Articoli di riviste: "Textile Electrode"

1

Guo, Li, Leif Sandsjö, Max Ortiz-Catalan e Mikael Skrifvars. "Systematic review of textile-based electrodes for long-term and continuous surface electromyography recording". Textile Research Journal 90, n. 2 (4 luglio 2019): 227–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0040517519858768.

Testo completo

Abstract (sommario):

This systematic review concerns the use of smart textiles enabled applications based on myoelectric activity. Electromyography (EMG) is the technique for recording and evaluating electric signals related to muscle activity (myoelectric). EMG is a well-established technique that provides a wealth of information for clinical diagnosis, monitoring, and treatment. Introducing sensor systems that allow for ubiquitous monitoring of health conditions using textile integrated solutions not only opens possibilities for ambulatory, long-term, and continuous health monitoring outside the hospital, but also for autonomous self-administration. Textile-based electrodes have demonstrated potential as a fully operational alternative to ‘standard’ Ag/AgCl electrodes for recording surface electromyography (sEMG) signals. As a substitute for Ag/AgCl electrodes fastened to the skin by taping or pre-gluing adhesive, textile-based electrodes have the advantages of being soft, flexible, and air permeable; thus, they have advantages in medicine and health monitoring, especially when self-administration, real-time, and long-term monitoring is required. Such advances have been achieved through various smart textile techniques; for instance, adding functions in textiles, including fibers, yarns, and fabrics, and various methods for incorporating functionality into textiles, such as knitting, weaving, embroidery, and coating. In this work, we reviewed articles from a textile perspective to provide an overview of sEMG applications enabled by smart textile strategies. The overview is based on a literature evaluation of 41 articles published in both peer-reviewed journals and conference proceedings focusing on electrode materials, fabrication methods, construction, and sEMG applications. We introduce four textile integration levels to further describe the various textile electrode sEMG applications reported in the reviewed literature. We conclude with suggestions for future work along with recommendations for the reporting of essential benchmarking information in current and future textile electrode applications.

Gli stili APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO e altri

2

An, Xiang, e George Stylios. "A Hybrid Textile Electrode for Electrocardiogram (ECG) Measurement and Motion Tracking". Materials 11, n. 10 (2 ottobre 2018): 1887. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma11101887.

Testo completo

Abstract (sommario):

Wearable sensors have great potential uses in personal health monitoring systems, in which textile-based electrodes are particularly useful because they are comfortable to wear and are skin and environmentally friendly. In this paper, a hybrid textile electrode for electrocardiogram (ECG) measurement and motion tracking was introduced. The hybrid textile electrode consists of two parts: A textile electrode for ECG monitoring, and a motion sensor for patient activity tracking. In designing the textile electrodes, their performance in ECG measurement was investigated. Two main influencing factors on the skin-electrode impedance of the electrodes were found: Textile material properties, and electrode sizes. The optimum textile electrode was silver plated, made of a high stitch density weft knitted conductive fabric and its size was 20 mm × 40 mm. A flexible motion sensor circuit was designed and integrated within the textile electrode. Systematic measurements were performed, and results have shown that the hybrid textile electrode is capable of recording ECG and motion signals synchronously, and is suitable for ambulatory ECG measurement and motion tracking applications.

Gli stili APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO e altri

3

Su, Po-Cheng, Ya-Hsin Hsueh, Ming-Ta Ke, Jyun-Jhe Chen e Ping-Chen Lai. "Noncontact ECG Monitoring by Capacitive Coupling of Textiles in a Chair". Journal of Healthcare Engineering 2021 (16 giugno 2021): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/6698567.

Testo completo

Abstract (sommario):

Some patients are uncomfortable with being wired to a device to have their heart activity measured. Accordingly, this study adopts a noncontact electrocardiogram (ECG) measurement system using coupled capacitance in a conductive textile. The textiles can be placed on a chair and are able to record some of the patient’s heart data. Height and distance between the conductive textile electrodes were influential when trying to obtain an optimal ECG signal. A soft and highly conductive textile was used as the electrode, and clothing was regarded as capacitance insulation. The conductive textile and body were treated as the two electrode plates. This study found that placing the two conductive textiles at the same height provided better data than different heights. The system also enabled identifying the P, Q, R, S, and T waves of the ECG signal and eliminated unnecessary noise successfully.

Gli stili APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO e altri

4

Lee, Won Jae, Jin Yeong Park, Hyun Jin Nam e Sung-Hoon Choa. "The development of a highly stretchable, durable, and printable textile electrode". Textile Research Journal 89, n. 19-20 (12 febbraio 2019): 4104–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0040517519828992.

Testo completo

Abstract (sommario):

In textile and wearable electronics, the demand for a stretchable, durable, and easily manufacturable electrode is ever increasing. This paper describes the development of a highly stretchable and durable textile electrode fabricated by simple stencil and screen printing methods. It specifically investigated the effects of an interface layer as a planarization layer between the conductive electrode and the textile on the durability of the textile electrode. A stretchable conductive paste was synthesized by mixing Ag flake powder in polyester. The conductive electrode was encapsulated with Ecoflex material. The stretchability and durability of the textile electrodes were evaluated via stretching, bending, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) folding, twisting, and dynamic endurance tests. The stretching and MIT folding tests indicated that the interface layer significantly enhanced the durability of the textile electrode. A highly stretchable and flexible textile electrode exhibited a low sheet resistance of 0.05 Ω/square, excellent stretchability of 70%, and a critical bending radius of 1.5 mm. The textile electrodes also withstood dynamic stretching and bending endurance tests of 10,000 cycles. The illumination of a light-emitting diode with the conductive electrode was also stable under 70% tensile strain and in water. The potential application of the textile electrode as a strain sensor was demonstrated by applying it to a glove to detect finger motion. The strain sensors responded well to the finger motion, with considerable stability and repeatability.

Gli stili APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO e altri

5

Tseghai, Granch Berhe, Benny Malengier, Kinde Anlay Fante e Lieva Van Langenhove. "Validating Poly(3,4-ethylene dioxythiophene) Polystyrene Sulfonate-Based Textile Electroencephalography Electrodes by a Textile-Based Head Phantom". Polymers 13, n. 21 (21 ottobre 2021): 3629. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13213629.

Testo completo

Abstract (sommario):

It is important to go through a validation process when developing new electroencephalography (EEG) electrodes, but it is impossible to keep the human mind constant, making the process difficult. It is also very difficult to identify noise and signals as the input signal is unknown. In this work, we have validated textile-based EEG electrodes constructed from a poly(3,4-ethylene dioxythiophene) polystyrene sulfonate:/polydimethylsiloxane coated cotton fabric using a textile-based head phantom. The performance of the textile-based electrode has also been compared against a commercial dry electrode. The textile electrodes collected a signal to a smaller skin-to-electrode impedance (−18.9%) and a higher signal-to-noise ratio (+3.45%) than Ag/AgCl dry electrodes. From an EEGLAB, it was observed that the inter-trial coherence and event-related spectral perturbation graphs of the textile-based electrodes were identical to the Ag/AgCl electrodes. Thus, these textile-based electrodes can be a potential alternative to monitor brain activity.

Gli stili APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO e altri

6

Kakiage, Kenji, Emi Fujimura, Masayuki Abe, Hajime Shinoda, Toru Kyomen e Minoru Hanaya. "Application of Micro-Metal Textile for Flexible Dye-Sensitized Solar Cell". Key Engineering Materials 459 (dicembre 2010): 92–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.459.92.

Testo completo

Abstract (sommario):

As a means to make a flexible dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSC), we prepared a TiO2 electrode by using a micro-metal textile made from Sn-plated Cu wires, and examined applicability of the micro-metal textile as a substrate for the electrode. The TiO2 electrodes were prepared successfully by painting a TiO2 paste to the textile using a squeegee method followed by sintering at 500 °C, and the electrodes showed no exfoliation of the TiO2 layer from the textile even when the electrode was bent to a cylindrical shape with 10-mm diameter. The solar cells constructed with these electrodes, on which N3 dye was adsorbed as a sensitizer, exhibited actually a photovoltaic performance. The results indicated the applicability of the micro-metal textile as the flexible substrate for the TiO2 electrode producing an efficient flexible DSSC.

Gli stili APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO e altri

7

Song, Jinzhong, Tianshu Zhou, Zhonggang Liang, Ruoxi Liu, Jianping Guo, Xinming Yu, Zhongping Cao, Chuang Yu, Qingjun Liu e Jingsong Li. "Electrochemical Characteristics Based on Skin-Electrode Contact Pressure for Dry Biomedical Electrodes and the Application to Wearable ECG Signal Acquisition". Journal of Sensors 2021 (15 settembre 2021): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/7741881.

