Articoli di riviste: "Thermal risk assessment"

1

Maruyama, Yu, e Kazuo Yoshida. "Thermal-Hydraulics to risk assessment". Journal of the Atomic Energy Society of Japan 63, n. 7 (2021): 517–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.3327/jaesjb.63.7_517.

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Ui, Atsushi. "Thermal-Hydraulics to risk assessment". Journal of the Atomic Energy Society of Japan 63, n. 7 (2021): 523–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.3327/jaesjb.63.7_523.

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Narumiya, Yoshiyuki. "Thermal-Hydraulics to risk assessment". Journal of the Atomic Energy Society of Japan 63, n. 7 (2021): 529–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.3327/jaesjb.63.7_529.

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Leveneur, Sébastien, Lionel Estel e Cyril Crua. "Thermal risk assessment of vegetable oil epoxidation". Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry 122, n. 2 (20 giugno 2015): 795–804. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10973-015-4793-8.

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Lee, Heung Su, Sung Ho Hong e Moon Woo Park. "Fire Risk Assessment of Energy Storage System Based on Case Studies Using Risk Matrix Method". Crisis and Emergency Management: Theory and Praxis 12, n. 5 (30 maggio 2022): 29–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.14251/jscm.2022.5.29.

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Energy Storage System (ESS) is a facility that can store electricity and supply power when needed, and is a very necessary element for new and renewable energy generation. Thermal runaway fires can occur due to various causes in ESS. These fires can cause different damage depending on the building structure and other building disaster prevention facilities. Therefore, it is necessary to evaluate the fire risk by deriving the frequency of occurrence of the cause of fire in the ESS and checking the severity factor that determines the damage scale. In this study, fire risk assessment of ESS was performed using risk matrix method. The risk assessment was conducted based on data collected based on fire cases and field investigations. Through risk assessment, it was confirmed that the main causes of ESS fires were EMS/BMS errors and battery abnormalities. In addition, as the structure of the ESS building is fire-resistant, the fire compartment is set, and the separation distance between battery facilities is larger, the damage caused by a fire is smaller.

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Rybakowski, Marek, Grzegorz Dudarski, Alena Očkajová e Ján Stebila. "Assessment of the Fire Risk and Thermal Resistance of Tyres". Advanced Materials Research 805-806 (settembre 2013): 1771–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.805-806.1771.

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The paper assessed the fire risk of the summer tyres marks Kormoran on the base of thermogravimetric analysis complemented by the analysis and determination of the carbon monoxide (CO) concentration in the decomposition products. Thermogravimetric analysis was performed in an atmosphere of air with flow rate of 4 l/min. During the thermal analysis, the samples were loaded with temperatures from 20 to 550 °C, in the first case by rate of heating 5 °C/min and in second case by 10°C/min. The results of thermal analysis shown that the thermal decomposition of the samples at a heating rate of 5 °C/min started at 320 °C and from the temperature of 370 °C thermal decomposition pass intensively. At a heating rate of 10 °C/min, thermal decomposition of the samples started at 360 °C, from the temperature of 420 °C thermal decomposition pass intensively. The measured concentrations of CO in combustion gases showed that the thermal decomposition of tyres is accompanied by a significant release of gas. The results also shown that the thermal decomposition of the investigated tyres coupled with the release of CO starts at temperatures around 320 °C. That temperature cannot be considered as safe in the medium and long-term exposure.

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He, Jing, Li Jing Zhang, Gang Tao e Xin Qi Dai. "Quantitative Fire Risk Assessment of Gas Pipeline Leakage". Applied Mechanics and Materials 635-637 (settembre 2014): 402–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.635-637.402.

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Fire risk of gas pipeline leakage is high.The factors contributing to gas pipeline leakage most are third party damage, corrosion, design and incorrect operation. The accident consequences of gas pipeline leakage and quantitative risk assessment method of gas pipeline leakage consequence are analyzed. In order to achieve quantitative fire risk assessment of gas pipeline leakage, flash fire model, vapor cloud explosion model and thermal radiation damage criterion are analyzed. Firstly, the gas leakage quantity is estimated. Then, the heat radiation estimate flux, the thermal dose and damage range are got by using flash fire model, vapor cloud explosion model and the thermal radiation damage criterion respectively.Combined with an example of gas pipeline, damage ranges of different disaster patterns are estimated according to different gas pipeline leakage pattern. Through comparing the accident consequences of gas pipeline leakage, this paper provides some reliable scientific references for gas pipeline management departments.

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Emborg, Mats, e Stig Bernander. "Assessment of Risk of Thermal Cracking in Hardening Concrete". Journal of Structural Engineering 120, n. 10 (ottobre 1994): 2893–912. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9445(1994)120:10(2893).

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Dougdag, Mourad, Rafaël Fernandez e Damien Lamberts. "Risk assessment of thermal striping in MYRRHA research reactor". Nuclear Engineering and Design 319 (agosto 2017): 40–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nucengdes.2017.04.031.

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Murasawa, Naoharu, Hiroshi Koseki, Xin-Rui Li, Yusaku Iwata e Takabumi Sakamoto. "Study on Thermal Behaviour and Risk Assessment of Biomass Fuels". International Journal of Energy Engineering 2, n. 5 (1 dicembre 2012): 242–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.5923/j.ijee.20120205.08.

