Articoli di riviste: "Tire and Road Wear Particles (TRWP)"

1

Jung, Uiyeong, e Sung-Seen Choi. "Classification and Characterization of Tire-Road Wear Particles in Road Dust by Density". Polymers 14, n. 5 (2 marzo 2022): 1005. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14051005.

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Tire treads are abraded by friction with the road surface, producing tire tread wear particles (TWPs). TWPs combined with other particles on the road such as road wear particles (RWPs) and mineral particles (MPs), forming tire-road wear particles (TRWPs). Dust on an asphalt pavement road is composed of various components such as TRWPs, asphalt pavement wear particles (APWPs), MPs, plant-related particles (PRPs), and so on. TRWPs have been considered as one of major contaminants produced by driving and their properties are important for study on real abrasion behaviors of tire treads during driving as well as environmental contamination. Densities of the TRWPs are totally dependent on the amount of the other components deposited in the TWPs. In this study, a classification method of TRWPs in the road dust was developed using density separation and the classified TRWPs were characterized using image analysis and pyrolytic technique. Chloroform was used to remove APWPs from mixture of TRWPs and APWPs. TRWPs were found in the density range of 1.20–1.70 g/cm3. By decreasing the particle size of the road dust, the TRWP content in the road dust increased and its density slightly tended to increase. Aspect ratios of the TRWPs varied and there were many TRWPs with low aspect ratio below 2.0. The aspect ratio range was 1.2–5.2. Rubber compositions of the TRWPs were found to be mainly NR/SBR biblend or NR/BR/SBR triblend.

2

Son, Chae Eun, e Sung-Seen Choi. "Preparation and Characterization of Model Tire–Road Wear Particles". Polymers 14, n. 8 (8 aprile 2022): 1512. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14081512.

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Tire tread wear particles (TWPs) are one of major sources of microplastics in the environment. Tire–road wear particles (TRWPs) are mainly composed of TWPs and mineral particles (MPs), and many have long shapes. In the present work, a preparation method of model TRWPs similar to those found in the environment was developed. The model TRWPs were made of TWPs of 212–500 μm and MPs of 20–38 μm. Model TWPs were prepared using a model tire tread compound and indoor abrasion tester while model MPs were prepared by crushing granite rock. The TWPs and MPs were mixed and compressed using a stainless steel roller. The TWPs were treated with chloroform to make them stickier. Many MPs in the model TRWP were deeply stuck into the TWPs. The proper weight ratio of MP and TWP was MP:TWP = 10:1, and the double step pressing procedure was good for the preparation of model TRWPs. The model TRWPs were characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The model TRWPs had long shapes and the MP content was about 10%. The model TRWPs made of TWPs and asphalt pavement wear particles showed plate-type particles deeply stuck into the TWP. Characteristics of model TRWPs can be controlled by employing various kinds and sizes of TWPs and MPs. The well-defined model TRWPs can be used as the reference TRWPs for tracing the pollutants.

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Panko, Julie, Kristen Hitchcock, Gary Fuller e David Green. "Evaluation of Tire Wear Contribution to PM2.5 in Urban Environments". Atmosphere 10, n. 2 (23 febbraio 2019): 99. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos10020099.

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Vehicle-related particulate matter (PM) emissions may arise from both exhaust and non-exhaust mechanisms, such as brake wear, tire wear, and road pavement abrasion, each of which may be emitted directly and indirectly through resuspension of settled road dust. Several researchers have indicated that the proportion of PM2.5 attributable to vehicle traffic will increasingly come from non-exhaust sources. Currently, very little empirical data is available to characterize tire and road wear particles (TRWP) in the PM2.5 fraction. As such, this study was undertaken to quantify TRWP in PM2.5 at roadside locations in urban centers including London, Tokyo and Los Angeles, where vehicle traffic is an important contributor to ambient air PM. The samples were analyzed using validated chemical markers for tire tread polymer based on a pyrolysis technique. Results indicated that TRWP concentrations in the PM2.5 fraction were low, with averages ranging from < 0.004 to 0.10 µg/m3, representing an average contribution to total PM2.5 of 0.27%. The TRWP levels in PM2.5 were significantly different between the three cities, with significant differences between London and Los Angeles and Tokyo and Los Angeles. There was no significant correlation between TRWP in PM2.5 and traffic count. This study provides an initial dataset to understand potential human exposure to airborne TRWP and the potential contribution of this non-exhaust emission source to total PM2.5.

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Venghaus, Daniel, Johannes Wolfgang Neupert e Matthias Barjenbruch. "Tire Wear Monitoring Approach for Hotspot Identification in Road Deposited Sediments from a Metropolitan City in Germany". Sustainability 15, n. 15 (5 agosto 2023): 12029. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su151512029.

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Plastic in the environment poses an increasing challenge. Microplastics, which include tire wear, enter the aquatic environment via different pathways, and increasing vehicle traffic leads to increased tire wear. This paper describes an approach for how inner-city tire wear hotspots can systematically be identified by sampling road-deposited sediments (RDS) by sweeping. Within the investigations herein described, six inner-city monitoring sites were sampled. The total masses of solids as well as the amount of styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR) representing Tire and Road Wear Particles (TRWP) were determined. It was shown that the sites differ significantly from each other with regard to SBR parts. The amount of SBR in the curve was on average eight times higher than in the slope, and in the area of the traffic lights, it was on average three times higher than in the slope. The RDS mass results also differ but with a factor of 2 for the curve and of 1.5 for the traffic light. The investigations and the corresponding results in this paper are unique, and the monitoring approach can be used in the future to derive and optimize sustainable measures in order to reduce the discharge of TRWP into the environment by road runoff.

