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Letteratura scientifica selezionata sul tema "Terms and phrases"

Autore: Grafiati

Pubblicato: 4 giugno 2021

Ultima modifica: 30 luglio 2024

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Articoli di riviste sul tema "Terms and phrases"

Pavelieva, Anna, Iryna Lobko e Inna Sotnichenko. "Methods of terms-phrases translation in IT". IMAGE OF THE MODERN PEDAGOGUE 1, n. 3 (16 giugno 2021): 58–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.33272/2522-9729-2020-3(198)-58-63.

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The article is devoted to the translation of English terms-phrases into Ukrainian according to their models. It is determined that as for the structure, one-component terms prevail in IT texts, but compound terms also make up a large proportion of terminological units. Among compound terms, the most common are two-component phrases (they make up 76.46% of terms), followed by three-component phrases (19.4%), while four-, five-, and six-component terminological phrases make up a small percentage of IT phrases in this terminology (4.14%). It is stated that separate elements of terms-phrases are translated with the help of transcoding, loan translation, descriptive translation, or translation by equivalents, but compound terms can contain various units that should be translated using different methods, and therefore for the analysis of such terminological units it is necessary to first identify their structural models that will allow research on ways to translate specific elements of terminological phrases. It is proved in the article that the most common models of compound terms in IT are two-component models N1 + N2 (42% of the total number), Adj + N (20%), Part.II + N (7%), which are translated into Ukrainian using the appropriate terms-phrases or compound terms that contain the elements of the original phrase, and other types of compound terms depending on the specific model. The most common three-component models N + N + N and (Adj + N) + N are also considered in the article.

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Mykowiecka, Agnieszka, Małgorzata Marciniak e Piotr Rychlik. "Recognition of irrelevant phrases in automatically extracted lists of domain terms". Computational terminology and filtering of terminological information 24, n. 1 (31 maggio 2018): 66–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/term.00014.myk.

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Abstract In our paper, we address the problem of recognition of irrelevant phrases in terminology lists obtained with an automatic term extraction tool. We focus on identification of multi-word phrases that are general terms or discourse expressions. We defined several methods based on comparison of domain corpora and a method based on contexts of phrases identified in a large corpus of general language. The methods were tested on Polish data. We used six domain corpora and one general corpus. Two test sets were prepared to evaluate the methods. The first one consisted of many presumably irrelevant phrases, as we selected phrases which occurred in at least three domain corpora. The second set mainly consisted of domain terms, as it was composed of the top-ranked phrases automatically extracted from the analyzed domain corpora. The results show that the task is quite hard as the inter-annotator agreement is low. Several tested methods achieved similar overall results, although the phrase ordering varied between methods. The most successful method, with a precision of about 0.75 on half of the tested list, was the context based method using a modified contextual diversity coefficient. Although the methods were tested on Polish, they seems to be language independent.

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Pllana, Sadete, e Albulena Pllana Breznica. "Fixed Word-Combination and Simple Word-Combination in the Terminology of Economy in Accordance with English Language". European Journal of Language and Literature 9, n. 1 (10 giugno 2017): 129. http://dx.doi.org/10.26417/ejls.v9i1.p129-136.

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The problems of economic terminology can be handled from different angles. Today, there are many discussions about the concept of phrase terms and their reflection in the explanatory dictionaries of economic terms. Phrasal terms are reflected lexicographically in the terminology dictionaries but are also included in the explanatory dictionaries, collective lexicographic works and of the codifying and normative character of the Albanian language. The subjects break down the concepts in a transparent way, so today they have become one of the key tools for constructing terms in general. The widespread dissemination of fixed word-combination phrases in language as a specific lexical-syntax unit, especially in the terminology of the economy, creates a special layer in the terminology lexicon circle, which is characterized by specific features and attributes. Therefore, in this paper, we have been dealing with fixed and simple word-combination phrases, more widespread in the terminology of the economy, in accordance with the English language.

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Prematilake, H. I. "A Contrastive Analysis of English-Hindi Noun Phrase in the Discipline of Translation". Vidyodaya Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences 08, n. 01 (1 gennaio 2023): 01–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.31357/fhss/vjhss.v08i01.01.

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A noun phrase is an extension of a noun, in which one or more adjectives or modifiers are used with the noun. In terms of translation studies, the analysis of internal and external textual factors contributes to the knowledge of the source text and to a better understanding of the text and its aim. Noun phrases are an important element in terms of intertextual factors of the source text. Hence, the objectives of the present study are to describe and explain the function of noun phrases in English and Hindi languages in terms of text analysis for understanding a source text, producing an acceptable translation, and the assessment of that translation and to indicate an investigation of the similarities and differences of the noun phrase in the two languages. The present study focuses on the similarities and differences between Hindi and English noun phrases. Data were gathered using library surveys. Data analysis was performed as a comparative study based on contrastive analysis techniques. The key research findings of this paper are based on identifying several comparative elements of English and Hindi noun phrases. This paper emphasizes that the classification of noun phrases and Englis-hHindi noun phrases may play with respect to the action or state described by a governing verb.