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Wang, Yanjun, Lamiae Vernières-Hassimi, Valeria Casson-Moreno, Jean-Pierre Hébert e Sébastien Leveneur. "Thermal Risk Assessment of Levulinic Acid Hydrogenation to γ-Valerolactone". Organic Process Research & Development 22, n. 9 (30 luglio 2018): 1092–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.oprd.8b00122.

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Clayton, A. M., e N. M. Irvine. "Structural Assessment Techniques for Thermal Striping". Journal of Pressure Vessel Technology 109, n. 3 (1 agosto 1987): 305–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3264869.

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Life assessment techniques for components subject to random surface temperature fluctuations (thermal striping) are outlined. The approach depends on the thermal information available and ranges from simple evaluation of the initiation of fatigue cracking to the complete analysis of crack growth. A new bounding technique is described, and some uncertainties in the various analyses listed.

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Pavel, Florin, e George Nica. "The Seismic Evaluation of Existing Buildings for Energy Renovation—A Case Study for the Residential Building Stock in Bucharest (Romania)". Buildings 14, n. 6 (10 giugno 2024): 1742. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings14061742.

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This study focuses on an overview of two programs applied to the residential building stock of Bucharest (Romania), namely, the seismic strengthening program and the thermal rehabilitation program. The methodology for seismic risk assessment given in the current generation of Romanian codes, as well as in previous regulations, is examined. A brief review of other seismic risk assessment methodologies currently applied in various seismically prone countries is also presented. Examples of high-rise buildings in Bucharest that suffered significant damage during the Vrancea 1977 earthquake and that were thermally rehabilitated without any strengthening works are shown in this paper. The consistent differences between the current outcomes of the two programs are presented and discussed. Finally, this review paper highlights the lack of coherence in terms of seismic risk assessments for the same class of buildings, inducing, in some situations, a false feeling of safety in the building inhabitants. In addition, a combined procedure for both seismic strengthening and thermal rehabilitation is mandatory, considering the seismicity of Romania, as well as ongoing climate change.

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Kopytenkova, O. I., A. V. Levanchuk e Z. Sh Tursunov. "Health risk assessment for exposure to fine dust in production conditions". Russian Journal of Occupational Health and Industrial Ecology, n. 8 (25 settembre 2019): 458–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.31089/1026-9428-2019-59-8-458-462.

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Introduction.The results of the study of the working area air during thermal insulation works are presented.The aim of the studywas to assess the health risk of workers in the construction industry and exposed to fine dust.Materials and methods.The number of dust particles of different dispersion in the air of the working area in the implementation of thermal insulation works is determined.Results.It is established that the working conditions during the thermal insulation works in accordance with the current regulatory documentation are classified as harmful 3 class 2 degree. Harmful factor of the production environment is dust (including PM10and fine PM2,5) in air of working zone (3.2). The air quality of the working area indicates a long stay of fine dust in the air over the territory of the construction site. Dust of different dispersed composition was found in the air of the working area during thermal insulation works. Th e dust concentration is more than 10 μm was 8.2±1.3 mg/m3, PM10and 1.8±0.4 mg/m3, PM2,5–1,25±0,2 mg/m3.Conclusions.The results obtained in the experiment make it possible to determine the safe duration of the working experience underthe influence of a harmful factor of the working environment (in terms of the permissible health risk) with different duration ofcontact with it during the day.

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Widström, Torun. "Damage risk assessment in historic buildings using equivalent wall-parts". E3S Web of Conferences 172 (2020): 15001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202017215001.

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Damage risks in historic buildings are often connected to moisture level, in turn related to temperature. Hence, when damage risk is being assessed, the risk at the points in the geometry of the building where the heat flow is the largest, for instance by the thermal bridges, is of crucial interest. In practice, such assessments may often be based on simulated average conditions of the room air, instead being made for the risk-prone points where the damages are most likely to occur. The reason is that the whole-building simulation tools are generally one-dimensional in their calculations, and unable to deal with the multi-dimensional heat flows at the thermal bridges. Hence the actual damage risk remains unknown, and may be under-estimated to an extent that is impossible to evaluate, without further investigations. Subsequent investigations can be performed for assumed risk-prone points, using two- or three-dimensional simulation tools, but in order to know what points that needs to be scrutinized it would be of value to get a first risk assessment directly in the whole building simulation process. In this article a method, based on the use of equivalent wall-parts, mimicking the performance of the most extreme points of the thermal bridges, is presented. It is displayed how the use of the wall-parts may provide an overview of the risk levels already in the whole-building simulation.

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Gordeev, Vladimir, Elina Nasyrova, Alexey Elizaryev, Alsu Fazylova e Elvira Kamaeva. "Hazard assessment of hot water boiler at thermal power plant". E3S Web of Conferences 402 (2023): 07041. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202340207041.

