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1
Jacquemont, Guillaume. "Un test olfactif pour détecter la conscience". Cerveau & Psycho N° 123, n. 7 (17 luglio 2020): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/cerpsy.123.0010.
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Mortuaire, G., C. Vandenhende, B. Hochet e D. Chevalier. "Évaluation de la récupération olfactive après ethmoïdectomie endonasale pour polypose nasosinusienne par le Test Olfactif Européen". Annales françaises d'Oto-rhino-laryngologie et de Pathologie Cervico-faciale 130, n. 4 (ottobre 2013): A77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aforl.2013.06.261.
3
Holmström, Mats, e Valerie J. Lund. "Response of Olfactory Acuity to Surgical Stress". American Journal of Rhinology 10, n. 1 (gennaio 1996): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.2500/105065896781795175.
Abstract (sommario):
In this study, the effect on olfaction of surgical procedures, performed distant to the nose, was analyzed. Twenty-three patients planned for surgery of minor or moderate degree under general anaesthesia were examined before surgery for evaluation of sense of smell with the University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test and a smell threshold test (Olfacto-Labs). Reexamination was performed 24–48 hours postoperatively. Both tests demonstrated significant improvement in olfaction following surgery. The improvement was more obvious in younger patients and in patients undergoing moderate surgery compared with the minor surgery group but was, however, not statistically significant.
4
Hirsch, Alan, Alexander Roussos e Sally Freels. "Validation of Olfactory Threshold Testing Methods". Ear, Nose & Throat Journal 96, n. 3 (marzo 2017): E4—E6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/014556131709600317.
Abstract (sommario):
In patients with chemosensory complaints, a head-to-head comparison of unilateral olfaction threshold testing with the Phenyl Ethyl Alcohol Smell Threshold Test (PEA) and the OLFACT-RL Odor Threshold Test (OLFACT-RL) was undertaken. The charts of 23 consecutive patients presenting with chemosensory complaints seen at the Smell and Taste Treatment and Research Foundation were reviewed and information extracted per Institutional Review Board guidelines. All patients had undergone olfactory testing with the PEA test and the OLFACT-RL test in accordance with their published administration manuals. Using Spearman correlation coefficients to measure the statistical correlation between tests, we found evidence of a correlation between PEA and OLFACT-RL values on the left side only, overall (r = 0.49, p = 0.0184); in those who had hyposmia and did not have anosmia (r = 0.42, p = 0.0668); in those who did not have burning mouth syndrome (r = 0.46, p = 0.0304); and in those who did not have dysosmia (r = 0.47, p = 0.0553). There is no evidence of a correlation on the right side. The correlation for the left nostril suggests that these tests may be interchangeable. However, lack of correlation with the right nostril requires further investigation.
5
Hatanaka, Sachiko, Tadashi Ishimaru, Tsuyoshi Yata, Takaki Miwa e Mitsuru Furukawa. "Potential oscillation elicited by i.v. olfaction and its applicability as an objective clinical olfaction test". Acta Oto-Laryngologica 124 (1 agosto 2004): 65–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03655230410017706.
6
Portalo-Calero, Arroyo, Suárez e Lozano. "Triangular Test of Amanita Mushrooms by Using Electronic Nose and Sensory Panel". Foods 8, n. 9 (14 settembre 2019): 414. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods8090414.
Abstract (sommario):
This work aims to advance understanding of the differentiation of mushroom species through electronic devices that use sensors of various technologies and techniques for pattern recognition, comparing mainly volatile substances that emanate from them. In this first phase, the capacity of human olfaction to differentiate between the smell released by different wild mushrooms of the genus Amanita was analyzed by means of a triangular sensory test, comparing later the data to those obtained for the same samples with an electronic nose in a similar test. The results, still very preliminary, encourage imagining the wide application that these techniques will have and the feedback that this application can suppose for the training of the sense of human olfaction.
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McMAHON, C., e G. K. SCADDING. "Le Nez du Vin?a quick test of olfaction". Clinical Otolaryngology 21, n. 3 (giugno 1996): 278–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2273.1996.tb01741.x.
8
Keller, Andreas, e Leslie B. Vosshall. "A psychophysical test of the vibration theory of olfaction". Nature Neuroscience 7, n. 4 (21 marzo 2004): 337–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nn1215.
9
Saisu, Akihiro, Muneto Tatsumoto, Eisei Hoshiyama, Saiko Aiba e Koichi Hirata. "Evaluation of olfaction in patients with migraine using an odour stick identification test". Cephalalgia 31, n. 9 (31 maggio 2011): 1023–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0333102411410612.
Abstract (sommario):
Aims: Peculiar characteristics of migraine headaches include the arousal of olfaction during the attacks and osmophobia. We performed an olfactory test to evaluate the association between olfaction and migraines. Methods: We evaluated olfactory dysfunction in 80 migraine patients (31 experienced migraines with aura (MWA), 49 migraine without aura (MWOA)) and 30 healthy controls. Participants were assessed for concurrent osmophobia. Olfaction was evaluated using an odour stick identification test (OSIT), in which participants were asked to identify various odours during a migraine-free period. The degree of offensiveness of each odour was also evaluated. Results: Sixty-three percent of migraine patients were found to have concurrent osmophobia (MWA 71%; MWOA 57%). The percentages of migraine patients and controls who correctly identified test odours were 91% (92%, MWA; 89%, MWOA) and 92%, respectively. Perfume, rose and Japanese cypress odours were more offensive to migraine patients than to controls. All test odours were found to be more offensive to MWA than to MWOA patients. Conclusions: The OSIT showed certain odours to be highly offensive to migraine patients even when they were not experiencing migraine headaches. More attention should be paid to odours that are perceived to be offensive by migraine patients, particularly those with MWA.
10
Alotaibi, N. H., H. A. Alsheikh, A. M. Zahlan, F. AlMana, S. Abduljawwad, O. A. Omar, A. Alshehri, A. Mohammed e S. Alsaleh. "Translation and validation of the “Smell Diskettes” Olfaction Test into Arabic". Rhinology Online 5, n. 5 (31 gennaio 2022): 23–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.4193/rhinol/21.041.
Abstract (sommario):
Objective: This study aims to translate and validate the 'Smell Diskettes' screening tool from English into Arabic. The significance of this study stems from the lack of reliable and rapid olfaction screening tests available to Arabic speaking patients and healthcare practitioners. Methods: This is a prospective cohort, multi-center study. A forward-backward translation of the olfaction screening test was done to translate the text into Arabic. Data was collected from two groups: a control group (n=125) of which 84 percent were females (n=105) and a mean age of 22.4 of subjectively normosmic individuals from Alfaisal University and a patients group (n=82) of which 35.4 percent females (n = 29) with a mean age of 38.2, all of whom were diagnosed with olfactory disturbances related to rhinological pathologies, from King Abdulaziz University Hospital (KAUH) in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. One of the limitations we faced due to convenience sampling and COVID-19 pandemic restrictions was the inability to perform a “test-retest” on study subjects. Results: The study included 207 subjects, out of whom 82 (40 percent) were patients from the rhinology clinic at King Abdulaziz University Hospital (KAUH) and 125 (60 percent) were recruited as controls from Alfaisal University. The average olfaction scores for the control group and the patients’ group were 7/8 and 5/8, respectively. Conclusion: This study has determined that the Arabic-language version is a valid and useful instrument used in clinical practice and for research purposes. The development of this tool will allow more patients in Arabic-speaking countries to be screened for olfactory disturbances.