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Kang, Taewoo, e Hyeokjung Kim. "An Experimental Study on the Component Analysis and Variation in Concentration of Tire and Road Wear Particles Collected from the Roadside". Sustainability 15, n. 17 (24 agosto 2023): 12815. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su151712815.

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Tire and road wear particles (TRWPs) are generated unintentionally while driving vehicles. The generated TRWPs move to various environments by environmental and mechanical action, and they are present in fresh water, river, and ocean and may cause problems to the environment and human health. In Korea, the number of registered cars is increasing year by year, so the problem of TRWPs will become serious. In this study, we study the concentrations of TRWPs generated from the roadsides by temperature difference, in order to reduce the generation of TRWPs. Dust samples were collected from roadsides during summer and winter to measure the amount of TRWPs generated on roadsides according to seasonal temperature changes. Dust particles of 75–150 µm size, which corresponds to the TRWP size, were separated from the dust samples using sieves. Additionally, only TRWPs were separated using a solution of dibromomethane and Trans-1,2-dichloroethylene. TRWPs accounted for <2% in the dust collected from roadsides, and their amount increased by approximately 7.6–24.2% in summer more than in winter. Thermogravimetric analysis results confirmed that the tire components and road components and minerals accounted for 30% and 70% in TRWPs regardless of the season, respectively.

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Kreider, Marisa L., Ken M. Unice e Julie M. Panko. "Human health risk assessment of Tire and Road Wear Particles (TRWP) in air". Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal 26, n. 10 (25 ottobre 2019): 2567–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10807039.2019.1674633.

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Mun, Sunhee, Hwansoo Chong, Jongtae Lee e Yunsung Lim. "Characteristics of Real-World Non-Exhaust Particulates from Vehicles". Energies 16, n. 1 (23 dicembre 2022): 177. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16010177.

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The need to regulate the non-exhaust particulate matter (PM) emissions from vehicles has been discussed worldwide due to the bad environmental impact and the toxicity to the human body. In-depth studies have been precisely conducted on the analysis of the non-exhaust particulate matters, in particular, the amount of tire, brake and road wear particles and their proportion in the atmosphere. In this study, the influence of tire and road wear particles (TRWP) on PM in the atmosphere was investigated with tire and PM samples. The PM samples suspended in the atmosphere were collected with a high-volume sampler equipped with a quartz filter. Additionally, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and metal components in tire rubber were analyzed as markers by pyrolysis–gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (pyrolysis–GC/MS), GC/MS, and inductively coupled plasma/mass spectrometry (ICP/MS). More vinylcyclohexene was detected than dipentene in the markers measured in the samples of tires equipped with vehicles driving on the road, while more dipentene was measured in total suspended particles (TSP) samples. Among the PAHs in tire samples, pyrene exhibited the highest concentration. Benzo(b)fluoranthene showed the highest concentration in the TSP samples. Among the metals, the highest concentration was zinc in all tire samples and calcium in TSP samples.

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Tull, Tatjana, Stefanie Krais, Katharina Peschke, Steffen Weyrauch, Rita Triebskorn e Heinz-R. Köhler. "Tire and Road Wear Particle-Containing Sediments with High Organic Content Impact Behavior and Survival of Chironomid Larvae (Chironomus riparius)". Environments 10, n. 2 (29 gennaio 2023): 23. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/environments10020023.

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Tire and road wear particles (TRWP), which contribute significantly to microplastic emission, are receiving more attention, but details about particle composition, translocation from source to sink, and particularly the possible effects on ecosystems are largely unknown. We examined the influence of native TRWP-containing sediments from two settling ponds on the mortality and behavior of the aquatic larvae of Chironomus riparius. Both sediments, whether pure or mixed with different proportions of quartz sand and suspended in water, led to increased mortalities with increasing concentrations and were shown to be oxygen consuming. Artificial aeration significantly reduced larval mortality in both sediments. Chironomid larvae show high tolerance to anoxic and polluted environments due to physiological and behavioral adaptations, such as the construction of vertical sediment tubes (chimneys), in which they create oxic compartments. A significant correlation was found between the proportion of contaminated sediment and the number of chimneys: the more contaminated sediment, the fewer chimneys were constructed. The number of chimneys per surviving larva decreased with an increased proportion of contaminated sediment in parallel to increased larval mortality. We hypothesize that contents of these sediments negatively impact the larvae’s ability to survive at low oxygen concentrations due to impairments of essential behavioral and physiological processes.

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Feißel, Toni, Florian Büchner, Miles Kunze, Jonas Rost, Valentin Ivanov, Klaus Augsburg, David Hesse e Sebastian Gramstat. "Methodology for Virtual Prediction of Vehicle-Related Particle Emissions and Their Influence on Ambient PM10 in an Urban Environment". Atmosphere 13, n. 11 (18 novembre 2022): 1924. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos13111924.

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As a result of rising environmental awareness, vehicle-related emissions such as particulate matter are subject to increasing criticism. The air pollution in urban areas is especially linked to health risks. The connection between vehicle-related particle emissions and ambient air quality is highly complex. Therefore, a methodology is presented to evaluate the influence of different vehicle-related sources such as exhaust particles, brake wear and tire and road wear particles (TRWP) on ambient particulate matter (PM). In a first step, particle measurements were conducted based on field trials with an instrumented vehicle to determine the main influence parameters for each emission source. Afterwards, a simplified approach for a qualitative prediction of vehicle-related particle emissions is derived. In a next step, a virtual inner-city scenario is set up. This includes a vehicle simulation environment for predicting the local emission hot spots as well as a computational fluid dynamics model (CFD) to account for particle dispersion in the environment. This methodology allows for the investigation of emissions pathways from the point of generation up to the point of their emission potential.