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Our world and every person require a huge amount of energy, both electric and thermal, which are produced mainly at various types of power plants, but mostly on thermal. During the production of electricity and heat at the thermal power plants different potential hazards are occurring: chemical, environmental, fire or explosion. In accordance with the identified hazards on thermal power plants, possible six emergency situation scenarios are suggested. The failure tree method was used for determining the potential danger of a hot water boiler being one of the elements of thermal power plant. Given the conditional probabilities of events, it is obtained that the failure of the hot water boiler is possible. For reducing the probability of failure and improving the hot water boiler safety – safety barriers (functional and symbolic) are proposed. After the safety barriers are inserted, the probability of a hot water boiler failure in our case is almost incredible. Many people live near thermal power plants, which may have a potential risk of harm to their health. An approach for determining the potential risk indicator of the health harm (R) near thermal power plants is proposed. It is provides the division of risk levels into four classes: extremely high degree of potential hazard – R>0.1; high degree of potential hazard – 0.1>R>0.001; average degree of potential hazard – 10−3>R>10−5; low degree of potential hazard – R>10−5.

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Price, John W. H. "Thermal Shock Cracking: Design and Assessment Guidelines". Journal of Pressure Vessel Technology 129, n. 1 (1 marzo 2006): 125–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2389029.

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Repeated thermal shock cracking is common in the operation of pressure equipment where water and steam are present. Surprisingly, it is not fully covered in the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel code nor in fitness-for-purpose recommended practice such as API 579. An example of thermal shock stresses occurs when hot surfaces are exposed to splashing of cold water. This eventually may lead to crack nucleation and crack growth. However, not all thermal shock cracks lead to failures (such as rupture, leak, or, in more brittle material, fragmentation), indeed the most frequent situation is that the cracking arrests at a depth of a few millimeters. This paper presents a unique experimental study and analysis of the information being gained from this study in terms of design guidelines and crack growth mechanisms. In the experiments, cracks are initiated and then grown in low carbon steel specimens exposed to repeated thermal shock. The test-rigs achieve large thermal shocks through the repeated water quenching of heated flat plate specimens. The effect of steady state loads on the growth and environmental effects due to the aqueous nature of the testing environment are found to be major contributors to the crack growth kinetics. The most important findings are that the conditions leading to both the initiation and the arrest of cracks can be identified and that the depth of a starter notch contributes little to the crack propagation.

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M R, Mohamad Rashid. "The Development of Ergonomics Risk Assessment Method using Infrared Thermal Imaging". International Journal of Advanced Trends in Computer Science and Engineering 9, n. 1.1 S I (15 febbraio 2020): 142–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.30534/ijatcse/2020/2691.12020.

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Chernykh, D. A., e O. V. Taseiko. "ASSESSMENT OF THE RISK MORTALITY FROM THERMAL WAVES IN KRASNOYARSK CITY". Human Ecology, n. 2 (13 febbraio 2018): 3–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.33396/1728-0869-2018-2-3-8.

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Biliaiev, M. M., O. V. Berlov, V. V. Biliaieva e L. A. Cherednychenko. "Risk assessment of thermal damage in the event of emergency burning". Bulletin of Prydniprovs’ka State Academy of Civil Engineering and Architecture, n. 6 (6 dicembre 2020): 54–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.30838/j.bpsacea.2312.241120.54.698.

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黄, 梅. "Process Thermal Safety Risk Assessment Practice—Niclosamide Preparation Process Amidation Reaction". Hans Journal of Chemical Engineering and Technology 12, n. 03 (2022): 142–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.12677/hjcet.2022.123020.

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Chirico, Francesco. "Implications of climate change for thermal risk assessment in indoor workplaces". Environmental Disease 2, n. 4 (2017): 103. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/ed.ed_21_17.

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Jiang, Juncheng, Fusheng Cui, Saili Shen, Xiuxia Guo, Lei Ni e Yong Pan. "New Thermal Runaway Risk Assessment Methods for Two Step Synthesis Reactions". Organic Process Research & Development 22, n. 12 (20 novembre 2018): 1772–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.oprd.8b00266.

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Vettraino, F., P. C. Cacciabue e F. Brunelli. "Thermal performances and melting risk assessment in a LMFBR fuel pin". Journal of Nuclear Materials 130 (febbraio 1985): 154–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-3115(85)90304-6.

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Wang, Qingsheng, William J. Rogers e M. Sam Mannan. "Thermal risk assessment and rankings for reaction hazards in process safety". Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry 98, n. 1 (15 luglio 2009): 225–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10973-009-0135-z.

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Sun, Daoxing, Chuanxin Xie, Fan Zhang, Jing Gu e Jie Sun. "Thermal risk assessment and grading of chemicals with instantaneous power density". Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry 109, n. 3 (19 agosto 2011): 1373–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10973-011-1836-7.

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Malkova, T. B., e A. V. Malkov. "Practical method of risk assessment in the energy sector under uncertainty". Economy in the industry 11, n. 1 (12 luglio 2018): 63–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.17073/2072-1633-2018-1-63-69.

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The study presents a methodology for assessing financial risks using projects AMI implementation and ASCOTE in the face of uncertainty. An example of an evaluation of a real project for the implementation of ASUE and ASCUTE systems is presented. The main problems of implementation of this project are considered. In modern conditions of business operation, the decisionmaking process is based only on the experience and intuition of experts is currently not effective. We must use modern information technologies, which have already received the generic name «decision support systems for management decisions». Taking into account the weak formalization of such tasks, it is necessary to apply methods of system analysis with the involvement of expert assessment technology, both at the initial and final stages of obtaining and choosing the most rational alternatives to management decisions. The tasks of improving the accuracy and efficiency of measurement of electrical and thermal energy, power in electrical networks, the amount of thermal energy in thermal networks are due to the following main reasons: firstly, a significant increase in the cost of electrical and thermal energy, secondly, the reforms carried out in the energy sector of the Russian Federation, thirdly, the fair billing. The research is devoted to the analysis and assessment of the priority of ASUE and ASCUTE functions. The Association of risk subsystems and functions in a single multi-level system. Based on the analysis of binary relations, an integrated model of the risk-function system in the form of a hierarchical tree structure is obtained. Applied the method of paired comparisons in the assessment of risk hierarchies that affect the effectiveness of the projects. The paper presents approaches to solving problems related to organizational and technical reengineering of production, which is due to the weak structuring of these problems, from the formation of goals to the adoption of technical and managerial decisions.