11
Mariano, Fernando, Rogerio Hamerschmidt, Caio Soares e Ana Moreira. "The Middle Turbinate Resection and Its Repercussion in Olfaction with the University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test (UPSIT)". International Archives of Otorhinolaryngology 22, n. 03 (6 dicembre 2017): 280–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0037-1608679.
Abstract (sommario):
Introduction Nasal obstruction is a common complaint, and, for some, the middle turbinate resection is still a controversial issue among the surgical options due to the possibility of deleterious effects on olfaction. The University of Pennsylvania smell identification test (UPSIT) is considered the gold standard of smell identification tests, but data about it is still incipient in Brazil. Objective To evaluate if the middle turbinectomy has any repercussion on the sense of olfaction by using the UPSIT as an assessment tool. Methods A prospective study performed between 2013 and 2015 with 27 patients who were treated with middle turbinectomy by the same surgeon and tested with the UPSIT pre- and post-surgery, with a minimum interval of 3 months. Results Twenty-five patients completed the study. The mean age was 27.9 years. There was no statistical correlation between middle turbinectomy and the UPSIT score, or between gender and the UPSIT score. Conclusion There was no clinical repercussion on olfaction from partial middle turbinectomy.
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Tian, Qu, Murat Bilgel, Abhay R. Moghekar, Luigi Ferrucci e Susan M. Resnick. "Olfaction, Cognitive Impairment, and PET Biomarkers in Community-Dwelling Older Adults". Journal of Alzheimer's Disease 86, n. 3 (5 aprile 2022): 1275–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/jad-210636.
Abstract (sommario):
Background: Olfactory deficits are early features of preclinical Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Whether olfaction is associated with PET biomarkers among community-dwelling older adults is less clear. Objective: Investigate cross-sectional and longitudinal associations of olfaction with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and amyloid-β (Aβ) and tau deposition. Methods: We analyzed 364 initially cognitively normal participants (58% women, 24% black) who had baseline olfaction data and subsequent cognitive assessments during an average 2.4-year. A subset of 129 had PET-PiB (Aβ) (n = 72 repeated) and 105 had 18F-flortaucipir (FTP)-PET (tau) (n = 44 repeated). Olfaction was measured using a 16-item Sniffin’ Sticks Odor Identification Test. The association of olfaction with incident MCI was examined using Cox regression. Associations with PiB-distribution volume ratio (DVR) and FTP-standardized uptake value ratio (SUVR) were examined using partial correlation. We tested whether PiB+/–status modified these associations. Analyses were adjusted for demographics and olfactory test version. Results: 17 (5%) participants developed MCI. Each unit lower odor identification score was associated with 22% higher risk of developing MCI (p = 0.04). In the PET subset, lower scores were associated with higher mean cortical DVR and DVR in orbitofrontal cortex (OFC), precuneus, and middle temporal gyrus (p≤0.04). The “olfaction*PiB+/–” interaction in OFC DVR was significant (p = 0.03), indicating the association was limited to PiB positive individuals. Greater decline in odor identification score was associated with greater increase in anterior OFC DVR and entorhinal tau SUVR (p≤0.03). Conclusion: Among community-dwelling older adults, poorer olfaction predicts incident MCI and is associated with overall and regional Aβ. Greater olfaction decline is associated with faster Aβ and tau accumulation in olfaction-related regions. Whether olfaction predicts AD-related neurodegenerative changes warrants further investigations.
13
LEE, JEUNG GWEON, MASARU OHYAMA, ETSURO OBTA, KAZUYOSHI UENO e SHOKO KATAHIRA. "Olfaction Test in Laryngectomized Patients by the Artificial Tube Method". Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 510, n. 1 Olfaction and (novembre 1987): 447–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1987.tb43585.x.
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Purdy, Frank, Zhehui Luo, Joseph C. Gardiner, Jayant M. Pinto, Eric J. Shiroma, Eleanor M. Simonsick, Tamara B. Harris e Honglei Chen. "Olfaction and Changes in Body Composition in a Large Cohort of Older U.S. Adults". Journals of Gerontology: Series A 75, n. 12 (8 aprile 2020): 2434–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/gerona/glaa085.
Abstract (sommario):
Abstract Background Poor sense of smell in older adults may lead to weight loss, which may further contribute to various adverse health outcomes. However, empirical prospective evidence is lacking. We aimed to longitudinally assess whether poor olfaction is associated with changes in body composition among older adults. Methods A total of 2,390 participants from the Health ABC Study had their olfaction assessed using the Brief Smell Identification Test in 1999–2000. Based on the test score, olfaction was defined as poor (0–8), moderate (9–10), or good (11–12). Total body mass, lean mass, and fat mass were measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry annually or biennially from 1999 to 2007. Results At baseline, compared to participants with good olfaction, those with poor olfaction weighed on average 1.67 kg less (95% CI: −2.92, −0.42) in total mass, 0.53 kg less (95% CI: −1.08, 0.02) in lean mass, and 1.14 kg less (95% CI: −1.96, −0.31) in fat mass. In longitudinal analyses, compared to participants with good olfaction, those with poor olfaction had a greater annual decline in both total mass (−234 g, 95% CI: −442, −26) and lean mass (−139 g, 95% CI: −236, −43). They also tended to have a greater annual loss of fat mass (−113 g, 95% CI: −285, 59), but the difference was not statistically significant. Conclusions Our results indicate poor olfaction is associated with lower body weight and greater weight loss in older adults. It is imperative for future studies to investigate potential underlying mechanisms and associated adverse health consequences.
15
Sari, H. K., B. Çelik, G. Ozkaya, E. Y. Unutmaz, M. C. Akbostancı e R. Yilmaz. "To test or not to test: Assessing olfaction in Parkinson’s disease based on patient reports". Parkinsonism & Related Disorders 122 (maggio 2024): 106756. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.parkreldis.2024.106756.
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Cho, Hyung-Ju, Jong Gyun Ha e Chang-Hoon Kim. "The YSK Olfactory Function Test: Development of a New Korean Olfactory Test". Journal of Rhinology 29, n. 2 (31 luglio 2022): 61–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.18787/jr.2021.00379.
Abstract (sommario):
Olfaction is an important aspect of quality of life, beyond simply smelling food and recognizing danger. Recently, research has focused on its association with various diseases, such as neurodegenerative diseases or viral infections. The evaluation of olfactory function must take into consideration the cultural experience of the target group. A new Korean culturefriendly olfactory function test, the YSK olfactory function test (YOF test, Kimex Co.), uses safe odorants, such as phenyl-ethyl alcohol (PEA) (not n-butanol), for the threshold test. Furthermore, odorants in the YOF identification test reflect each of eight major chemical functional groups. The diagnostic cut-off for anosmia was a Threshold Discrimination Identification (TDI) score of ≤14.5 and that for hyposmia was 14.5<TDI≤21.0. The YOF test showed relevant diagnostic validity for olfactory dysfunction when compared with the Korean version of the Sniffin’ Stick-II test. In this review, we share our experiences developing a new Korean-friendly olfactory function test.
17
Men, Mao Chen, e Li Wei Chen. "An Approach for Active Odor Source Localization Based on Particle Swarm Optimization". Applied Mechanics and Materials 738-739 (marzo 2015): 493–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.738-739.493.
Abstract (sommario):
This paper discusses the multi-robot cooperation positioning based on particle swarm optimization (PSO) search strategies. A group of active olfaction robots can find the position of odor source depend on the new “active olfaction” arithmetic. The active olfaction robot is regarded as a particle which can exchange message with each other.The simulation experiment wind field is built based on turbulent fluid model. A series of simulation experiments were performed to test the new localization arithmetic, and the experimental results were analysed.
