Tesi: "Terminology"

1

Марченко, Д. О. "Terminology." Thesis, Видавництво СумДУ, 2011. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/13312.

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Souza, Ivan Pereira de. "Do engenho à usina: estudo diacrônico da terminologia do açúcar." Universidade de São Paulo, 2007. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8142/tde-26102007-154413/.

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O objetivo desta dissertação é apontar e descrever problemas de Terminologia referentes à variação diacrônica de uma terminologia, a partir da análise conceitual de duas estruturas referentes a dois modelos de processo (engenho e usina) de uma mesma área técnica - produção de açúcar -, separadas por um espaço determinado de tempo e submetidas a constantes revoluções lingüísticas e culturais. Para tanto, descrevemos quais fatores interferem nessas transformações; em que medida o grau de consolidação de um domínio representa sua sistematicidade; e procuramos comprovar, a partir de pesquisa diacrônica, que a dinâmica dos subsistemas de especialidades renova-se sob as mesmas regras de criação da língua geral. The aim of this work is to point out and describe Terminology problems related to the diachronic variation of a terminology based on the conceptual analysis of two structures, concerning two process models (sugar plantation and factory) of a same technical area - sugar production, separated by a certain period of time and submitted to constant technological, linguistic and cultural revolutions. For this reason, we described the factors which interfere in those transformations; the manner that the consolidation level of a social sphere represents its systemic regularity; and we tried to prove, based on a diachronic research, that the dynamics of the speciality subsystems has the same functioning of the one that rules the general language.

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3

Hamed, Fawzi Younis. "Language Tension, Terminology Variation and Terminology Policy in the Arabic-Speaking North African Countries: An Alternative Approach to Terminology Practice." Kent State University / OhioLINK, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=kent1415102656.

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4

Al-Jabir, Shaikha. "Terminology-based knowledge acquisition." Thesis, University of Surrey, 1999. http://epubs.surrey.ac.uk/843300/.

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A methodology for knowledge acquisition from terminology databases is presented. The methodology outlines how the content of a terminology database can be mapped onto a knowledge base with a minimum of human intervention. Typically, terms are defined and elaborated by terminologists by using sentences that have a common syntactic and semantic structure. It has been argued that in defining terms, terminologists use a local grammar and that this local grammar can be used to parse the definitions. The methodology has been implemented in a program called DEARSys (Definition Analysis and Representation System), that reads definition sentences and extracts new concepts and conceptual relations about the defined terms. The linguistic component of the system is a parser for the sublanguage of terminology definitions that analyses a definition into its logical form, which in turn is mapped onto a frame-based representation. The logical form is based on first-order logic (FOL) extended with untyped lambda calculus. Our approach is data-driven and domain independent; it has been applied to definitions of various domains. Experiments were conducted with human subjects to evaluate the information acquired by the system. The results of the preliminary evaluation were encouraging.

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5

Norman, Malin. "Terminology in Beer Reviews." Thesis, Högskolan i Gävle, Avdelningen för humaniora, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-29360.

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The purpose of this study is to examine beer reviews to see what descriptors are identified and used to describe beers. Also, the domains APPEARANCE, AROMA, FLAVOUR, MOUTHFEEL and OVERALL IMPRESSION are analysed. The theoretical framework stems from the genre of wine reviews, with additional backbone from beer sensory analysis and established beer terminology. Through analysis of 27 beer reviews in three leading beer magazines, the study shows that most typically object descriptors and property descriptors relating to the raw materials are used. In terms of domains, APPEARANCE and MOUTHFEEL have few descriptors, whilst AROMA and FLAVOUR have a higher number of descriptors and more categories. The domain with more process related and human-like descriptions, as well as more elaborate expressions to entice the consumer, is OVERALL IMPRESSION.

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Терлецька, Ірина Миколаївна, Ирина Николаевна Терлецкая, Iryna Mykolaivna Terletska, and O. Tsugan. "Abbreviation in medical terminology." Thesis, Вид-во СумДУ, 2009. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/16773.

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A problem is presented by the fact that abbreviations are highly ambiguous with respect to their meaning. A problem is presented by the fact that abbreviations are highly ambiguous with respect to their meaning In addition to problems associated with the text interpretation, abbreviations constitute a major source of errors in a system that automatically generates lexicons for medical natural language processing. When you are citing the document, use the following link http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/16773

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Simonenko, N. O. "Terminology of clinical medicine." Thesis, Сумський державний університет, 2014. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/34665.

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The present paper offers an up-to-date view of the status of Latin as the language of medicine, especially in its terminological component. Latin terminology is used originally as an international language of scholars and persisted within some areas, e.g. anatomy and pharmacy. Its universal usage ensures its continuation. When you are citing the document, use the following link http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/34665

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8

Rababah, Hussein A. M. "Language planning and terminology management : assessment and dissemination of medical terminology in Jordan." Thesis, Birmingham City University, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.440241.

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Language planning and medical terminology management in Jordan is investigated as a case study, both qualitatively and quantitatively, from the perspective of general language planning and terminology management theories and principles. English is the communicative and professional medical language in Jordan. Medical staff often switch from English to Arabic and vice versa. Arabic medical terminology, which is important for patient communication, is not properly standardized. There is more than one Arabic medical equivalent for the same medical concept, which causes ambiguity and confusion to language users. The assumption of this study is that Arabic medical terms are available, but they are not well disseminated. Code switching, bilingualism, euphemism, dysphemism, synonymy, term formation are discussed in their relation to language planning and terminology management. The methodology includes attitudinal questionnaires for investigating medical language users' opinions and attitudes towards terminology management, a translation form for evaluating the mechanisms for spreading Arabic medical terminology, a survey of medical dictionaries for the availability of Arabic medical terminology, and interviews with the people responsible for language planning and terminology management. The expected benefits of having a standardized and disseminated Arabic medical terminology include the enhancement of communication between health care providers and users, the facilitation of the translation process, the transfer of medical knowledge to Jordan, an increase in the health awareness of people, and improving the education of medical related careers. The research concludes that there is no organized strategy for innovating and disseminating medical terminology in Jordan. The subjects are generally in favour of keeping English as the medical language as well as having a standardised and disseminated Arabic medical terminology. A practical stategy is proposed, and the terminology committee is recommended to appoint a Medical Terminology Monitor and a Liaison Person.

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Gariépy, Julie L. "La collaboration en terminographie : étude de cas comparée de la terminographie collaborative et de la terminographie classique." Thèse, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/23977.

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Le secteur langagier vit actuellement un changement de paradigme. De nouvelles pratiques collaboratives facilitent les échanges entre des gens de partout dans le monde. Bien que certaines de ces pratiques, par exemple la traduction collaborative, ont suscité l'intérêt de nombreux chercheurs, d'autres, comme la terminographie collaborative, sont peu connues. Quel est le spectre de la terminographie collaborative? En quoi la terminographie collaborative se distingue-t-elle de la terminographie classique? Quelles sont leurs forces et leurs faiblesses respectives? La présente thèse définit la terminographie collaborative, identifie ses caractéristiques et ses divers modes et formes et présente ses outils afin de permettre une compréhension approfondie du phénomène. Nous comparons la terminographie classique et la terminographie collaborative au moyen d'une étude de cas d'un modèle classique (TERMIUM Plus) et d’un modèle collaboratif (TermWiki) afin de relever les ressemblances et les différences entre elles. Puis nous illustrons leurs forces et leurs faiblesses respectives. Nous concluons que la terminographie classique et la terminographie collaborative diffèrent principalement au niveau des participants, du style d'interaction et de l'infrastructure. The language industry is experiencing a paradigm shift. New collaborative practices facilitate exchanges between people from all around the world. Although some of these practices, such as collaborative translation, have attracted the interest of many researchers, others, such as collaborative terminography, are little known. What is the spectrum of collaborative terminography? How do collaborative terminography and traditional terminography differ? What are their respective strengths and weaknesses? This thesis defines collaborative terminography, identifies its characteristics and its various modes and forms, and presents collaborative tools to enable a thorough understanding of the phenomenon. We compare traditional and collaborative terminography through a case study of a traditional model (TERMIUM Plus) and a collaborative model (TermWiki) to identify similarities and differences between them. We then list their respective strengths and weaknesses. We conclude that traditional terminography and collaborative terminography differ mainly in terms of participants, interaction styles and infrastructure.

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10

Zarnikhi, Abolfazl. "Towards a model for terminology planning." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/298593.

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This research is based on the hypothesis that all terminological activities are founded upon some fundamental principles which, at the same time, are manifested in sociolinguistic context-bound variations or parameters. Answering the research questions, the thesis gains an advantage of employing both field research and literature. The former deals with carrying out a comparative study and using a maximum variation sampling technique for gathering data from Termcat, TNC, DGLFLF and the Academy of Persian Language and Literature (APLL). To control the study in a systematic way, a questionnaire concentrating on macro- and micro-structures of the target organizations has been prepared as a route map. The research also derives benefit of literature from more than thirty linguistic situations. The data were first coded and then thematically categorized according to their major similarities. The results came within three components: planning theory, linguistics of science and implementation layers. In the next step, the thesis found the second level of similarities or universal principles. The data processing continued to arrive at minor (universal or restricted) principles. The final form of a terminology planning work is determined by parameters arising out of “values”, put under nodes of principles. The values are, in fact, sociolinguistic potentialities developed and limitations imposed by a specific ecolinguistic environment. Esta investigación se basa en la hipótesis de que todas las actividades terminológicas se fundamentan en algunos principios fundamentales, principios que, al mismo tiempo, se manifiestan en variaciones o parámetros relaciona con el contexto sociolingüístico. Para responder a las preguntas de investigación, la tesis utiliza tanto el trabajo de campo como la bibliografíala. En relación al trabajo de campo, se ha realizado un estudio comparativo de cuatro centros de Terminología (Termcat, TNC, DGLFLF y la Academia de la lengua persa y Literatura (APLL), usando una técnica de muestreo de máxima variación para la recopilación de datos, Para controlar la sistematicidad del estudio, hemos elaborado un cuestionario centrándonos en la microestructura y la macroestructura de las cuatro organizaciones, presentado en forma de hoja de ruta. La investigación presenta además los datos de una treintena de otros casos, a partir de los datos aportados por la bibliografía. Los datos recopilados han sido codificados y luego categorizados temáticamente sobre la base de sus similitudes principales. Los resultados se han organizado en tres componentes: la teoría de la planificación, la lingüística de la ciencia y las fases de aplicación. A continuación hemos analizado el segundo nivel de similitudes o principios universales. A través del procesamiento de los datos hemos establecido a principios de importancia menor (principios restringidos). En definitiva, un proyecto de planificación teinológica se concreta a partir de los parámetros derivados de "valores" o principios. Los valores son, de hecho, potencialidades sociolingüísticas limitadas por el entorno ecolingüístico específico.