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Jia, Hongyi, e Feng-hsi Liu. "Acquisition of time and locative phrases in Mandarin Chinese". Chinese as a Second Language (漢語教學研究—美國中文教師學會學報). The journal of the Chinese Language Teachers Association, USA 51, n. 1 (20 giugno 2016): 1–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/csl.51.1.01jia.

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In this study we explore the role played by input saliency in L2 acquisition of the time phrase and the locative phrase in Mandarin Chinese. In Chinese the time phrase that indicates when an event takes place and the locative phrase that indicates where an event takes place are similar in that neither can occur after the verb. L1 English L2 learners of Chinese have to learn to place both phrases pre-verbally. Our goal is to find out whether learners acquire the placement of the two types of phrases equally well. On the basis of input saliency measured in terms of form-function mapping and type frequency, we predicted that the time phrase will be easier to acquire than the locative phrase. We then conducted an experiment and put the hypothesis to test on learners at an early stage. The findings largely support our hypothesis: Simple time phrases are easier to acquire than simple locative phrases for beginning learners. In addition, the same group of learners had difficulty with both complex time phrases and complex locative phrases, suggesting that structural complexity also plays a role.

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Wang, Sue, e Gulbahar H. Beckett. "“My Excellent College Entrance Examination Achievement” — Noun Phrase Use of Chinese EFL Students’ Writing". Journal of Language Teaching and Research 8, n. 2 (1 marzo 2017): 271. http://dx.doi.org/10.17507/jltr.0802.07.

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Previous studies have shown that phrasal structure, particularly complex noun phrases with phrasal modifiers, is a feature of advanced academic writing. Therefore, it would be important for those who plan to pursue further studies to learn to write in the way that is appropriate for academic writing. Using the manual annotation function of UAM corpus tool, this study compared the noun phrase use of Chinese EFL students’ writing with that of proficient language users. This study also discussed the significant differences found between these two groups in terms of noun phrase use and their implications for EFL/ ESL writing instruction.

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Booij, Geert. "Phrasal names: A constructionist analysis". Word Structure 2, n. 2 (ottobre 2009): 219–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/e1750124509000427.

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Some types of phrases share the naming function with complex words. Hence both phrases and words can be lexical units stored in the lexicon. This article discusses how the functional equivalence between words and phrases can be accounted for without ignoring their formal differences. Such types of phrases can be characterized in terms of phrasal schemas with specific properties, that is, as constructions. The article focuses on the formal properties of adjective+noun sequences with a naming function, in particular in Modern Greek and Dutch. The constructionist approach is able to do justice to the lexical unit properties of phrasal names, and highlights the parallelism between phrasal and morphological constructions.

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Agabekova, Zh, e Sh Zhalmakhanov. "USAGE OF FHRASES IN THE KAZAKH LANGUAGE IN THE AZ-ZAMAKSHARI’S DICTIONARY "MUKHADIMAT AL-ADAB"". Bulletin of the Eurasian Humanities Institute, Philology Series, n. 1 (30 marzo 2023): 7–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.55808/1999-4214.2023-1.01.

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Az-Zamakhshari is a great historian, geographer, literary critic, linguist, teacher and a poet of his time. In modern terms, as a public figure he left to the next generation invaluable works on logic, grammar, religion, dictionaries, literature, literary studies, pedagogy, history and geography. Many of his writings have reached us. One of his precious legacies left to the generations is his dictionary, titled «Muqaddimat al-Adab». This article discusses the structure of phrases in Az-Zamakhshari's work «Muqaddimat al-Adab». The manuscript of his unique four-language Arabic-Turkish-Mongolian work in the world is currently kept in the Alisher Nauai Literature Museum in Tashkent. According to the researchers, the scholar's «Muqaddimat al-Adab» includes Arabic-Persian-Turkish-Mongolian languages, however the Turkish section is not finished. The difference between the dictionary and the modern bilingual dictionaries is, firstly, that it includes several languages, and secondly, it was created by combining it with phrases, not just a list of words. This article talks about phrases from the dictionary «Muqaddimat al-Adab». Their transmission structures are shown and the similarity with modern Kazakh phrases is analyzed. In the dictionary, phrases are represented by a root cell. In this regard, it is discovered that it corresponds to the structure of the dictionaries created during the period of Muslim civilization. In most dictionaries of the Middle Ages, words and phrases were created using cells (models) similar to the phonetic structure of the Arabic language. Here, the root of the word is shown first, followed by a phrase made from that word. Words and phrases are arranged not according to their meaning, but according to the external form of the word. Phrasal verbs are also listed in the dictionary. However, it can be seen that their translations are not aligned with the phrasal verbs in the translated language. Several verbs are formed from one root, and various phrases formed from them are concentrated. Phrasal verbs formed within one word are collected as a group. From this aspect, the article considers phrases taken from dictionaries. The materials collected in this article are given as a general description of the phrases in the dictionary. In our future studies, it is planned to consider them together with the phonetic-morphological aspect.