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Shrestha, Srishti, Xiaoqian Zhu, Kevin Sullivan, Beverly Gwen Windham, Jennifer Deal, Honglei Chen, Michael Griswold e Thomas Mosley. "OLFACTORY IMPAIRMENT AND MICROSTRUCTURAL INTEGRITY OF THE BRAIN IN THE ARIC STUDY". Innovation in Aging 6, Supplement_1 (1 novembre 2022): 151. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igac059.604.
Abstract (sommario):
Abstract We examined cross-sectional associations between microstructural integrity of the brain and olfaction in 1417 participants from the ARIC Study who completed MRI scans in 2011-2013 (mean age=76±2 years, 41% male). Microstructural integrity was measured by two diffusion tensor imaging measures, fractional anisotropy (FA, higher=better) and mean diffusivity (MD, higher=worse), and olfaction by a 12-item odor-identification test. In multivariable linear regression models, higher FA in several regions was associated with better olfaction, with the strongest association in the stria terminalis [β:0.333 (95%CI:0.188, 0.478) per standard deviation (SD) higher FA]. Higher MD was associated with lower olfaction in almost all regions, but associations were strongest for some temporal sub-regions [for example, hippocampus, β:-0.796 (95%CI: -0.942, -0.651) per SD higher MD]. Our findings suggest that neuronal microstructural integrity is an important predictor of olfaction; this may also have important implications in understanding early dementia neuropathology as olfaction is affected very early in dementia.
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Lötsch, Jörn, Anne Huster e Thomas Hummel. "Sorting of Odor Dilutions Is a Meaningful Addition to Assessments of Olfactory Function as Suggested by Machine-Learning-Based Analyses". Journal of Clinical Medicine 11, n. 14 (11 luglio 2022): 4012. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm11144012.
Abstract (sommario):
Background: The categorization of individuals as normosmic, hyposmic, or anosmic from test results of odor threshold, discrimination, and identification may provide a limited view of the sense of smell. The purpose of this study was to expand the clinical diagnostic repertoire by including additional tests. Methods: A random cohort of n = 135 individuals (83 women and 52 men, aged 21 to 94 years) was tested for odor threshold, discrimination, and identification, plus a distance test, in which the odor of peanut butter is perceived, a sorting task of odor dilutions for phenylethyl alcohol and eugenol, a discrimination test for odorant enantiomers, a lateralization test with eucalyptol, a threshold assessment after 10 min of exposure to phenylethyl alcohol, and a questionnaire on the importance of olfaction. Unsupervised methods were used to detect structure in the olfaction-related data, followed by supervised feature selection methods from statistics and machine learning to identify relevant variables. Results: The structure in the olfaction-related data divided the cohort into two distinct clusters with n = 80 and 55 subjects. Odor threshold, discrimination, and identification did not play a relevant role for cluster assignment, which, on the other hand, depended on performance in the two odor dilution sorting tasks, from which cluster assignment was possible with a median 100-fold cross-validated balanced accuracy of 77–88%. Conclusions: The addition of an odor sorting task with the two proposed odor dilutions to the odor test battery expands the phenotype of olfaction and fits seamlessly into the sensory focus of standard test batteries.
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Furukawa, Mitsuru, Michihiro Kamide, Takaki Miwa e Ryozo Umeda. "Significance of Intravenous Olfaction Test Using Thiamine Propyldisulfide (Alinamin) in Olfactometry". Auris Nasus Larynx 15, n. 1 (1988): 25–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0385-8146(88)80006-3.
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Orhan, Kadir Serkan, Burak Karabulut, Nesil Keleş e Kemal Değer. "Evaluation of Factors Concerning the Olfaction Using the Sniffin’ Sticks Test". Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery 146, n. 2 (13 ottobre 2011): 240–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0194599811425019.
Abstract (sommario):
Objective. This study aimed to research the normative values of olfactory function in the Turkish population using the Sniffin’ Sticks test and to relate olfactory performance to age, sex, smoking, educational level, and the side examined. It also aimed to compare the results with other countries’ normative values, especially Europe, using the same test and procedure. Study Design. Prospective clinical study. Setting. Tertiary referral center. Subjects and Methods. This study was a prospective clinical trial conducted in a tertiary clinic. A total of 100 healthy subjects were included in the study. Of these, 50 were men and 50 were women. The mean (SD) age of the subjects was 37.7 (14.8) years (range, 18-77 years). Results. Odor scores were lower than the scores of other countries, and the scores decreased significantly with age. There was no relationship between olfaction and sex or smoking. Subjects with a lower educational status had lower scores compared with the scores of median and highly educated subjects. Conclusion. This is the first study that evaluated the relationship between education level and olfaction. According to the results, the cultural differences, education level, and age seemed to influence odor scores. The Sniffin’ Sticks test can be used to assess olfactory performance in a Turkish population, but identification of odors in this test battery may show variability because of local and cultural factors.
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Quagliato, Lucas Barasnevicius, Maura Aparecida Viana, Elizabeth Maria Aparecida Barasnevicius Quagliato e Samuel Simis. "Olfaction and essential tremor". Arquivos de Neuro-Psiquiatria 67, n. 1 (marzo 2009): 21–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0004-282x2009000100006.
Abstract (sommario):
OBJECTIVE: To characterize the olfactory identification in 40 essential tremor (ET) patients, with the University of Pennsylvania 12 Smell Identification Test (UPSIT), to correlate UPSIT scores to clinical and epidemiological data and to compare it to 89 aged matched controls. METHOD: Patients were assessed using ET Clinical Scale of Evaluation and UPSIT. RESULTS: In patients with ET, the UPSIT medium score was 9.10, similar to the control group (9.11), which was also observed in all age groups. ET severity did not correlate to UPSIT scores. CONCLUSION: This study demonstrated normality of olfactory identification on ET, qualifying UPSIT to be an important tool on tremor differential diagnosis of undetermined origin.
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Kuo, C.-L., e C.-H. Shu. "Risk of decline and chance of improvement in olfaction among patients with post-traumatic olfactory loss". Journal of Laryngology & Otology 129, n. 12 (22 ottobre 2015): 1201–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022215115002911.
Abstract (sommario):
AbstractObjective:To evaluate the chance of improvement and risk of decline in olfaction among patients with post-traumatic olfactory loss.Methods:This study comprised 80 patients. Changes in olfaction were determined using a visual analogue scale and the ‘Sniffin’ Sticks' test. Logistic regression was used to identify predictors for olfactory changes.Results:Olfactory changes were observed in 9–35 per cent of patients. The rates of improvement and decline according to visual analogue scale scores were 35 per cent and 10 per cent respectively, whereas those in the Sniffin’ Sticks test were 9 per cent and 11 per cent respectively. There was a predictive link between non-anosmia and decline in Sniffin’ Sticks test scores (odds ratio = 16.61,p= 0.003). A positive correlation was observed between the scores in the first and last examinations (rho = 0.532,p< 0.001).Conclusion:Patients should be informed that they may experience an improvement or decline in olfaction following post-traumatic olfactory dysfunction. This study provides evidence to support comprehensive counselling regarding prognosis as an integral part of management strategies.
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Collette, Christopher, Vidyulata Kamath, Victor A. Del Bene, Alexandra Jacob, Pariya Fazeli e David E. Vance. "49 Subjective and Objective Psychophysical Olfactory Dysfunction in Men Living with HIV". Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society 29, s1 (novembre 2023): 46–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1355617723001315.