Testo completo

Abstract (sommario):

Based on one simulated skin-electrode electrochemical interface, some electrochemical characteristics based on skin-electrode contact pressure (SECP) for dry biomedical electrodes were analysed and applied in this research. First, 14 electrochemical characteristics including 2 static impedance (SI) characteristics, 11 alternating current impedance (ACI) characteristics and one polarization voltage (PV), and 4 SECP characteristics were extracted in one electrochemical evaluation platform, and their correlation trends were statistically analysed. Second, dry biomedical electrode samples developed by the company and the laboratory, including textile electrodes, Apple watch, AMAZFIT rice health bracelet 1S, and stainless steel electrodes, were placed horizontally and vertically on the “skin” surface of the electrochemical evaluation platform, whose polarization voltages were quantitatively analysed. Third, electrocardiogram (ECG) collection circuits based on an impedance transformation (IT) circuit for textile electrodes were designed, and a wearable ECG acquisition device was designed, which could obtain complete ECG signals. Experimental results showed SECP characteristics for dry electrodes had good correlations with static impedance and ACI characteristics and the better correlation values among 2-10 Hz. In addition, polarization voltages in vertical state were smaller in horizontal state for dry biomedical electrodes, and polarization voltage of electrode pair (PVEP) values for Apple watch bottom was always smaller than ones for Apple watch crown and LMF-2 textile electrode. And the skin-electrode contact impedance of IT textile electrodes was less than the traditional textile electrodes.

Gli stili APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO e altri

8

Etana, Bulcha Belay, Benny Malengier, Timothy Kwa, Janarthanan Krishnamoorthy e Lieva Van Langenhove. "Evaluation of Novel Embroidered Textile-Electrodes Made from Hybrid Polyamide Conductive Threads for Surface EMG Sensing". Sensors 23, n. 9 (29 aprile 2023): 4397. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23094397.

Testo completo

Abstract (sommario):

Recently, there has been an increase in the number of reports on textile-based dry electrodes that can detect biopotentials without the need for electrolytic gels. However, these textile electrodes have a higher electrode skin interface impedance due to the improper contact between the skin and the electrode, diminishing the reliability and repeatability of the sensor. To facilitate improved skin–electrode contact, the effects of load and holding contact pressure were monitored for an embroidered textile electrode composed of multifilament hybrid thread for its application as a surface electromyography (sEMG) sensor. The effect of the textile’s inter-electrode distance and double layering of embroidery that increases the density of the conductive threads were studied. Electrodes embroidered onto an elastic strap were wrapped around the forearm with a hook and loop fastener and tested for their performance. Time domain features such as the Root Mean Square (RMS), Average Rectified Value (ARV), and Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR) were quantitatively monitored in relation to the contact pressure and load. Experiments were performed in triplicates, and the sEMG signal characteristics were observed for various loads (0, 2, 4, and 6 kg) and holding contact pressures (5, 10, and 20 mmHg). sEMG signals recorded with textile electrodes were comparable in amplitude to those recorded using typical Ag/AgCl electrodes (28.45 dB recorded), while the signal-to-noise ratios were, 11.77, 19.60, 19.91, and 20.93 dB for the different loads, and 21.33, 23.34, and 17.45 dB for different holding pressures. The signal quality increased as the elastic strap was tightened further, but a pressure higher than 20 mmHg is not recommended because of the discomfort experienced by the subjects during data collection.

Gli stili APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO e altri

9

Dölker, Eva-Maria, Stephan Lau, Daniel Gröllich, Elke Haase, Sybille Krzywinski, Martin Schmauder e Jens Haueisen. "Techniken zur Bestimmung von Parametern für die elektrische Personenwarnung". ASU Arbeitsmedizin Sozialmedizin Umweltmedizin 2020, n. 10 (29 settembre 2020): 645–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.17147/asu-2010-9157.

Testo completo

Abstract (sommario):

Methods for the determination of parameters for the electrical warning of persons Objectives: The aims of this publication are to present the main findings of research into the development of a wearable system for electrical warning, identify the current challenges and introduce the next research objectives. Methods: A basic study (n = 81) with self-adhesive electrodes on the right upper arm was used to investigate the influence of pulse width, electrode size and electrode position on perceived thresholds as well as qualitative and spatial perception. Varying textile cuff types were developed and tested. The suitability of varying support materials and textile electrodes was investigated with regard to adaptability, comfort, electrical conductivity, DC resistance and traction elastic behaviour. The textile and self-adhesive electrodes were compared with regard to thresholds as well as qualitative and spatial perceptions (n = 30). Results: Practical parameter sets of the thresholds (perception, attention, intolerance) were determined for various pulse widths, electrode sizes and positions. The dominant qualitative perceptions were “Knocking” (perception and attention threshold) and “Muscle twitch” (intolerance threshold). The spatial perception was located at the stimulation area. The resulting textile cuff contains a knitted fabric with electrically conductive surfaces and a layer of an electrically conductive silicone compound. The comparison between textile and self-adhesive electrodes showed no differences regarding thresholds and qualitative and spatial perceptions. The impedance of the textile electrodes was (1.5 to 3 times) higher than that of the self-adhesive electrodes. Conclusions: Future studies will investigate the influences of working conditions, climatic conditions, age, gender and skin properties. The further development of the textile cuffs is focused on the improvement of the contact between electrode and skin to optimise the transition impedance. Keywords: electric stimulation – electrode – TENS – smart textile – wearable

Gli stili APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO e altri

10

Asl, Sara Nazari, Frank Ludwig e Meinhard Schilling. "Noise properties of textile, capacitive EEG electrodes". Current Directions in Biomedical Engineering 1, n. 1 (1 settembre 2015): 34–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/cdbme-2015-0009.

Testo completo

Abstract (sommario):

AbstractThe rigid surface of the conventional PCB-based capacitive electrode produces an undefined distance between the skin and the electrode surface. Therefore, the capacitance introduced by them is uncertain and can vary from electrode to electrode due to their different positions on the scalp. However, textile electrodes which use conductive fabric as electrode surfaces, are bendable over the scalp. Therefore, it provides a certain value of the capacitance which is predictable and calculable accurately if the effective distance to the scalp surface can be determined. In this paper noise characteristics of textile electrodes with different fabric sizes as electrode’s surface and capacity calculations related to each size are presented to determine the effective distances for each electrode size.

Gli stili APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO e altri

11

Saleh, Syaidah Md, Nurul Ashikin Abdul-Kadir, Fauzan Khairi Che Harun e Dedy H. B. Wicaksono. "Textile-based electrode for electrocardiography monitoring". Bulletin of Electrical Engineering and Informatics 9, n. 6 (1 dicembre 2020): 2311–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/eei.v9i6.2198.

Testo completo

Abstract (sommario):

The increasing demand of smart garment for monitoring people’s health is due to comfortability, lightweight and flexibility properties of the textile could offer to the user. The textile-based electrocardiography (ECG) electrode is an alternative of commercially available silver/silver chloride (Ag/AgCl) electrode which could cause skin allergies to certain users and is not suitable for long-term monitoring electrode. In this paper, we report the performance of reduced graphene oxide (rGO) coated cotton fabric electrode to the effect of longevity and temperature. The ECG waveform and signal-to noise ratio (SNR) of the rGO-coated cotton electrodes were compared to that the performance of Ag/AgCl electrodes. The reliability characterization confirmed the rGO-coated cotton fabric conductance maintain at more than 80% even after 100 days of fabrication and the conductance measurement is increasing with respect to the temperature applied. The electrode shows lower in impedance value and the performance in acquiring ECG signal is comparable with the Ag/AgCl electrode. The vertical position rectangle-shaped electrode is recommended in measuring ECG signals. In conclusion, the rGO-coated cotton electrode with flexible dry-type electrode and excellent performance especially reliability and in capturing ECG signal had shown a promising result for further development.

Gli stili APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO e altri

12

Nigusse, Abreha Bayrau, Desalegn Alemu Mengistie, Benny Malengier, Granch Berhe Tseghai e Lieva Van Langenhove. "Wearable Smart Textiles for Long-Term Electrocardiography Monitoring—A Review". Sensors 21, n. 12 (17 giugno 2021): 4174. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21124174.

Testo completo

Abstract (sommario):

The continuous and long-term measurement and monitoring of physiological signals such as electrocardiography (ECG) are very important for the early detection and treatment of heart disorders at an early stage prior to a serious condition occurring. The increasing demand for the continuous monitoring of the ECG signal needs the rapid development of wearable electronic technology. During wearable ECG monitoring, the electrodes are the main components that affect the signal quality and comfort of the user. This review assesses the application of textile electrodes for ECG monitoring from the fundamentals to the latest developments and prospects for their future fate. The fabrication techniques of textile electrodes and their performance in terms of skin–electrode contact impedance, motion artifacts and signal quality are also reviewed and discussed. Textile electrodes can be fabricated by integrating thin metal fiber during the manufacturing stage of textile products or by coating textiles with conductive materials like metal inks, carbon materials, or conductive polymers. The review also discusses how textile electrodes for ECG function via direct skin contact or via a non-contact capacitive coupling. Finally, the current intensive and promising research towards finding textile-based ECG electrodes with better comfort and signal quality in the fields of textile, material, medical and electrical engineering are presented as a perspective.