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Justeson, John S., e Slava M. Katz. "Technical terminology: some linguistic properties and an algorithm for identification in text". Natural Language Engineering 1, n. 1 (marzo 1995): 9–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1351324900000048.

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AbstractThis paper identifies some linguistic properties of technical terminology, and uses them to formulate an algorithm for identifying technical terms in running text. The grammatical properties discussed are preferred phrase structures: technical terms consist mostly of noun phrases containing adjectives, nouns, and occasionally prepositions; rerely do terms contain verbs, adverbs, or conjunctions. The discourse properties are patterns of repetition that distinguish noun phrases that are technical terms, especially those multi-word phrases that constitute a substantial majority of all technical vocabulary, from other types of noun phrase.The paper presents a terminology indentification algorithm that is motivated by these linguistic properties. An implementation of the algorithm is described; it recovers a high proportion of the technical terms in a text, and a high proportaion of the recovered strings are vaild technical terms. The algorithm proves to be effective regardless of the domain of the text to which it is applied.

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Tesi sul tema "Terms and phrases"

Chang, Lui, e 張蕾. "The separable words in modern Chinese language =". Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2007. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B37737922.

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Kwiatek, Ewelina. "Contrastive analysis of English and Polish surveying terminology". Thesis, Swansea University, 2012. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.678421.

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Presents a study of surveying terminology, which may be considered as an under-researched area when compared to legal, medical or business terminologies, focusing on English and Polish. This book provides a wide picture of surveying terminology by looking at problems that diversified groups of users may identify. Kwiatek investigates how surveying terms are created and how they are named in English and Polish; she analyses the concept systems of the two languages with respect to surveying terminology; and she indicates the areas of surveying in which terminology and conceptual differences occur, the factors that trigger them and translation strategies which are used to solve them.

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Cranmer, Laila. "Terminology and Compound nouns in a translation of a financial text". Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för språk och litteratur, SOL, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-23752.

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Scholar, Richard. "The je-ne-sais-quoi : the word and its pre-history, 1580-1680". Thesis, University of Oxford, 2003. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:448f7fcf-a1c2-4c57-afd7-a5bc3a2becad.

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The purpose of this thesis is to analyse the je-ne-sais-quoi through its history and its pre-history. When we are moved by something we cannot identify, but whose effects we cannot fail to recognize, how should we try and come to terms with our experience? The je-ne-sais-quoi rises to prominence as a keyword in such discussions during the period studied. This thesis offers the first full-length study of the word and its significance to literary and philosophical writing of that period. It traces its precursors, its rise as a noun in mid-seventeenth-century France and England, and its fall from grace. Previous historical work has generally restricted the word's application to aesthetics; this study examines its significance in the philosophy of nature and the passions as well as culture. It combines historical method and philosophical enquiry to inform the close analysis of examples. The aim is to consider what the je-ne-sais-quoi is and how it finds expression in writing. A fourfold thesis is proposed, (i) The lexical je-ne-sais-quoi, in its core meaning, refers to an inexplicable force with sudden and vital effects, (ii) This force remains ever on the move by unsettling sedimented words, passing through current ones, and abandoning these as they too undergo sedimentation, (iii) The word history of the je-ne-sais-quoi,/em> encapsulates this movement. The term is first used to unsettle its semantic precursors (by Descartes and others), becomes current in writing of the mid-seventeenth century (that of Corneille and Pascal in particular), but soon settles into the sediment of polite culture (as Méré, Bouhours, and English Restoration comedy show), (iv) Returning the word to the mobile non-substantival forms of its pre-history in Montaigne, to whom a chapter-length study is devoted, uncovers a form of writing that captures the force of the je-ne-sais-quoi better than the settled word itself. The task of literature is to lend form to the je-ne-sais-quoi by naming it in its inexplicable reality and by describing how it falls, like a disaster, into our experience.

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Li, Suogui. "A cognitive approach to foreign-inspired Chinese terms". Thesis, View thesis, 2008. http://handle.uws.edu.au:8081/1959.7/26322.

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This thesis has aimed to set out the classification and word production of foreign-inspired Chinese terms (FICT) within the language system of modern Chinese. FICT refers to a group of vocabulary items in Chinese as a recipient language, where formation is motivated by foreign entities or concepts and designated by some foreign words, but no established foreign elements are in fact transferred from the donor language. The thesis establishes a group of terms identified as a particular category of Chinese borrowings according to the motivation of word production, concerning human bodily perception and cognition experience of foreign entities or concepts. Chinese borrowing is categorized as four types: phonic loans, semantic loans, loan blends and FICT, based on the motivation of sound, form and meaning of foreign words, and sensory perception and cognition of foreign entities and concepts. Cognitive semantics, adopted as an approach in the thesis, is a study of mind and its relationship with embodied experience and culture. Employing language as a key methodological tool for uncovering conceptual organization and structure, this study explores the methods of FICT word production, such as sensory perceptual and metaphorical production in terms of principles of cognitive semantics within the Chinese language system. The various types of Chinese borrowings are analysed in terms of the theory of categorization, and FICT in particular are examined under the semantic model proposed here. It is hoped that the thesis is able to open a new approach to the investigation of Chinese loan words and the process of FICT word production within cognitive semantics.