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Barr, Brian Charles, Hrund Ólöf Andradóttir, Throstur Thorsteinsson e Sigurður Erlingsson. "Mitigation of Suspendable Road Dust in a Subpolar, Oceanic Climate". Sustainability 13, n. 17 (26 agosto 2021): 9607. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13179607.

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Tire and road wear particles (TRWP) are a significant source of atmospheric particulate matter and microplastic loading to waterways. Road wear is exacerbated in cold climate by the widespread use of studded tires. The goal of this research was to assess the anthropogenic levers for suspendable road dust generation and climatic conditions governing the environmental fate of non-exhaust particles in a wet maritime winter climate. Sensitivity analyses were performed using the NORTRIP model for the Capital region of Reykjavík, Iceland (64.1° N). Precipitation frequency (secondarily atmospheric relative humidity) governed the partitioning between atmospheric and waterborne PM10 particles (55% and 45%, respectively). Precipitation intensity, however, increased proportionally most the drainage to waterways via stormwater collection systems, albeit it only represented 5% of the total mass of dust generated in winter. A drastic reduction in the use of studded tires, from 46% to 15% during peak season, would be required to alleviate the number of ambient air quality exceedances. In order to achieve multifaceted goals of a climate resilient, resource efficient city, the most important mitigation action is to reduce overall traffic volume. Reducing traffic speed may help speed environmental outcomes.

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Kunze, Miles, Toni Feißel, Valentin Ivanov, Thomas Bachmann, David Hesse e Sebastian Gramstat. "Analysis of TRWP Particle Distribution in Urban and Suburban Landscapes, Connecting Real Road Measurements with Particle Distribution Simulation". Atmosphere 13, n. 8 (30 luglio 2022): 1204. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos13081204.

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This article deals with methods and measurements related to environmental pollution and analysis of particle distribution in urban and suburban landscapes. Therefore, an already-invented sampling method for tyre road wear particles (TRWP) was used to capture online emission factors from the road. The collected particles were analysed according to their size distribution, for use as an input for particle distribution simulations. The simulation model was a main traffic intersection, because of the high vehicle dynamic related to the high density of start–stop manoeuvres. To compare the simulation results (particle mass (PM) and particle number (PN)) with real-world emissions, measuring points were defined and analysed over a measuring time of 8 h during the day. Afterwards, the collected particles were analysed in terms of particle shape, appearance and chemical composition, to identify the distribution and their place of origin. As a result of the investigation, the appearance of the particles showed a good correlation to the vehicle dynamics, even though there were a lot of background influences, e.g., resuspension of dust. Air humidity also showed a great influence on the recorded particle measurements. In areas of high vehicle dynamics, such as heavy braking or accelerating, more tyre and brake particles could be found.

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Bouredji, Abderrahmane, Jérémie Pourchez e Valérie Forest. "Biological effects of Tire and Road Wear Particles (TRWP) assessed by in vitro and in vivo studies – A systematic review". Science of The Total Environment 894 (ottobre 2023): 164989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.164989.

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Miller, Julie V., Joshua R. Maskrey, Kathy Chan e Kenneth M. Unice. "Pyrolysis-Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (Py-GC-MS) Quantification of Tire and Road Wear Particles (TRWP) in Environmental Matrices: Assessing the Importance of Microstructure in Instrument Calibration Protocols". Analytical Letters 55, n. 6 (5 ottobre 2021): 1004–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00032719.2021.1979994.

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Miller, Julie V., Joshua R. Maskrey, Kathy Chan e Kenneth M. Unice. "Pyrolysis-Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (Py-GC-MS) Quantification of Tire and Road Wear Particles (TRWP) in Environmental Matrices: Assessing the Importance of Microstructure in Instrument Calibration Protocols". Analytical Letters 55, n. 6 (5 ottobre 2021): 1004–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00032719.2021.1979994.

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Tonegawa, Yoshio, e Sousuke Sasaki. "Development of Tire-Wear Particle Emission Measurements for Passenger Vehicles". Emission Control Science and Technology 7, n. 1 (15 gennaio 2021): 56–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40825-020-00181-z.

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AbstractIn this study, we aimed to develop a new method for measuring tire-wear particles of less than 2.5 μm generated from vehicle use. We also aimed to devise a method for evaluating the emission factor of tire-wear particles. To develop an evaluation method for tire-wear particles, we examined several factors, such as how tire components in airborne particles collected on a sampling filter were measured, the comparison of tire-wear particles obtained in a laboratory study and an on-road study, a method for measuring tire-wear particles using a test vehicle, and a method for evaluating tire-wear mass using a weighting balance. Measurements of tire-wear particles were carried out using the measurement method proposed herein. The amount of tire wear that the particles generated was almost constant in a vehicle speed range of 20–40 km/h but was influenced by a change in lateral acceleration in the range of 0–0.4G. Furthermore, the relationship between the emission of tire-wear particles and the lateral acceleration force can be shown by a quadratic polynomial. We estimated the emission factor of tire-wear particles by applying the relational equation to the speed profile of the JC08 used in Japanese exhaust gas tests. The emission factor of the test tire used in this study was 3.7 mg/km-vehicle. The ratio of the tire-wear particles to tread wear mass was about 3.3% at PM2.5 and 3.7% at PM10.

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Karimova, Kamola, Kubaymurot Ismayilov, Abdulaziz Shermukhamedov, Zebo Alimova, Utkirjon Rakhmatov e Kwonse Kim. "Methods of determining the amount of harmful particles released into the environment as a result of car tire wear". IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1231, n. 1 (1 agosto 2023): 012028. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1231/1/012028.