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11

Davidson, Laura M. "Knowledge extraction technology for terminology." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/tape15/PQDD_0003/MQ32532.pdf.

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12

Xu, Ran. "Terminology preparation for simultaneous interpreters." Thesis, University of Leeds, 2015. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/10164/.

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Simultaneous interpreting requires efficient use of highly domain-specific terminology in the working languages of an interpreter. By necessity, interpreters often work in a wide range of domains and have limited time to prepare for new topics. To ensure the best possible simultaneous interpreting of specialised conferences where a great number of domain-specific terms are used, interpreters need preparation, usually under considerable time pressure. They need to familiarise themselves with concepts, technical terms, and proper names in the interpreters’ working languages. There is little research into the use of modern terminology extraction tools and pipelines for the task of simultaneous interpreting. A few previous studies mentioned the application of corpora as potential electronic tools for interpreters. For instance, Fantinuoli (2006) and Gorjanc (2009) discussed the functions of specific online crawling tools and explored ways to extract specialised terminology from disposable web corpora for interpreters. However, there has not been any empirical study to test how term extraction tools and the use of corpora can help interpreters increase their preparation efficiency and how these technologies and practices influence interpreters’ simultaneous interpreting performance. This study investigates a corpus-based terminology preparation pipeline integrating building small comparable corpora, using automatic term extractors and concordancers. We compared and evaluated several term extraction and concordance tools for Chinese and English, and a single term extractor and a concordancer with comparatively better performance were selected to be used in the empirical study of this research. With training on how to use the tools for interpreting preparation, interpreters are expected to develop the skills to build their own terminology resources and activate relevant terms for specialised simultaneous interpreting tasks. This study also investigates the effect of using the tools on trainee interpreters’ performances by looking at the quality of their simultaneous interpreting outputs. For this purpose, we ran two experiments with MA trainee interpreters at the University of Leeds using different preparation procedures (and tools) to prepare for simultaneous interpreting tasks (English and Chinese, both directions) on two specialised topics: Seabed Minerals (SM) and Fast Breeder Reactors (FR). I also collected data from focus groups to investigate the trainee interpreters’ views on the use of different procedures (and tools). Our results suggest that the preparation procedure using both the term extractor (Syllabs Tools) and the concordancer (Sketch Engine) yielded better preparation results compared with a traditional preparation procedure. It helped improve the trainee interpreters’ terminological performance during simultaneous interpreting by significantly increasing term accuracy scores by 7.5% and reducing the number of omission errors by 9.3%. On the other hand, terminology preparation (through using both the term extractor and the concordancer) is not a “magical cure” for all errors. Our data shows that the preparation procedure (and the tools) only helped to improve the students’ holistic SI scores by 2.8% (but not yielding any statistical significance). This thesis demonstrates that training on terminology preparation for technical meetings could be a useful supplement to the already existing professional interpreting training. It is important for both students and trainers to be aware that electronic tools, when used properly, can assist the interpreters’ terminology preparation and achieve an enhanced performance. It also offers directions for further research in the application of modern term extraction technology for conference interpreters.

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Rock, Channah, Jean E. McLain, and Daniel Gerrity. "Common Terminology of Water Recycling." College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/225868.

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Batista, Rosinalda Pereira. "Características de terminologia empresarial: um estudo de caso." Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos, 2011. http://www.repositorio.jesuita.org.br/handle/UNISINOS/4592.

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Submitted by William Justo Figueiro (williamjf) on 2015-07-21T22:59:52Z No. of bitstreams: 1 66c.pdf: 5089880 bytes, checksum: 46a67f49defdee13632d6f766c727ece (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2015-07-21T22:59:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 66c.pdf: 5089880 bytes, checksum: 46a67f49defdee13632d6f766c727ece (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 Nenhuma O propósito desta pesquisa é identificar como se institui a terminologia empresarial, bem como, reconhecer as principais características formais dos itens lexicais especializados usados nesse contexto profissional. Para tanto, realizamos um estudo de caso em duas empresas (Refap e Nokia), considerando dois focos de análise: (i) a constituição formal dos itens lexicais especializados; (ii) o tratamento dado às terminologias em documentos das empresas. O corpus da pesquisa é constituído de documentos internos da Refap e das terminologias de produtos tecnológicos da Nokia. Os termos selecionados foram armazenados em uma base de dados da Microsoft Access. A investigação orienta-se, sobretudo, pela linha teórica de estudos da Teoria Comunicativa da Terminologia. Os resultados obtidos nesta investigação mostram dois tipos de constituição de termos: por um lado, uma terminologia lexical constituída de termos compostos predominantemente de base nominal, que cobre processos de produção que, em geral, envolvem conhecimento científico; por outro lado, encontram-se termos constituídos por combinatórias alfanuméricas. O primeiro tipo corresponde a um termo de feição denominativa e o segundo, referente à identificação de produtos tecnológicos, compreende uma feição designativa. Esses dois tipos são entendidos como uma tendência e justifica-se porque o estudo analisou dois casos específicos de uso de terminologias, os quais devem traduzir o comportamento de termos em empresas. Do ponto de vista do comportamento das unidades terminológicas, constatamos que a Refap possui seus termos repertoriados em glossários, mas de forma que não são evidentes os critérios da elaboração do material, o que se reflete na ausência de um padrão organizacional geral e de definição dos termos repertoriados. Por sua vez, os produtos da Nokia são apresentados no site da empresa a partir de um texto que privilegia as funcionalidades dos produtos, e não o conceito técnico, sobretudo porque o propósito da empresa é vender, assim o texto precisa ser convidativo para o consumidor. Concluímos, a partir da pesquisa realizada, que trabalhar com terminologia empresarial pressupõe saber reconhecer os tipos de termos criados e utilizados pela(s) empresa(s). Por isso, consideramos importante a presença de um profissional com conhecimentos linguísticos para lidar com as unidades lexicais especializadas presentes nesse contexto comunicativo. Além disso, estudos desta natureza são importantes para o desenvolvimento teórico e aplicado da Terminologia que, em geral, volta-se para a descrição dos termos de áreas científicas tradicionais. The purpose of this research is to identify as establishing the business terms, as well as recognize the main characteristics of the lexical items used in specialized professional context. Therefore, we performed a case study of two companies (Nokia and Refap), whereas two foci of analysis: (i) the formal establishment of specialized lexical items, (ii) the treatment of terminologies in company documents. The corpus consists of internal documents Refap and terminology of technology products from Nokia. The terms selected were stored in a database in Microsoft Access. The research is guided mainly by the theoretical line of studies of the Communicative Theory of Terminology. The present results show a tendency to formation of two types of terms: first, a lexical terminology consists of terms composed predominantly of nominal base covering production processes generally involve scientific knowledge, and for second one, terms consisting of alphanumeric combinations. The first type corresponds to a term of denominational garb, and the second for the identification of technological products, includes a designative feature. The idea of the trend is justified because the study looked at two specific cases of use of terminology, which should translate behavior in terms of business. From the standpoint of the conduct of terminological units, we found that Refap has its terms listed in glossaries, but there aren’t established criteria in the preparation of the material, thus there isn’t an organizational pattern or definer in the works. In turn, the products of Nokia are presented on the company website from a text which makes an approach to product features, not the technical concept, especially since the company's purpose is to sell, so the text needs to be attractive to the consumer. We conclude from the survey, which involves working with business terminology coping with the terms created and used by the companies , therefore,it is important to consider the presence of a professional and language skills to deal with the lexical units present in this specialized communicative context. Furthermore, studies in this area are important and representative to the theoretical development and applied of the terminology field.

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Bortolato, Carolina Poppi. "Uma proposta de tradução da terminologia jurídica do Ancien Régime presente na peça Les Plaideurs de Jean Racine." Universidade de São Paulo, 2013. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8146/tde-18112013-131108/.

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Os estudos voltados à tradução têm se expandido sobremaneira nos últimos anos, bem como o interesse dos estudiosos pela convergência de diferentes áreas com as quais a tradução dialoga em suas múltiplas interfaces entre elas a Tradução Especializada, a Tradução Literária, a Terminologia, a Terminologia Diacrônica e a Linguística de Corpus. Diante dessa profusão de pontos de vista, o presente estudo foi conduzido de modo a estabelecer um diálogo muito próximo entre a tradição dos estudos tradutórios de Terminologia em textos especializados e os recentes estudos tradutórios de Terminologia em textos não-técnicos (ZAVAGLIA et al., 2010). Defendemos, nesta pesquisa, com base no aporte teórico proposto pela TCT de Cabré (1999) e pela Etno-terminologia de Barbosa (2006), que a livre circulação de termos das áreas de especialidade em textos não-especializados, a exemplo da literatura, não é recente, o que, segundo nosso entendimento, demanda uma documentação terminológica por parte do tradutor leigo prévia ao ato tradutório. Utilizando como corpus de estudo a peça de teatro francesa Les Plaideurs de Jean Racine de 1668, ainda sem tradução para o português do Brasil, conduzimos este trabalho seguindo um roteiro que se inicia com a coleta de candidatos a termos jurídicos relacionados ao Ancien Régime presentes na peça auxiliados pelas técnicas da Linguística de Corpus (BERBER SARDINHA, 2004), a confecção de fichas terminológicas bilígues (AUBERT, 1996) e (CAMACHO, 2004) que determinam as delimitações conceituais dos candidatos levantados por meio de uma pesquisa em Terminologia Diacrônica, finalizando-se com propostas de equivalentes em português do Brasil para as unidades terminológicas levantadas em língua francesa segundo os parâmetros teóricos trazidos por Aubert (1998, 2006) com suas Modalidades de Tradução. Ao final desta pesquisa, pudemos constatar que cabe também ao tradutor de textos não-técnicos uma atenção especial à profusão de registros que podem existir nesses tipos de textos, aqui exemplificados por meio da literatura universal e clássica, o que traz a necessidade de trabalho conjunta entre as áreas da Terminologia e da Tradução, rompendo com parâmetros estritamente formais. Translation studies have been greatly expanding during the last few years as well as the interest of researchers in the convergence of Translation itself and other different areas such as Specialized Translation, Literary Translation, Terminology, Diachronic Terminology and Corpus Linguistics. Given this profusion of points of view, this study aimed at establishing a very close dialogue between the traditional association of translation studies and terminology of specialized texts and the recent association of translation studies and terminology of non-technical texts (ZAVAGLIA et al, 2010). According to the proposals by Cabré (1999) and Barbosa (2006), we argue that the free movement of specialized areas terms in non-specialized texts such as literature is not something new which, in our opinion, demands a terminological documentation by the nontechnical text translator before the act of translation. Using Jean Racines French play Les Plaideurs (1668) as our corpus of study not yet translated into Brazilian Portuguese , legal terms related to the Ancien Régime present in the play were firstly collected aided by the techniques of Corpus Linguistics (BERBER SARDINHA, 2004). Secondly, based on the foundations of Diachronic Terminology, bilingual terminological records (AUBERT, 1996 & CAMACHO, 2004) were elaborated, which determined the conceptual boundaries of the collected candidates. Finally, proposals of equivalents in Brazilian Portuguese were suggested according to Auberts Modalities of Translation (1998, 2006). At last, we found that it is also necessary that the nontechnical text translator gives special attention to the variety of language registers that may exist in these types of texts, exemplified here by means of universal and classic literature, which brings the need for joint working between the areas of Terminology and Translation, breaking strictly formal parameters.