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Shebeko, Yu N. "The Hazard Assessment of Hydrogen Flame Thermal Radiation". Occupational Safety in Industry, n. 1 (gennaio 2024): 16–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.24000/0409-2961-2024-1-16-20.

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Today, due to the rapid development of the hydrogen power industry, fire safety of hydrogen-containing facilities becomes a matter of great importance. Risk assessment for the hydrogen power facilities is one of the key objectives of the development. To find the solution, the information on the intensity of hydrogen flare radiation must be obtained. At the same time, such information published in literary sources is often incomplete and sometimes even contradictory. Therefore, the study aims to review the literary sources published in Russian and international journals. The basic value required to assess fire hazard is the intensity of the surface radiation of hydrogen flame. The study considered four types of the flame; i.e., the gaseous jet flame, the jet flame of liquid hydrogen, the flame in the liquid hydrogen pool, and the fireball. Remarkably, the intensity of the surface thermal radiation of hydrogen flame is significantly lower when compared with the hydrocarbon flame. For fire hazard calculations, the intensity of the surface thermal radiation of jet flame of gaseous hydrogen can be adopted as equal to 33 kW/m2. The surface thermal radiation intensity value for the hydrogen fireball can be adopted as equal to 330 kW/m2. The intensity of the surface thermal radiation at liquid hydrogen combustion (for both jet flame and pool fire) can be adopted as equal to 80 kW/m2.

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Chen, Shing-Yu, Ming-Sheng Lin, Gary Li-Kai Hsiao, Tzu-Chi Wang e Chen-Shan Kao. "Underground Pipeline Leakage Risk Assessment in an Urban City". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, n. 11 (2 giugno 2020): 3929. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17113929.

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Underground pipeline safety is a concern among civilians in populated urban cities. Due to the potential for considerable damage from underground pipeline leakages, it is critical to identify potential risk areas. This study developed a simplified risk value using risk assessment software (ALOHA) and geography information systems (SuperGIS and Surfer) to produce potential risk maps for underground pipeline leakage in a major urban city. A risk assessment of areas affected by underground pipeline leakage was performed for vapor diffusion, thermal radiation from combustion, and overpressure from an explosion. The results are applicable to disaster management departments and agencies in highly populated cities.

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Ferroukhi, Mohammed Yacine, Rafik Belarbi e Karim Limam. "Effect of Hygrothermal Transfer on Multilayer Walls Behavior, Assessment of Condensation Risk". Advanced Materials Research 1051 (ottobre 2014): 647–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1051.647.

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Good insulation of envelopes in new or rehabilitated buildings represents one of the major issues in reducing the energy consumption in the construction sector. In order to ensure better insulation, a material compatible with the wall must be chosen to guarantees both good thermal insulation and reduction of humidity risk.This study reviews the risks related to moisture, particularly those related to condensation one occurring in buildings. Two stages were conducted during the study. Firstly, a coupled heat, air and moisture transfer model in a multilayer wall was developed. This model took into account both the discontinuity at the interfaces between the wall layers and the evolution of material properties depending on the water content. Then, applications to assess hygrothermal behavior of multilayer walls and predict of condensation risk into them were examined.Secondly, a parametric study was achieved on hygrothermal properties of insulation materials. The objective of this second stage was to evaluate sensitivity magnitude of different material properties on hygrothermal behavior of multilayers walls.This study focused on the most influential thermal and hydric properties in hygrothermal transfer model. Thus, thermal conductivity for heat transfer, total moisture permeability and moisture capacity to hydric transfer were selected.Finally, simulation results were analyzed and conclusions were derived on the effect of key parameters on the hygrothermal behavior in the walls and the conditions causing condensation risk to increase.

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Hussein, Mohammed Ubaid. "Urinary Tract Infection Risk Assessment By Non- Thermal Plasma In Iraqis Patients". AL-Kindy College Medical Journal 13, n. 1 (21 novembre 2019): 86–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.47723/kcmj.v13i1.132.

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Background: In the present study used device jet plasma needle with atmospheric pressure which generates non thermal plasma jet to measure treatment potent with plasma against pathogenic bacteria founded in UTI was inactivated with plasma at 10 sec, Objective:. This work included the application of the plasma produced from the system in the field of bacterial sterilization , where sample of Gram- negative bacteria (Escherichia coli) were exposed to intervals (1-10)second . Midstream Urine samples swabs were obtained from patients with urinary tract infections. Type of the study: Cross -sectional study. Methods: The work were used in this study obtained from studying 100 urine samples, the age of patients ranged between 10 years to 60 years. They were 60 females and 40 males. These samples were cultured on culture media to isolate bacterial colonies .After that, bacteria were identified by means of highly specific investigations Escherichia coli, plasma needle treatment is applied on bacteria through sterilization, and adhesion. Results : It was found that the percentage of the killing of Gram-negative bacteria (E.coli) was 100% at (10) second, also decreasing bacterial adhesion on epithelial cells, where numbers adhesion bacterial with uroepithelial cells decrease after treatment with plasma needle . Conclusion : From this work, it has been observed that applied voltage ,distance between plasma needle and treatment model as well as time treatment effect on inactivation bacteria and sterilization ,also it effect on decreasing bacterial adhesion on epithelial cells, where numbers adhesion bacterial with uroepithelial cells decrease after treatment with plasma needle .