Abstract (sommario):
Objective:Olfactory dysfunction can influence nutritional intake, the detection of environmental hazards, and quality of life. Prior research has found discordance between subjective and objective measures of olfaction. In people living with HIV (PLWH), olfactory dysfunction is widely reported; however, few studies have examined concordance between subjective olfactory self-ratings and performance on an objective psychophysical measure of olfaction and associated factors in men living with HIV (MLWH).Participants and Methods:MLWH (n=51, mean age=54 years, 66.7% Black) completed two subjective olfaction ratings (two 5-point Likert scales), the Smell Identification Test (SIT), cognitive measures (HVLT-R, TMT), and self-report questionnaires assessing smell habits, mood, cognitive failures, and quality of life. Participants were categorized into one of four groups: true positives (TP; impaired subjective olfaction and objective olfaction dysfunction), false negatives (FN; intact subjective olfaction and objective olfaction dysfunction), false positives (FP; impaired subjective olfaction and objective normosmia), and true negatives (TN; intact subjective olfaction and normosmia). Established formulas were used to calculate the sensitivity and specificity of subjective olfaction, and t-tests and ANOVA were used to examine potential demographic, clinical, and cognitive factors contributing to discordance between subjective and objective olfaction dysfunction.Results:Across both subjective self-report items, 35.3% reported olfactory dysfunction, whereas 60.8% had objective olfaction dysfunction on the SIT (score < 33). Black MLWH had significantly higher rates of subjective (Black 41.2% vs. White 35.3%) and objective (Black 73.5% vs. White 35.3%) olfactory dysfunction (X2(1)=9.22, p=.002). We found discordance between subjective and objective olfaction measures, with 29.4% of the sample having objective olfaction dysfunction and not recognizing it (FN). In comparison, 3.9% with self-rated olfaction impairment had normal objective olfaction scores (FP). Additionally, there was concordance in subjective self-reports compared with objective olfaction, with 35.3% correctly identifying normal olfaction (TN) and 31.4% correctly identifying olfactory dysfunction (TP). Those unaware of olfaction dysfunction (FN) reported using less scented products in daily life on the Smell Habits Questionnaire. Although the FN group had faster TMT scores, these findings were no longer significant after the removal of three outliers in the TP group (e.g., time to complete greater than 350 seconds).Conclusions:Our findings cohere with work in healthy older adults, traumatic brain injury, and Parkinson’s disease, documenting that subjective olfaction may inadequately capture the full range of a person’s olfactory status. We extend these findings to a sample of MLWH, in which discordance rates ranged from 35-61% for subjective and objective olfactory dysfunction. Unawareness of olfactory dysfunction in MLWH was associated with less daily smell habits and paradoxically faster TMT performance. A higher number of smell habits in the TP group indicate that more frequent odor exposure may increase sensitivity to olfactory declines. Future studies with larger samples will be helpful in understanding the full nature of these relationships. Lastly, given that one-third of the sample had discordance between subjective and objective olfaction, objective olfaction measures may be useful to consider in the neuropsychological assessment and standard clinical care for PLWH.
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Zhang, C., D. Li e X. Wang. "Role of physical exercise type in olfactory deterioration in ageing". Rhinology journal 58, n. 2 (1 aprile 2020): 145–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.4193/rhin19.274.
Abstract (sommario):
BACKGROUND: Although ageing and neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer disease, have been associated with olfaction impairment, studies exploring how to ameliorate this impairment are limited. The aim of the present study was to determine the effect of various types of physical exercise on olfaction decline in ageing. METHODOLOGY: 99 healthy community-dwelling participants (85 women; mean (SD) age, 62.5 (5.7) years) were included. All the participants were required to complete the tests consisting of a questionnaire, cognitive test and olfaction test. RESULTS: Odor identification scores for participants who exercised regularly for more than 1 year (more than 3 times/wk; more than 30 min each time) were significantly higher than those for non-exercisers, and odor detection threshold scores were significantly higher in the exercisers. Both odor threshold and odor identification scores for those who exercised by practicing taiji (tai chi), dancing, or running were significantly better than those for participants who exercised by walking or who did not exercise. CONCLUSION: Compared with those among older people who did not exercise, measures of olfaction among older adults who exercised were better, and the type of physical exercise mattered. Therefore, if physical exercise intervention is suggested to prevent or delay olfactory deterioration in older adults, the type of physical exercise should be considered.
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Mori, Eri, Yoshinori Matsuwaki, Chieko Mitsuyama, Momoko Yamazaki, Tetsushi Okushi e Hiroshi Moriyama. "Comparison of Open Essence Scent Identification Test Card and Conventional Olfaction Tests". Nippon Jibiinkoka Gakkai Kaiho 114, n. 12 (2011): 917–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.3950/jibiinkoka.114.917.
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Slotnick, B., e D. M. Coppola. "Odor-Cued Taste Avoidance: A Simple and Robust Test of Mouse Olfaction". Chemical Senses 40, n. 4 (18 marzo 2015): 269–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/chemse/bjv005.
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Plantier, Diogo Barreto, Fábio de Rezende Pinna, Mary Anne Kowal Olm, Rodrigo Athanázio, Renata Ribeiro de Mendonça Pilan e Richard Louis Voegels. "Outcomes of Endoscopic Sinus Surgery for Chronic Rhinosinusitis in Adults with Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia". International Archives of Otorhinolaryngology 27, n. 03 (luglio 2023): e423-e427. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0042-1746193.
Abstract (sommario):
Abstract Introduction Primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD) is a rare inherited disease associated with impairment of mucociliary transport and, consequently, with a high incidence of chronic rhinosinusitis. For patients with chronic rhinosinusitis who remain symptomatic despite medical treatment, endoscopic sinus surgery is a safe and effective therapeutic option. However, to date, no studies have been found evaluating the effect of surgery on the quality of life associated with the effect on olfaction and nasal endoscopy findings of patients with primary ciliary dyskinesia and chronic rhinosinusitis. Objective To describe the effect of endoscopic sinus surgery on the quality of life, on olfaction, and on nasal endoscopy findings of adults with PCD and chronic rhinosinusitis. Methods Four patients who underwent endoscopic sinus surgery were included. The Sinonasal Outcome Test-22 (SNOT-22) score, the Nasal Obstruction Symptom Evaluation (NOSE) questionnaire, and the Lund-Kennedy score were collected preoperatively and at 3 and 6 months postoperatively. The olfaction as assessed with the University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test (UPSIT), which was administered preoperatively and 3 months postoperatively. Results A total of 4 patients with a mean age of 39.3 years old (3 men and 1 woman) completed the study. All patients showed clinically significant improvement in the SNOT-22, NOSE, and Lund-Kennedy scores at 3 months postoperatively, and this improvement was sustained throughout the follow-up period. However, olfaction did not improve after surgery. Conclusion The endoscopic sinus surgery treatment of chronic rhinosinusitis in adults with PCD was associated with improvement in quality of life and endoscopic findings. However, no improvement in olfaction was demonstrated. Studies with a larger number of patients and control groups should help confirm these findings.
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Yuan, Yaqun, Zhehui Luo, Chenxi Li, Eleanor Simonsick, Eric Shiroma e Honglei Chen. "Olfaction and Physical Function in Older Adults: Findings From Health ABC". Innovation in Aging 4, Supplement_1 (1 dicembre 2020): 530–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igaa057.1710.