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Fernando, Indira Luísa Felícia. "Sinonímia terminológica nos despachos e regulamentos do Gabinete do Ministério do Ensino Superior: proposta de harmonização." Master's thesis, Universidade de Évora, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10174/23078.

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A Terminologia pode ser encarada como uma área particular da Lexicologia, uma vez que trata, não de todas as palavras da língua, mas de um léxico de especialidade. Esta dissertação debruça-se sobre o subcódigo da linguagem jurídica, procurando analisar a incidência do uso da sinonímia nos documentos produzidos no gabinete jurídico do Ministério do Ensino Superior de Angola. Neste sentido, pretende-se propor uma harmonização de termos com a finalidade de melhorar a utilização da terminologia e linguagem de especialidade neste departamento ministerial. A nossa hipótese geral resultou de uma constatação, a priori: a inexistência de harmonização de termos jurídicos, não só no Ministério do Ensino Superior, mas também em outras instituições angolanas. Para a realização deste trabalho, selecionámos, organizámos e realizámos a análise de um corpus de textos administrativos produzidos no gabinete jurídico do Ministério do Ensino Superior de Angola; ABSTRACT: Synonym Terminology in despatches and regulation of the legal office of the Ministry of Higher Education : Proposal for harmonization. Terminology can be deemed as a particular area of Lexicology, since its’ essence does not concern to a language’s entire vocabulary, but to a lexicon of specialty. This dissertation shall focus on the legal language, which can be categorized as a specific category of a language, while to examining the incidence of the use of synonymy in documents produced by Angolan’s Ministry of Higher Education legal office. In this sense, we intend to present a harmonization of terms in order to improve the terminology and language of specialty in use at this ministerial department. Our general thesis resulted from a preceding realization of the lack of harmonization of legal terms not only in the Ministry of Higher Education, but also in other Angolan institutions. On the course of this task, we selected, organized and performed the analysis of a corpus of administrative texts produced by the legal cabinet of the Ministry of Higher Education of Angola.

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Molinari, Milena de [UNESP]. "Terminologia do domínio dos passaportes franceses: estudo terminológico e elaboração de glossário monolíngue francês." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/141888.

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Submitted by milena_molinari@hotmail.com (milena_molinari@hotmail.com) on 2016-07-20T12:55:52Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação - versão para defesa 10.06.2016.pdf: 1852427 bytes, checksum: 78c9fba4147af080a709ea7570d6eba5 (MD5) Approved for entry into archive by Ana Paula Grisoto (grisotoana@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2016-07-20T14:19:28Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 molinari_mp_me_sjrp.pdf: 1852427 bytes, checksum: 78c9fba4147af080a709ea7570d6eba5 (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-20T14:19:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 molinari_mp_me_sjrp.pdf: 1852427 bytes, checksum: 78c9fba4147af080a709ea7570d6eba5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-07-04 Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) Um passaporte é um documento pessoal de identidade que protege legalmente seu portador no exterior e permite sua entrada e circulação em países com os quais seu país de origem mantém relações. Os problemas de imigração ilegal, terrorismo, tráfico de drogas e outros têm feito com que os países se preocupem em controlar do modo mais eficaz possível a entrada e saída de pessoas estrangeiras. Dessa forma, alguns países estão desenvolvendo técnicas para confirmar com precisão se o portador do documento é seu legítimo detentor. Diante da forte relação entre Brasil e França, estudar a terminologia dos passaportes e elaborar um glossário dos termos nele encontrados é de grande importância social, visto que pode colaborar para uma melhor comunicação entre autoridades alfandegárias e também contribui intensamente para o trabalho dos tradutores juramentados ao se depararem com passaportes ou até outros documentos da área jurídica. Nosso projeto se insere em um projeto maior, o Lextraju - O léxico para a tradução juramentada, coordenado pela Profa. Dra. Lidia Almeida Barros na Unesp de São José do Rio Preto. Cada membro do Lextraju trabalha com um tipo de documento, visando no futuro, à criação de um dicionário jurídico. A passport is a personal identity document that legally protects its owner abroad and allows its entry and circulation in countries with which their country has relations. The problems of illegal immigration, terrorism, drug trafficking and others have done that countries worry about controlling the most effective way the entry and exit of foreigners. Therefore, some countries are developing techniques to confirm if the document holder is the legitimate holder. Given the strong relationship between Brazil and France, studying the terminology of passports and elaborating a glossary of terms found in it, it is a great social importance, since it can contribute to a better communication between customs authorities and also strongly contributes to sworn translators work, when they face with passports or other documents of legal area. Our project makes part of a larger project, Lextraju – O Léxico para a tradução juramentada, coordinated by Profa . Dra . Lidia Almeida Barros, at Unesp in São José do Rio Preto. Each member of Lextraju works with a different document, aiming in the future, the creation of a legal dictionary.

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Bataineh, Moh'd Tawfiq. "Terminology planning : the contribution of the Jordan Academy of Arabic, with special reference to medical terminology." Thesis, University of Salford, 2011. http://usir.salford.ac.uk/26569/.

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This study illustrates the demand for Arabic terminology policy to provide the language with the necessary means to meet the new challenges to Arabic in the age of globalisation. It is part of the emergent literature on Arabic term innovation, the field in which most significant language planning and reforms are needed. The researcher highlights the contribution of the Jordan Academy of Arabic in lexical generation, the most significant activity of Arabic language planning. He investigates the language planning efforts of the Jordan Academy in lexical formation. The data for the quantitative analysis in this research is 861 medical terms sanctioned by the Jordan Academy. Before analysing the total data, the researcher investigates the work mechanism employed by the Jordan Academy in inventing and sanctioning terminology. He also investigates the terminological problems of Arabic. The analysis of the data shows which word-formation techniques the Jordan Academy has resorted to when inventing and sanctioning medical terms. All processes of lexical enhancement in Arabic including the controversial process of lexical borrowing have been employed by the Academy except blending. This study provides the foundation for further studies in Arabic terminology planning in particular, and Arabic language planning more generally.

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Bilgen, Baris. "Investigating terminology management for conference interpreters." Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/28175.

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Despite recent developments in translation technologies, most existing software programs are designed primarily to cater to the needs of language professionals such as translators and terminologists, while conference interpreters are neglected as a user group with a distinct work profile. Hence, this thesis investigates terminology management in the context of interpreting . A review of literature on interpreting and terminology is complemented by a survey conducted among professional interpreters, in order to identify their terminology management needs and practices and evaluate their experience using computers. Generic guidelines based on survey data are suggested for developing a terminology tool for interpreters, and are implemented in a basic demonstration of the use of database management software (DBMS) in this context.

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Caldwell, David E. "Production grammars for romance kinship terminology." Thesis, McGill University, 1986. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=66069.

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Butters, Jonathan David. "Terminology recognition in the aerospace domain." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 2012. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.575750.

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The objects and phenomena within the world around us are frequently shared. Common understandings, intuition, and common sense allow people to communicate ideas and instructions by identifying the semantics of the words used. When we communicate these ideas through text, we rely on strings of characters to carry semantics, and through these, because of common understandings, intuition, and common sense we are often able to gain back the references to the original ideas. As people's capacity to express their ideas through text is unbounded, the task of deciphering original meanings when synonyms and term variations are involved can be challenging, trying to do this task automatically is more so. The body of work within this thesis aims to identify and then overcome the challenges in automatically recognising the terminology used for concepts within the aerospace domain. The main achievements of this thesis include new knowledge about the use of terminology in this safety critical and highly technical domain, knowledge that approaches which are often impractical in open and alternate domains may be applicable due to the aerospace domain's unique nature, and an approach to automatically recognising terminology for the purposes of knowledge management. The approach involves constructing an explicit model of the domain (afforded by its closed nature), and then leveraging it along with exploiting the combinatorial nature of aerospace domain terms in an extraction methodology. Extraction is performed using a novel, hybrid dictionary and machine learning based technique which is shown to perform better than existing dictionary, statistics, and machine learning techniques. This thesis is organised into four parts, the first part provides a survey of the aerospace domain and state of the art methods by which terminology is recognised. The second part documents several investigations into the real-world use of terminology within and across aerospace-based communities in order to provide an understanding on how terminology should be recognised and generate a set of requirements. The third part details the proposed approach and presents a novel, patent-pending methodology to fulfil the requirements. The fourth part concludes this thesis with a summary and by v answering the original research questions, before discussing possible lines of future work.

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Sazonau, Viachaslau. "General terminology induction in description logics." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2017. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/general-terminology-induction-in-description-logics(63142865-d610-4041-84fa-764af1759554).html.

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In computer science, an ontology is a machine-processable representation of knowledge about some domain. Ontologies are encoded in ontology languages, such as the Web Ontology Language (OWL) based on Description Logics (DLs). An ontology is a set of logical statements, called axioms. Some axioms make universal statements, e.g. all fathers are men, while others record data, i.e. facts about specific individuals, e.g. Bob is a father. A set of universal statements is called TBox, as it encodes terminology, i.e. schema-level conceptual relationships, and a set of facts is called ABox, as it encodes instance-level assertions. Ontologies are extensively developed and widely used in domains such as biology and medicine. Manual engineering of a TBox is a difficult task that includes modelling conceptual relationships of the domain and encoding those relationships in the ontology language, e.g. OWL. Hence, it requires the knowledge of domain experts and skills of ontology engineers combined together. In order to assist engineering of TBoxes and potentially automate it, acquisition (or induction) of axioms from data has attracted research attention and is usually called Ontology Learning (OL). This thesis investigates the problem of OL from general principles. We formulate it as General Terminology Induction that aims at acquiring general, expressive TBox axioms (called general terminology) from data. The thesis addresses and investigates in depth two main questions: how to rigorously evaluate the quality of general TBox axioms and how to efficiently construct them. We design an approach for General Terminology Induction and implement it in an algorithm called DL-Miner. We extensively evaluate DL-Miner, compare it with other approaches, and run case studies together with domain experts to gain insight into its potential applications. The thesis should be of interest to ontology developers seeking automated means to facilitate building or enriching ontologies. In addition, as our experiments show, DL-Miner can deliver valuable insights into the data, i.e. can be useful for data analysis and debugging.

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Veres, Somosi Mariann, and P. G. Pererva. "Study of terminology of crisis management." Thesis, Національний університет "Львівська політехніка", 2017. http://repository.kpi.kharkov.ua/handle/KhPI-Press/31082.