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Thomas, Patricia C. "Orientation in multiple lexical terms and verb phrases : a model for special language combinants". Thesis, University of Surrey, 1995. http://epubs.surrey.ac.uk/844287/.

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The theme of this thesis is the 'orientation' of multiple lexical terms and special language verb phrases. Orientation is a necessary step for two main reasons: ascertaining the most logical placing of multiple lexical terms and special language verb phrases (combinants) in a dictionary; providing the most apposite terminological and terminographical background data for a multiple lexical term or phrase, these data being determined by the subject field of the text in which the term or phrase appears. The research has drawn together aspects such as collocation and valency, and analyses of corpora have resulted in the development of a model for special language verb phrases in English and French which it is proposed can be applied and adapted to different specialised subject fields. Past research into special language verb phrases has been sparse and, in contrast to general language, it does not appear that a model pertaining to this construction has been developed previously. Of additional novelty is the application of the model to special language verb phrases in French, because it is hoped that the results will act as a precursor for a dictionary of verb collocations in that language. It is intended that the results of the research will benefit: learners of a foreign language who may become translators, to enable them to seek a term or phrase easily and efficiently; subject specialists who prepare papers in a language which is not their mother tongue; technical writers; pre-editors of texts for machine translation; terminographers who need guidelines for entering compound terms and phrases in: (i) printed dictionaries and (ii) computerised systems such as terminology data banks (term banks). The results are supported by statistical data acquired from the compilation by the author of two special language corpora, one in English and the other in French, of restricted areas of virology and bacteriology.

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Landman, Kie-Mari, Linda Loretta Kwatsha e PR Otto. "Die hantering van etikette in woordeboeke, met spesiale verwysing na Xhosa-woordeboeke". Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/21845.

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The researcher’s decision to study the labelling of lexical items in dictionaries was prompted by the frustration experienced with subjective labelling in Afrikaans and English dictionaries. Some lexicographers rely too much on their subjective judgement when it comes to labelling lexical items. The problem with this is that the different dictionaries often label the same word differently or that words in the same dictionary which should get the same label are labelled differently. The question arose as to what exactly constitutes the correct handling of labels, especially with regard to Xhosa dictionaries. The search for an answer to achieve this aim dictated the necessity to examine the essence of the concept “label” in order to establish criteria for evaluating the effective usage of labels, because as Harteveld (1993:143) stated: “…the incorrect treatment of labels or the lack thereof can have important implications for a dictionary”. Since the hypothesis of this study is that it is possible to use labels objectively and correctly it is therefore possible to establish criteria that can be used to achieve this end. A literature review was undertaken to identify criteria for the handling of labels. Fieldwork with the aid of a questionnaire was conducted to supplement the establishment of such criteria. A number of criteria for handling labels was determined. Each criterion was discussed and its implementation was practically demonstrated by means of exemplars.

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Chiu, Aman Kaman. "Terminology management issue approach to standardization : an an@lysis [i.e. analysis] of Chinese IT terminology problems in Hong Kong". HKBU Institutional Repository, 2000. http://repository.hkbu.edu.hk/etd_ra/346.

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Jiao, Nina, e 焦妮娜. "Lexical shortening in Chinese: a corpus-based, constraint-based, and cross-linguistic investigation". Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2010. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B46081823.

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Jones, Ida Amelia. "Translating opinions an investigation into the effect of word choice on reader perception /". Diss., Online access via UMI:, 2009.

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Libri sul tema "Terms and phrases"

Khan, Mohammed Ilyas. Legal terms & phrases (judicially defined). Lahore: B. M. Publishers, 2006.

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Manutius, Aldus. Phrases linguæ Latinæ. Londini: Ex officina Thomæ Vautrollerij, 1985.

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Cash, Richard. Power phrases. Los Angeles: Phrasebooks, 1988.

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Beecroft, Saunders John, a cura di. Words and phrases legally defined. 3^a ed. London: Butterworths, 1988.

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Lim, Virginia Jeannie P. Dictionary of terms and phrases in taxation. 2^a ed. Quezon City: Central Book Supply, Inc., 2012.

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1937-, Williams Ann, a cura di. A dictionary of medieval terms and phrases. Cambridge: D.S. Brewer, 2004.

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Khan, M. Ilyas. Handbook of legal terms & phrases (judicially defined). Lahore: PLD Publishers, 1995.

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Society, National Estimating, a cura di. Dictionary of cost estimating terms and phrases. 2^a ed. Washington: National Estimating Society, 1986.

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1944-, MacPherson Susan, a cura di. Dictionary of dance: Words, terms, and phrases. Toronto: Dance Collection Danse Press/es, 1996.

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Kirkpatrick, E. M. Clichés: Over 1500 phrases explored and explained. New York: St. Martin's Griffin, 1999.