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Abstract This article describes determining methods of metal emissions in the composition of small particles coming by brake mechanisms details and tire wear as a result of vehicle movement, and dust to be formed by comparative analysis on asphalt-concrete roads of different compositions. A significant contributor to particulate matter in cities is traffic-related sources. Traffic-related particles can be divided into exhaust particles released by the incomplete combustion of fuel and the volatilization of lubricants during combustion and formed by brake mechanism parts, tire wear and road surface wear, and accumulated due to turbulence caused by road traffic. The method of determining the metal concentration in the formed particles gives information on the physico-chemical properties of the particles.

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Jeong, Yoonah, Seokhwan Lee e Sang-Hee Woo. "Chemical Leaching from Tire Wear Particles with Various Treadwear Ratings". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, n. 10 (15 maggio 2022): 6006. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19106006.

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Physical friction between a tire and the road surface generates tire wear particles (TWPs), which are a source of microplastics and particulate matter. This study investigated the trends of chemical leaching from TWPs depending on the treadwear rating of the tire. A road simulator was used to produce TWPs from tires with various treadwear ratings. Liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry was used to analyze the chemical leaching from TWPs, with a particular focus on benzothiazole and its derivative 2-hydroxy benzothiazole. However, chemical mapping via high-resolution tandem mass spectrometry detected another derivative: 2-mercaptobenzothiazole. The benzothiazole groups were observed to have different leaching tendencies, implying that using benzothiazole as a marker compound may lead to incorrect TWP quantitation. The results of this research also suggest that the ecotoxicological influence of TWPs can vary with the treadwear rating of a tire.

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Zhong, Chongzhi, Jiaxing Sun, Jing Zhang, Zishu Liu, Tiange Fang, Xiaoyu Liang, Jiawei Yin et al. "Characteristics of Vehicle Tire and Road Wear Particles’ Size Distribution and Influencing Factors Examined via Laboratory Test". Atmosphere 15, n. 4 (29 marzo 2024): 423. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos15040423.

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With the implementation of strict emission regulations and the use of cleaner fuels, there has been a considerable reduction in exhaust emissions. However, the relative contribution of tire wear particles (TWPs) to particulate matters is expected to gradually increase. This study conducted laboratory wear experiments on tires equipped on domestically popular vehicle models, testing the factors and particle size distribution of TWPs. The results showed that the content of tire wear particle emission was mainly ultrafine particles, accounting for 94.80% of particles ranging from 6 nm to 10 μm. There were at least two concentration peaks for each test condition and sample, at 10~13 nm and 23~41 nm, respectively. The mass of TWP emission was mainly composed of fine particles and coarse particles, with concentration peaks at 0.5 μm and 1.3–2.5 μm, respectively. Both the number and mass of TWPs exhibited a bimodal distribution, with significant differences in emission intensity among different tire samples. However, there was a good exponential relationship between PM10 mass emissions from tire wear and tire camber angle. The orthogonal experimental results showed that the slip angle showed the greatest impact on TWP emission, followed by speed and load, with the smallest impact from inclination angle.

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Grosch, K. A. "Rubber Abrasion and Tire Wear". Rubber Chemistry and Technology 81, n. 3 (1 luglio 2008): 470–505. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/1.3548216.

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Abstract Rubber abrasion is essentially a mechanical tearing process and has been linked with the rate of a cut growth process as function of the tearing energy dissipated in the contact area between rubber and track which leads inevitably to considerable temperature rises at the points of highest stress concentration i.e. at the points at which a mechanical detachment of abraded particles is most likely. This leads to thermal degradation and oxidation as important secondary mechanisms which may well decide whether a compound performs better or worse than a reference outweighing the mechanical properties. A laboratory method has been developed, using the LAT 100 test equipment, which uses the energy dissipation and slip speeds in the contact area of a rubber sample wheel, rotating under slip, to evaluate the abrasion performance of a compound over a wide range of these variables. The resulting equations can be used either to test directly the correlation between laboratory and road test results which is usually good over a limited range, or they are used in a road test simulation program with well defined road test conditions. The latter gives a set of single compound ratings and tire lives. These depend however strongly on the chosen test conditions and in that they reflect reality

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Morris, Michael D., e Pavel A. Kossyrev. "INFLUENCE OF TIRE DEBRIS ON TIRE PERFORMANCE". Rubber Chemistry and Technology 91, n. 2 (1 aprile 2018): 339–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/rct.18.82677.

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ABSTRACT A large number of wear debris particles can be found on the tread surface at any time during normal tire operation. In highly accelerated lab tests, it has been shown that wet friction is decreased by the buildup of debris, and the level of friction can be increased when debris is effectively removed from the interface. In wet traction tests on the road, it has been shown that when tires are cleaned from debris, a higher braking force coefficient in straight-ahead braking on wet asphalt is achieved, compared with the same tires that were not cleaned from debris prior to tests. This was observed for both carbon black– and silica-filled tread compounds. It has also been shown that laboratory wear rate can be increased by effective removal of debris. We propose that the presence of tread-wear debris on the tread surface in dry operating conditions would be beneficial for abrasion resistance and, on the other hand, debris removal from the tread surface in wet operating conditions would be beneficial for wet skid resistance.

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Pai, Dayananda, Anand Pai, Saahil Kumar e Anubhav Deb. "The response of two-wheeler tires to three-body wear phenomena by experimental simulation of off-road terrains". Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering 233, n. 13 (31 gennaio 2019): 3504–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954407018825062.