Abstract (sommario):
Abstract The present study aims to investigate poor olfaction in relation to physical functioning in community-dwelling older adults and potential sex and race disparities. The analysis included 2511 participants aged 71-82 years (51.7% women and 38.4% blacks) from the Health Aging, and Body Composition (Health ABC) study. Olfaction was tested with the 12-item Brief Smell Identification Test (BSIT). Physical function measures included the Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB), the Health ABC Physical Performance Battery (HABCPPB), gait speed of 20-meter walk, fast 400-meter walking time, grip strength, and knee extensor strength, repeatedly assessed annually or biennially for a follow-up of seven years. We analyzed each of these physical function measures using mixed models, adjusting for demographics, lifestyle, and comorbidities. For all measures except grip and knee extensor strength, poor olfaction was clearly associated with poorer physical performance at baseline and a faster decline over time. For example, at baseline, the multivariate adjusted SPPB was 8.23 ± 0.09 for participants with poor olfaction and 8.55 ± 0.09 for those with good olfaction (P = 0.02), after seven years of follow-up, the corresponding scores decreased to 6.46 ± 0.12 and 7.36 ± 0.10 respectively (cross-sectional P<0.001, and P for olfaction-by-year interaction < 0.001). For grip and knee extensor strength, similar differences were suggested but didn’t reach statistical significance. The overall results were similar by sex and race. In summary, poor olfaction is clearly associated with faster decline in physical functioning in older adults and future studies should investigate its potential health implications.
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Cheema, Usama Naveed, Shahi Zeb, Laiba Irfan, Mirza Zeeshan Sikandar, Syed Arslan Ashraf e Khalid Munir. "Impact of Topical v/s Systemic Steroids on Regaining Olfaction in Post Covid-19 Patients; A Randomized Controlled Trail". Pakistan Journal of Medical and Health Sciences 16, n. 11 (30 novembre 2022): 185–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.53350/pjmhs20221611185.
Abstract (sommario):
Background: Covid-19 is a spectrum of infection not only causing fever and respiratory changes but including alteration in chemosensory functions including; olfactory dysfunction and gustatory dysfunction. In covid-19, olfactory dysregulation could be treated with either systemic steroids or with topical steroids. Objective: To assess and compare role of systemic and topical steroids in regaining normal olfactory functions. Materials & Methods: A Randomized control trial was conducted at Central Park Teaching Hospital Lahore after getting ethical approval and prior written informed consent from participants. A total of 35 patients were recruited were segregated into two groups; Group 1 who were treated with topical steroids (n=17) and Group 2 who were given and treated with systemic steroids (n=18). Time frame of regain of olfaction was compared between the groups using Mann Whitney U test. A p value less than 0.05 was considered as significant. Results: A total of 35 participants participated in this randomized controlled trial who were segregated into two groups with the mean ages of 47.12 + 11.94 and 43.72 + 13.74 with no significant mean difference. On appliance of Mann-Whitney U test in Group 1 and group 2 (52 + 39 v/s 4 + 2) it was observed that systemic steroid patients regain olfaction earlier as compared to group 1 (topical steroids) with the p value of .0001. Practical implication: Systemic Steroids will help in prompt regaining of normal olfaction and should be part of COVID-19 infection management. Conclusion: Olfaction management till the regaining of normal olfactory functions should be part of covid-19 management and role of steroids in crucial yet unavoidable. Systemic steroids play a key role in early regain of normal olfactory response so should be encouraged under the physician observation. MeSH Words: Covid-19, olfaction, steroids, respiratory disorders, randomized controlled trial.
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Cavaco, Sara, Alexandra Gonçalves, Alexandre Mendes, Nuno Vila-Chã, Inês Moreira, Joana Fernandes, Joana Damásio, Armando Teixeira-Pinto e António Bastos Lima. "Abnormal Olfaction in Parkinson’s Disease Is Related to Faster Disease Progression". Behavioural Neurology 2015 (2015): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/976589.
Abstract (sommario):
Introduction. A possible association between olfactory dysfunction and Parkinson’s disease (PD) severity has been a topic of contention for the past 40 years. Conflicting reports may be partially explained by procedural differences in olfactory assessment and motor symptom evaluation.Methods. One hundred and sixty-six nondemented PD patients performed the Brief-Smell Identification Test and test scores below the estimated 20th percentile as a function of sex, age, and education (i.e., 80% specificity) were considered demographically abnormal. Patients underwent motor examination after 12 h without antiparkinsonian medication.Results. Eighty-two percent of PD patients had abnormal olfaction. Abnormal performance on the Brief-Smell Identification Test was associated with higher disease severity (i.e., Hoehn and Yahr, Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale-III, Freezing of Gait questionnaire, and levodopa equivalent dose), even when disease duration was taken into account.Conclusions. Abnormal olfaction in PD is associated with increased severity and faster disease progression.
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Lübke, Katrin T., Tobias C. Blum e Bettina M. Pause. "Reading the Mind through the Nose: Mentalizing Skills Predict Olfactory Performance". Brain Sciences 12, n. 5 (13 maggio 2022): 644. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/brainsci12050644.
Abstract (sommario):
A growing body of literature suggests a close link between olfaction and social expertise. The current study examines whether mentalizing skills are related to olfactory discrimination performance. In order to assess their mentalizing ability, 21 women and 20 men completed the “Reading the Mind in the Eyes” test (RMET). Here, the participants have to infer other persons’ mental state from photographs of eye regions. Odor discrimination was assessed using the “Düsseldorf Odour Discrimination Test” (DODT). The DODT consists of 15 items, each containing mixtures of four monomolecular substances. Within each item, two bottles contain the same mixing ratio, while the third contains the reversed mixing ratio. The participants had to identify the deviating odor. Women’s expertise in mentalizing (RMET score) is strongly related to olfactory discrimination performance (DODT score): The better women are in mentalizing, the better their performance in olfactory discrimination (rho = 0.572, p = 0.042, Bonferroni-corrected). Men’s mentalizing capability was unrelated to olfactory discrimination (rho = −0.117, p > 0.999, Bonferroni-corrected). The current results suggest that the social skill of mentalizing might underly the link between olfaction and social integration, at least in women, and are discussed with regard to the social nature of human olfaction.
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Rajic, Alexander J., Peter S. Pressman, Jonathan H. Woodcock, Heidi J. Chial e Christopher M. Filley. "Use of coffee grounds to test olfaction for predicting cognitive dysfunction and decline". Journal of the Neurological Sciences 427 (agosto 2021): 117516. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jns.2021.117516.
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Nakashima, Toshiyuki, Kazuki Kidera, Junji Miyazaki, Yuichiro Kuratomi e Akira Inokuchi. "Smell Intensity Monitoring Using Metal Oxide Semiconductor Odor Sensors during Intravenous Olfaction Test". Chemical Senses 31, n. 1 (1 dicembre 2005): 43–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/chemse/bjj004.
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Tchemerinsky Konieczny, Daniel, Alexander Wieck Fjaeldstad e Kristian Sandberg. "Test-retest reliability and validity of the Importance of Olfaction Questionnaire in Denmark". PLOS ONE 19, n. 1 (19 gennaio 2024): e0269211. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269211.