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Thus, from our point of view, we can interpret the term "crisis management" as organized on a permanent basis the company's management considers a set of economic relations concerning the revealing signs of a crisis condition of the enterprise and its prevention.

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Tajo, Kinda. "La terminologie bilingue (Arabe-Français) de la surdité : analyse du discours textuelle et socioterminologique." Thesis, Paris 3, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA030180.

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Le texte spécialisé dans le domaine de la surdité est un phénomène complexe où les termes ont une fonction sémantique très importante. Le discours actualise le sens des termes et donne suite à de nouvelles significations dynamiques. Le corpus bilingue (français, arabe) est représentatif de différents types de discours et de niveaux de spécialisation notamment lorsqu’il s’agit de comparer la terminologie de la surdité entre les pays arabes (Liban, Syrie et Jordanie). Les termes, qui sont responsables de transmettre les connaissances relatives à une spécialité, constituent aujourd'hui un objet d'étude central pour la terminologie. Leur extraction s’effectue non seulement par la méthode manuelle mais aussi à travers les nouveaux logiciels d’extraction automatique. Cette thèse prend en considération les besoins linguistiques des usagers qui sont dorénavant les vrais consommateurs de terminologie. Elle a pour objectif de faire une approche socioterminologique et textuelle du domaine de la surdité en mettant la lumière sur les phénomènes étudiés comme la synonymie, la variation terminologique, la vulgarisation, la métaphore, la traduction et autres. Sa retombée étant la constitution d’une base de données terminologique trilingue qui répond aux exigences des spécialistes et des non-spécialistes The specialized text in the domain of deafness is a complex phenomenon where terms have important semantic functions. The discourse updates the meaning of terms and brings up new dynamic significations. The bilingual corpus (French, Arabic) is representative of different types of discourse and levels of specialization especially when it comes to comparing the terminology of deafness in the three Arab countries (Lebanon, Syria, Jordan). Terms in charge of transmitting knowledge of special fields represent nowadays a central object of study for terminology. The extraction of terms can be made manually but also by means of new automatic term extraction software. Our doctoral thesis takes into consideration the linguistic needs of language users that are considered from now on the real consumers of terminology. This thesis is intended for socioterminological and textual approaches of the domain of deafness. It highlights the studied phenomena such as synonymy, terminology variation, scientific popularization, metaphor, translation and many other phenomena. The result of the thesis research being the construction of a trilingual terminological data base, it meets the requirements of specialists and non-specialists

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Cordero, Monge Sergio. "Unidades pluriverbales en los diccionarios del español de Costa Rica." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/392730.

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En esta de investigación se analiza el tratamiento lexicográfico de las locuciones verbales en tres diccionarios que registran léxico diferencial del español de Costa Rica; dos de ellos dedicados exclusivamente a esta variedad, a saber: el Diccionario de costarriqueñismos de Arturo Agüero Chaves (DCA), cuya primera y única edición es de 1996, y el Nuevo diccionario de costarriqueñismos de Miguel Ángel Quesada Pacheco (NDCQ), que cuenta ya con cuatro ediciones publicadas entre 1991 y 2007. La tercera obra estudiada, en lo que respecta a las locuciones verbales marcadas como costarriqueñismos, es el Diccionario de americanismos (DAA), publicado en 2010 por la Asociación de Academias de la Lengua Española. Numerosos trabajos especializados han incidido en la complejidad que entraña la descripción lexicográfica de las unidades conformadas por más de una palabra y, consecuentemente, en la falta de uniformidad con que es tratada la fraseología en los diccionarios. En publicaciones muy recientes se continúa insistiendo en esta problemática y en la necesidad de llevar a cabo un examen crítico, una revisión a fondo de los criterios aplicados en los diferentes compendios lexicográficos, particularmente cuando se trata de locuciones. Movidos por esta premisa, nos proponemos ahondar en la lexicografía de Costa Rica, en sus vertientes teórica y práctica, a fin de avanzar en su conocimiento. Así pues, sin dejar totalmente de lado otros tipos de unidades, son dos las razones fundamentales para ceñir nuestro análisis a las combinaciones identificadas y etiquetadas como «locución verbal» en una base de datos elaborada exprofeso para esta tesis: en primer lugar, porque estas son las estructuras más numerosas en nuestro corpus y, en segundo lugar, porque estas estructuras han sido reiteradamente señaladas en otras investigaciones por suscitar las mayores discrepancias en cuanto a su análisis fraseológico y a su tratamiento lexicográfico. El estudio comprende las siguientes cuestiones: en primer lugar, la lematización o establecimiento del lema de las locuciones verbales de acuerdo con dos factores, a saber, el fenómeno de la variación fraseológica y la delimitación sintagmática de las unidades léxicas complejas; en segundo lugar, los criterios tenidos en cuenta para la ubicación de las unidades pluriverbales en cada uno de nuestros diccionarios; en tercer lugar, analizamos el tratamiento de las definiciones de las locuciones verbales en cuanto a su tipología, el uso de remisiones y series sinonímicas, los verbos definidores y los contornos. Complementariamente, contamos también entre los propósitos de esta tesis reflexionar sobre el concepto de unidad fraseológica en cuanto a sus características y sus tipos, y sobre la relación entre la fraseología y la lexicografía. También de manera complementaria, dada la complejidad del tema y para no exceder los límites de nuestro trabajo, discurrimos brevemente sobre el concepto de costarriqueñismo léxico a la luz de los diccionarios estudiados y en relación con los conceptos más amplios de regionalismo y americanismo. This paper introduces the research on the analyses of lexicographical treatment of verbal idioms in three dictionaries that contain specific lexicon used in Costa Rican Spanish, also known as costarriquenismo. Two of these dictionaries are exclusively dedicated to this matter: Diccionario de costarriquenismos by Arturo Agiiero Chaves (DCA), first and only edition in 1996, and Nuevo diccionario de costarriquenismos by Miguel Angel Quesada Pacheco (NDCQ), four editions have been published so far, the first in 1991 and the latest in 2007. The third dictionary used in this research about verbal idioms specifically used in Costa Rican Spanish and therefore called costarriquenismos is Diccionario de americanismos (DAA), published in 2010 by Asociacion de Academias de la Lengua Espafiola (The Association of Spanish Language Academies). Numerous specialized works have highlighted the complexity of lexicographical description of unities constituted by more than one word, and as a consequence the lack of unanimity regarding phraseology in dictionaries. Very recent publications insist on this matter and stress the need of a critical examination and review of the criteria applied in different lexicographical compendia, specially when referring to idiomatic expressions. Based on this premise, the purpose of this work is to study in greater depth the lexicography of Costa Rica on both practical and theoretical level in order to make further progress in its knowledge. Although also taking in consideration other types of unities, two are the fundamental reasons in focusing the analysis in the already mentioned verbal idioms. The first reason is because these are the most represented structures in our corpus; the second reason is because these structures have been highlighted in other researches for the discrepancies and discussions regarding its phraseological analysis and lexicographical treatment. Based on the focus of the study, several research questions were formulated. In first place, the lemmatization or process of determining the lemma for a verbal idiom according to two factors: the phenomenon of the phraseological variation and syntagmatic delimitation of multiword lexical units. In second place, the criteria used to determine the specific position of multiword verbal units in the dictionaries above mentioned and used for this research. In third place, the treatment of the verbal idioms definitions according to typology, use of referrals and synonymic series, defining verbs and the ‘entourage’ of definitions is also analyzed. The purpose of this dissertation also includes the reflection on the concept of phraseological unit in terms of their characteristics and types as well as the reflection on the relationship between phraseology and lexicography. Additionally, but only briefly given the complexity of this matter and not willing to exceed the limits of this research, you will find a brief discussion on the concept of costarriqueñismo in the light of the dictionaries studied and in relation to the broad concepts of regionalism and Americanism.

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Garcia, Edson Roberto Bogas [UNESP]. "Homem que é homem compra: protótipo de dicionário para redatores publicitários." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/100110.

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Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:30:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2012-12-10Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T21:01:11Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 garcia_erb_dr_sjrp_parcial.pdf: 224936 bytes, checksum: 24d6b90acbff28a07ee4a03f08128817 (MD5) Bitstreams deleted on 2015-06-25T13:01:28Z: garcia_erb_dr_sjrp_parcial.pdf,. Added 1 bitstream(s) on 2015-06-25T13:03:37Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 000707183_20151210.pdf: 212329 bytes, checksum: 7914afd59b0e4594ea6287bb24e526bb (MD5) Bitstreams deleted on 2015-12-11T11:22:30Z: 000707183_20151210.pdf,. Added 1 bitstream(s) on 2015-12-11T11:23:13Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 000707183.pdf: 1880565 bytes, checksum: 7a7f691835b4c8d6d0cc841bf7e7205f (MD5) A presente tese tem como objetivo a elaboração de um protótipo de dicionário para redatores publicitários, constituído de unidades lexicais voltadas ao público masculino. A produção dessa obra fundamenta-se no fato de que as pesquisas em Lexicografia que relacionam aspectos culturais ao léxico têm demonstrado a importância que esse tipo de unidade desempenha na transmissão e na recepção de conhecimentos a respeito das características de uma sociedade. Essa constatação permite ponderar que os itens lexicais pertencentes a uma determinada língua determinam aspectos ligados às crenças, aos costumes e, de forma específica neste estudo, às características sexuais de seus indivíduos. Dessa maneira, realizamos uma investigação para verificar e comprovar a existência de um léxico capaz de revelar as possíveis diferenças de gênero no Brasil. Selecionamos, a seguir, para compor nosso corpus, publicidades impressas voltadas ao sexo masculino ou nas quais ele é o protagonista, extraídas da revista Veja, versão impressa e/ou online, entre os anos de 2006 e de 2011. Essa escolha partiu do pressuposto de que os publicitários responsáveis pela construção dos textos escritos direcionam-nos a um público-alvo cada vez mais específico nas campanhas publicitárias de seus clientes, pois, assim, podem conduzir, com mais acuidade, os potenciais consumidores à decisão de compra. Com essas publicidades, também pudemos constituir os conceitos que fariam parte de nosso produto, os quais denominamos de léxicos-marketing, ou seja, unidades-conceito representativas de um segmento de mercado. Para a composição e análise do repertório lexical da nossa proposta lexicográfica, utilizamos a metodologia veiculada pela Linguística de Corpus, por meio do programa Wordsmith Tools, principalmente, as ferramentas WordList... he main objective of this dissertation is the development of a prototype dictionary for advertising copywriters, consisting of lexicon targeted at males. The production of this work is based on the fact that research in lexicography that relates cultural aspects to the lexicon have demonstrated the importance that lexical units play in the transmission and reception of knowledge about the characteristics of a society. This observation allows considering that the lexical items belonging to a certain language determine the aspects related to beliefs, customs and, specifically in this study, the sexual characteristics of its individuals. Thus, we conducted an investigation to verify and prove the existence of a lexicon capable of revealing the possible gender differences in Brazil. For this, theoretical studies in the areas of Lexicology, Sociology and Sociolinguistics confirmed our propositions. We chose then, for the selection of our corpus, print advertisements targeted at males or in which they are the protagonists, extracted from Veja magazine, print and/or online, between the years of 2006 and 2011. This choice was made based on the hypothesis that advertising writers‟ goal is to appeal with their campaigns to an audience that‟s increasingly more specific and be able to lead, these potential consumers more accurately to a purchase. With these advertisements, we also compose the concepts that would be part of our product that we call Marketing Lexicon, which are lexical units representing a market segment. For the description and analysis of lexicon of our prototype, we use the methodology applied by Corpus Linguistics, through the program Wordsmith Tools. Within this perspective, we employ the WordList‟s tools, with the goal of providing lists of lexical items that would be used in the product and the Concord, to understand the... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

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Davanço, Cassia Maria [UNESP]. "Elaboração de um dicionário terminológico onomasiológico dos neônimos da biotecnologia: tratamento dos dados em português e busca de equivalentes em inglês." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/100116.