Gli stili APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO e altri

13

Lam, Emily, Milad Alizadeh-Meghrazi, Alessandra Schlums, Ladan Eskandarian, Amin Mahnam, Bastien Moineau e Milos R. Popovic. "Exploring textile-based electrode materials for electromyography smart garments". Journal of Rehabilitation and Assistive Technologies Engineering 9 (gennaio 2022): 205566832110619. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/20556683211061995.

Testo completo

Abstract (sommario):

Introduction In recent years, electromyography (EMG) has been increasingly studied for wearable applications. Conventional gel electrodes for electrophysiological recordings have limited use in everyday applications such as prosthetic control or muscular therapy at home. This study investigates the efficacy and feasibility of dry-contact electrode materials employed in smart textiles for EMG recordings. Methods Dry-contact electrode materials were selected and implemented on textile substrates. Using these electrodes, EMG was recorded from the forearm of able-bodied subjects. 25% and 50% isometric maximum voluntary contractions were captured. A comparative investigation was performed against gel electrodes, assessing the effect of material properties on signal fidelity and strength compared. Results When isolating for electrode surface area and pressure, 31 of the 40 materials demonstrated strong positive correlations in their mean PSD with gel electrodes (r > 95, p < 0.001). The inclusion of ionic liquids in the material composition, and using raised or flat electrodes, did not demonstrate a significant effect in signal quality. Conclusions For EMG dry-contact electrodes, comparing the performance against gel electrodes for the application with the selected material is important. Other factors recommended to be studied are electrodes’ durability and long-term stability.

Gli stili APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO e altri

14

Choi, Hak-Jong, Hyungjun Lim, Junhyoung Ahn, Geehong Kim, Kee-Bong Choi, JaeJong Lee e Soongeun Kwon. "Fabrication of Laser-Induced 3D Porous Graphene Electrodes for High-Performance Textile Microsupercapacitors". ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-02, n. 9 (9 ottobre 2022): 2535. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-0292535mtgabs.

Testo completo

Abstract (sommario):

In recent decades, form factor of electronic devices is continuously evolving from flat device to curved and foldable devices to rollable devices. Electronic textile (E-textile) or electronic skin (E-skin) is attracting a lot of attention as one of the ultimate form factor devices. Many researchers have tried to change the form factor as E-textiles or E-skin for lots of electronics such as sensors, actuators, energy harvesting applications, displays, and even energy storage devices. Unlike devices such as displays and sensors that have practical applications, reliable energy storage devices in the form as E-textile and E-skin have not yet been for practical applications. Microsupercapacitors (MSCs) has received a lot of attention as power sources for wearable, textile or stretchable electronic devices due to their fast charging capability, long life cycle, and good safety. Most of electrode patterns for textile MSCs have been fabricated using inking based printing techniques such as screen printing, inkjet printing, and 3D printing. Although the ink printing techniques are considered to be compatible with large-scale production, the preparation of inks based on high performance namaterials requires a costly, time-consuming and complicated process including high temperature synthesis or dispersion in an toxic organic solvent. A robust textile MSC fabrication process with low cost, large-area, and high-performance is thus required Laser-induced graphene (LIG), acquired by the direct laser synthesis of various types of carbon precursors, have widely investigated as electrode materials of MSCs with the advantages of 3D porous electrodes with hierarchical porosity, high crystallinity, and high surface area. However, these superior properties of LIG electrode were not adopted in textile energy storage devices yet. In this work, LIG-based MSCs were fabricated by thermal transfer printing on textile. A LIG electrode directly laser-written on a PI film was transferred onto the adhesive film area of textile substrates during thermal transfer printing. The electrochemical performances of the as-fabricated textile LIG-MSCs were investigated. Especially, LIG-MSCs based on LIG-metal composite electrodes exhibit fast ion transport for high-rate performance with capacitive rectangular shapes at high scan rates of up to 20V/s, suggesting outstanding rate capability among graphene-based textile MSCs. Moreover, LIG-MSCs demonstrated the possibility of practical usage as textile energy storage devices such as cyclic stability, a waterproof property, and control of the working voltage or capacitance by series or parallel connection.

Gli stili APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO e altri

15

Euler, Luisa, Li Guo e Nils-Krister Persson. "Textile Electrodes: Influence of Knitting Construction and Pressure on the Contact Impedance". Sensors 21, n. 5 (24 febbraio 2021): 1578. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21051578.

Testo completo

Abstract (sommario):

Textile electrodes, also called textrodes, for biosignal monitoring as well as electrostimulation are central for the emerging research field of smart textiles. However, so far, only the general suitability of textrodes for those areas was investigated, while the influencing parameters on the contact impedance related to the electrode construction and external factors remain rather unknown. Therefore, in this work, six different knitted electrodes, applied both wet and dry, were compared regarding the influence of specific knitting construction parameters on the three-electrode contact impedance measured on a human forearm. Additionally, the influence of applying pressure was investigated in a two-electrode setup using a water-based agar dummy. Further, simulation of an equivalent circuit was used for quantitative evaluation. Indications were found that the preferred electrode construction to achieve the lowest contact impedance includes a square shaped electrode, knitted with a high yarn density and, in the case of dry electrodes, an uneven surface topography consisting of loops, while in wet condition a smooth surface is favorable. Wet electrodes are showing a greatly reduced contact impedance and are therefore to be preferred over dry ones; however, opportunities are seen for improving the electrode performance of dry electrodes by applying pressure to the system, thereby avoiding disadvantages of wet electrodes with fluid administration, drying-out of the electrolyte, and discomfort arising from a “wet feeling”.

Gli stili APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO e altri

16

Tuvshinbayar, Khorolsuren, Guido Ehrmann e Andrea Ehrmann. "50/60 Hz Power Grid Noise as a Skin Contact Measure of Textile ECG Electrodes". Textiles 2, n. 2 (1 maggio 2022): 265–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/textiles2020014.

Testo completo

Abstract (sommario):

The electrocardiogram (ECG) is one of the most commonly measured biosignals. In particular, textile electrodes allow for the measuring of long-term ECG without skin irritation or other discomforts for the patient. Such textile electrodes, however, usually suffer from insufficient or unreliable skin contact. Thus, developing textile electrodes is impeded by the often-complicated differentiation between signal artifacts due to moving and breathing and artifacts related to unreliable skin contact. Here, we suggest a simple method of using 50/60 Hz power grid noise to evaluate the skin contact of different textile electrodes in comparison with commercial glued electrodes. We use this method to show the drying of wetted skin under an embroidered electrode as well as sweating of the originally dry skin under a coated electrode with high water vapor resistance.

Gli stili APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO e altri

17

Goncu-Berk, Gozde, e Bilge Guvenc Tuna. "The Effect of Sleeve Pattern and Fit on E-Textile Electromyography (EMG) Electrode Performance in Smart Clothing Design". Sensors 21, n. 16 (20 agosto 2021): 5621. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21165621.

Testo completo

Abstract (sommario):

When e-textile EMG electrodes are integrated into clothing, the fit of the clothing on the body, and therefore its pattern and cut become important factors affecting the EMG signal quality in relation to the seamless contact between the skin and the e-textile electrode. The research so far on these effects was conducted on commercially available clothing or in tubular sleeve forms for arms. There is no study that investigated different clothing pattern and fit conditions and their effect on e-textile EMG electrode performance. This study investigates the effect of clothing pattern and fit in EMG applications using e-textile electrodes integrated onto the sleeves of custom drafted t-shirts in set-in and raglan sleeve pattern variations. E-textile electrode resistance, signal-to-noise ratio (SNRdB), power spectral density and electrode–skin impedance are measured and evaluated in set-in sleeve and raglan sleeve conditions with participants during a standardized arm movement protocol in comparison to the conventional hydrogel Ag/AgCl electrodes. The raglan sleeve pattern, widely used in athletic wear to provide extra ease for the movement of the shoulder joint, showed superior performance and therefore indicated the pattern and cut of a garment could have significant effect on EMG signal quality in designing smart clothing.

Gli stili APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO e altri

18

Erdem, Duygu, Sevil Yesilpinar, Yavuz Senol, Didem Karadibak e Taner Akkan. "Design of TENS electrodes using conductive yarn". International Journal of Clothing Science and Technology 28, n. 3 (6 giugno 2016): 311–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijcst-03-2016-0030.

Testo completo

Abstract (sommario):

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to develop textile-based transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) electrodes using conductive yarn to bring a solution to uncomfortable feelings and hygiene problems of conventional conductive hydrogel electrodes. It proposes washing process, resistance measurements and subjective tests to evaluate the performance of the developed textile-based electrode. Design/methodology/approach – In this study, six different textile electrode pairs were designed and produced with different patterns. Designed electrodes were washed for ten times. In order to evaluate the effect of pattern differences and washing process on electrode performances, two different tests were realized before and after washing. The first of these tests is resistance measurement with a multimeter, and the second one is subjective test carried out on subjects. Findings – The results obtained from resistance measurements indicated that the pattern differences cause resistance values of electrodes to change. It is reported that subjects had electrical stimulation from all electrode samples in conducted trials and it is noticed that washing process does not cause any stimulation problems. Originality/value – In this study, textile-based TENS electrodes having different patterns were produced by machine stitching technique and their long-term usage behaviors were examined with repeated washing processes and trials on the subjects.