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The operation of two wheelers frequently encounters off-road terrain comprising loose particles of sand and soil, which setup three-body abrasive wear phenomena affecting the tire life. To evaluate the response of two-wheeler tires on such terrains, the dry abrasive wear behavior of two-wheeler tires was experimentally determined using a three-body wear test apparatus. Three different mixtures of sand and granite dust of varying grit size, 100, 200, and 300 µm, were employed to represent the abrasive cluster, typical of the varying roughness on off-road terrains. Taguchi’s L27 (33) orthogonal array was applied to analyze the specific wear rate as a response to three parameters—load, speed, and road roughness—separately for front and rear two-wheeler tires. Variation of hardness and wear pattern observation for the front and rear tires were carried out to oversee the surface deterioration. A numerical model based on abrasive grit-tire surface interaction was developed for comparison with the experimental results.

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Jung, Uiyeong, e Sung-Seen Choi. "Variation in Abundance Ratio of Isoprene and Dipentene Produced from Wear Particles Composed of Natural Rubber by Pyrolysis Depending on the Particle Size and Thermal Aging". Polymers 15, n. 4 (13 febbraio 2023): 929. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym15040929.

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Tire wear particles (TWPs) are generated by friction between the road and the tire. TWPs are one of the major microplastics found in environmental samples, such as road dust, particulate matter (PM), and sediment. TWP contents in environmental samples are generally analyzed using the pyrolysis technique. Tire tread compounds of heavy vehicles are usually composed of natural rubber (NR). Isoprene and dipentene are the principal pyrolysis products of NR, and dipentene is employed as the key marker for the determination of the TWP contents. In this study, an NR abrasion specimen was thermally aged, and an abrasion test was performed to obtain the wear particles. The influence of the wear particle size and thermal aging on the pyrolysis behavior of NR was investigated. The isoprene/dipentene ratio exponentially increased as the wear particle size decreased, and it was also increased by the thermal aging of the abrasion specimen. The increased isoprene/dipentene ratio by thermal aging was explained by increasing the crosslink density. Using the relationship between the wear particle size and the isoprene/dipentene ratio, it is possible to estimate the isoprene/dipentene ratio for very small TWP such as PM. The experimental results concluded that the wear particle size and thermal aging affect the formation of the key pyrogenic products, and the influencing factors should be considered for the quantification of TWP contents in the environmental samples.

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Karimova, K., K. Ismailov, A. Shermukhamedov e Sh Yuldashev. "Influence of particles formed resulting from wear of automobile brake mechanisms on human health". E3S Web of Conferences 508 (2024): 07013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202450807013.

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In this article, details of the brake mechanism and the method of determining the concentration of metals in the particles formed from the wear of tires as a result of the movement of cars, as well as a comparative analysis of road dust formed on asphalt-concrete roads of different composition are covered. In cities’ traffic-related sources are a substantial source of particulate pollution. The following categories of traffic-related particles exist: brake mechanism details, formed as a result of tire wear and wear to the road surface, accumulate due to turbulence caused by traffic, and exhaust particles released as a result of incomplete combustion of fuel and volatilization of lubricants during combustion. The method of determining the metal concentration in the formed particles, data on the physical and chemical properties of the particles are presented. Information is given on the negative impact on human health of the particles formed as a result of wear of the details of the car brake mechanism.

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Troyanovskaya, I., O. Grebenshchikova e V. Erofeev. "Measurements of Tire and Roadway Dust Particulates in Chelyabinsk". Engineering World 4 (25 giugno 2022): 27–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.37394/232025.2022.4.5.

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Harmful emissions from tire wear and roadway wear are released into the air during the operation of vehicles. Particulate road dust contains carcinogenic substances. The amount and dispersion of particulate matter in road dust was determined with a portable laser particle counter. On asphalt roads, 75% of the harmful emissions were 0.3 µm particulate matter. On dirt roads, 95% of emissions were from particles less than 1 µm. The amount of large fractions of harmful emissions did not exceed 1.5%, regardless of traffic intensity. 30 m from the roadway, the concentration of harmful substances reduced by five- to sevenfold. By 2030, the number of vehicles in Chelyabinsk will increase by 25%. This will increase the amount of harmful emissions from tire and roadway wear by 20 tons per year.

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Rauert, Cassandra, Nathan Charlton, Elvis D. Okoffo, Ryan S. Stanton, Alon R. Agua, Michael C. Pirrung e Kevin V. Thomas. "Concentrations of Tire Additive Chemicals and Tire Road Wear Particles in an Australian Urban Tributary". Environmental Science & Technology 56, n. 4 (31 gennaio 2022): 2421–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.1c07451.

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Park, Inyong, Hongsuk Kim e Seokhwan Lee. "Characteristics of tire wear particles generated in a laboratory simulation of tire/road contact conditions". Journal of Aerosol Science 124 (ottobre 2018): 30–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaerosci.2018.07.005.

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27

Kovochich, Michael, Monty Liong, Jillian A. Parker, Su Cheun Oh, Jessica P. Lee, Luan Xi, Marisa L. Kreider e Kenneth M. Unice. "Chemical mapping of tire and road wear particles for single particle analysis". Science of The Total Environment 757 (febbraio 2021): 144085. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.144085.

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28

Rødland, Elisabeth S., Mats Gustafsson, David Jaramillo-Vogel, Ida Järlskog, Kathrin Müller, Cassandra Rauert, Juanita Rausch e Stephan Wagner. "Analytical challenges and possibilities for the quantification of tire-road wear particles". TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry 165 (agosto 2023): 117121. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.trac.2023.117121.

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Klöckner, Philipp, Bettina Seiwert, Paul Eisentraut, Ulrike Braun, Thorsten Reemtsma e Stephan Wagner. "Characterization of tire and road wear particles from road runoff indicates highly dynamic particle properties". Water Research 185 (ottobre 2020): 116262. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2020.116262.