Abstract (sommario):
While measures to detect psychophysical olfactory ability are a crucial part of clinicians’ assessment of potential olfactory loss, it gives no indication of how olfaction is experienced by the patient and these different aspects often deviate substantially. To ensure quality and reproducibility of subjectively reported olfactory experience and significance, the Importance of Olfaction Questionnaire (IO-Q) was introduced around a decade ago, and while initial validations have produced promising results, important aspects remain nearly unexamined. For example, the test-retest reliability has rarely been examined and the difference of online versus pen-and-paper administration remains unexplored. Here, we translated IO-Q to Danish and examined its validity, test-retest reliability and mode of administration. A cohort of 179 younger, Danish participants with a high level of English proficiency took the test twice with varying time in-between. The first test was taken digitally and in English, while the second was taken using pen-and-paper and in Danish. The distribution of scores and the relationship between the IO-Q and subscale scores were nearly identical between tests, indicating little to no influence of language/test modality in the sampled population. The internal consistency was comparable to previously published results. Likewise, an acceptable test-retest reliability was observed for the full IO-Q and slightly lower for subscales. No significant effect of time was found across several weeks. In conclusion, the IO-Q performed satisfactorily in all examinations and could therefore serve as a valuable clinical measure of subjective olfactory experience, and its Danish translation shows highly similar characteristics to the original, English version.
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Hosemann, W., W. Goertzen, R. Wohlleben, S. Wolf e M. E. Wigand. "Olfaction after Endoscopic Endonasal Ethmoidectomy". American Journal of Rhinology 7, n. 1 (gennaio 1993): 11–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.2500/105065893781976564.
Abstract (sommario):
A detailed preoperative and postoperative examination of the olfactory function of 111 patients with chronic polypoid ethmoiditis was carried out. Eighty-seven patients required a complete endoscopic endonasal sphenoethmoidectomy. In 24 patients an endoscopic partial resection of the ethmoidal cell system was performed. Before surgery a normosmia was ascertained in 39 patients (35%). Thirty-four patients (31%) were hyposmic, and 38 patients (34%) suffered from anosmia. In the postoperative olfactory function test 89 patients (80%) had a normal sense of smell; 13 patients (12%) showed hyposmia, and nine patients (8%) experienced anosmia. Seventy-eight percent of the patients with impaired olfactory function had marked improvement after the operation. Patients who had previously undergone a polypectomy had a less favorable prognosis. None of the preoperatively normosmic patients became hyposmic or even anosmic after endoscopic sinus surgery. The sense of smell of only two of the 34 patients with preexisting hyposmia worsened after surgery. The postoperative size of the middle nasal turbinate did not correlate with the ability to smell. More important was the accessibility of the olfactory cleft.
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Briner, H. R., N. Jones e D. Simmen. "Olfaction after endoscopic sinus surgery: long-term results". Rhinology journal 50, n. 2 (1 giugno 2012): 178–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.4193/rhino11.213.
Abstract (sommario):
Loss of olfactory function is one of the main symptoms in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis. This prospective, non-randomized interventional study reports five years results of olfaction of patients with chronic rhinosinusitis who underwent endoscopic sinus surgery in conjunction with topical medical treatment. Forty-five patients with chronic rhinosinusitis who underwent endoscopic sinus surgery were evaluated preoperatively, after three months and 34 (76%) of them after five years. Olfactory function was assessed by a subjective visual analogue scale, by a screening test of olfaction with Smell Diskettes and by measuring the N-Butanol threshold. Patient`s subjective sense of olfaction using a visual analogue scale was improved in 79% at 5 years. Objective measurements by Smell Diskettes improved in 53% at 5 years whilst the quantitative measurement by the N-Butanol threshold improved in 85% at 5 years. The high percentage of patients with improvement of olfaction five years after surgery indicates that endoscopic sinus surgery in conjunction with continued topical treatment leads to a long term improvement of the sense of smell. However, it was found that - measured by the sensitive N-Butanol threshold - up to 9% had no improvement and 6% had deterioration in their olfaction at 5 years after endoscopic sinus surgery. This fact has to be considered in the preoperative counselling of patients.
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Zelenitsky, Darla K., François Therrien, Ryan C. Ridgely, Amanda R. McGee e Lawrence M. Witmer. "Evolution of olfaction in non-avian theropod dinosaurs and birds". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 278, n. 1725 (13 aprile 2011): 3625–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2011.0238.
Abstract (sommario):
Little is known about the olfactory capabilities of extinct basal (non-neornithine) birds or the evolutionary changes in olfaction that occurred from non-avian theropods through modern birds. Although modern birds are known to have diverse olfactory capabilities, olfaction is generally considered to have declined during avian evolution as visual and vestibular sensory enhancements occurred in association with flight. To test the hypothesis that olfaction diminished through avian evolution, we assessed relative olfactory bulb size, here used as a neuroanatomical proxy for olfactory capabilities, in 157 species of non-avian theropods, fossil birds and living birds. We show that relative olfactory bulb size increased during non-avian maniraptoriform evolution, remained stable across the non-avian theropod/bird transition, and increased during basal bird and early neornithine evolution. From early neornithines through a major part of neornithine evolution, the relative size of the olfactory bulbs remained stable before decreasing in derived neoavian clades. Our results show that, rather than decreasing, the importance of olfaction actually increased during early bird evolution, representing a previously unrecognized sensory enhancement. The relatively larger olfactory bulbs of earliest neornithines, compared with those of basal birds, may have endowed neornithines with improved olfaction for more effective foraging or navigation skills, which in turn may have been a factor allowing them to survive the end-Cretaceous mass extinction.
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Naggar, Mohammed El, Savita Kale, Chris Aldren e Frank Martin. "Effect of Beconase nasal spray on olfactory function in post-nasal polypectomy patients: a prospective controlled trial". Journal of Laryngology & Otology 109, n. 10 (ottobre 1995): 941–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002221510013172x.
Abstract (sommario):
AbstractNumerous studies have postulated the possible benefit of corticosteroids on olfaction in patients with nasal/sinus disease. Twenty-nine patients with bilateral nasal polyps were included in our study using strict selection criteria to reduce other aetiologies of olfactory dysfunction. The University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test (UPSIT) was performed pre-operatively on the right and left nostrils separately. Following intranasal polypectomy the patients received a six-week course of beclomethasone nasal spray (Beconase) to one nostril only, with the other acting as a control. The UPSIT scores were again obtained for each nostril separately. Wilcoxon Signed Rank test revealed no statistically significant difference in UPSIT scores between treated and untreated nostrils (p = 0.31; power 70 per cent; ES = 0.47). We conclude that topical beclomethasone does not improve olfaction following nasal polypectomy.
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Liu, David T., Ursula Schwarz-Nemec, Bertold Renner, Christian A. Mueller e Gerold Besser. "Radiological Markers of the Olfactory Cleft: Relations to Unilateral Orthonasal and Retronasal Olfactory Function". Diagnostics 10, n. 11 (23 novembre 2020): 989. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics10110989.
Abstract (sommario):
The opacification of the olfactory cleft (OC) has been associated with birhinal orthonasal olfaction in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS). The aim of this study was to determine the associations between monorhinal and birhinal orthonasal, and retronasal olfaction with radiological markers of the OC in a cohort of patients with CRS. Results were analyzed in a CRS-cohort including 13 patients with nasal polyposis (CRSwNP) and 12 patients with non-eosinophilic CRS (non-eCRS). Monorhinal and birhinal orthonasal olfactory function, and OC-air volume were higher in non-eCRS compared CRSwNP. OC-opacification was also higher in CRSwNP compared to non-eCRS. In the entire CRS-cohort, those with higher OC-opacification showed significantly lower orthonasal and retronasal olfactory test results compared to those with lower OC-opacification across all three coronal planes. Similarly, higher unilateral OC-opacification was also associated with lower ipsilateral orthonasal olfactory function. Correlation analysis further revealed a positive correlation between monorhinal and birhinal orthonasal olfaction with ipsilateral and overall OC-air volume. Likewise, birhinal and monorhinal orthonasal, and retronasal olfactory test results correlated negatively with the overall and ipsilateral Lund-Mackay scores. Monorhinal and birhinal orthonasal, and retronasal olfactory function were lower in CRS patients with higher ipsilateral and overall OC-opacification compared to those with lower OC-opacification.