Gli stili APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO e altri

19

Vidhya, C. M., Yogita Maithani e Jitendra P. Singh. "Recent Advances and Challenges in Textile Electrodes for Wearable Biopotential Signal Monitoring: A Comprehensive Review". Biosensors 13, n. 7 (26 giugno 2023): 679. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bios13070679.

Testo completo

Abstract (sommario):

The technology of wearable medical equipment has advanced to the point where it is now possible to monitor the electrocardiogram and electromyogram comfortably at home. The transition from wet Ag/AgCl electrodes to various types of gel-free dry electrodes has made it possible to continuously and accurately monitor the biopotential signals. Fabrics or textiles, which were once meant to protect the human body, have undergone significant development and are now employed as intelligent textile materials for healthcare monitoring. The conductive textile electrodes provide the benefit of being breathable and comfortable. In recent years, there has been a significant advancement in the fabrication of wearable conductive textile electrodes for monitoring biopotential signals. This review paper provides a comprehensive overview of the advances in wearable conductive textile electrodes for biopotential signal monitoring. The paper covers various aspects of the technology, including the electrode design, various manufacturing techniques utilised to fabricate wearable smart fabrics, and performance characteristics. The advantages and limitations of various types of textile electrodes are discussed, and key challenges and future research directions are identified. This will allow them to be used to their fullest potential for signal gathering during physical activities such as running, swimming, and other exercises while being linked into wireless portable health monitoring systems.

Gli stili APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO e altri

20

Zhou, Yun, Xin Ding, Ji Yong Hu e Ya Ru Duan. "PPy/Cotton Fabric Composite Electrode for Electrocardiogram Monitoring". Advanced Materials Research 881-883 (gennaio 2014): 1122–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.881-883.1122.

Testo completo

Abstract (sommario):

Textile-based electrodes are a potential choice for wearable and continuous monitoring of electrocardiogram measurements. In this paper, we present a novel composite textile electrode for ECG measurement. We chosen cotton jersey knit fabric as the substrate. Based on the substrate, polypyrrole (PPy) was coated chemically only and plated chemically electrochemically successively, respectively, to form PPy/cotton fabric composite electrode. The obtained results suggest that, first, both the composite electrodes can measure the ECG signals including P-waves, QRS complex and T-waves clearly, second, both the composite electrodes are poorer frequency dependence than Ag/AgCl electrode, and the one deposited chemically only is the poorest, whats more, the composite electrode deposited chemically only obtains the highest signal to noise ratio (SNR).

Gli stili APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO e altri

21

Li, Hongqiang, Xuelong Chen, Lu Cao, Cheng Zhang, Chunxiao Tang, Enbang Li, Xiuli Feng e Huan Liang. "Textile-based ECG acquisition system with capacitively coupled electrodes". Transactions of the Institute of Measurement and Control 39, n. 2 (20 luglio 2016): 141–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0142331215600254.

Testo completo

Abstract (sommario):

In most traditional electrocardiogram (ECG) detection procedures, wet electrodes must be glued to the skin during the procedure and may cause problems such as inconvenience and skin irritation. Furthermore, the quality of the acquired signals decreases because the glue dehydrates over time. In this study, a non-contact ECG acquisition system based on capacitive coupling textile electrodes with low-power consumption and high input impedance is presented. We designed electrodes that have a composite and textile structure. A kind of conductive textile with stainless steel wire creates these electrodes. We wove the conductive textile that has good electrical conductivity with a surface resistivity of 1.25 Ω/sq. Both circuit models of the skin–electrode interface and amplifier for the capacitively coupled textile electrode were established, and the output signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of the front-end circuit was proposed. The integrated system combines amplification, filter circuit and analogue-to-digital converter. The final measurement shows that the ECG signals acquired by our system are adequate for heartbeat detection and applicable to clinical practice.

Gli stili APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO e altri

22

Kim, Siyeon, Sojung Lee e Wonyoung Jeong. "EMG Measurement with Textile-Based Electrodes in Different Electrode Sizes and Clothing Pressures for Smart Clothing Design Optimization". Polymers 12, n. 10 (19 ottobre 2020): 2406. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym12102406.

Testo completo

Abstract (sommario):

The surface electromyography (SEMG) is one of the most popular bio-signals that can be applied in health monitoring systems, fitness training, and rehabilitation devices. Commercial clothing embedded with textile electrodes has already been released onto the market, but there is insufficient information on the performance of textile SEMG electrodes because the required configuration may differ according to the electrode material. The current study analyzed the influence of electrode size and pattern reduction rate (PRR), and hence the clothing pressure (Pc) based on in vivo SEMG signal acquisition. Bipolar SEMG electrodes were made in different electrode diameters Ø 5–30 mm, and the clothing pressure ranged from 6.1 to 12.6 mmHg. The results supported the larger electrodes, and Pc showed better SEMG signal quality by showing lower baseline noise and a gradual increase in the signal to noise ratio (SNR). In particular, electrodes, Ø ≥ 20 mm, and Pc ≥ 10 mmHg showed comparable performance to Ag-Ag/Cl electrodes in current textile-based electrodes. The current study emphasizes and discusses design factors that are particularly required in the designing and manufacturing process of smart clothing with SEMG electrodes, especially as an aspect of clothing design.

Gli stili APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO e altri

23

Sriraam, N., Uma Arun e V. S. Prakash. "Performance Evaluation of Cardiac Signal Recording Framework (CARDIF)-A Quantitative Assessment for Long Term Monitoring Applications". Biomedical and Pharmacology Journal 17, n. 1 (20 marzo 2024): 31–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.13005/bpj/2832.

Testo completo

Abstract (sommario):

Background: Personal health monitoring with wearable electronics has gained momentum in the recent years due to its usage in flexible textile-based sensors/electrodes for recording of physiological vital parameters. Such system provides scope for long term ambulatory ECG measurement and motion tracking applications. The selection /design of textile sensors play a vital role as it has to overcome skin irritations, improve the skin-electrode impedance required for conductivity. The composition of textile materials, shape and size of the textile electrodes contributes significantly towards the conductivity. Objective: To assess the proposed Cardif system for its suitability to introduce in the clinical routine Method: The proposed textile electrodes were designed using knit jersey conductive material. The skin –contact impedance of the proposed textile material, was measured using two electrode impedance method and measurement was done for different age groups by varying the frequency. Results: The measurement results showed that the impedance was decreasing with increasing frequency and was found to be below 1.5Mohm/cm2 in the frequency range of 20Hz to 1KHz for three different age groups. The performance of the CARDIF was assessed using heart rate, RR interval, SNR as well as qualitative assessment through visual inspection and were compared with gel based disposable Ag/AgCl electrodes. Qualitative and quantitative analysis was performed and the various results confirm the proposed textile electrodes for continuous patient monitoring applications.

Gli stili APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO e altri

24

Brehm, Peter J., e Allison P. Anderson. "Modeling the Design Characteristics of Woven Textile Electrodes for Long-Term ECG Monitoring". Sensors 23, n. 2 (4 gennaio 2023): 598. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23020598.

Testo completo

Abstract (sommario):

An electrocardiograph records the periodic voltage generated by the heart over time. There is growing demand to continuously monitor the ECG for proactive health care and human performance optimization. To meet this demand, new conductive textile electrodes are being developed which offer an attractive alternative to adhesive gel electrodes but they come with their own challenges. The key challenge with textile electrodes is that the relationship between the manufacturing parameters and the ECG measurement is not well understood, making design an iterative process without the ability to prospectively develop woven electrodes with optimized performance. Here we address this challenge by applying the traditional skin−electrode interface circuit model to woven electrodes by constructing a parameterized model of the ECG system. Then the unknown parameters of the system are solved for with an iterative MATLAB optimizer using measured data captured with the woven electrodes. The results of this novel analysis confirm that yarn conductivity and total conductive area reduce skin electrode impedance. The results also indicate that electrode skin pressure and moisture require further investigation. By closing this gap in development, textile electrodes can be better designed and manufactured to meet the demands of long−term ECG capture.

Gli stili APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO e altri

25

Tu, Huating, Xiaoou Li, Xiangde Lin, Chenhong Lang e Yang Gao. "Washable and Flexible Screen-Printed Ag/AgCl Electrode on Textiles for ECG Monitoring". Polymers 15, n. 18 (6 settembre 2023): 3665. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym15183665.