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Capitoli di libri sul tema "Terms and phrases"

Killman, Jeffrey. "Machine translation and legal terminology". In Handbook of Terminology, 485–510. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/hot.3.mac2.

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This chapter addresses machine translation (MT) with an eye to legal terminology. The translation of legal terms and phrasemes may be fraught with contextual complexities, and context has long been the Achilles’ heel of MT. Nevertheless, neural MT (NMT) and statistical MT (SMT) have made considerable progress in recent years, thanks to data-driven approaches making use of potentially related corpora to overcome contextual obstacles. Such approaches and the potential frozenness or repetitiveness of legal terms and phrases may allow MT to overcome some of these obstacles. This chapter reviews contextual complexities surrounding legal terminology, NMT and SMT architectures, and research on MT and legal translation to determine what might be expected from data-driven MT in this context.

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López-Ostenero, Fernando, Julio Gonzalo, Anselmo Peñas e Felisa Verdejo. "Interactive Cross-Language Searching: Phrases Are Better than Terms for Query Formulation and Refinement". In Advances in Cross-Language Information Retrieval, 416–29. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-45237-9_37.

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Langslow, D. R. "Phrasal Terms". In Medical Latin in the Roman Empire, 206–68. Oxford University PressOxford, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198152798.003.0004.

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Abstract This chapter is about a set of medical terms which arc formally not single words but noun phrases. Our authors attest a wide range of different types of medical referring-expressions consisting of more than one lexeme, which differ both formally and with regard to their status as medical terms. At one extreme, medical objects and medical phenomena arc referred to, rather long-windedly, by means of clauses and phrases of various types (si-clauses, relative clauses, etc.), which have no reasonable claim to any status as items of a terminology (but to which I return in Chapter 6). On the other hand, our authors attest a significant number of two-word phrases (noun + adjective, noun + genitive) which have a very good claim to he regarded as, at worst, single lexical items and, at best, fully fledged medical terms. I call these latter ‘phrasal terms’ and devote this chapter principally to them. 1 My purpose is twofold, and concerns both vocabulary and syntax. I mean in the first place simply to identify and underline the existence of these phrases, all too easily ignored, as established items of medical terminology. Secondly, I argue that phrasal terms represent an important interface between syntax and the lexicon, and a promising focus for further work, especially in the area of word-order at the level of the noun phrase (section 4. 4. 3. 3 below); phrasal terms play also, I believe, a significant role in the development of nominal syntax and the ‘scientific’ style (on which I shall have more to say in Chapter 6). Finally, phrasal terms can occasionally afford some insight into authors’ approaches to the business of translating Greek medical terms, especially when different phrasal terms arc used by different writers.

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"Terms and Phrases". In Record of the Transmission of Illumination, 1–452. University of Hawaii Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv2crj1hm.6.

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"Legal Terms and Phrases". In Liechtenstein Business Law, 499–544. MANZ'sche Verlags- und Universitätsbuchhandlung GmbH, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5771/9783214165017-499.

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"Nautical Terms and Phrases". In The Strange and Dangerous Voyage of Captaine Thomas James, 185–92. McGill-Queen's University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9780773589452-015.

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"Glossary of Terms and Phrases". In The Legacy of Roman Law in the German Romantic Era, 235–38. Princeton University Press, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9781400860982.235.

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"Abbreviations of Terms and Phrases". In The Verbless Clause in Biblical Hebrew, vii—ix. Penn State University Press, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9781575065175-001.

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"Glossary of Terms and Phrases". In Shaken Authority. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.7591/9781501708503-012.

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"Abbreviations of Terms and Phrases". In The Verbless Clause in Biblical Hebrew, vii—ix. Penn State University Press, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.5325/j.ctv1bxh3hg.3.

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Atti di convegni sul tema "Terms and phrases"

Iino, Kenji, Yotaro Hatamura e Yuko Shimomura. "Scenario Expression for Characterizing Failure Cases". In ASME 2003 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2003/dac-48789.

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Mere collection of failure information and accident records do not effectively relay the knowledge associated with the case to the reader. We propose to collect data in a structured manner so the message is better transferred to the information receiver. We further developed a scheme that records the essence of each failure case in a sequence of predefined phrases displayed to the recorder in a hierarchy of phrases. We call the sequence the “scenario” of the event. Arranging the phrases in descending steps and supplementing it with an illustration and a key knowledge sentence composes the visual summary of the case. A glance at the visual summary and reading the scenario steps generate a good image of the case in the receiver’s mind. Among the predefined hierarchical phrases, we call those that express the cause of the event, failure cause phrases. Recording high level failure cause phrases from the hierarchy forces the event recorder to evaluate the root cause of the failure. To the top and second level (in the phrase hierarchy) failure cause phrases, we assigned 5-space vector components to characterize each phrase in terms of “knowledge”, “carefulness”, “judgment”, “organization”, and “nature”. This vector characterization of the failure cause phrases with the scenario allows us to further characterize each failure case as a linear combination of the predefined phrases. Once each failure case has its vector characterization, we can evaluate its similarity with other cases. Also, if we find the characterization of an individual, group, or organization in the same 5-space, we can warn about failure cases with similar characteristics that are likely to happen. The method is powerful in predicting failures so they can be avoided before happening.