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30

Kim, Do-Gun, Hyun-Seop Kim, Hee-Man Kang e Seok-Oh Ko. "Pollutant characteristics of road deposited sediments collected by road sweeping". Water Science and Technology 74, n. 1 (23 aprile 2016): 194–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2016.198.

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Abstract (sommario):

Road deposited sediments (RDS) swept from highways in South Korea were characterized to quantitatively evaluate the reduction in non-point source pollutants by sweeping. The swept RDS consisted primarily of sand (63 μm to 2 mm) particles (80.34 ± 8.33% of total weight) highly contaminated by organics, nutrients and heavy metals. The average concentrations of total organic carbon (TOC), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), volatile solids (VS), total nitrogen (T-N), and total phosphorus (T-P) were 20.17 ± 9.13, 1.04 ± 0.62, 39.92 ± 16.55, 1.99 ± 0.96, and 0.54 ± 0.19 g kg−1 (±one standard deviation), respectively, for 63 μm to 2 mm RDS. The concentrations of the pollutants were high for RDS smaller than 63 μm, but most of the mass was associated with the 63 μm to 2 mm RDS. The results suggest that the pollutants associated with RDS swept from highways originated mainly from engine wear, exhaust emissions, and tire wear. These results were different from the RDS on roads in residential and commercial areas, where natural particles and brake wear contribute significantly to RDS. In addition, the reductions in TOC, BOD, VS, T-N, T-P, Cu, Pb, Zn, Fe, and As based on the swept RDS measurements were calculated to be 3,355.3, 175.1, 6,621.4, 323.0, 88.3, 30.3, 13.7, 1.0, 303.4, 11,198.7, and 0.4 g km−1, respectively.

31

Wu, Wei, Jun Ma, Dong Liu, Qiao Xu e Gang Li. "Scientific Knowledge Mapping and Thematic Evolution for Tire Wear Particles". Sustainability 15, n. 1 (29 dicembre 2022): 583. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su15010583.

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In recent years, with the continuous increase of car ownership per capita, tire wear particles (TWPs) from road tire wear have been widely detected in various environmental media, and their environmental behavior and influence have attracted wide attention. Using the Web of Science Core Collection (WOSCC) as a literature search platform, we mapped the research progress of TWPs from publication trends, international cooperation, journal distribution, interdisciplinary areas, and research themes with scientific knowledge mapping methods. Publications in the TWP field have shown an increase year by year, with great contributions from researchers in the USA and Europe, but the efforts and progress of Chinese researchers cannot be ignored. Science of the Total Environment was the most active journal in this field, with 54 relevant articles published. The research area of TWPs was multidisciplinary in nature, with a focus on Environmental Science, Atmospheric Meteorology Science, and Environmental Engineering. The research topics were mainly composed of three thematic groups: suspended particulate matter, air pollution sources, and microplastics in the environment, and research hotspots shifted from particulate matter to microplastics over time. Future research needs to focus on the origin, properties, and transport and dispersion of TWPs in water, atmosphere, and soil environments and to analyze the environmental impacts and ecological risks.

32

Trofimenko, Yu V., e V. S. Chizhova. "Justification of Measures to Reduce the Health Risk from Air Pollution by Suspended Particles Less than Ten Micrometers (PM10) on the Urban Road Network". Ecology and Industry of Russia 23, n. 7 (19 luglio 2019): 48–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.18412/1816-0395-2019-7-48-51.

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A method for assessing the risk of air pollution by suspended particles smaller than ten micrometers (PM10) on the street road network (SRN) of the large city is presented. It includes an assessment of the intensity of the release and distribution in air of PM10, the sources of which are exhaust gases from vehicles with diesel engines, tire wear, and road surface wear. An assessment is made of the chronic and carcinogenic risk to public health from exposure to PM10 in the air in a roadside area. Substantiated measures to reduce the risk to public health from PM10 air pollution in the SRN.

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Kovochich, Michael, Jillian A. Parker, Su Cheun Oh, Jessica P. Lee, Stephan Wagner, Thorsten Reemtsma e Kenneth M. Unice. "Characterization of Individual Tire and Road Wear Particles in Environmental Road Dust, Tunnel Dust, and Sediment". Environmental Science & Technology Letters 8, n. 12 (11 novembre 2021): 1057–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.estlett.1c00811.

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34

Kreider, Marisa, Britt McAtee, Brent Finley e Julie Panko. "Effects of subacute inhalation exposure to tire and road wear particles in rats". Toxicology Letters 211 (giugno 2012): S79—S80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.toxlet.2012.03.306.

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Jailaubekov, Yerkin A., Saltanat N. Amirgaliyeva, Ermek E. Baubekov, Natalia A. Yakovleva, Seilkhan A. Askarov e Asset J. Tazabekov. "Analysis of the amount and structure of solid particles PM released into the city’s atmospheric air by motor transport". Vibroengineering Procedia 54 (4 aprile 2024): 244–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.21595/vp.2024.24011.

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Atmospheric air pollution with fine particles PM2.5 and PM10 is one of the main environmental problems of the city. This paper presents the results of the study of quantitative and structural components of solid particles’ emissions in the city of Almaty, released during the operation of cars: by an engine with exhaust gases, by tire abrasion, by braking devices (linings) and road pavement wear. РM solid particles in the amount of 543.2 tons are released annually into the atmospheric air of Almaty by motor transport. The bulk PM10 is released totally from the tires, brakes and road – 65.4 %, from the engine – 34.6 %. On diesel buses and trucks, the bulk РM particles’ emissions are released from the exhaust gas engines. Recommendations are given to reduce PM particles emitted by motor transport.