Testo completo

Abstract (sommario):

Electrocardiogram (ECG) electrodes are important sensors for detecting heart disease whose performance determines the validity and accuracy of the collected original ECG signals. Due to the large drawbacks (e.g., allergy, shelf life) of traditional commercial gel electrodes, textile electrodes receive widespread attention for their excellent comfortability and breathability. This work demonstrated a dry electrode for ECG monitoring fabricated by screen printing silver/silver chloride (Ag/AgCl) conductive ink on ordinary polyester fabric. The results show that the screen-printed textile electrodes have good and stable electrical and electrochemical properties and excellent ECG signal acquisition performance. Furthermore, the resistance of the screen-printed textile electrode is maintained within 0.5 Ω/cm after 5000 bending cycles or 20 washing and drying cycles, exhibiting excellent flexibility and durability. This research provides favorable support for the design and preparation of flexible and wearable electrophysiological sensing platforms.

Gli stili APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO e altri

26

Germanova-Krasteva, Diana, e Elena Nikolova. "Deformation behavior of textile electrodes during compression". E3S Web of Conferences 207 (2020): 03002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202020703002.

Testo completo

Abstract (sommario):

Textile electrodes are increasingly used to measure biomedical signals (ECG, EMG, EEG) needed for diagnostic activities in medical practice. Tight contact between the electrode and the human body is required to obtain a quality biopotential signal. Pressure is applied to the electrode to secure it. The aim of the work is to study the deformations caused by the applied efforts. The deformation curves of two models of textile electrodes were determined, which have been examined before and after a certain number of washing cycles (10 and 50), in a wide range of pressure changes on the electrodes - from 0.1 to 17 kPa. Analyses of the deformation behaviour of the electrodes and its changes after washing are made. Characteristic zones in the deformation curves are defined; reasons for their formation and change after washing are commented.

Gli stili APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO e altri

27

Kaappa, Emma Sofia, Atte Joutsen, Alper Cömert e Jukka Vanhala. "The electrical impedance measurements of dry electrode materials for the ECG measuring after repeated washing". Research Journal of Textile and Apparel 21, n. 1 (13 marzo 2017): 59–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/rjta-04-2016-0007.

Testo completo

Abstract (sommario):

Purpose The purpose of this paper was to offer more reliable dry electrode materials for long-term measuring and determine how repeated machine washing affects the measured impedance and surface resistance of the sample electrodes. The aim was to manufacture electrodes that could be used for the measurement of ECG. Skin friendly, metal sheet type, electrodes could be a solution. Design/methodology/approach In addition to two conventional electrodes already used in heart rate belts, the authors prepared and tested three different sheet metal electrodes. Three 20-mm-diameter electrodes were manufactured from the following materials: silvered knit, conductive polymer, stainless steel, silver and platinum. Electrode impedance was measured at seven frequencies from 1 Hz to 1 MHz, by placing two electrodes face-to-face. Measurements were taken on unused electrodes and after multiple machine washes at 40°C. Findings Analysis of the measurements indicates that with every material tested, the impedances are elevated after repeated washes. All metallic materials have impedances in the range of 0.01 to 4.5 Ω. Metal sheet electrodes can be integrated comfortably into the textile, and they endure textile maintenance without loss of electrical properties. Practical implications Metal sheet electrodes function well in long-term vital signs monitoring, provide a reliable signal and are resistant to maintenance. For the reasons described in this research, they can be used as a long-term wearable sensor. Originality/value Novel electrode material for long-term measuring research is important in many disciplines such as health care and apparel manufacturing. These findings suggest that pure metal electrodes are better than conductive textiles in long-term measuring.

Gli stili APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO e altri

28

Zopf, Stephanie Flores, e Michael Manser. "Screen-printed Military Textiles for Wearable Energy Storage". Journal of Engineered Fibers and Fabrics 11, n. 3 (settembre 2016): 155892501601100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/155892501601100303.

Testo completo

Abstract (sommario):

Textile-based supercapacitors incorporated into military uniforms enable the autonomy of wearable, physiological sensors that can be safer and more comfortable for the Warfighter. Previously, researchers have incorporated supercapacitor electrode components into common textiles such as cotton and polyester, but not in military-relevant textiles that have different fabric characteristics. In order to understand how current uniforms could be transformed into energy storage, a baseline for incorporating aforesaid components onto military textiles is needed. This paper describes how screen printing was used to assess the feasibility of the technique to incorporate electrode ink comprised of activated carbon and an acrylic binder onto military relevant textiles. Sheet resistance was used as a metric to evaluate the quality of screen prints, while electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and cyclic voltammetry were used to investigate the behavior of the most promising screen printed textile electrode using ionic liquid electrolyte (1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium tetracyanoborate) and graphene foil as current collectors. It was found that the electrode ink favored military textiles that had a tighter weave and were partially composed of nylon. Screen printed spandex woven textiles were found to have the highest conductivity, attaining areal and gravimetric capacitances of 20 mF/cm2 and 4.21 F/gcarbon, respectively.

Gli stili APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO e altri

29

Tseghai, G. B., B. Malengier, K. A. Fante e L. Van Langenhove. "Loop Fabric EEG Textrode for Brain Activity Monitoring". IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1266, n. 1 (1 novembre 2023): 012019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1266/1/012019.

Testo completo

Abstract (sommario):

Abstract Recently, metallic dry EEG electrodes have been introduced to overcome the limitation of wet electrodes, as the conductive gel used causes skin irritation and dries out over time. However, the metal dry EEG electrodes have a high weight and a stiff structure that limits them from wearable application. In this work, we have developed a textile-based EEG electrode (textrode) from silver-plated polyamide loop fabric washable up to 100 cycles. The new EEG textrode collects quality signals comparable to commercial dry Ag/AgCl EEG electrodes. The signals were detected at all major EEG bandwidths. In addition, the new textrodes showed a lower skin-to-electrode impedance (-19.23%) than the commercial dry electrode and a higher signal-to-noise ratio (+27.4%). Therefore, these novel textile-based electrodes can be used to monitor brain activity for wearable applications, especially when long-term monitoring is required.

Gli stili APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO e altri

30

M. Shahidi, Arash, Kalana Marasinghe, Parvin Ebrahimi, Jane Wood, Zahra Rahemtulla, Philippa Jobling, Carlos Oliveira, Tilak Dias e Theo Hughes-Riley. "Quantification of Fundamental Textile Properties of Electronic Textiles Fabricated Using Different Techniques". Textiles 4, n. 2 (3 maggio 2024): 218–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/textiles4020013.

Testo completo

Abstract (sommario):

Electronic textiles (E-textiles) have experienced an increase in interest in recent years leading to a variety of new concepts emerging in the field. Despite these technical innovations, there is limited literature relating to the testing of E-textiles for some of the fundamental properties linked to wearer comfort. As such, this research investigates four fundamental properties of E-textiles: air permeability, drape, heat transfer, and moisture transfer. Three different types of E-textiles were explored: an embroidered electrode, a knitted electrode, and a knitted structure with an embedded electronic yarn. All of the E-textiles utilized the same base knitted fabric structure to facilitate a comparative study. The study used established textile testing practices to evaluate the E-textiles to ascertain the suitability of these standards for these materials. The study provides a useful point of reference to those working in the field and highlights some limitations of existing textile testing methodologies when applied to E-textiles.

Gli stili APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO e altri

31

Li, Yishu. "Wearable Electronic Devices for Electrocardiograph Measurement". Highlights in Science, Engineering and Technology 45 (18 aprile 2023): 44–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/hset.v45i.7307.

Testo completo

Abstract (sommario):

The early diagnosis of developing cardiac disease requires the steady and ongoing monitoring of electrocardiograph (ECG) signals. Wearable technology will need to advance quickly to support the daily collecting of ECG data for continuous monitoring of ECG signals in daily life. This study evaluates wearable technology's most recent advancements and potential uses for textile electrodes in ECG monitoring. In accordance with the various electrode types, several wearable device applications for monitoring ECG signals will also be shown. Wearable electrodes can be categorized as contact or non-contact electrodes. Contact electrodes can be further subdivided into electrodes with metal integration in the textile, electrodes with carbon coating on the textile, and electrodes that are densely woven from conductive polymers. Textile electrodes with integrated conductive elements, capacitive electrodes, and metal-integrated textile electrodes are the three types of non-contact electrodes. For the daily monitoring and early diagnosis of cardiac disease, these portable wearables are crucial.

Gli stili APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO e altri

32

Tang, Yue, Ronghui Chang, Limin Zhang, Feng Yan, Haowen Ma e Xiaofeng Bu. "Electrode Humidification Design for Artifact Reduction in Capacitive ECG Measurements". Sensors 20, n. 12 (18 giugno 2020): 3449. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20123449.