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Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:30:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2012-03-23Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:00:42Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 davanco_cm_dr_sjrp.pdf: 2177503 bytes, checksum: 054df09a3d9aa137b533733f4f094e67 (MD5) O presente trabalho tem como objetivo principal proceder à análise do subconjunto vocabular da Biotecnologia detectando neônimos do domínio, encontrando seus equivalentes em língua inglesa para a elaboração de um Dicionário Terminológico Onomasiológico Eletrônico dos Neônimos da Biotecnologia com Equivalências em Inglês. Para tanto, nosso trabalho consiste na elaboração de um dicionário Terminológico Onomasiológico eletrônico dos neônimos do domínio da Biotecnologia no Brasil, buscando a realização do tratamento dos dados em português e seus equivalentes em inglês; para o qual, seguimos os pressupostos propostos por Babini (2001). Entende-se por dicionário onomasiológico todo dicionário que permite encontrar uma unidade lexical ou terminológica a partir de seu conteúdo semântico. A metodologia empregada no tratamento terminográfico e na pesquisa terminológica bilíngue foi norteada pela TCT (Teoria Comunicativa da Terminologia), que nos auxiliou a lidar com as diferenças existentes entre os dois idiomas estudados. As principais referências metodológicas e teóricas que guiaram nossas buscas, especialmente no que tange aos neônimos, à formação de palavras e à busca equivalentes lexicais, foram Alves (2009, 2008, 2007, 2001), Felber (1984), Dubuc (1985), Rondeau (1984), Alpìzar-Castillo (1995), Cabré (1993, 1999), Barros (2004), Babini (2006, 2001a, 2001). Um ponto inovador do modelo adotado são as possibilidades de buscas. Em particular, nosso dicionário oferece ao usuário o semema (conjunto de semas ou traços semânticos que compõe o conceito de cada termo do dicionário) em língua portuguesa, bem como as equivalências em língua inglesa. Como suporte eletrônico para a criação de nosso dicionário, criamos uma base de dados no Microsoft Access, sendo as informações armazenadas... The present study aims at carrying out the analysis of a Biotechnology vocabulary subset, detecting domain neonims. To this end, our study relies on the elaboration of an Electronic Onomasiological Terminological Dictionary of the Biotechnology Neonims, searching equivalents in English and performing the data treatment in Portuguese; for which we followed the ideas proposed by Babini (2001). An onomasiological dictionary can be understood as any dictionary that allows to find a lexical or terminological unit from its semantic content. The methodology employed in the terminographic treatment and in the terminological research was guided by the CTT (Communicative Theory of Terminology), which served to handle the existing differences between the two languages studied. The main methodological and theoretical references that guided our searches, specially when it comes to neonims, word formation and the search for lexical equivalents were Alves (2009, 2008, 2007, 2001), Felber (1984), Dubuc (1985), Rondeau (1984), Alpìzar-Castillo (1995), Cabré (1993, 1999), Barros (2004), Babini (2006, 2001a, 2001). An innovative feature in the adopted model are the search possibilities. Specifically, our dictionary offers to the user the sememe (set of semes or semantic traits that compose each term in the dictionary) in the Portuguese language, as well as the equivalents in the English language. As for the electronic platform for the dictionary, we created a database in MS Access, and the information was stored in tables, what allowed a better organization and treatment of the information. Finally, we introduce the constitutive elements of a dictionary, since our objective was the elaboration of an onomasiological terminological dictionary of Biotechnology neonims. We also observed the word formation... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

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Garcia, Edson Roberto Bogas. "Homem que é homem compra : protótipo de dicionário para redatores publicitários /." São José do Rio Preto : [s.n.], 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/100110.

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Orientador: Claudia Zavaglia Banca: Angélica Karim Garcia Simão Banca: Fátima Aparecida dos Santos Banca: Paola Giustina Baccin Banca: Vivian Regina Orsi Galdino de Souza Resumo: A presente tese tem como objetivo a elaboração de um protótipo de dicionário para redatores publicitários, constituído de unidades lexicais voltadas ao público masculino. A produção dessa obra fundamenta-se no fato de que as pesquisas em Lexicografia que relacionam aspectos culturais ao léxico têm demonstrado a importância que esse tipo de unidade desempenha na transmissão e na recepção de conhecimentos a respeito das características de uma sociedade. Essa constatação permite ponderar que os itens lexicais pertencentes a uma determinada língua determinam aspectos ligados às crenças, aos costumes e, de forma específica neste estudo, às características sexuais de seus indivíduos. Dessa maneira, realizamos uma investigação para verificar e comprovar a existência de um léxico capaz de revelar as possíveis diferenças de gênero no Brasil. Selecionamos, a seguir, para compor nosso corpus, publicidades impressas voltadas ao sexo masculino ou nas quais ele é o protagonista, extraídas da revista Veja, versão impressa e/ou online, entre os anos de 2006 e de 2011. Essa escolha partiu do pressuposto de que os publicitários responsáveis pela construção dos textos escritos direcionam-nos a um público-alvo cada vez mais específico nas campanhas publicitárias de seus clientes, pois, assim, podem conduzir, com mais acuidade, os potenciais consumidores à decisão de compra. Com essas publicidades, também pudemos constituir os conceitos que fariam parte de nosso produto, os quais denominamos de léxicos-marketing, ou seja, unidades-conceito representativas de um segmento de mercado. Para a composição e análise do repertório lexical da nossa proposta lexicográfica, utilizamos a metodologia veiculada pela Linguística de Corpus, por meio do programa Wordsmith Tools, principalmente, as ferramentas WordList... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) Abstract: he main objective of this dissertation is the development of a prototype dictionary for advertising copywriters, consisting of lexicon targeted at males. The production of this work is based on the fact that research in lexicography that relates cultural aspects to the lexicon have demonstrated the importance that lexical units play in the transmission and reception of knowledge about the characteristics of a society. This observation allows considering that the lexical items belonging to a certain language determine the aspects related to beliefs, customs and, specifically in this study, the sexual characteristics of its individuals. Thus, we conducted an investigation to verify and prove the existence of a lexicon capable of revealing the possible gender differences in Brazil. For this, theoretical studies in the areas of Lexicology, Sociology and Sociolinguistics confirmed our propositions. We chose then, for the selection of our corpus, print advertisements targeted at males or in which they are the protagonists, extracted from Veja magazine, print and/or online, between the years of 2006 and 2011. This choice was made based on the hypothesis that advertising writers‟ goal is to appeal with their campaigns to an audience that‟s increasingly more specific and be able to lead, these potential consumers more accurately to a purchase. With these advertisements, we also compose the concepts that would be part of our product that we call Marketing Lexicon, which are lexical units representing a market segment. For the description and analysis of lexicon of our prototype, we use the methodology applied by Corpus Linguistics, through the program Wordsmith Tools. Within this perspective, we employ the WordList‟s tools, with the goal of providing lists of lexical items that would be used in the product and the Concord, to understand the... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) Doutor

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Davanço, Cassia Maria. "Elaboração de um dicionário terminológico onomasiológico dos neônimos da biotecnologia : tratamento dos dados em português e busca de equivalentes em inglês /." São José do Rio Preto : [s.n.], 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/100116.

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Orientador: Maurizio Babini Banca: Ieda Maria Alves Banca: José Horta Nunes Banca: Manoel Messias Alves da Silva Banca: Marilei Amadeu Sabino Resumo: O presente trabalho tem como objetivo principal proceder à análise do subconjunto vocabular da Biotecnologia detectando neônimos do domínio, encontrando seus equivalentes em língua inglesa para a elaboração de um Dicionário Terminológico Onomasiológico Eletrônico dos Neônimos da Biotecnologia com Equivalências em Inglês. Para tanto, nosso trabalho consiste na elaboração de um dicionário Terminológico Onomasiológico eletrônico dos neônimos do domínio da Biotecnologia no Brasil, buscando a realização do tratamento dos dados em português e seus equivalentes em inglês; para o qual, seguimos os pressupostos propostos por Babini (2001). Entende-se por dicionário onomasiológico todo dicionário que permite encontrar uma unidade lexical ou terminológica a partir de seu conteúdo semântico. A metodologia empregada no tratamento terminográfico e na pesquisa terminológica bilíngue foi norteada pela TCT (Teoria Comunicativa da Terminologia), que nos auxiliou a lidar com as diferenças existentes entre os dois idiomas estudados. As principais referências metodológicas e teóricas que guiaram nossas buscas, especialmente no que tange aos neônimos, à formação de palavras e à busca equivalentes lexicais, foram Alves (2009, 2008, 2007, 2001), Felber (1984), Dubuc (1985), Rondeau (1984), Alpìzar-Castillo (1995), Cabré (1993, 1999), Barros (2004), Babini (2006, 2001a, 2001). Um ponto inovador do modelo adotado são as possibilidades de buscas. Em particular, nosso dicionário oferece ao usuário o semema (conjunto de semas ou traços semânticos que compõe o conceito de cada termo do dicionário) em língua portuguesa, bem como as equivalências em língua inglesa. Como suporte eletrônico para a criação de nosso dicionário, criamos uma base de dados no Microsoft Access, sendo as informações armazenadas... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) Abstract: The present study aims at carrying out the analysis of a Biotechnology vocabulary subset, detecting domain neonims. To this end, our study relies on the elaboration of an Electronic Onomasiological Terminological Dictionary of the Biotechnology Neonims, searching equivalents in English and performing the data treatment in Portuguese; for which we followed the ideas proposed by Babini (2001). An onomasiological dictionary can be understood as any dictionary that allows to find a lexical or terminological unit from its semantic content. The methodology employed in the terminographic treatment and in the terminological research was guided by the CTT (Communicative Theory of Terminology), which served to handle the existing differences between the two languages studied. The main methodological and theoretical references that guided our searches, specially when it comes to neonims, word formation and the search for lexical equivalents were Alves (2009, 2008, 2007, 2001), Felber (1984), Dubuc (1985), Rondeau (1984), Alpìzar-Castillo (1995), Cabré (1993, 1999), Barros (2004), Babini (2006, 2001a, 2001). An innovative feature in the adopted model are the search possibilities. Specifically, our dictionary offers to the user the sememe (set of semes or semantic traits that compose each term in the dictionary) in the Portuguese language, as well as the equivalents in the English language. As for the electronic platform for the dictionary, we created a database in MS Access, and the information was stored in tables, what allowed a better organization and treatment of the information. Finally, we introduce the constitutive elements of a dictionary, since our objective was the elaboration of an onomasiological terminological dictionary of Biotechnology neonims. We also observed the word formation... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) Doutor

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Mahsan, Khaled. "Terminologies scientifique et technique dans le monde arabe, terminologie du langage économique : essai de modélisation d'un dictionnaire de terminologie du système bancaire." Paris 3, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PA030026.