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Azarov, V. K., A. V. Vasiliev, V. F. Kutenev e V. V. Stepanov. "The study of dynamics of emissions from road transport in Moscow from 2002 to 2030". Izvestiya MGTU MAMI 9, n. 4-1 (20 febbraio 2015): 5–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/2074-0530-67139.

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The paper presents the study of materials on emissions from road transport in the major cities on the example of Moscow. It is a forecast of increase of emissions from the growth of the vehicle fleet up to 2030. It was shown significant excess of emissions of harmful solid particles in the exhaust gas, regulated UN rules and general particulate emissions from tire wear, brake systems and road- way, which are currently not regulated. There is the necessity of development of standards for thevaluation of their emissions.

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Mengistu, Demmelash, Claire Coutris, Kim Aleksander Haukeland Paus e Arve Heistad. "Concentrations and Retention Efficiency of Tire Wear Particles from Road Runoff in Bioretention Cells". Water 14, n. 20 (14 ottobre 2022): 3233. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w14203233.

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Bioretention cells are popular stormwater management systems for controlling peak runoff and improving runoff water quality. A case study on a functional large-scale bioretention cell and a laboratory column experiment was conducted to evaluate the concentrations and retention efficiency of bioretention cells towards tire wear particles (TWP). The presence of TWP was observed in all soil fractions (<50 µm, 50–100 µm, 100–500 µm, and >500 µm) of the functional bioretention cell. TWP concentrations were higher (30.9 ± 4.1 mg/g) close to the inlet to the bioretention cell than 5 m away (19.8 ± 2.4 mg/g), demonstrating the influence of the bioretention cell design. The column experiment showed a high retention efficiency of TWP (99.6 ± 0.5%) in engineered soil consisting of sand, silty-sand, and garden waste compost. This study confirmed that bioretention cells built with engineered soil effectively retained TWP > 25 µm in size, demonstrating their potential as control measures along roads.

38

Panko, Julie M., Marisa L. Kreider, Britt L. McAtee e Christopher Marwood. "Chronic toxicity of tire and road wear particles to water- and sediment-dwelling organisms". Ecotoxicology 22, n. 1 (22 settembre 2012): 13–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10646-012-0998-9.

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39

Baensch-Baltruschat, Beate, Birgit Kocher, Friederike Stock e Georg Reifferscheid. "Tyre and road wear particles (TRWP) - A review of generation, properties, emissions, human health risk, ecotoxicity, and fate in the environment". Science of The Total Environment 733 (settembre 2020): 137823. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.137823.

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40

Rakhmanin, Yu A., e Aleksandr V. Levanchuk. "Hygienic assessment of atmospheric air in the areas with different degrees of the development of the road-traffic complex". Hygiene and sanitation 95, n. 12 (28 ottobre 2019): 1117–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.18821/0016-9900-2016-95-12-1117-1121.

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The paper presents the results of a study of the qualitative composition and quantity of pollutants in atmospheric air in the course of operational wear of the road surface, braking system and tire treads of automobiles. On the basis of field research in samples ofatmospheric air ofthe city of St. Petersburg there were identified compounds of heavy metals andpolycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). There was established the dependence of the level of air pollution on traffic flows in locations of the city. Pollutants were shown to enter the air environment mainly in the form offine dust particles. There was justified the need for the control ofproducts of wear the road traffic complex in the hygienic assessment of the quality of ambient air ofmegalopises.

41

Lugon, Lya, Jérémy Vigneron, Christophe Debert, Olivier Chrétien e Karine Sartelet. "Black carbon modeling in urban areas: investigating the influence of resuspension and non-exhaust emissions in streets using the Street-in-Grid model for inert particles (SinG-inert)". Geoscientific Model Development 14, n. 11 (18 novembre 2021): 7001–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-7001-2021.

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Abstract. Black carbon (BC) is a primary and inert pollutant often used as a traffic tracer. Even though its concentrations are generally low at the regional scale, BC presents very high concentrations in streets (at the local scale), potentially with important effects on human health and the environment. Modeling studies of BC concentrations usually underestimate BC concentrations due to uncertainties in both emissions and modeling. Both exhaust and non-exhaust traffic emissions present uncertainties, but the uncertainties with respect to non-exhaust emissions, such as tire, brake, and road wear as well as particle resuspension, are particularly high. In terms of modeling, street models do not always consider the two-way interactions between the local and regional scales. Using a two-way modeling approach, a street with high BC concentrations may influence urban background concentrations above the street, which can subsequently enhance the BC concentrations in the same street. This study uses the multiscale Street-in-Grid model (SinG) to simulate BC concentrations in a suburban street network in Paris, taking the two-way coupling between local and regional scales into account. The BC concentrations in streets proved to have an important influence on urban background concentrations. The two-way dynamic coupling leads to an increase in BC concentrations in large streets with high traffic emissions (with a maximal increase of about 48 %) as well as a decrease in narrow streets with low traffic emissions and low BC concentrations (with a maximal decrease of about 50 %). A new approach to estimate particle resuspension in streets is implemented, strictly respecting the mass balance on the street surface. The resuspension rate is calculated from the available deposited mass on the street surface, which is estimated based on particle deposition and wash-off parameterizations adapted to street-canyon geometries. The simulations show that particle resuspension presents a low contribution to BC concentrations, as the deposited mass is not significant enough to justify high resuspension rates. Non-exhaust emissions, such as brake, tire, and road wear, may largely contribute to BC emissions, with a contribution that is equivalent to exhaust emissions. Here, a sensitivity analysis of BC concentrations is performed by comparing simulations with different emission factors of tire, brake, and road wear. The different emission factors considered are estimated based on the literature. We found a satisfying model–measurement comparison using high tire wear emission factors, which may indicate that the tire emission factors usually used in Europe are probably underestimated. These results have important policy implications: public policies replacing internal combustion engines with electric vehicles may not eliminate BC air pollution but only reduce it by half.