Testo completo

Abstract (sommario):

For wearable capacitive electrocardiogram (ECG) acquisition, capacitive electrodes may cause severe motion artifacts due to the relatively large friction between the electrodes and the dielectrics. In some studies, water can effectively suppress motion artifacts, but these studies lack a complete analysis of how water can suppress motion artifacts. In this paper, the effect of water on charge decay of textile electrode is studied systematically, and an electrode controllable humidification design using ultrasonic atomization is proposed to suppress motion artifacts. Compared with the existing electrode humidification designs, the proposed electrode humidification design can be controlled by a program to suppress motion artifacts at different ambient humidity, and can be highly integrated for wearable application. Firstly, the charge decay mode of the textile electrode is given and it is found that the process of free water evaporation at an appropriate free water content can be the dominant way of triboelectric charge dissipation. Secondly, theoretical analysis and experiment verification both illustrate that water contained in electrodes can accelerate the decay of triboelectric charge through the free water evaporation path. Finally, a capacitive electrode controllable humidification design is proposed by applying integrated ultrasonic atomization to generate atomized drops and spray them onto textile electrodes to accelerate the decay of triboelectric charge and suppress motion artifacts. The performance of the proposed design is verified by the experiment results, which shows that the proposed design can effectively suppress motion artifacts and maintain the stability of signal quality at both low and high ambient humidity. The signal-to-noise ratio of the proposed design is 33.32 dB higher than that of the non-humidified design at 25% relative humidity and is 22.67 dB higher than that of non-humidified electrodes at 65% relative humidity.

Gli stili APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO e altri

33

Kim, Hyelim, Soohyeon Rho, Sora Han, Daeyoung Lim e Wonyoung Jeong. "Fabrication of Textile-Based Dry Electrode and Analysis of Its Surface EMG Signal for Applying Smart Wear". Polymers 14, n. 17 (2 settembre 2022): 3641. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14173641.

Testo completo

Abstract (sommario):

Ag/AgCl hydrogel electrodes, which are wet electrodes, are generally used to acquire bio-signals non-invasively. Research concerning dry electrodes is ongoing due to the following limitations of wet electrodes: (1) skin irritation and disease when attached for a long time; (2) poor adhesion due to sweat; and (3) considerable cost due to disposable use. Accordingly, electrodes in film, embroidery, and knit forms were manufactured from conductive sheets and conductive yarns, which are typical textile-type dry electrode materials, using different manufacturing methods and conditions. The prepared electrodes were conducted to measure the morphology, surface resistance, skin-electrode impedance, EMG signal acquisition, and analysis. The conductive sheet type electrode exhibited a similar skin-impedance, noise, and muscle activation signal amplitude to the Ag/AgCl gel electrode due to the excellent adhesion and shape stabilization. Embroidery electrodes were manufactured based on two-dimension lock stitch (Em_LS) and three-dimension moss-stitch (Em_MS). More stable EMG signal acquisition than Em_LS was possible when manufactured with Em_MS. The knit electrode was manufactured with the typical structures of plain, purl, and interlock. Although it was possible to acquire EMG signals, considerable noise was generated as the shape and size of the electrodes were changed due to the stretch characteristics of the knit structure. Finally, the applicability of the textile-type dry electrode was confirmed by combining it with a wearable device. More stable and accurate EMG signal acquirement will be possible through more precise parameter control in the future.

Gli stili APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO e altri

34

Euler, Luisa, Li Guo e Nils-Krister Persson. "A review of textile-based electrodes developed for electrostimulation". Textile Research Journal 92, n. 7-8 (18 ottobre 2021): 1300–1320. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00405175211051949.

Testo completo

Abstract (sommario):

Electrical stimulation can be used for the treatment of various nerve and muscle injuries as well as acute and chronic pain conditions. An electrical pulse is applied to a muscle or nerve to activate excitable tissue using internal or external electrodes with the aim of building muscle strength, artificially creating or supporting limb movement or reducing pain. Textile electrodes offer several advantages over conventionally used disposable surface electrodes: they are flexible and re-usable and they do not require hydrogels, thereby avoiding skin irritation and allergic reactions and enhancing user comfort. This article presents a literature review that assesses the state of research on textile electrode constructions. Based on the review, production approaches and designs are compared, methods for evaluating stimulation discomfort and pain are proposed and issues related to user compliance are discussed. The article concludes with suggestions for future work focused on investigating the impacts of textile-based electrode parameters on comfort, convenience and ease of use.

Gli stili APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO e altri

35

Kim, Hyelim, Siyeon Kim, Daeyoung Lim e Wonyoung Jeong. "Development and Characterization of Embroidery-Based Textile Electrodes for Surface EMG Detection". Sensors 22, n. 13 (23 giugno 2022): 4746. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22134746.

Testo completo

Abstract (sommario):

The interest in wearable devices has expanded to measurement devices for building IoT-based mobile healthcare systems and sensing bio-signal data through clothing. Surface electromyography, called sEMG, is one of the most popular bio-signals that can be applied to health monitoring systems. In general, gel-based (Ag/AgCl) electrodes are mainly used, but there are problems, such as skin irritation due to long-time wearing, deterioration of adhesion to the skin due to moisture or sweat, and low applicability to clothes. Hence, research on dry electrodes as a replacement is increasing. Accordingly, in this study, a textile-based electrode was produced with a range of electrode shapes, and areas were embroidered with conductive yarn using an embroidery technique in the clothing manufacturing process. The electrode was applied to EMG smart clothing for fitness, and the EMG signal detection performance was analyzed. The electrode shape was manufactured using the circle and wave type. The wave-type electrode was more morphologically stable than the circle-type electrode by up to 30% strain, and the electrode shape was maintained as the embroidered area increased. Skin-electrode impedance analysis confirmed that the embroidered area with conductive yarn affected the skin contact area, and the impedance decreased with increasing area. For sEMG performance analysis, the rectus femoris was selected as a target muscle, and the sEMG parameters were analyzed. The wave-type sample showed higher EMG signal strength than the circle-type. In particular, the electrode with three lines showed better performance than the fill-type electrode. These performances operated without noise, even with a commercial device. Therefore, it is expected to be applicable to the manufacture of electromyography smart clothing based on embroidered electrodes in the future.

Gli stili APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO e altri

36

Arquilla, Katya, Andrea Webb e Allison Anderson. "Textile Electrocardiogram (ECG) Electrodes for Wearable Health Monitoring". Sensors 20, n. 4 (13 febbraio 2020): 1013. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20041013.

Testo completo

Abstract (sommario):

Wearable health-monitoring systems should be comfortable, non-stigmatizing, and able to achieve high data quality. Smart textiles with electronic elements integrated directly into fabrics offer a way to embed sensors into clothing seamlessly to serve these purposes. In this work, we demonstrate the feasibility of electrocardiogram (ECG) monitoring with sewn textile electrodes instead of traditional gel electrodes in a 3-lead, chest-mounted configuration. The textile electrodes are sewn with silver-coated thread in an overlapping zig zag pattern into an inextensible fabric. Sensor validation included ECG monitoring and comfort surveys with human subjects, stretch testing, and wash cycling. The electrodes were tested with the BIOPAC MP160 ECG data acquisition module. Sensors were placed on 8 subjects (5 males and 3 females) with double-sided tape. To detect differences in R peak detectability between traditional and sewn sensors, effect size was set at 10% of a sample mean for heart rate (HR) and R-R interval. Paired student’s t-tests were run between adhesive and sewn electrode data for R-R interval and average HR, and a Wilcoxon signed-rank test was run for comfort. No statistically significant difference was found between the traditional and textile electrodes (R-R interval: t = 1.43, p > 0.1; HR: t = −0.70, p > 0.5; comfort: V = 15, p > 0.5).

Gli stili APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO e altri

37

Nigusse, Abreha Bayrau, Benny Malengier, Desalegn Alemu Mengistie e Lieva Van Langenhove. "A Washable Silver-Printed Textile Electrode for ECG Monitoring". Engineering Proceedings 6, n. 1 (17 maggio 2021): 63. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/i3s2021dresden-10139.

Testo completo

Abstract (sommario):

Electrocardiography (ECG) is one of the most widely used diagnostic methods to examine heart situations. This paper focuses on the development of a textile-based electrode and the study its ECG-detecting performance. We developed silver-printed textile electrodes via a the flat-screen printing of silver ink on knitted polyester fabric. The silver-printed PET fabric stayed reasonably conductive after washing and stretching, which makes it suitable for wearable applications. Moreover, the ECG measurements in static condition showed that the signal quality collected before and after washing was comparable with standard Ag/AgCl electrodes.

Gli stili APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO e altri

38

Gaubert, Valentin, Hayriye Gidik, Nicolas Bodart e Vladan Koncar. "Investigating the Impact of Washing Cycles on Silver-Plated Textile Electrodes: A Complete Study". Sensors 20, n. 6 (20 marzo 2020): 1739. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20061739.