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La terminologie est une discipline qui a acquis récemment une importance et une place reconnue parmi les disciplines qui s'occupent de la langue. Dans le monde arabe, les terminologies scientifiques et techniques, parmi lesquelles la terminologie économique, sont en évolution. La langue arabe, ancien véhicule de sciences, essaie de rattraper son retard en terminologie en utilisant plusieurs procédés tels que la dérivation, la composition, etc. Pour pouvoir exprimer les nouveaux concepts, elle opte quelquefois à l'emprunt et au calque, deux procédés qui ne font l'unanimité des langagiers arabes. Ces procédés mènent à la synonymie qui perturbe la communication interarabe. La normalisation des termes constitue une solution à ce problème. En fait, les académies et les instituts de la langue arabe conjuguent leurs efforts dans le but de normaliser les terminologies dans les deux parties du monde arabe: l'Orient et le Maghreb. Elles essaient également de profiter du succès de l'informatique et d'Internet en élaborant des bases de données terminologiques multilingues et en produisant des logiciels de traitement automatique de l'arabe qui permettent de tenir les données mises à jour Terminology is a discipline that has recently acquired an important and recognized position among the disciplines concerned with the study of language. In the Arab world, scientific and technical terminology, including economic terminology, are in evolution. The Arabic language, which used to be the vehicle of scientific research, has employed such word-formation processes as derivation and composition in an endeavour to keep up with the growth of terminology. To be able to express new concepts, sometimes it opts for borrowing and calque, two processes which are not unanimously received by Arab linguists. These processes lead to synonymy that disturbs communication among Arabic users. The standardization of terms is a solution to this problem. In fact, the academies and institutes of Arabic combine their efforts in order to standardize the terminology in both parts of the Arab world: the East and the Maghreb. They also try to take advantage of the success of computers and the internet in developing databases for multilingual terminology and producing software for the automatic processing of Arabic, which allows for the continual updating of data

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Onyango, James Ogola. "Issues in national language terminology development in Kenya." Universitätsbibliothek Leipzig, 2012. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:15-qucosa-91296.

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This paper examines issues that emerge in the attempts that have been made to develop the national language terminology in kenya by committees, Kiswahili enthusiasts and Kiswahili scholars. Attention is drawn to the fact that the problematic national language policy that emerges from the national language`s social history is an important backround to the issues that are discussed. The issues emerging in these attempts are examined in the prism of an encompassing terminology development framework that is synthesised from terminology development literature from different areas of the world. This framework views terminology development as a process that entails: formation of a language institute, setting up of goals, the actual engineering of the terms, the mode of dissemination and evaluation. The case of Kenya demonstrates that the attempts have so far consisted of isolated steps of terminology development rather than the whole set of required action.

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Edelmann, Gerhard. "International Accounting Standards and Changes in Accounting Terminology." Department für Fremdsprachliche Wirtschaftskommunikation, WU Vienna University of Economics and Business, 2010. http://epub.wu.ac.at/144/1/document.pdf.

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The language of accounting is subject to continuous change. One of the reasons for a change in terminology is the introduction of new legal requirements that bring about a change in the underlying concepts and therefore the need for new specific terms. Such a situation was created by the Regulation (EC) No. 1606/2002 on the application of international accounting standards (IAS). This regulation aims at harmonising ac-counting standards and procedures relating to the preparation and presentation of financial statements. It requires all EU companies listed on a regulated stock market to prepare accounts in accordance with IAS for accounting periods beginning on or after 1 January 2005. We look at the texts of the mentioned regulation in several EU languages in order to identify changes regarding the designations of individual items of financial state-ments compared with the traditional terms and to find out whether the changes found differ from language to language. Then we choose the frequently used accounting term property, plant and equipment and compare financial statements published by large companies over a four-year period beginning in 2004 to find out whether there are changes in terminology in the year 2005, i.e. when listed companies were first re-quired to prepare their financial statements in accordance with IAS. Series: WU Online Papers in International Business Communication Series Two: Business and Economic Terminology

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Fung, Tak-kit, and 封德傑. "A linguistic discussion of terminology of dishes." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1989. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31949423.

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Ogawa, Jane. "Kinship terminology in the greater Hindu Kush." Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Institutionen för lingvistik, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-157463.

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This is a study of the kinship terminology used for one’s parents and their siblings in the languages in the greater Hindu Kush area (GHK). GHK stretches over the mountainous borderlands of Afghanistan, Pakistan, Tajikistan, China and India and homes a range of various languages from six different genera, Indo-Aryan, Iranian, Nuristani, Turkic, Tibeto-Burman, and the language isolate Burushaski. The study is based on questionnaires from native speakers of 55 language varieties collected in 2015-2017. The main distinction is one between descriptive and merging systems. The descriptive system have separate terms for all six relations and are found in the outer areas of GHK. The merging systems have terms that refer to two or more relations, and these are found in the center of the area. Within this center-area the languages are then further divided into six different terminologies depending on which relations are merged with one term. Semantic clusters can be observed, based on systematic and lexico-semantic parallels, both within and across family lines. The distribution is discussed from a historical, geographical and social point of view. Language contact and relatedness in the Hindukush region. Vetenskapsrådet (421-2014-631)

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Симоненко, Наталія Олександрівна, Наталия Александровна Симоненко, Nataliia Oleksandrivna Symonenko, and T. Piddubna. "Latin and greek in englisn medical terminology." Thesis, Видавництво СумДУ, 2010. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/18293.

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Shornikova, Y. Y. "Latin as the language of medical terminology." Thesis, Видавництво СумДУ, 2012. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/25971.

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Mabena, Christinah Sibongile. "Terminology development in isiNdebele : challenges and solutions." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/76366.

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Terminology development plays a significant role in the development of a language. IsiNdebele, as a South African language in its developmental stages, has been the focus of a great deal of attention since the dawning of South Africa’s new democracy. Consequently, the process of creating new terms for isiNdebele in a variety of fields, such as economics, science, health, law and information technology is currently underway. Successful terminology development is dependent on the stakeholders identified and on their knowledge of term-formation strategies. Among the stakeholders contributing to the expansion of isiNdebele terminology are lexicographers and language practitioners, as well as representatives of government departments such as the Department of Arts and Culture and the Department of Basic Education and Training. It must be taken into consideration that most of those who have been involved so far are not well equipped as regards term formation strategies. A small case study indicates that term formation strategies such as paraphrasing, transliteration, neologism, the compounding of words and semantic transfer were used. Paraphrasing was a frequently used strategy, followed by transliteration. From the outcomes, it was concluded that more workshops on term formation strategies should be held so as to equip isiNdebele collaborators with the knowledge necessary for the formation of terms. In future, a larger sample in should be considered in order to understand why other strategies were not that productively used in the formation of the terms considered, as well as investigating possible alternative strategies that could be utilized Dissertation (MA)--University of Pretoria, 2020. African Languages MA Unrestricted

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Mirrione, Claudia. "Theory and terminology of mixture in Galen." Doctoral thesis, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Philosophische Fakultät II, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.18452/17772.

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Das Thema der vorliegenden Dissertation ist die Theorie und Terminologie der Mischung nach Galen. Im ersten Teil, der sich aus den ersten zwei Hauptkapiteln zusammensetzt, werden die historischen und theoretischen Quellen für Galens Modell zur Mischung der Primärelemente (das Warme, das Kalte, das Trockene und das Feuchte) und sein System der neun Mischungen (acht schlechte Mischungen und eine gute Mischung, in der keine Qualität überwiegt). Im ersten Hauptkapitel illustriere ich im Gegensatz zu den bisherigen konträren wissenschaftlichen Meinungen, dass Galens Modell zur Mischung der Primärelemente eine klare innere Logik aufweist und von der peripatetischen Naturphilosophie des 2. Jahrhunderts unserer Zeitrechnung beeinflusst wird. Dabei entbehrt es keinesfalls des „archaischen“ hippokratischen Ansatzes. Im zweiten Hauptkapitel der Dissertation analysiere ich die historischen und theoretischen Quellen von Galens Theorie der neun Mischungen. Genauer gesagt zeige ich in diesem Kapitel auf, dass Galens Theorie im Gegensatz zu bisherigen Gelehrtenmeinungen nicht vollständig von dem System der neun Mischungen abhängt, das die Pneumatiker entwickelt haben. In der Tat beruht Galens Modell auf einer anderen – peripatetischen – Elementartheorie. Im Gegensatz zur pneumatischen Medizin ist dieses Modell der neun Mischungen in seinem allgemeinen Weltbild fest verankert. Im zweiten Teil dieser Dissertation, der dem dritten Hauptkapitel entspricht, setze ich mich mit Galens Terminologie der Mischung und genauer gesagt mit seiner Verwendung der Begriffe krasis und mixis auseinander. Im Gegensatz zu vorherigen wissenschaftlichen Arbeiten, die besagen, dass der Unterschied von den Bestandteilen abhänge (krasis wäre eine Mischung von Qualitäten, während mixis eine Mischung von Substanzen wäre), zeige ich, dass der Unterschied zwischen krasis und mixis in der Phase des Prozesses und in dem Grad der Wiedererkennbarkeit der Bestandteile liegt. The present dissertation aimed at studying the theory and the terminology of mixture in Galen. The first part, which is composed of the first two main chapters, intended to examine the historical and theoretical sources of Galen’s model of mixture of primary elements (the hot, the cold, the dry and the wet) and of its system of nine mixtures (eight bad mixtures and one good mixture, where no quality predominates). In the first main chapter, I illustrated that, differently from the conflicting views expressed so far by the previous scholarship, Galen’s model of mixture of primary elements shows a clear internal logic and comes under the sway of the Peripatetic natural philosophy of the 2nd century CE, while in no way renouncing, on the other hand, the “archaic” Hippocratic background. In the second main chapter of the dissertation I analysed the historical and theoretical sources of Galen’s scheme of nine mixtures. More precisely, in this chapter we pointed out that, differently from what has been said by previous scholarship, although the Pneumatists developed a system of nine mixtures, Galen’s is not entirely dependent on it insofar as Galen’s relies on a different – Peripatetic – elemental theory and, differently from Pneumatic medicine, this scheme of nine mixtures is embedded in Galen’s general world view. In the second part of the thesis, which corresponds to the third main chapter, I have dealt with Galen’s terminology of mixture and, more precisely, with his usage of the terms krasis and mixis. Differently from the previous scholarship according to which the difference would depend on the constituents (krasis would be a mixture of qualities whereas mixis a mixture of substances), I have showed that the difference between krasis and mixis lies in the stage of the process and in the degree of recognisability of the constituents.