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Jun Zhang, Jian Pu, J. D. McCalley, H. Stern e W. A. Gallus. "A Bayesian approach for short-term transmission line thermal overload risk assessment". IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery 17, n. 3 (luglio 2002): 770–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tpwrd.2002.1022802.

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Zhang, J., J. Pu, J. McCalley, H. Stern e W. Gallus. "A Bayesian Approach for Short-Term Transmission Line Thermal Overload Risk Assessment". IEEE Power Engineering Review 22, n. 5 (maggio 2002): 72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mper.2002.4312239.

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Henneaux, Pierre, Pierre-Etienne Labeau e Jean-Claude Maun. "Blackout Probabilistic Risk Assessment and Thermal Effects: Impacts of Changes in Generation". IEEE Transactions on Power Systems 28, n. 4 (novembre 2013): 4722–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tpwrs.2013.2263851.

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Vogt, Christian, Katja Iwanowski-Strahser, Gabriele Marquart, Juliane Arnold, Darius Mottaghy, Renate Pechnig, Daniel Gnjezda e Christoph Clauser. "Modeling contribution to risk assessment of thermal production power for geothermal reservoirs". Renewable Energy 53 (maggio 2013): 230–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2012.11.026.

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Labib, Satira, e Jeffrey King. "Initial risk assessment for a single stage to orbit nuclear thermal rocket". Nuclear Engineering and Design 287 (giugno 2015): 19–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nucengdes.2015.02.004.

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Trashchenkov, Sergei, e Victor Astapov. "SPURIOUS ACTIVATION ASSESSMENT OF THERMAL POWER PLANT’S SAFETY-INSTRUMENTED SYSTEMS". Environment. Technology. Resources. Proceedings of the International Scientific and Practical Conference 3 (15 giugno 2017): 310. http://dx.doi.org/10.17770/etr2017vol3.2529.

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Safety-instrumented systems (also called technological protections) play the significant role in prevention and mitigating of major accidents that can occur on thermal power plant. Activations of safety-instrumented system turn the power unit into safe state by shutting it down or reducing it productivity. The power generation process operates continuously. Any unplanned outage of generation equipment leads to undersupply of energy and big commercial losses to generation company. In Russia the values of allowed spurious trip rate for safety-instrumented systems are set by regulatory agency. These values are strict to all technological protections and do not take into account the differences in amounts of losses. This paper presents more flexible approach based on the Farmer’s risk criterion. Also risk reduction factor for spurious activation is proposed.

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MUTU, Daniela Elena Gheoca, Laura RADUCU, Adelaida AVINO, Florin Teodor BOBIRCA, Cosmin-Marian PANTU, Iulian Alexandru DOGARU, Iulian SLAVU, Abdalah ABU BAKER, Florin Mihail FILIPOIU e Cornelia NITIPIR. "The Assessment of the Vascular Risk for Facial Procedures using Thermal Scanning Imaging and Doppler Ultrasonography". Medicina Moderna - Modern Medicine 30, n. 4 (12 dicembre 2023): 293–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.31689/rmm.2023.30.4.293.

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Introduction: Surgical and non-surgical facial procedures have gained immense popularity thanks to their aesthetic benefits. Understanding the vascularization of the face and assessing potential risks is crucial to ensure patient safety and optimal outcomes. This study aims to evaluate the utility of thermal scanning and Doppler ultrasonography in evaluating the vascular risk for facial procedures. Material and Methods: A cohort of 60 patients were included in this prospective study. Preoperative thermal scanning and Doppler ultrasonography were performed in order to visualize the facial vasculature and identify potential areas of risk. Results: For 30 patients, we performed preprocedural Doppler ultrasound imaging and thermal scanning at the injection site. Only 6.66% of them suffered vascular complications, whilst 23.33% among those who didn’t undergo ultrasound and thermoscanning suffered vascular injuries. The combined use of these tools proved to be valuable in assessing the vascular risk for facial procedures. The findings emphasize the importance of preoperative assessment to identify patients at risk for vascular complications. Conclusions: Thermal scanning and Doppler ultrasonography offer a comprehensive approach to assessing the vascular risk for facial procedures. By ensuring the identification of abnormal vascular patterns and altered blood flow dynamics, these techniques enhance patient safety and procedure planning.

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Getaldić, Ana, Marija Surić Mihić, Želimir Veinović, Božena Skoko e Branko Petrinec. "REMEDIATION OF COAL ASH AND SLAG DISPOSAL SITE: COMPARISON OF RADIOLOGICAL RISK ASSESSMENTS". Rudarsko-geološko-naftni zbornik 38, n. 3 (2023): 95–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.17794/rgn.2023.3.8.