Testo completo

Abstract (sommario):

Although market prediction for smart textiles in the coming years is high, their washability will be among the main criteria for their mass adoption. Hence, the need to understand precisely how the washing process can damage them. Therefore, the best care instructions can be determined and serve as guidelines for smart textile manufacturers to control the quality of their smart garments as well as their customers to wash them cautiously. In this study, only the sensing part, silver-plated-nylon electrode sensors, is taken into account. To determine the chemical and the mechanical impacts of the machine-washing process separately and simultaneously, textile electrodes were put in different washing conditions: with and without bleaching agents, with and without mechanical constraints, etc. Then spectrophotometry, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) were used to characterize these electrodes. Results show that liquid detergents should be preferred to powder ones. Indeed, the latter contain bleaching agents that tend to oxidize the silver layer, making it more vulnerable to the mechanical rubbings that tear off the silver layer progressively washes after washes. As a consequence, the silver-plated-nylon loses rapidly its conductivity so that the electrode is no longer able to sense biopotentials.

Gli stili APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO e altri

39

Meding, Judith Tabea, Khorolsuren Tuvshinbayar, Christoph Döpke e Ferdinand Tamoue. "Textile electrodes for bioimpedance measuring". Communications in Development and Assembling of Textile Products 2, n. 1 (26 giugno 2021): 49–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.25367/cdatp.2021.2.p49-60.

Testo completo

Abstract (sommario):

This article deals with the development and comparison of eight different electrodes made out of a cotton fabric substrate, a silver coated yarn and partly conductive finishes, i.e. a PEDOT:PSS Orgacon ICP 1050 dip-coating and a Powersil coating. The purpose is the application especially in the medical field of angiopathy like for bioimpedance measurements during compression therapies. To be able to compare the suitability of the electrodes, various tests have been performed of the coating abrasion resistance, the stability of electrical resistance values, as well as resistance and bioimpedance measurements. Significant differences between the electrodes regarding their resilience and resistance that are visualized in a value-added analysis were found, with one hand-embroidered, one machine-sewn and one commercial electrode showing optimum properties.

Gli stili APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO e altri

40

Doci, Dajana, Melisa Ademi, Khorolsuren Tuvshinbayar, Niclas Richter, Guido Ehrmann, Tatjana Spahiu e Andrea Ehrmann. "Washing and Abrasion Resistance of Textile Electrodes for ECG Measurements". Coatings 13, n. 9 (16 settembre 2023): 1624. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings13091624.

Testo completo

Abstract (sommario):

Electrocardiogram (ECG) signals are often measured for medical purposes and in sports. While common Ag/AgCl glued gel electrodes enable good electrode skin contact, even during movements, they are not comfortable and can irritate the skin during long-term measurements. A possible alternative is textile electrodes, which have been investigated extensively during the last years. These electrodes, however, are usually not able to provide reliable, constant skin contact, resulting in reduced signal quality. Another important problem is the modification of the electrode surface due to washing or abrasion, which may impede the long-term use of such textile electrodes. Here, we report a study of washing and abrasion resistance of different ECG electrodes based on an isolating woven fabric with conductive embroidery and two conductive coatings, showing unexpectedly high abrasion resistance of the silver-coated yarn and optimum ECG signal quality for an additional coating with a conductive silicone rubber. Sheet resistances of the as-prepared electrodes were in the range of 20–30 Ω, which was increased to the range of 25–40 Ω after five washing cycles and up to approximately 50 Ω after Martindale abrasion tests. ECG measurements during different movements revealed reduced motion artifacts for the electrodes with conductive silicone rubber as compared to glued electrodes, suggesting that electronic filtering of such noise may even be easier for textile electrodes than for commercial electrodes.

Gli stili APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO e altri

41

Ravichandran, Vignesh, Izabela Ciesielska-Wrobel, Md Abdullah al Rumon, Dhaval Solanki e Kunal Mankodiya. "Characterizing the Impedance Properties of Dry E-Textile Electrodes Based on Contact Force and Perspiration". Biosensors 13, n. 7 (13 luglio 2023): 728. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bios13070728.

Testo completo

Abstract (sommario):

Biopotential electrodes play an integral role within smart wearables and clothing in capturing vital signals like electrocardiogram (ECG), electromyogram (EMG), and electroencephalogram (EEG). This study focuses on dry e-textile electrodes (E1–E6) and a laser-cut knit electrode (E7), to assess their impedance characteristics under varying contact forces and moisture conditions. Synthetic perspiration was applied using a moisture management tester and impedance was measured before and after exposure, followed by a 24 h controlled drying period. Concurrently, the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of the dry electrode was evaluated during ECG data collection on a healthy participant. Our findings revealed that, prior to moisture exposure, the impedance of electrodes E7, E5, and E2 was below 200 ohm, dropping to below 120 ohm post-exposure. Embroidered electrodes E6 and E4 exhibited an over 25% decrease in mean impedance after moisture exposure, indicating the impact of stitch design and moisture on impedance. Following the controlled drying, certain electrodes (E1, E2, E3, and E4) experienced an over 30% increase in mean impedance. Overall, knit electrode E7, and embroidered electrodes E2 and E6, demonstrated superior performance in terms of impedance, moisture retention, and ECG signal quality, revealing promising avenues for future biopotential electrode designs.

Gli stili APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO e altri

42

Liu, Meijing, Monika Glanc-Gostkiewicz, Steve Beeby e Kai Yang. "Fully Printed Wearable Electrode Textile for Electrotherapy Application". Proceedings 68, n. 1 (18 gennaio 2021): 12. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2021068012.

Testo completo

Abstract (sommario):

Electrotherapy is a common therapeutic treatment used in pain relief. This paper presents the materials and fabrication methods used to manufacture an electrode textile for electrotherapy application. The Young’s modulus of the electrode is 0.22 MPa. The electrode textile consists of conductive tracks sandwiched between an interface layer and an encapsulation layer, and an electrode layer printed directly on top of the conductive grid patterns. The interface, conductive silver, and encapsulation layers were directly printed on fabric using screen printing. The electrode layer was printed using stencil printing. The electrode textile can survive 10,000 bending cycles around a cylinder with a diameter of 30 mm and 20 washes in a commercial washing machine.

Gli stili APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO e altri

43

Soroudi, Azadeh, Mikael Skrifvars e Vincent Nierstrasz. "Novel Skin-Electrode Conductive Adhesives to Improve the Quality of Recorded Body Signals in Smart Medical Garments". Proceedings 32, n. 1 (4 dicembre 2019): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2019032009.

Testo completo

Abstract (sommario):

A main barrier to widespread use of electrocardiography garments for long term heart monitoring of elderly and patients is a poor skin-electrode signal transfer because of a high contact impedance and sensitivity to movement. This leads to unwanted disturbances and errors in recorded signals when the patient moves or even breathe, affecting the reliability and quality of the signals especially for patients with dry/old skin. In two different projects at the University of Borås, we have developed two novel products to solve the above problem; (1) an ongoing project that has fabricated a reusable and sustainable electro-conductive adhesive applicable between the skin and high-porous textile electrodes, and (2) a patent-pending skin-electrode glue (BioEl Glue®) which is a biocompatible electro-conductive water-soluble glue used between skin and low-porous textile electrodes.

Gli stili APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO e altri

44

Hu, Bin, e Paul Calvert. "Printed Electroluminescent Fabrics". Advances in Science and Technology 100 (ottobre 2016): 27–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ast.100.27.

Testo completo

Abstract (sommario):

Electroluminescence offers a versatile and simple route to printed light sources. A layer of poly (3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly (styrene sulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) was inkjet printed onto polyethylene terephthalate (PET) mesh fabrics. The conductivity–transparency relationship is determined for textile-based conductors with different thicknesses of the printed PEDOT:PSS film. Alternating current powder electroluminescent devices were made by extrusion printing a layer of phosphor onto aluminum foil and then covering this with a fabric electrode. These devices are compared with indium tin oxide (ITO) glass electrodes on a similar device. Textiles coated with conducting polymers are a potential alternative to coated polymer films for flexible, transparent conductors. The strain response of these electrodes was improved by incorporating carbon nanotubes into the conductor. These bridge cracks that form on stretching.

Gli stili APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO e altri

45

Kalivel, Parameswari, Jegathambal Palanichamy e Mano Magdalene Rubella. "Potential of Ti2O3/Zn Electrodes versus Zn by Electrocoagulation Process for Disperse Dye Removal". Asian Journal of Chemistry 31, n. 8 (28 giugno 2019): 1835–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.14233/ajchem.2019.22097.

Testo completo

Abstract (sommario):

Electrocoagulation methods are being used for the alternative treatment process for the remediation of textile waste water. This work primarily deals with the treatment of textile dyeing waste water followed by the utilization of waste material. The purpose of the proposed study is to evaluate the potential of electrocoagulatison process using Ti2O3/Zn electrode prepared by spray pyrolysis using TiCl3 and compared the performance with Zn electrodes. The surface morphology, structural analysis and percentage composition of the elements of the Ti2O3/Zn electrode was studied by SEM, XRD and EDS analysis. The efficiency of electrocoagulation treatment process to treat synthetic waste water containing Coralene Navy RDRLSR, Coralene Red 3G, Rubru RD GLFI dye was studied for the effect of operational parameters. The result indicates that this process was able to achieve colour removal (97.2 %) at pH 8.5, with 34.42 % less energy consumption with Ti2O3/Zn compared with zinc electrodes.