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Nguyen, The Loc. "Non-Pharmacological Interventions : Terminology Acquisition and Visualization." Thesis, Montpellier, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018MONTS090/document.

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Le volume de données disponible croît de manière très importante et ouvre d'importants défis pour les exploiter. Les domaines scientifiques du Web sémantique et des ontologies sont alors une réponse pour aider à traiter les données de manière efficace. Ainsi les ontologies sont actuellement devenues incontournables dans de nombreux domaines d'application pour représenter la connaissance experte.Le domaine que nous considérons dans nos travaux est celui des Interventions Non Médicamenteuses (INM) nommées Non-Pharmacological Interventions (NPIs) en anglais. Elles sont de plus en plus étudiées sur le plan scientifique. Elles sont liées à divers secteurs : psychologie, thérapies manuelles, nutrition, activités sportives adaptées, solutions e-santé, etc.Avec l'augmentation de leur usage, il devient de plus en plus nécessaire d'évaluer leur efficacité de manière scientifique, dans une démarche pilotée par des spécialistes et expliquée de manière claire et accessible aux utilisateurs. Pour ce faire, il est essentiel de disposer d'une classification évolutive et consensuelle effectuée au niveau international pour les spécialistes. Dans ce domaine, le développement d'une ontologie est crucial pour faciliter les recherches bibliographiques et mettre en place des bonnes pratiques.Dans nos travaux, nous nous sommes intéressés à deux enjeux majeurs liés à la construction d'une telle ontologie, d'une part comment effectuer la collecte du vocabulaire et d'autre part comment aider à la compréhension par visualisation.La construction manuelle de l'ontologie est en effet fastidieuse et longue. En particulier, la collecte des termes liés au domaine des INM nécessite beaucoup d'efforts et de temps tant le champ du vocabulaire est large. Ainsi le terme INM lui-même est parfois remplacé par d'autres (médecines alternatives, médecines douces, etc). Une méthode automatique ou semi-automatique est alors vue comme une aide importante pour la construction de la représentation de la connaissance.De plus, les ontologies sont parfois considérées comme difficiles à prendre en main pour les personnes non spécialistes de modélisation, en raison de leur complexité, de leur taille ou des propriétés et relations qu'elles incluent. Ainsi, un outil de visualisation doit être proposé pour les experts des INM. L'outil aura deux buts, d'une part visualiser l'ontologie existante, d'autre part proposer des modifications relatives à la structuration de l'ontologie qui doit se construire de manière collaborative.Des contributions sont proposées dans cette thèse sur ces deux sujets (construction du vocabulaire et visualisation). Deux approches sont présentées pour la construction, l'une reposant sur la connaissance experte et l'autre sur un corpus. Une mesure de similarité est introduite et évaluée. Pour la visualisation, notre proposition repose sur l'utilisation de cartes conceptuelles. Il s'agit alors de ré-écrire l'ontologie sous ce nouveau format et de proposer des outils permettant de distinguer les différents éléments et liens entre les éléments. Un outil a été implémenté, permettant de transformer les ontologies décrites en OWL pour les visualiser The explosion of data on the Internet leads to challenges in working with them. Semantic Web and ontology are required to address those problems. Nowadays, ontology plays more and more an important role as a means in domain knowledge representation.In recent years, Non-Pharmacological Interventions (NPIs) have attracted a lot of attention in the health care community. NPIs can no longer stop at a professional discipline to describe them (psychotherapy, manual therapy, dietary supplement, adapted physical activity, e-health solution, etc.). It requires access to a more concrete level of description where each NPI can be evaluated by science, monitored by professionals and explained to the patient. To do this, an international and evolutionary classification based on the results of science is necessary. Thus, developing an ontology for NPIs is crucial. This ontology will facilitate bibliographic research, usage statistics and the identification of good practices.Constructing this ontology manually is time consuming and thus an expensive process. Particularly, the step of collecting the NPI terminology requires much more time than the rest, because of heterogeneous and big resources in the context of NPIs. An automatic or semi-automatic method is thus essential to support NPI experts in this task.Besides, ontologies are often complex with lots of classes, properties and relationships. They are not easy to understand by domain experts. Therefore, a simple and friendly visualization of the ontology for NPI experts needs to be considered. The visualization does not only help NPI experts to easily understand the ontology but also provides support for the NPI ontology development process.In this thesis, we propose methodologies to address the aforementioned challenges. The first contribution concerns the semi-automatic process for collecting NPI terms. Two approaches, knowledge-based and corpus-based, are presented to retrieve candidate NPI terms. A new similarity measure for NPI is proposed and evaluated. The second contribution is a new method for ontology visualization based on MindMap. This work aims at providing a simple and friendly tool to visualize an ontology which is used by domain experts. We propose a MindMap-based notation for ontology visualization by transforming ontology components to MindMap elements. A web-based tool is then implemented to convert OWL ontologies to FreeMind documents which can be imported by existing Mind-Mapping applications to make visualizations

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ORI, Martina. "Translating employment terminology in a compatative perspective." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Bergamo, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10446/32808.

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Neubauer, P. B. "Towards terminology research as a practical philosophy of information : the terminology of radical constructivism as a case in point." Thesis, University of Salford, 2014. http://usir.salford.ac.uk/30756/.

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The thesis presents a perspective on the possibility of harnessing sociocognitive terminology and related practices to the aim of describing philosophical terminology. In this case, the terminology of the radical constructivist philosopher Ernst von Glasersfeld is surveyed as a starting point. The experimental terminological records produced are re-incorporated into the theoretical basis constituted by the thesis. Therefore, its aim can be seen as twofold; the description of philosophical terminology also entails theory construction. The practice described can be seen as regenerative theory construction. It incorporates elements of formulation and of codification/ language engineering in terms of contemporary computational possibilities. In terms of its theoretical basis, the project extends not only to the terminology used in the corpus texts but also to concepts and terms needed to understand these in the first place. The outlook can be described as heuristic and experimental. The approach breaks down to the following sub-problems. Each can be seen as characteristic for terminology description in the human sciences: (1) The idea of conceptual entities and concept description needs to be adjusted to the field of experience. This starts from sociocognitive terminology and incorporates the anthropological view of concept analysis. (2) The conceptual entity of stereotype has to be accounted for, as the variance of the descriptions of immaterial objects suggests that they can only be apprehended in a radically simplified manner. (3) The application of prototype theory employed as by sociocognitive theory and the Aristotelian concept theory of (post-)classical terminology research needs to be adapted to the description of ideal types. This is compressed into the concept of scientificity. (4) The principles developed need to be compressed into the conventional categories of principle and approach. These categories need to be set in relation to both philosophical concepts and experience. (5) This design of a possible practice needs to be adapted to existing procedures. The existing procedures may be in need of clarification or redefinition against the background of their usage in non-standard contexts. (6) To facilitate this mutual adaptation, peculiarities of the context of philosophical terminography are explored and compressed under the concept of disciplinarity. To this, there is a declarative aspect and a procedural one. (7) The procedural approach to disciplinarity develops an understanding of the intentional aspect of agenda and interest. These orient the development of potential consensus about disciplinarity within the constraints of context and therefore the apparent identity of (sub- (sub-))cultures inside the context. (8) Following these observations, the overall theoretical and methodological construct is tested against exemplary cases. To conclude, a practice for implementing these considerations is suggested. It includes the use of text fragments as units for textographic philosophical terminography and an understanding of computational information management practices appropriate to its principles.

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Chiu, Aman Kaman. "Terminology management issue approach to standardization : an an@lysis [i.e. analysis] of Chinese IT terminology problems in Hong Kong." HKBU Institutional Repository, 2000. http://repository.hkbu.edu.hk/etd_ra/346.

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King´ei, Geoffrey Kitula. "Swahili technical terminology: problems of development and usage in Kenya." Universitätsbibliothek Leipzig, 2012. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:15-qucosa-92297.

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It is a fact that modern science and technology from the west has reached Africa through European languages. Historically, these languages have also served as the vehicles of formal education in Africa to the exclusion of Swahili and other local languages. The deficiency of African languages such as Swahili in scientific and technical registers is both artificial and historically understandable. Secondly, it is easily remediable given that the basic core of the said vocabulary is shared and international in nature (Alexandrie, 1961 ). Therefore such a deficiency should present no barrier to Swahili serving as a medium of instruction in higher education. Whereas English, German and French can boast of self-sufficiency in literature in all fields of study, Swahili is a relatively much younger language of education and lacks literature even in the most basic aspects of the language itself. This situation often forces lecturers in the universities teaching Swahili to undertake `translation´ of concepts or even loan words in order to communicate with their students. Therefore, quite often, lecturing in the Swahili medium entails being able to translate from English into Swahili because most of the material to be taught is sourced from English original publications. As far as the use of Swahili in teaching natural sciences and other technical subjects at the tertiary level is concerned, Chimera (1998) suggests that this should be done gradually as the language grows and develops in its technical domains. If Swahili is to develop and modernise, it has to be more liberal in expanding its technical and scientific domains. The two registers should more or less be of comparable size as is the case with English (Chimera 1998: 37). However, the question that naturally arises here is, how is this ideal to be achieved? Perhaps, by deciding to teach linguistics and literature in Swahili, East African universities want to face the terminological challenge and solve the problems as they occurred. After decades of experimenting, the time has come for all stakeholders to come to terms with the problem.

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Morais, Joana Rodrigues. "Compreensão da terminologia legal pelas crianças dos 6 aos 13 anos." Master's thesis, [s.n.], 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10284/4986.