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Residuals from coal combustion are known as a potential source of radiation exposure, especially in cases where the coal used in the combustion is characterized by increased radioactivity, resulting in coal ash and slag with potentially high activity concentration of radionuclides. This paper presents the results of the radiological risk assessments based on the ERICA Tool approach, used to estimate dose rates to terrestrial biota in the proximity of a coal fired thermal power plant in Croatia. The study consists of three radiological risk assessments using environmental data on activity concentration (Bqkg-1) from samples collected prior to the remediation of the disposal site and samples after the remediation implementation was completed. The resulting total dose rate to biota derived using data prior to the remediation ranged from 3.28 μGyh-1 to 147.68 μGyh-1. Assessment results of total dose rate based on the data from the studied area after remediation ranged from 0.23 μGyh-1 to 18.06 μGyh-1. The results showed that after the remediation only the total dose rate for lichens and bryophytes slightly exceeded ERICA Tool conservative screening value of 10 μGyh-1, which implies that environmental risks in relation to exposure to the disposal site can be considered negligible. The study results confirm the applicability of the ERICA Tool for the assessment of potential radiological impact and the effective remediation implementation at the coal and ash slag disposal site.

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Pištora, Vladislav, Miroslav Pošta e Dana Lauerová. "Probabilistic assessment of pressurised thermal shocks". Nuclear Engineering and Design 269 (aprile 2014): 165–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nucengdes.2013.08.024.

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41

Gamera, Yu V., Yu Yu Petrova, S. V. Ovcharov e L. V. Yagupova. "Assessment of the Thermal Radiation Spread in Special Conditions". Occupational Safety in Industry, n. 11 (novembre 2021): 13–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.24000/0409-2961-2021-11-13-20.

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Increase of the requirements for the safety of hazardous production facilities stimulates the development and improvement of the methodological approaches to accidents consequences assessment on the main gas and other pipelines. Existing models for determining heat fluxes from radiating flame surfaces are focused on assessing damage under standard conditions when the epicenter of the accident is at the same altitude level with potential recipients and there are no barriers between them. In practice, special conditions are often implemented, in particular: fires on the pipelines located in the mountainous areas, safe passage of aircraft near the burning site, protection of objects from thermal radiation by installing impenetrable screens. Approaches are proposed related to assessing heat fluxes at the receiving sites located at different altitude levels with the fire source, as well as during accidents with ignition on the gas pipelines in the presence of screens protecting against thermal radiation. A parameter is introduced that describes the effect of the multilevel location of the source and the recipient on radiation — the coefficient of change in the thermal radiation flux from the side surface of a column-type fire in the absence of a wind, depending on the location height and distance in relation to the ground source of combustion of the site receiving the radiation. An expression is given for determining safe height of the flight of aircraft over a column-type fire in the range of flame heights from 50 to 850 m. Isolines of the fields of heat fluxes from the flame of a high-speed flat jet are calculated when the radiation is screened by a wall located at a normalized distance. The results obtained make it possible to predict the consequences of accidents on the main gas pipelines with gas ignition considering the relief, to assess the boundaries of safe corridors for flights of the aircraft near gas pipelines, and to efficiently develop means of protecting objects surrounding the main pipelines from thermal radiation from a flat torch.

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42

Storey, M. V., N. J. Ashbolt e T. A. Stenström. "Biofilms, thermophilic amoebae and Legionella pneumophila - a quantitative risk assessment for distributed water". Water Science and Technology 50, n. 1 (1 luglio 2004): 77–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2004.0023.

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A simplistic quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA) based on the maximum risk curve (r = 1) was developed for Legionella within a water distribution system. Both biofilms and a thermophilic isolate of acanthamoebae were shown to increase the resistance of Legionella to conventional thermal disinfection by between one and two logs respectively. The level of risk presented to consumers was shown to exceed the USEPA 10-4 benchmark in many cases tested. This was caused, in part, by the sensitivity of the risk model but also through a lack of reliable dose-response data for Legionella. Notwithstanding this, the current study provided comparative information on the efficacy of conventional disinfection against Legionella. Combined chlorine was shown to reduce the risk of infection by as much as 1-log when compared to free chlorine, although thermal disinfection provided the most effective means of risk reduction. Biofilm detachment and the interaction of Legionella with acanthamoebae were two important ecological factors that significantly increased the risk of legionellosis, and thus should be further considered in the refinement of QMRA models.

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43

Ollson, Christopher A., Melissa L. Whitfield Aslund, Loren D. Knopper e Tereza Dan. "Site specific risk assessment of an energy-from-waste/thermal treatment facility in Durham Region, Ontario, Canada. Part B: Ecological risk assessment". Science of The Total Environment 466-467 (gennaio 2014): 242–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.07.018.

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44

BILIAIEV, М. М., V. D. PETRENKO, V. V. BILIAIEVA, O. V. BERLOV e O. A. TYMOSHENKO. "MATHEMATICAL MODEL FOR RISK ASSESSMENT OF THERMAL DAMAGE IN CASE OF FIRE AT THE FACILITIES OF THE FUEL AND ENERGY COMPLEX". Ukrainian Journal of Civil Engineering and Architecture, n. 3 (015) (25 giugno 2023): 20–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.30838/j.bpsacea.2312.140723.20.950.