Gli stili APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO e altri

46

Aileni, Raluca Maria, e Laura Chiriac. "Conductive Membranes Based on Cotton Fabric Coated with Polymers for Electrode Applications". Materials 15, n. 20 (18 ottobre 2022): 7286. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15207286.

Testo completo

Abstract (sommario):

This paper presents the evaluation of some electrodes based on polymeric conductive membranes (polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and polyethylene glycol (PEG)) for sensor applications. The electrodes were developed using textile support (weave structure-based 100% cotton yarns) and applying conductive membrane layers deposited on the textile surface. Coating the fabrics with thin layers of conductive membranes could generate new surfaces with the electrical resistance specific to conductive samples. Laboratory tests evaluated the physicomechanical and electrical properties. The surface resistance was investigated using a digital surface resistance meter by neglecting electrode polarization impedance. In addition, the correlation coefficients between the physicomechanical and electrical parameters obtained by the laboratory were analyzed. These conductive samples can be used to and develop flexible electrodes for moisture, temperature and strain sensors.

Gli stili APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO e altri

47

Fleck, Leandro, Jeysa Piza Santana Passos, Andrieli Cristina Helmann, Eduardo Eyng, Laércio Mantovani Frare e Fábio Orssatto. "Efficiency of the electrochemical treatment of textile effluent using two configurations of sacrificial electrodes". Holos Environment 18, n. 1 (26 febbraio 2018): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.14295/holos.v18i1.12155.

Testo completo

Abstract (sommario):

Textile industries have as main characteristic the generation of effluents with high color, and efficient treatment techniques are necessary. In this context, this study compared the efficiency of the electrochemical treatment for color removal from synthetic textile effluent using two configurations of sacrificial electrodes, parallel plates and array of cylindrical electrodes. For application of the electroflocculation technique, an electrochemical reactor was used, in a laboratory scale, operated in a continuous flow. The synthetic textile effluent was prepared with preset concentrations of reactive dye Blue 5G and sodium chloride. Sacrificial iron (Fe) electrodes with different configurations were used: parallel plates and cylindrical electrodes. The Hydraulic Retention Time (HRT) and electric current density (j) were controlled, and their effects on color removal were evaluated using a Central Composite Rotational Design (CCRD) composed of 12 trials. For the electrochemical treatment using parallel plates, the color removal efficiency ranged from 56.13% to 98.95% and for the electrochemical treatment using an array of cylindrical electrode, the color removal efficiency varied from 2.11% to 97.84%. The mathematical models representative of the process explained a high proportion of the total data variability, with a coefficient of variation of 99.49% and 97.21% for parallel plates and arrangement of cylindrical electrodes, respectively. The electrochemical treatment using parallel plates presents advantages over the configuration using a cylindrical electrode array, since the color removal efficiency is superior under the same operating conditions, representing economic and environmental gains.

Gli stili APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO e altri

48

Wiratini, Ni Made, e Ngadiran Kartowasono. "DAMPAK RANGKAIAN SEL ELEKTRODA AL-C DALAM ELEKTROKIMIAUNTUK MENDEGRADASI LIMBAH TEKSTIL". REAKTOR 16, n. 2 (27 luglio 2016): 65. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/reaktor.16.2.65-71.

Testo completo

Abstract (sommario):

Abstract IMPACT OF AL-C ELECTRODE CELL CIRCUIT IN ELECTROCHEMISTRY FOR TEXTILES WASTE DEGRADATION. The purpose of this study was to determine the impact circuit of Al-C electrode cell in electrochemical to degrade textile waste. To achieve these goals, 1) cells that were developed using 3 electrode by varying the electrochemical cell circuit such as: cell circuit 1(anode: Al-C series, cathode C), cell circuit 2 ( anode: Al-C parallel, cathode C), cell circuit 3(anode: Al-C series, cathode: Al), and cell circuit 4 ( anode: Al-C parallel, cathode: Al); 2) varying the electrode spacing, ie: 3, 6, 9 and 12 cm; and 3) varying the voltage, which is 3, 6, 9, and 13, 5 V. BOD, DO, COD, pH, and absorbance were measured before and after degradation in every varying cell circuit, electrode spacing, and voltage. The results showed: black textile waste, odor, COD 2540 mg / L, DO 0 mg / L, BOD 0 mg / L, pH 11, and the absorbance was 0.92. While best cells circuit is cell circuit 2 (anode: Al-C parallel and c in cathodes), best electrode spacing for processing textile waste is 3 cm, and the best voltage to degrade textile waste is 13.5 V. Key words: degradation, electrochemical, set of cells, textile waste Abstrak Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mengetahui dampak rangkaian sel elektroda Al-C dalam elektrokimia untuk mendegradasi limbah tekstil. Untuk mencapai tujuan tersebut, 1) sel yang dikembangkan menggunakan 3 elektroda dengan memvariasikan rangkaian sel elektrokimia yaitu: rangkaian 1 (anoda: Al-C seri, katoda C), rangkaian 2(anoda: Al-C paralel, katoda C), rangkaian 3( anoda: Al-C seri, katoda: Al), dan rangkaian 4( anoda: Al-C paralel, katoda: Al); 2) memvariasikan jarak elektroda, yaitu: 3,6, 9, dan 12 cm; dan 3) memvariasikan voltase, yaitu 3, 6, 9, dan 13, 5 V. BOD, DO, COD, pH dan absorbansi diukur sebelum dan sesudah degradasi pada setiap variasi rangkaian sel, jarak, dan voltase. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan: limbah tekstil berwarna hitam, berbau, COD 2540 mg/L, DO 0 mg/L, BOD 0 mg/L, pH 11, dan absorbansi 0,92. Sedangkan rangkaian sel yang paling baik adalah rangkaian sell 2 (anoda: Al-C parallel dan katoda: C), jarak elektroda terbaik untuk pengolahan limbah tekstil adalah 3 cm, dan voltase yang terbaik untuk mendegradasi limbah tekstil 13,5 V. Kata-kata kunci: degradasi, elektrokimia, limbah tekstil, rangkaian sel

Gli stili APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO e altri

49

Juhász Junger, Irén, Daria Wehlage, Robin Böttjer, Timo Grothe, László Juhász, Carsten Grassmann, Tomasz Blachowicz e Andrea Ehrmann. "Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells with Electrospun Nanofiber Mat-Based Counter Electrodes". Materials 11, n. 9 (4 settembre 2018): 1604. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma11091604.

Testo completo

Abstract (sommario):

Textile-based dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) can be created by building the necessary layers on a textile fabric or around fibers which are afterwards used to prepare a textile layer, typically by weaving. Another approach is using electrospun nanofiber mats as one or more layers. In this work, electrospun polyacrylonitrile (PAN) nanofiber mats coated by a conductive polymer poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiopene) polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS) were used to produce the counter electrodes for half-textile DSSCs. The obtained efficiencies were comparable with the efficiencies of pure glass-based DSSCs and significantly higher than the efficiencies of DSSCs with cotton based counter electrodes. The efficiency could be further increased by increasing the number of PEDOT:PSS layers on the counter electrode. Additionally, the effect of the post treatment of the conductive layers by HCl, acetic acid, or dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) on the DSSC efficiencies was investigated. Only the treatment by HCl resulted in a slight improvement of the energy-conversion efficiency.

Gli stili APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO e altri

50

Murciego, Luis Pelaez, Abiodun Komolafe, Nikola Peřinka, Helga Nunes-Matos, Katja Junker, Ander García Díez, Senentxu Lanceros-Méndez, Russel Torah, Erika G. Spaich e Strahinja Dosen. "A Novel Screen-Printed Textile Interface for High-Density Electromyography Recording". Sensors 23, n. 3 (18 gennaio 2023): 1113. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23031113.

Testo completo

Abstract (sommario):

Recording electrical muscle activity using a dense matrix of detection points (high-density electromyography, EMG) is of interest in a range of different applications, from human-machine interfacing to rehabilitation and clinical assessment. The wider application of high-density EMG is, however, limited as the clinical interfaces are not convenient for practical use (e.g., require conductive gel/cream). In the present study, we describe a novel dry electrode (TEX) in which the matrix of sensing pads is screen printed on textile and then coated with a soft polymer to ensure good skin-electrode contact. To benchmark the novel solution, an identical electrode was produced using state-of-the-art technology (polyethylene terephthalate with hydrogel, PET) and a process that ensured a high-quality sample. The two electrodes were then compared in terms of signal quality as well as functional application. The tests showed that the signals collected using PET and TEX were characterised by similar spectra, magnitude, spatial distribution and signal-to-noise ratio. The electrodes were used by seven healthy subjects and an amputee participant to recognise seven hand gestures, leading to similar performance during offline analysis and online control. The comprehensive assessment, therefore, demonstrated that the proposed textile interface is an attractive solution for practical applications.

Gli stili APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO e altri

Articoli di riviste sul tema "Textile Electrode"

Cita una fonte nei formati APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard e in molti altri stili