboliques associées". Thèse, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/13532.
Testo completoObesity is a disease associated with multiple complications such as type 2 diabetes, hypertension and cancer. Nowadays, lifestyle modifications, such as eating habits and physical activity, are simply not enough to counter the deleterious effects of obesity. Pharmacotherapy is used as an alternative treatment although beneficial effects are temporary and cannot be maintained in the long run. The current medical need for a treatment with long term beneficial outcomes devoid of side effects is unmet. Best known for its role in blood pressure regulation, the renin-angiotensin system has recently been attributed a role in favouring fat storage. The prorenin and renin receptor is a component of renin-angiotensin system that amplifies its activation. Thus, the prorenin and renin receptor might play a key role in gaining fat mass. The aim of this thesis is to investigate the role of the prorenin and renin receptor in the development of obesity and its complications in mice using a combination of high-fat and high carbohydrate diet and the handle region peptide, a blocker of the prorenin and renin receptor. After a period of 10 weeks, we have found that the prorenin and renin receptor is increased specifically in subcutaneous and visceral adipose tissue of obese mice. When administered simultaneously with a high-fat and high-carbohydrate diet, the handle region peptide reduced body weight gain in mice with similar decrease in visceral fat mass. Decreased expression of the enzyme catalyzing the last step of lipogenesis could be responsible for the reduction in visceral fat mass. In the same animals, the expressions of several adipokines were also decreased in adipose tissue suggesting reduced insulin resistance, inflammation and macrophage infiltration locally in subcutaneous and visceral fat. Increased expression of a marker of adipogenesis in subcutaneous adipose tissue could suggest higher adipocyte number. This would buffer excess circulating free fatty acid since we have noticed a reduction in the latter in mice on a high-fat and high-carbohydrate diet and treated with the peptide. We hypothesized that a futile cycle could be activated in subcutaneous fat because we have observed increased expression of several enzymes implicated in lipogenesis and lipolysis. « Beiging » is defined as the presence of brown-like adipocytes in adipose tissue which is characterized by high mitochondrial density and thermogenesis. Increased expression of markers for « beiging » and mitochondrial biogenesis in subcutaneous fat suggests that « beiging » could also be activated in this fat pad. Insulin sensitivity in these animals could be improved as suggested in the circulation by decreased insulin, similar glucose, increased glucose on insulin ratio as well as a possible change in the correlation between mouse body weight and circulating adiponectin levels. Our work suggests that the handle region peptide could increase the capacity of subcutaneous adipose tissue to metabolize circulating lipids with a potential activation of a futile cycle and « beiging ». This would prevent ectopic deposition of fat in visceral compartments as suggested by the reduction in visceral fat mass in mice on high-fat and high-carbohydrate diet and treated with the peptide. Using a mice model, this study demonstrates the pharmacological potential of the handle region peptide as a novel treatment to prevent obesity.
Zhao, Shangang. "Monoacylglycerol, alpha/beta-hydrolase domain-6, and the regulation of insulin secretion and energy metabolism". Thèse, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/13533.
Testo completoThe glycerolipid/ free fatty acid (GL/FFA) cycle is a key metabolic pathway that links glucose and fatty acid metabolism and it consists of lipogenesis and lipolysis. GL/FFA cycling, especially in its lipolysis arm, generates various lipid signaling molecules to regulate insulin secretion in pancreatic ß-cells and non-shivering thermogenesis in adipocytes. Currently, the lipolysis-derived lipid signals involved in this process are uncertain. Triglyceride hydrolysis in mammalian cells is accomplished by the sequential actions of adipose triglyceride lipase to produce diacylglycerol, by hormone sensitive lipase to produce monoacylglycerol (MAG) and by MAG lipase (MAGL) that releases free fatty acid and glycerol. Our work shows that in pancreatic ß-cell, the classical MAGL is poorly expressed and that MAG hydrolysis is mainly conducted by the newly identified α/β-Hydrolase Domain-6 (ABHD6). Inhibition of ABHD6 by its specific inhibitor WWL70, leads to long-chain saturated 1-MAG accumulation inside the cells, accompanied by enhanced glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS). Decreasing the MAG levels by overexpression of ABHD6 in the ß-cell line INS832/13 reduces GSIS, while increasing MAG levels by ABHD6 knockdown enhances GSIS. Acute exposure of INS832/13 cells to various MAG species dose-dependently stimulates insulin secretion and restores GSIS suppressed by the pan-lipase inhibitor orlistat. Also, various biochemical and pharmacological experiments show that saturated 1-MAG levels species rather than unsaturated or 2-MAG species best correlate with insulin secretion. Furthermore, whole-body and β-cell-specific ABHD6-KO mice exhibit enhanced GSIS in vivo, and their isolated islets show elevated MAG production and GSIS. Inhibition of ABHD6 in low dose streptozotocin diabetic mice restores GSIS and improves glucose tolerance. Results further show that ABHD6-accessible MAGs not only enhance GSIS, but also potentiate fatty acid and non-fuel-induced insulin secretion without alteration in glucose oxidation and utilization as well as fatty acid oxidation. We have identified that MAG binds and activates the vesicle priming protein Munc13-1, thereby inducing insulin exocytosis. Based on all these observations, we propose that lipolysis-derived saturated 1-MAG acts as a metabolic coupling factor to regulate insulin secretion and ABHD6 is a negative modulator of insulin secretion. Besides its role in ß-cells, ABHD6 is also highly expressed in adipocytes and its level is increased with obesity. Mice globally lacking ABHD6 on high fat diet (HFD) show modestly reduced food intake, decreased body weight gain, insulinemia and fasting glycemia and improved glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity and enhanced locomotor activity. In addition, ABHD6-KO mice display increased energy expenditure and cold-induced thermogenesis. In accordance with this, these mice show elevated UCP1 level in white and brown adipocytes, indicating browning of white adipocytes. The browning phenotype is reproduced in the mice either chronically treated with the ABHD6 inhibitor WWL70 or an antisense oligonucleotides targeting ABHD6. White and brown adipose tissues isolated from whole body ABHD6 KO mice show greatly elevated levels of 1-MAG, but not 2-MAG. Increasing MAG levels by either exogenous administration of 1-MAG or ABHD6 inhibition or genetic deletion induces browning of white adipocytes in a cell-autonomous manner. Further evidence indicates that 1-MAGs can transactivate PPARα and PPARγ and the browning effect induced by WWL70 or exogenous MAG is abolished by PPARα and PPARγ antagonists. In vivo administration of the PPARα antagonist GW6471 to ABHD6 KO mice partially reversed the ABHD6-KO effects on body weight gain, and abolishes the enhanced thermogenesis, white adipose browning and fatty acid oxidation in brown adipose tissue. All these observations indicate that ABHD6 regulates not only insulin and glucose homeostasis but also energy homeostasis and adipose tissue function. Thus, ABHD6-accessible 1-MAG not only acts as a metabolic coupling factor to regulate fuel and non-fuel induced insulin secretion by activating Munc13-1 in beta cells, but also regulates glucose, insulin and energy homeostasis. The latter effects are mediated at least in part via browning of white adipocytes and enhanced brown fat function through the activation of PPARα and PPARγ. Collectively these findings suggest that ABHD6 is a promising target for developing therapeutics against obesity, type 2 diabetes and metabolic syndrome.