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Odakura, Fumimaro, Koga Kobayashi e Kei Wakabayashi. "Active Learning for Extracting Technical Terms Covering Multiword Phrases". In iiWAS2021: The 23rd International Conference on Information Integration and Web Intelligence. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3487664.3487706.

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Ranjan, Harsh, Sumit Agarwal, Amit Prakash e Sujan Kumar Saha. "Automatic labelling of important terms and phrases from medical discussions". In 2017 Conference on Information and Communication Technology (CICT). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/infocomtech.2017.8340644.

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Fusco, Francesco, e Diego Antognini. "Extracting Text Representations for Terms and Phrases in Technical Domains". In Proceedings of the 61st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 5: Industry Track). Stroudsburg, PA, USA: Association for Computational Linguistics, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.18653/v1/2023.acl-industry.7.

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Rafique, Muhammad Imran, e Mehdi Hassan. "Utilizing distinct terms for proximity and phrases in the document for better information retrieval". In 2014 International Conference on Emerging Technologies (ICET). IEEE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icet.2014.7021024.

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Хакиева, Залиха Усмановна, e Петимат Масудовна Зекиева. "ESSENCE OF THE CONCEPTS «TERM» AND «TERM SYSTEM»". In Наука. Исследования. Практика: сборник избранных статей по материалам Международной научной конференции (Санкт-Петербург, Июнь 2021). Crossref, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.37539/srp297.2021.76.24.011.

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В статье рассматриваются понятия «термин» и «терминосистема». Термины являются специальными лексическими единицами, которые функционируют в различных научных областях. Терминосистема это совокупность слов и словосочетаний, используемых в определенной научной сфере для выражения специальных понятий и наименования типовых объектов. The article discusses the concepts of "term" and "terminology". Terms are special lexical units that function in various scientific fields. A terminological system is a collection of words and phrases used in a certain scientific field to express special concepts and the names of typical objects.

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Qureshi, M. Atif, Colm O'Riordan e Gabriella Pasi. "Short-text domain specific key terms/phrases extraction using an n-gram model with wikipedia". In the 21st ACM international conference. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2396761.2398680.

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Vlasova, Svetlana Aleksandrovna, Nikolay Evgenievich Kalenov e Irina Nikolaevna Sobolevskaya. "On the distribution of key terms in scientific fields". In 24th Scientific Conference “Scientific Services & Internet – 2022”. Keldysh Institute of Applied Mathematics, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.20948/abrau-2022-24.

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One One of the Common Digital Space of Scientific Knowledge (CDSSK) main components are the subject ontologies of individual thematic subspaces, which include the basic concepts related to this scientific area. The constructing subject ontologies task at the initial phase requires the an array of key terms formation in a given scientific are with the subsequent establishment of links between them. A similar task is in the encyclopedias formation in terms of the articles (slots) list generating that determines their content. One of the sources for the formation of the key terms array can be the metadata of articles published in the leading scientific journals. Namely, the author's key terms ("keywords" in the terminology of the journals editors) quoted by the article. To make a conclusion about the possibility of using this approach to the subject ontologies formation, it is necessary to conduct the author's key terms array preanalysis, both in terms of real correspondence to the main areas of research in this science branch and in terms of the distribution of the certain terms occurrence frequency. This article presents the results of the occurrence frequency analysis of the author's key terms in Russian and English, carried out on the software processing basis of several thousand articles from leading Russian journals in mathematics, computer science and physics, reflected in the MathNet database. An assessment was made of the distribution of key terms correspondence (as phrases) and individual words to the Bradford's law, and the key terms cores within the thematic direction were identified.

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Dadaboyev, Hamidulla. "BABUR’SCONTRIBUTION INTHE EXPANSION OF THE UZBEK LANGUAGE'S LEXICON DURING THE16TH-CENTURY". In The Impact of Zahir Ad-Din Muhammad Bobur’s Literary Legacy on the Advancement of Eastern Statehood and Culture. Alisher Navoi' Tashkent state university of Uzbek language and literature, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.52773/bobur.conf.2023.25.09/yohe6599.

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In thisarticle, Babur's incomparable contribution to the progress and development of the vocabulary of the Uzbek language duringthe16th century, and the skill of using words, phrases and terms, assigning them the task of expressing different meanings, expanding the scope of phenomena or processes such as synonyms, homonyms, polysemy, mobile semantics reflected in the language of thatperiod.Active use of outdated units, effective use of existing lexical units in the spoken language of thepeople, efforts to create new words based on the possibilities of the mother tongue, based on the material recorded and the text of "Baburnama" were discussed.

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Fast, Ethan, Binbin Chen e Michael S. Bernstein. "Lexicons on Demand: Neural Word Embeddings for Large-Scale Text Analysis". In Twenty-Sixth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence. California: International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2017/677.