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Rosenfeldt, Anson B., Tanujit Dey e Jay L. Alberts. "Aerobic Exercise Preserves Olfaction Function in Individuals with Parkinson’s Disease". Parkinson's Disease 2016 (2016): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/9725089.
Abstract (sommario):
Introduction. Based on anecdotal reports of improved olfaction following aerobic exercise, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of an 8-week aerobic exercise program on olfaction function in individuals with Parkinson’s disease (PD).Methods. Thirty-eight participants with idiopathic PD were randomized to either an aerobic exercise group (n=23) or a nonexercise control group (n=15). The aerobic exercise group completed a 60-minute cycling session three times per week for eight weeks while the nonexercise control group received no intervention. All participants completed the University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test (UPSIT) at baseline, end of treatment, and a four-week follow up.Results. Change in UPSIT scores between the exercise and nonexercise groups from baseline to EOT (p=0.01) and from baseline to EOT+4 (p=0.02) favored the aerobic exercise group. Individuals in the nonexercise group had worsening olfaction function over time, while the exercise group was spared from decline.Discussion. The difference in UPSIT scores suggested that aerobic exercise may be altering central nervous system pathways that regulate the physiologic or cognitive processes controlling olfaction in individuals with PD. While these results provide promising preliminary evidence that exercise may modify the disease process, further systematic evaluation is necessary.
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Harel, David. "Niépce–Bell or Turing: how to test odour reproduction". Journal of The Royal Society Interface 13, n. 125 (dicembre 2016): 20160587. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2016.0587.
Abstract (sommario):
Decades before the existence of anything resembling an artificial intelligence system, Alan Turing raised the question of how to test whether machines can think, or, in modern terminology, whether a computer claimed to exhibit intelligence indeed does so. This paper raises the analogous issue for olfaction: how to test the validity of a system claimed to reproduce arbitrary odours artificially, in a way recognizable to humans. Although odour reproduction systems are still far from being viable, the question of how to test candidates thereof is claimed to be interesting and non-trivial, and a novel method is proposed. Despite the similarity between the two questions and their surfacing long before the tested systems exist, the present question cannot be answered adequately by a Turing-like method. Instead, our test is very different: it is conditional, requiring from the artificial no more than is required from the original, and it employs a novel method of immersion that takes advantage of the availability of easily recognizable reproduction methods for sight and sound, a la Nicéphore Niépce and Alexander Graham Bell.
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Lopez, F., B. Rohl, A. Wagle Shukla e D. Bowers. "B-26 Predictors of Cognitive Decline Over a 2-year Follow up: Olfaction and Scans Without Evidence of Dopaminergic Deficit Status (SWEDD)". Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology 34, n. 6 (25 luglio 2019): 972. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/arclin/acz034.109.
Abstract (sommario):
Abstract Objective Given the high discriminatory power of olfaction assessments in movement disorders, the current study sought to determine whether olfaction dysfunction differentially predicted cognitive decline in patients who have scans without evidence of dopaminergic deficit (SWEDD). Dopamine depletion is a major neuropathological feature of Parkinson’s disease (PD); however, 15% of patients with a clinical PD diagnosis have neuroimaging evidence of intact dopaminergic function. Recent work has suggested that patients with SWEDD are at a greater risk of cognitive impairment relative to those with PD. Methods Archival data were obtained from the Parkinson’s Progression Markers Initiative database. The total sample included three groups: PD (n = 401), SWEDD (n = 51), and HC (n = 175). Participants were categorized into non-impaired (-) or impaired (+) olfaction groups based on performance on the University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test, corrected for age and gender. Participants were administered the Montreal Cognitive Assessment twice and change scores were calculated to examine changes in cognition over time (baseline – two-year follow-up). Results A bootstrapped analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed that the SWEDD+ group had lower MoCA scores than PD+ and HC+ groups at baseline (ps < .05). A bootstrapped ANOVA indicated that group differences were not significant at follow-up; rather, impaired baseline olfaction predicted cognitive decline across all study participants (p < .05), regardless of diagnosis. Conclusions Future studies are needed to assess whether the profile of motor and non-motor symptoms in SWEDD patients, including olfaction, is deserving of its own syndrome, or whether individual patients may fit better under alternative, existing diagnoses.
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Mishra, Anupam, Nimisha Mishra Shukla, Veerendra Verma e Subhash Chandra Mishra. "Olfaction in Primary Atrophic Rhinitis and Effect of Treatment". OTO Open 4, n. 3 (luglio 2020): 2473974X2094950. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2473974x20949503.
Abstract (sommario):
Objective To assess olfactory and clinical morbidity in primary (idiopathic)–type atrophic rhinitis and its course following treatment. Study Design Prospective nonrandomized controlled cohort study with follow-up. Setting Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery of a university hospital (tertiary heath care center). Methods Sixty-one patients with atrophic rhinitis underwent assessment of clinical severity with baseline olfaction with the Brief Smell Identification test, while the improvement of their status following surgical versus nonsurgical treatment was further assessed. Results Olfaction was universally deranged with bimodal age presentation and female predominance (61%). Clinical improvement was significantly associated with surgical treatment but did not reveal any relation with up-front severity of disease. A near-significant association of age with severity did not reveal significance when stratified by age group. Baseline olfaction or its change following treatment did not reveal any significance with severity of disease or clinical improvement. Radiologic atrophy also did not reveal any significant relation with severity criteria. Conclusions Olfactory functions as compared with clinical parameters provided better reflection of underlying (systemic) pathology with environmental interaction, while later it mainly signified localized condition. Accordingly, olfaction was affected early and recovered slowly (or not at all), independent of clinical morbidity, which in turn is affected rather late but recovers early. Olfactory dysfunction at the initial stage may be a surrogate marker of potential worsening clinical condition, since bacteria often superinfect underlying susceptible nasal environment. While surgery mainly improved clinical parameters without affecting olfaction directly, a true improvement would include recovery of both.
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Eichel, Berkley S. "Improvement of Olfaction following Pansinus Surgery". Ear, Nose & Throat Journal 73, n. 4 (aprile 1994): 248–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/014556139407300411.
Abstract (sommario):
This study involves ten consecutive anosmic patients who underwent pansinus surgery and have been followed and tested a minimum of one year. They all had advanced obstructive bilateral nasal polyposis and pansinusitis. Persistent severe loss of smell was one of the chief complaints in all ten patients. The surgery performed included bilateral nasal polypectomies, bilateral sphenoidethmoidectomies and bilateral nasal antral windows. Post-operatively, all were treated with a topical corticosteroid nasal spray. Seven of these patients were asthmatic and three were also aspirin-sensitive, some being cortisone-dependent. The University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test (UPSIT) was administered pre-operatively and then at six-month intervals in the post-operative period. Significant initial improvement in smell acuity occurred in seven of the ten patients. One of the seven, however, developed recurrence of the nasal polyposis and again lost his smell capabilities somewhere between the twelfth and eighteenth post-operative months. Another of the patients who did not improve smell sensitivity post-operatively occasionally is aware of fleeting periods of return.