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Problem statement. The task of prediction for thermal air pollution and assessing the risk of thermal damage to people during a fire at an industrial site is considered. The task is to calculate 3D temperature fields during a fire and, based on this, to assess the risk of thermal damage to people. The purpose of the article. Development of a 3D numerical model for calculating thermal air pollution and assessing the risk of thermal damage to workers at an industrial site in the case of a fire. Methodology. A three-dimensional energy equation was used to model the process of thermal air pollution at an industrial site in the case of a fire. A three-dimensional equation for the velocity potential is used to calculate the air flow velocity field at the industrial site. For the numerical integration of the equation for the velocity potential, the splitting method is used. For the numerical integration of the three-dimensional energy equation, it is split at the differential level into two equations. The first equation describes the spread of temperature due to the movement of air masses. The second equation describes the temperature distribution due to thermal conductivity. For the numerical integration of the first equation, a variable-triangular difference splitting scheme is used. An explicit difference scheme is used for the numerical integration of the second equation. Scientific novelty. A 3D numerical model was created, which allows to quickly calculate the dynamics of the formation of thermal air pollution areas at the industrial site and, based on this information, to predict the risk of thermal damage to people in the work zones at the industrial site. The model is based on the numerical integration of the aerodynamic and heat transfer equations. The model allows to quickly calculate the dynamics of the thermal zones’ formation at the industrial site in the case of a fire. Practical value. The developed model makes it possible to predict the dynamics of changes in temperature fields in the air that occur during a fire at an industrial site. The numerical model can be used to determine zones of intense thermal pollution and assess the risk of thermal damage to workers. Conclusions. On the basis of the developed 3D numerical model, a code was created for conducting a computational experiment. The developed code allows to quickly calculate the dynamics of the formation of thermal air pollution areas at an industrial site during a fire. Based on the received information, the risk of thermal damage to workers is assessed. The results of the computational experiment are presented.

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FALK, L. E., K. A. FADER, D. S. CUI, S. C. TOTTON, A. M. FAZIL, A. M. LAMMERDING e B. A. SMITH. "Comparing listeriosis risks in at-risk populations using a user-friendly quantitative microbial risk assessment tool and epidemiological data". Epidemiology and Infection 144, n. 13 (28 marzo 2016): 2743–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268816000327.

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SUMMARYAlthough infection by the pathogenic bacterium Listeria monocytogenes is relatively rare, consequences can be severe, with a high case-fatality rate in vulnerable populations. A quantitative, probabilistic risk assessment tool was developed to compare estimates of the number of invasive listeriosis cases in vulnerable Canadian subpopulations given consumption of contaminated ready-to-eat delicatessen meats and hot dogs, under various user-defined scenarios. The model incorporates variability and uncertainty through Monte Carlo simulation. Processes considered within the model include cross-contamination, growth, risk factor prevalence, subpopulation susceptibilities, and thermal inactivation. Hypothetical contamination events were simulated. Results demonstrated varying risk depending on the consumer risk factors and implicated product (turkey delicatessen meat without growth inhibitors ranked highest for this scenario). The majority (80%) of listeriosis cases were predicted in at-risk subpopulations comprising only 20% of the total Canadian population, with the greatest number of predicted cases in the subpopulation with dialysis and/or liver disease. This tool can be used to simulate conditions and outcomes under different scenarios, such as a contamination event and/or outbreak, to inform public health interventions.

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46

Chen, Yung-Chuan, Yi-Jung Tsai, Hao-Yuan Hsiao, Yen-Wei Chiu, You-Yao Hong, Yuan-Kun Tu e Chih-Kun Hsiao. "Assessment of Thermal Osteonecrosis during Bone Drilling Using a Three-Dimensional Finite Element Model". Bioengineering 11, n. 6 (10 giugno 2024): 592. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering11060592.

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Bone drilling is a common procedure used to create pilot holes for inserting screws to secure implants for fracture fixation. However, this process can increase bone temperature and the excessive heat can lead to cell death and thermal osteonecrosis, potentially causing early fixation failure or complications. We applied a three-dimensional dynamic elastoplastic finite element model to evaluate the propagation and distribution of heat during bone drilling and assess the thermally affected zone (TAZ) that may lead to thermal necrosis. This model investigates the parameters influencing bone temperature during bone drilling, including drill diameter, rotational speed, feed force, and predrilled hole. The results indicate that our FE model is sufficiently accurate in predicting the temperature rise effect during bone drilling. The maximum temperature decreases exponentially with radial distance. When the feed forces are 40 and 60 N, the maximum temperature does not exceed 45 °C. However, with feed forces of 10 and 20 N, both the maximum temperatures exceed 45 °C within a radial distance of 0.2 mm, indicating a high-risk zone for potential thermal osteonecrosis. With the two-stage drilling procedure, where a 2.5 mm pilot hole is predrilled, the maximum temperature can be reduced by 14 °C. This suggests that higher feed force and rotational speed and/or using a two-stage drilling process could mitigate bone temperature elevation and reduce the risk of thermal osteonecrosis during bone drilling.

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Atsonios, Ioannis, Ioannis Mandilaras e Maria Founti. "Thermal Assessment of a Novel Drywall System Insulated with VIPs". Energies 12, n. 12 (20 giugno 2019): 2373. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12122373.