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Human language is colored by a broad range of topics, but existing text analysis tools only focus on a small number of them. We present Empath, a tool that can generate and validate new lexical categories on demand from a small set of seed terms (like "bleed" and "punch" to generate the category violence). Empath draws connotations between words and phrases by learning a neural embedding across billions of words on the web. Given a small set of seed words that characterize a category, Empath uses its neural embedding to discover new related terms, then validates the category with a crowd-powered filter. Empath also analyzes text across 200 built-in, pre-validated categories we have generated such as neglect, government, and social media. We show that Empath's data-driven, human validated categories are highly correlated (r=0.906) with similar categories in LIWC.

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Rapporti di organizzazioni sul tema "Terms and phrases"

Main, Sarah, e Graeme Reid. Scenarios for a Science Superpower. Foundation for Science and Technology, dicembre 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.53289/yalo7297.

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What is a ‘science superpower’? Sarah Main and Graeme Reid explore reactions to the term from stakeholders across the UK and examine alternative versions of a future in which ‘science superpower’ status is achieved. Their report is published today by the Foundation for Science and Technology. Jeremy Hunt, Rishi Sunak, Boris Johnson, George Freeman and other senior figures in government use the phrase ‘science superpower’ as a headline for ambitious, visionary science policy. It is a potent phrase but open to varied interpretation. By exploring scenarios in which the UK has achieved ‘science superpower’ status by different means, the authors stimulate debate about the desired characteristics of this status and highlight the choices facing policy-makers on the path to become a more research-intensive UK.

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Rau, Jane. PR-580-163710-R01 Determining the Impact of Human Factors in the Performance of In-Service NDE. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), gennaio 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0011651.

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The term "Human Factors" has become a buzz phrase in the pipeline industry, and rightfully so. Root cause analyses of many failures point to human error as the cause. However, in the pipeline industry, "Human Factors" generally refers to ergonomics, fatigue, stress, environment, and communication. JTrain, Inc.'s research looks at Human Factors from an educational viewpoint; how is transfer of knowledge from Subject Matter Experts (SMEs) and Level IIIs certified technicians to Non Destructive Examination (NDE) technicians presently performed, and how can it be improved to ensure actual learning occurs and not just rote memorization to pass a test. Being a knowledgeable SME or Level III does not guarantee an ability to teach or an understanding of how learning is best achieved. This report discusses how research-based learning strategies and best practices in teaching and learning can improve transfer of knowledge and competence for NDE technicians.

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Blazakis, Jason, e Colin Clarke. From Paramilitaries to Parliamentarians: Disaggregating Radical Right Wing Extremist Movements. RESOLVE Network, dicembre 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.37805/remve2021.2.

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The global far right is extremely broad in nature and far from monolithic. While the “far right” is often used as an umbrella term, using the term runs the risk of over-simplifying the differences and linkages between white supremacist, anti-immigration, nativist, and other motivating ideologies. These beliefs and political platforms fall within the far-right rubric, and too often the phrase presents a more unified image of the phenomena than is really the case. In truth, the “far right” and the individual movements that comprise it are fragmented, consisting of a number of groups that lack established leadership and cohesion. Indeed, these movements include chauvinist religious organizations, neo-fascist street gangs, and paramilitary organs of established political parties. Although such movements largely lack the mass appeal of the interwar European radical right-wing extreme, they nevertheless can inspire both premeditated and spontaneous acts of violence against perceived enemies. This report is intended to provide policymakers, practitioners, and the academic community with a roadmap of ongoing shifts in the organizational structures and ideological currents of radical right-wing extremist movements, detailing the difference between distinct, yet often connected and interlaced echelons of the far right. In particular, the report identifies and analyzes various aspects of the broader far right and the assorted grievances it leverages to recruit, which is critical to gaining a more nuanced understanding of the potential future trajectory of these movements.

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Paynter, Robin A., Celia Fiordalisi, Elizabeth Stoeger, Eileen Erinoff, Robin Featherstone, Christiane Voisin e Gaelen P. Adam. A Prospective Comparison of Evidence Synthesis Search Strategies Developed With and Without Text-Mining Tools. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), marzo 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.23970/ahrqepcmethodsprospectivecomparison.