46
Pisarska-Adamczyk, Magdalena, Piotr Tylec, Natalia Gajewska, Julia Wierzbicka, Krzysztof Przęczek, Piotr Małczak, Michał Wysocki, Michał Pędziwiatr, Mateusz Wierdak e Piotr Major. "Postoperative Olfaction Alteration Following Laparoscopic Bariatric Surgery". Journal of Clinical Medicine 10, n. 8 (15 aprile 2021): 1704. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm10081704.
Abstract (sommario):
Introduction: Bariatric surgery is an effective method of treatment for morbid obesity that is known to change nutritional habits. Proper nutrition has an impact on postoperative recovery and outcomes. Diet preferences depend on flavour and olfaction stimuli. Some studies show long-term changes in the sense of smell after bariatric surgery, but little research has addressed olfactory function shortly after surgery. Observations of olfactory changes that occur immediately after bariatric surgery may lead to improvements in postoperative care. Aim: The aim of this study is to investigate the impact of bariatric surgery on olfactory changes in the short postoperative period. Material and methods: This is a prospective study of patients undergoing laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (LSG) and laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (LRYGB) between April 2018 and December 2018. The control group consists of patients who underwent various non-oncological elective surgical procedures. Patients’ olfaction was tested qualitatively and quantitatively the day before and 24 h after surgery. Sniffin Sticks test consists of three subtests: odor threshold, discrimination, and identification. Results: The study enrolled 83 patients (LSG = 39; LRYGB = 14; control = 30). Mean scores in the threshold subtest differed significantly in the bariatric group, 9.3 ± 3.9 before the surgery and 8.2 ± 3.0 a day after the surgery (p = 0.032). There were no significant differences between scores from the discrimination subtest, identification subtest and the mean total scores in the bariatric group. There was no observed change in the intensity of the smell in the control group. Analyzing the results of patients undergoing LSG and LRYGB separately, we only showed significant differences in the case of LSG. Mean score from the 1st test (9.12 ± 3.97 vs. 7.75 ± 2.98; p = 0.0339) and mean total score (32.83 ± 5.45 vs. 30.67 ± 4.88; p = 0.0173) differ between repetitive measurements in LSG patients. Conclusions: Our study shows deterioration of odor threshold in the bariatric surgery group compared to the control group 24 h after surgery. However, this change occurred only in patients undergoing LSG.
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Jiang, Rong-San, e Yu-Yu Lu. "Functional Olfactory Nerve Regeneration Demonstrated by Thallium-201 Olfacto-Scintigraphy in Patients with Traumatic Anosmia: A Case Report". Case Reports in Otolaryngology 2019 (16 novembre 2019): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/1069741.
Abstract (sommario):
Head trauma is one of the most common etiologies of olfactory dysfunction. It is difficult to use either the olfactory function test or magnetic resonance imaging to directly assess the course of damage to olfactory nerves. Thallium-201 (201Tl) olfacto-scintigraphy has been shown to be an able means for objectively assessing the olfactory nerve transport function. It is expected to be used to evaluate olfactory nerve regeneration after damage to the olfactory nerves. However, no such result has been reported. We present a patient who lost his olfactory function after experiencing head trauma. When his olfactory function remained anosmic, a 201Tl olfacto-scintigraphy showed no migration of 201Tl from the nasal mucosa to the olfactory bulb. After treatment with medicines and olfactory training, his olfactory function improved. A second 201Tl olfacto-scintigraphy showed an increased migration of 201Tl from the nasal mucosa to the olfactory bulb.
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Cross, Fiona R., e Robert R. Jackson. "Olfaction-based anthropophily in a mosquito-specialist predator". Biology Letters 7, n. 4 (16 febbraio 2011): 510–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2010.1233.
Abstract (sommario):
Evarcha culicivora is an unusual salticid spider because it feeds indirectly on vertebrate blood by choosing blood-carrying mosquitoes as preferred prey. Its preferred mosquitoes are Anopheles , the genus to which all human malaria vectors belong. Here, we show that human odour, which is known to be salient to malaria vectors, is also salient to the adults and juveniles of E. culicivora . Test spiders spent more time in the vicinity of a source of human odour (previously worn socks) when the alternative was unworn socks.
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Lilly, M., e J. Carlson. "smellblind: a gene required for Drosophila olfaction." Genetics 124, n. 2 (1 febbraio 1990): 293–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/124.2.293.
Abstract (sommario):
Abstract In this article we define and characterize the smellblind gene (sbl). We show that two mutants, sbl and olfDx9, both isolated by virtue of their olfactory phenotypes and analyzed extensively by others with respect to courtship behavior, contain mutations at a single locus. Meiotic recombination, duplication, and deficiency mapping are used to localize this gene, sbl, to cytogenetic position 14F6-15A2-3 on the X chromosome. Mutations of the locus are shown to produce severe defects not only in larval olfactory response to several volatile chemicals, but also in larval contact chemosensory response. Both sbl and olfDx9 give a robust response, however, in a new test of larval phototactic response, which we describe here. Both alleles are shown to be heat-sensitive lethals. Four additional recessive lethal alleles, two EMS-induced, one dysgenic, and one spontaneous, are also described.
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Wang, Keran, Zhehui Luo, Chenxi Li, Jayant M. Pinto, Eric J. Shiroma, Eleanor M. Simonsick e Honglei Chen. "Olfaction and kidney function in community-dwelling older adults". PLOS ONE 17, n. 2 (25 febbraio 2022): e0264448. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0264448.
Abstract (sommario):
Background In older adults, kidney function declines with age. People with advanced kidney diseases may have poor olfaction. However, it is unclear whether poor olfaction is a marker for declining renal function or future risk of chronic kidney disease (CKD). We therefore investigated olfaction in relation to kidney function and risk of CKD. Methods These secondary data analyses were limited to participants of the year 3 clinical visit of the Health Aging and Body Composition Study. The analytic sample size varied between 1427 to 2531, depending on participant eligibility and data availability for each analysis. Olfaction was tested using the Brief Smell Identification Test (B-SIT), defined as anosmia (score≤6), hyposmia (7–8), moderate (9–10), and good function (10–11) at baseline. We estimated glomerular filter rate (eGFR) at baseline and seven years later using the CKD-EPI creatinine-cystatin C equation, and defined incident CKD as eGFR<60 ml/min/1.73m2 and eGFR decline ≥1 ml/min/1.73m2/year. Further, we identified CKD hospitalization events from hospitalization and death records. We used inverse probability weighting and weighted multivariable regressions to account for censoring in the prospective analyses and used absolute risk regression to account for competing risk of death. Results At baseline, compared to participants with good olfaction, the multivariable-adjusted mean eGFR was 3.00 ml/min/1.73m2 lower (95% confidence interval (CI): -5.25, -0.75) for those with anosmia and 1.87 lower (95% CI: -3.94, 0.21) for those with hyposmia with a P for linear trend < 0.001. Those with anosmia at baseline was had a significantly lower eGFR seven years later (-5.31, 95% CI: -8.58, -2.04, P for trend = 0.002), but the association was attenuated after further accounting for baseline eGFR (-2.37, 95%CI: -4.91, 0.16, P for linear trend = 0.147). Olfactory function was not associated with incident CKD or CKD hospitalization. Conclusion In older adults > age 70 years, poor olfaction is associated with lower kidney function, but not future CKD risk. These associations should be further investigated in relatively younger population.