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Advanced building envelopes targeting high energy performance should combine high thermal performance with easy and fast installation. The combination of lightweight steel-framed building systems with vacuum insulation panels (VIPs) form an attractive solution toward this requirement. In the present study, a lightweight metal frame drywall building insulated with VIPs is constructed and experimentally/theoretically investigated, focusing on the impact of every type of thermal bridges on the thermal performance of the envelope and its upgrade due to the presence of the VIPs at the walls. Temperature measurements obtained at several locations of the envelope, over a period of one year, are presented and analyzed. The results are in agreement with the theoretical values and demonstrate that the VIPs can reduce the thermal transmittance of the central part of the wall by ca. 50%, limiting the impact of metal studs. The paper discusses the impact of dimensional inaccuracies and damaged panels on the thermal performance of the envelope. It is shown that VIP decreases the impact of thermal bridges and reduces the risk of condensation inside the walls.

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48

Battisti, Corrado, Vincenzo Ferri, Luca Luiselli e Giovanni Amori. "Introducing ecological uncertainty in risk sensitivity indices: the case of wind farm impact on birds". Zoology and Ecology 30, n. 30 (5 agosto 2020): 11–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.35513/21658005.2020.1.2.

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In wind-farm impact assessments, it is useful to know the level of uncertainty that characterizes some key variables used to assess the sensitivity to risk in species of conservation concern. Here, we have introduced the use of the Shannon entropy as a value of ecological uncertainty of the prediction of the risk assessment index, obtained from two ecological traits (flight altitude and flight type). We based our evaluation of risk sensitivity on sampling of three common raptor birds (Gyps fulvus, Falco tinnunculus, Buteo buteo) all co-occurring in a wind farm landscape (central Italy). As to flight altitude, Gyps fulvus prefers the flight altitude category > 300 m, Falco tinnunculus categories closer to the ground, Buteo does not show clear preference for a particular flight altitude category. As regards the flight type, Gyps fulvus showed significant preference for circular and thermal flight patterns, Falco tinnunculus for rapid horizontal/vertical flight patterns, while Buteo was found to prefer constant directions and circular and thermal flight patterns. Multiplication of the scores associated with these eco-behavioural traits by the number of recorded occurrences allowed estimation of risk sensitivity used to compute the risk assessment index. We normalized the partial scores of the risk associated with these traits with H' values, thus obtaining more reliable species-specific normalized risk indices. The greater the entropy, the greater the level of uncertainty associated with it, and the lower the reliability of the risk index. Therefore, the entropy associated with flight behaviour diversity (altitude or type) could be a proxy for assessing uncertainty in wind power impact assessment. We think that normalizing indices of risk by including a measure of uncertainty can support decision makers in bird conservation and wind farm management.

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Vaidogas, Egidijus Rytas, e Lina Kisežauskienė. "Transportation of Liquefied Gases: Assessing the Risk of Thermal Damage to Roadside Infrastructure from a Road Tank “Bleve”". Transport and Telecommunication Journal 13, n. 4 (1 dicembre 2012): 284–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10244-012-0024-6.

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An assessment of risk posed by a road transportation of liquefied gases to roadside property is considered. The attention is focussed on an estimation of the probability of thermal damage to a roadside object. Such damage can be caused by a boiling-liquid expanding-vapour explosion (BLEVE) of a road tank. It is suggested to estimate this probability by a combined application of stochastic simulation and deterministic models used to predict a thermal effect of a BLEVE fireball. A development of a fragility function expressing the probability of ignition of the roadside object is discussed. The fragility function is integrated into the simulation-based procedure of an estimation of the thermal damage probability. The approach proposed in this study is illustrated by an example which considers an assessment of thermal damage to a reservoir built in the vicinity of a road used for transportation of liquefied gases.

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Tymul, Ya I. "Using Risk Points in Risk Management System of Thermal Power Plants". Science & Technique 23, n. 2 (5 aprile 2024): 172–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.21122/2227-1031-2024-23-2-172-180.

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In modern conditions, regardless of what type of economic activity an organization faces various risks. For manufacturing enterprises, the area of risks is one of the most extensive, since it is necessary to take into account uncertainties in both financial and production activities. Creation of an effective risk management system determines ways and opportunities to ensure sustainability of organizations and their ability to withstand adverse situations. Risk reduction is possible through risk management, which involves their identification and assessment, as well as the use of procedures and management me-thods that would reduce possible risks. For the most effective implementation of risk management, a systematic approach to organizing this process is required. Risk management will be of particular importance for energy companies due to the changes that have been observed in this area over the past few years. The paper proposes a risk management model for energy enterprises, which includes the goal, object, subject, functions, principles and processes of risk management, taking into account the characteristics of energy enterprises. An algorithm for implementing this model is presented, consisting of five main stages. The use of this algorithm will allow us to obtain intermediate results from the implementation of the risk management system and, if necessary, adjust this process. The paper presents an analysis of existing concepts on the use of risk points. Attention is also paid to the issue of using this method at energy enterprises in other countries. The methodology for determining critical control points, which lies in at the heart of HACCP (Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point) system used in the food industry, is discussed in detail. The possibility of using risk points to determine those responsible for risks at energy enterprises is substantiated. An analysis of the operating thermal power plant was carried out in order to identify points of production and technical risk. The result of the analysis was the identification of those responsible for this type of risk.

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