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Holloway, Nikki, Hunter Adams, Carlos Anthony Espindola e Keisuke Ikehata. "Microplastics and the Water Industry". Journal AWWA 116, n. 4 (15 aprile 2024): 36–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/awwa.2264.

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Key TakeawaysFound in freshwater and ocean environments, microplastics may pose hazards through chemical transfer if they are made of harmful chemicals or they can adsorb pollutants.Microplastics pollution sources include clothes washing, wastewater systems, biosolids, tire and road wear, and atmospheric particles that affect wildlife and humans.Nanofiltration and reverse osmosis should more effectively remove microplastics than microfiltration and ultrafiltration, even if the membrane barriers are also made of plastics.Analytical method progress on microplastics includes quantification (enumeration and mass concentration), size characterization, and minimum thresholds for detection (size and mass).

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Börüban Bingöl, C., Ş. Polat e Ş. H. Atapek. "Wear Behavior of SBR/BR Compounds Including Different ZnO Types". Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2692, n. 1 (1 febbraio 2024): 012010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2692/1/012010.

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Abstract Zinc complexes have considerable impact on human health and environment especially on aquatic wildlife. One of the main sources of zinc release to the environment is worn rubber particles from tires. Environmental footprint of zinc oxide during production, ecological and economical concerns have prompted the researchers to reduce its use in rubber formulations. Rubber compounds used in the tread, which is the part of the tire in contact with road, must have high wear resistance. In order to determine the wear performance, laboratory wear tests need to be carried out prior to road tests. In the present study, a tread compound recipe based on SBR/BR blend is designed using conventional and composite ZnO materials having CaCO3 as core. Wear behavior of the control and trial compounds prepared with these ZnO materials are tested at room temperature by using Lambourn test instrument. Wear rates and wear energies are calculated using the weight loss data at different slip rates. Based on the wear performance of the trial compounds as well as their cure and mechanical properties, it can be concluded that composite ZnO materials are good candidates to replace the conventional activators in rubber compounds to provide environmental and economic gains.

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Youn, Jong-Sang, Young-Min Kim, Muhammad Zain Siddiqui, Atsushi Watanabe, Sehyun Han, Sangmin Jeong, Yong-Won Jung e Ki-Joon Jeon. "Quantification of tire wear particles in road dust from industrial and residential areas in Seoul, Korea". Science of The Total Environment 784 (agosto 2021): 147177. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.147177.

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45

Kreider, Marisa L., Melanie Doyle-Eisele, Robert G. Russell, Jacob D. McDonald e Julie M. Panko. "Evaluation of potential for toxicity from subacute inhalation of tire and road wear particles in rats". Inhalation Toxicology 24, n. 13 (1 novembre 2012): 907–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/08958378.2012.730071.

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46

Panko, Julie M., Marisa L. Kreider, Britt L. McAtee e Christopher Marwood. "Correction to: Chronic toxicity of tire and road wear particles to water- and sediment-dwelling organisms". Ecotoxicology 29, n. 7 (16 maggio 2020): 1105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10646-020-02227-y.

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Marwood, Christopher, Britt McAtee, Marisa Kreider, R. Scott Ogle, Brent Finley, Len Sweet e Julie Panko. "Correction to: Acute aquatic toxicity of tire and road wear particles to alga, daphnid, and fish". Ecotoxicology 29, n. 7 (19 maggio 2020): 1106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10646-020-02228-x.

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48

Hesse, David, Toni Feißel, Miles Kunze, Eric Bachmann, Thomas Bachmann e Sebastian Gramstat. "Comparison of Methods for Sampling Particulate Emissions from Tires under Different Test Environments". Atmosphere 13, n. 8 (9 agosto 2022): 1262. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos13081262.

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Traffic-related emissions are strongly criticised by the public because they contribute to climate change and are classified as hazardous to health. Combustion engine emissions have been regulated by limit values for almost three decades. There is currently no legal limit for non-exhaust emissions, which include tire wear particle emissions and resuspension. As a result, the percentage of total vehicle emissions has risen continuously. Some of the particles emitted can be assigned to the size classes of particulate matter (≤10 µm) and are therefore of particular relevance to human health. The literature describes a wide range of concepts for sampling and measuring tire wear particle emissions. Because of the limited number of studies, the mechanisms involved in on-road tests and their influence on the particle formation process, particle transport and the measuring ability can only be described incompletely. The aim of this study is to compare test bench and on-road tests and to assess the influence of selected parameters. The first part describes the processes of particle injection and particle distribution. Based on this, novel concepts for sampling and measurement in the laboratory and in the field are presented. The functionality and the mechanisms acting in each test environment are evaluated on the basis of selected test scenarios. For example, emissions from external sources, the condition of the road surface and the influence of the driver are identified as influencing factors. These analyzes are used to illustrate the complexity and limited reproducibility of on-road measurements, which must be taken into account for future regulations.

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Klöckner, Philipp, Bettina Seiwert, Steffen Weyrauch, Beate I. Escher, Thorsten Reemtsma e Stephan Wagner. "Comprehensive characterization of tire and road wear particles in highway tunnel road dust by use of size and density fractionation". Chemosphere 279 (settembre 2021): 130530. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.130530.

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Klöckner, Philipp, Thorsten Reemtsma, Paul Eisentraut, Ulrike Braun, Aki Sebastian Ruhl e Stephan Wagner. "Tire and road wear particles in road environment – Quantification and assessment of particle dynamics by Zn determination after density separation". Chemosphere 222 (maggio 2019): 714–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.01.176.

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