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Background: In an era of explosive growth in biomedical evidence, improving systematic review (SR) search processes is increasingly critical. Text-mining tools (TMTs) are a potentially powerful resource to improve and streamline search strategy development. Two types of TMTs are especially of interest to searchers: word frequency (useful for identifying most used keyword terms, e.g., PubReminer) and clustering (visualizing common themes, e.g., Carrot2). Objectives: The objectives of this study were to compare the benefits and trade-offs of searches with and without the use of TMTs for evidence synthesis products in real world settings. Specific questions included: (1) Do TMTs decrease the time spent developing search strategies? (2) How do TMTs affect the sensitivity and yield of searches? (3) Do TMTs identify groups of records that can be safely excluded in the search evaluation step? (4) Does the complexity of a systematic review topic affect TMT performance? In addition to quantitative data, we collected librarians' comments on their experiences using TMTs to explore when and how these new tools may be useful in systematic review search¬¬ creation. Methods: In this prospective comparative study, we included seven SR projects, and classified them into simple or complex topics. The project librarian used conventional “usual practice” (UP) methods to create the MEDLINE search strategy, while a paired TMT librarian simultaneously and independently created a search strategy using a variety of TMTs. TMT librarians could choose one or more freely available TMTs per category from a pre-selected list in each of three categories: (1) keyword/phrase tools: AntConc, PubReMiner; (2) subject term tools: MeSH on Demand, PubReMiner, Yale MeSH Analyzer; and (3) strategy evaluation tools: Carrot2, VOSviewer. We collected results from both MEDLINE searches (with and without TMTs), coded every citation’s origin (UP or TMT respectively), deduplicated them, and then sent the citation library to the review team for screening. When the draft report was submitted, we used the final list of included citations to calculate the sensitivity, precision, and number-needed-to-read for each search (with and without TMTs). Separately, we tracked the time spent on various aspects of search creation by each librarian. Simple and complex topics were analyzed separately to provide insight into whether TMTs could be more useful for one type of topic or another. Results: Across all reviews, UP searches seemed to perform better than TMT, but because of the small sample size, none of these differences was statistically significant. UP searches were slightly more sensitive (92% [95% confidence intervals (CI) 85–99%]) than TMT searches (84.9% [95% CI 74.4–95.4%]). The mean number-needed-to-read was 83 (SD 34) for UP and 90 (SD 68) for TMT. Keyword and subject term development using TMTs generally took less time than those developed using UP alone. The average total time was 12 hours (SD 8) to create a complete search strategy by UP librarians, and 5 hours (SD 2) for the TMT librarians. TMTs neither affected search evaluation time nor improved identification of exclusion concepts (irrelevant records) that can be safely removed from the search set. Conclusion: Across all reviews but one, TMT searches were less sensitive than UP searches. For simple SR topics (i.e., single indication–single drug), TMT searches were slightly less sensitive, but reduced time spent in search design. For complex SR topics (e.g., multicomponent interventions), TMT searches were less sensitive than UP searches; nevertheless, in complex reviews, they identified unique eligible citations not found by the UP searches. TMT searches also reduced time spent in search strategy development. For all evidence synthesis types, TMT searches may be more efficient in reviews where comprehensiveness is not paramount, or as an adjunct to UP for evidence syntheses, because they can identify unique includable citations. If TMTs were easier to learn and use, their utility would be increased.

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Yatsymirska, Mariya. KEY IMPRESSIONS OF 2020 IN JOURNALISTIC TEXTS. Ivan Franko National University of Lviv, marzo 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.30970/vjo.2021.50.11107.

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The article explores the key vocabulary of 2020 in the network space of Ukraine. Texts of journalistic, official-business style, analytical publications of well-known journalists on current topics are analyzed. Extralinguistic factors of new word formation, their adaptation to the sphere of special and socio-political vocabulary of the Ukrainian language are determined. Examples show modern impressions in the media, their stylistic use and impact on public opinion in a pandemic. New meanings of foreign expressions, media terminology, peculiarities of translation of neologisms from English into Ukrainian have been clarified. According to the materials of the online media, a «dictionary of the coronavirus era» is provided. The journalistic text functions in the media on the basis of logical judgments, credible arguments, impressive language. Its purpose is to show the socio-political problem, to sharpen its significance for society and to propose solutions through convincing considerations. Most researchers emphasize the influential role of journalistic style, which through the media shapes public opinion on issues of politics, economics, education, health care, war, the future of the country. To cover such a wide range of topics, socio-political vocabulary is used first of all – neutral and emotionally-evaluative, rhetorical questions and imperatives, special terminology, foreign words. There is an ongoing discussion in online publications about the use of the new foreign token «lockdown» instead of the word «quarantine», which has long been learned in the Ukrainian language. Research on this topic has shown that at the initial stage of the pandemic, the word «lockdown» prevailed in the colloquial language of politicians, media personalities and part of society did not quite understand its meaning. Lockdown, in its current interpretation, is a restrictive measure to protect people from a dangerous virus that has spread to many countries; isolation of the population («stay in place») in case of risk of spreading Covid-19. In English, US citizens are told what a lockdown is: «A lockdown is a restriction policy for people or communities to stay where they are, usually due to specific risks to themselves or to others if they can move and interact freely. The term «stay-at-home» or «shelter-in-place» is often used for lockdowns that affect an area, rather than specific locations». Content analysis of online texts leads to the conclusion that in 2020 a special vocabulary was actively functioning, with the appropriate definitions, which the media described as a «dictionary of coronavirus vocabulary». Media broadcasting is the deepest and pulsating source of creative texts with new meanings, phrases, expressiveness. The influential power of the word finds its unconditional embodiment in the media. Journalists, bloggers, experts, politicians, analyzing current events, produce concepts of a new reality. The world is changing and the language of the media is responding to these changes. It manifests itself most vividly and emotionally in the network sphere, in various genres and styles.

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