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Dissertação apresentada à Universidade Fernando Pessoa como parte dos requisitos para obtenção do grau de Mestre em Psicologia Jurídica A presente investigação foi realizada no âmbito do projeto de investigação intitulado “As crianças e a justiça: análise da compreensão das crianças da terminologia legal e os processos judiciais”, financiado pela FCT (PTDC/MHC-PAP/3646/2012) e por fundos europeus através do programa COMPETE. A inquirição da criança em sede de tribunal é uma prática cada vez mais habitual, devido ao aumento do número de situações em que as crianças contactam com a justiça. Diversos estudos têm realçado o facto de a linguagem utilizada durante a inquirição das crianças estar muito acima do nível de compreensão das mesmas. Neste sentido, têm surgido várias legislações que chamam à atenção para a necessidade de adaptação da linguagem à criança. Assim, de forma geral, a presente investigação pretende analisar a compreensão da terminologia legal pelas crianças. Utilizando uma metodologia mista, isto é, qualitativa e quantitativa, entrevistaram-se 322 crianças com idades compreendidas entre os 6 e os 13 anos. Constatou-se que as crianças não compreendem a maior parte da terminologia jurídica. Os resultados apontam que a compreensão dos termos legais varia em função do ano de escolaridade. Contudo, não se identificou uma relação significativa entre a compreensão das crianças e o sexo, o contacto prévio com a justiça, a presença de familiares com profissões relacionadas com a justiça, ou a visualização de series relacionadas com a justiça. This research was developed within the research project “Children and Law: the analysis of children’s comprehension about legal terminology and court proceedings”, funded by FCT (PTDC/MHC-PAP/3646/2012) and European funds through COMPETE Program. The child’s hearing in court is an increasingly common practice, due to increased number of cases that children are involved with judicial system. Several studies have been emphasized the fact that the language used during the children’s hearing is far above the level of children comprehension. Thus, have been emerged many legislations that highlight that language appropriate to children’s age and level of understanding should be used. Thus, in general, this research aims was to analyse the children comprehension about legal terminology. Using a mixed methodology, i.e., qualitative and quantitative, 322 children aged 6 to 13 years-old were interviewed. It was verified that children do not understand the majority of legal terms. On the other hand, results show a significant schooling related effect. However, the results show no significant relation between children comprehension and sex, previous contact with justice, family members in jobs linked to judicial system, or the tv series viewing on subject matter related to justice.

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Pereira, Rui Miguel Portela. "Apoio à revisão de procedimentos segundo a metodologia ITIL numa empresa prestadora de serviços no sector da saúde." Master's thesis, Instituto Superior de Economia e Gestão, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/14999.

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Mestrado em Gestão de Sistemas de Informação Este relatório de estágio dá a conhecer a importância de uma das ferramentas mais populares da Gestão de Serviço das Tecnologias de Informação (ITSM) – o Information Technology Infrastructure Library (ITIL). É um conjunto de boas práticas para o planeamento, fornecimento e suporte de serviços de TI. O propósito deste estudo é rever os procedimentos segundo a metodologia ITIL com o intuito de comparar o standard de ITIL e a sua aplicabilidade numa organização no setor da saúde. Desta forma, será possível perceber quais as diferenças entre processos. Também, os questionários (ver anexo – tabela 3) realizados permitiram compreender se os colaboradores estão envolvidos nos processos e se conhecem a terminologia. This internship report raises awareness of the importance of one of the most popular IT service management (ITSM) tools - the IT Infrastructure Library (ITIL). It combines good planning, supply and IT support services practices. The aim of this study is to review the processes in accordance with ITIL methodology with the intention of comparing the standard of ITIL and its application in an organisation in the health sector. In this way, one will be able to understand the differences between processes. In addition, the surveys undertaken will allow us to understand if the collaborators are involved in the processes and if they are aware of the terminology. info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

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Contarino, Antonio Giovanni. "Neural machine translation adaptation and automatic terminology evaluation: a case study on Italian and South Tyrolean German legal texts." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2021. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/24989/.

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Following the implementation of South Tyrol’s Statute of Autonomy, the public administrations of the Autonomous Province of Bozen/Bolzano are legally bound to the bilingual publication of laws and administrative acts. This results in a strong demand for translation of legal-administrative texts, usually from Italian into German, which could be satisfied, at some extent, by integrating machine translation (MT) in the institutional translation workflow. In this setting, a crucial aspect is also represented by the local South Tyrolean legal-administrative terminology, which is of central importance in institutional translation, exhibits peculiar features with respect to other German-speaking countries, and has emerged as the main issue when machine-translating Italian legal-administrative texts into South Tyrolean German. The purpose of the present study is to adapt an MT system (ModernMT) by means of a parallel corpus of legal-administrative texts and to evaluate it both in terms of overall MT performance and in terms of legal terminology evaluation, by automatically matching and categorising the legal terms produced by the MT engine within a fine-grained taxonomy. Results showed that the domain-adapted engine achieved a substantial and promising improvement in MT performance (+9 BLEU), yielding a relatively good score of 35 BLEU. As for legal term translation, the proposed automatic evaluation approach provided insights about terminology improvements both on a quantitative and qualitative level. The domain-adapted engine correctly translated 2746 out of 3503 legal terms of the test set (term accuracy: 78.39%), significantly outperforming the generic ModernMT system by 3.31%. The most substantial improvements were observed with regards to standardised/recommended legal terms. Despite the significant improvements in term translation accuracy, however, the adopted domain-adaptation approach did not achieve a systematic enhancement in legal terminology translation.

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Kaddoura, Maha. "Le passage de la traductologie vers l'arabe. Rôle d'une terminologie en devenir." Thesis, Paris 3, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA030035.

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La traductologie fait depuis quelques années une entrée timide dans le Monde arabe et c’est notamment la traduction de la terminologie de cette discipline qui joue un rôle prépondérant à ce niveau-là. Or, s’il est parfois réussi, le passage terminologique se heurte souvent à des difficultés, voire des impasses. A travers l’analyse des termes arabes de la traductologie, c’est-à-dire à travers l’étude de leur construction, fonctionnement, circulation, évolution, etc., l’on peut d’une part, s’interroger sur le rapport parfois problématique de ces termes, et des idées qu’ils subsument, avec leurs origines étrangères, et d’autre part, révéler les temps forts, mais surtout les limites d’un tel passage, pour faire surgir l’état plus général de la réflexion arabe sur la traduction In the last few years, translation studies have been growing slowly in the Arab World, a new phenomenom in which the translation of the French and English terminology of the discipline plays a crucial role. However, this transfer can have its successes as well as its setbacks. Through the study of the Arabic terms of translation studies, i.e. their creation, circulation, evolution, etc., it is possible, on one hand, to examin the relationship between the terms, and the ideas underlying them, and their outside influences, and, on another hand, to reveal the limits of this transfer, in order to describe the general state of translation studies in the Arab World

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Pedote, Giuseppe Simone. "El léxico del turismo en español en los siglos XIX y XX." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/663944.

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Este proyecto de investigación se propone analizar y describir el lenguaje del turismo en lengua española, así como proporcionar adecuadas herramientas de trabajo para actividades profesionales como son la mediación lingüística-cultural y la traducción. También se prestará una atención particular a los aspectos interculturales, a los que la investigación relativa a los lenguajes especializados dedica hoy en día una atención cada vez mayor. La globalización lograda en los últimos años, gracias principalmente a las nuevas tecnologías, ha favorecido un aumento considerable del léxico del turismo. Sin embargo, esta especialización lingüística se ha ido desarrollando y diversificando tanto con la integración y transformación de conceptos anteriores al desarrollo del turismo y provenientes de diferentes disciplinas y perspectivas, como con la creación de nuevas ideas relacionadas con los cambios y exigencias actuales; es decir, el léxico del turismo es un claro ejemplo de herencia y neología que tiene raíces en el siglo XIX y llega a consolidarse en el XX. Como es sabido, el léxico del turismo incorpora una terminología muy vasta que deriva de diversos campos especializados y muchos de ellos se remontan a épocas incluso anteriores al siglo XIX (por ejemplo, podemos pensar en el término mochilero: en el siglo XVIII pertenecía al ámbito militar, mientras que hoy se utiliza para definir un tipo particular de turista o viajero). El lenguaje del turismo, como otras lenguas de especialidad, se renueva con el tiempo y en ciertos períodos históricos las innovaciones son más frecuentes y significativas. Sin duda, el período más importante para la formación de la terminología turística son los siglos XIX y XX. El objetivo de este trabajo, titulado El léxico del turismo en español en los siglos XIX y XX, es averiguar, a través de documentos, la aparición de términos relacionados con este sector en español y examinar su uso real en los textos escritos, es decir, demostrar con precisión los acontecimientos históricos que han permitido la consolidación de esta terminología, como también los recursos de formación, introducción y fijación de estos conjuntos léxicos en el español de hoy. Esta investigación forma parte del proyecto DHEMCYT realizado por un grupo de estudiosos de diferentes universidades españolas con el objetivo de desarrollar materiales que servirá para la creación de un diccionario histórico del léxico técnico y científico del que carece la lengua española. This research project aims to analyze and describe the language of tourism in the Spanish language, as well as provide adequate work tools for professional activities such as linguistic-cultural mediation and translation. Particular attention will also be paid to intercultural aspects, to which the research on specialized languages dedicates increasing emphasis today. The globalization achieved in recent years, mainly through new technologies, has favored a considerable increase in the lexicon of tourism. However, this linguistic specialization has been developed and diversified both with the integration and transformation of concepts predating the development of tourism and coming from various disciplines and perspectives such as the creation of new ideas related to current changes and demands. In other words, the lexicon of tourism is a clear example of inheritance and neology taking roots in the 19th century and consolidating in the twentieth. As is well known, the vocabulary of tourism incorporates a vast terminology deriving from various specialized fields, many of them dating back to even before the 19th century (for example, we can think of the term mochilero: in the eighteenth century it belonged to the military, while today it is used to define a specific type of tourist or traveler). The language of tourism, like other specialized languages, is renewed over time and in certain historical periods the innovations are more frequent and significant. Undoubtedly, the most important period for the formation of tourism terminology is the 19th and 20th centuries. The objective of this work, entitled The lexicon of tourism in Spanish in the 19th and 20th centuries, is to discover, through documents, the emergence of terms related to this sector in Spanish and examine their exact use in written texts, that is, to demonstrate with precision the historical events that have allowed the consolidation of this terminology, as well as the resources of formation, introduction and fixation of these lexical sets in today's Spanish. This research is part of the DHEMCYT project carried out by a group of scholars from different Spanish universities with the desire to develop materials that will serve to create a historical dictionary of the technical and scientific lexicon that the Spanish language lacks.

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Lima, Alcides Fernandes de. "Socioterminologia da indústria madeireira." http://www.teses.ufc.br, 2010. http://www.repositorio.ufc.br/handle/riufc/6101.

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LIMA, Alcides Fernandes de. Socioterminologia da indústria madeireira. 2010. 389f. Tese (Doutorado em Linguística) – Universidade Federal do Ceará, Departamento de Letras Vernáculas, Programa de Pós-graduação em Linguística, Fortaleza-CE, 2010. Submitted by nazareno mesquita (nazagon36@yahoo.com.br) on 2012-06-28T13:21:45Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2010_tese_AFLima.pdf: 2587068 bytes, checksum: 68b98215413450fb8022b6261ea8294c (MD5) Approved for entry into archive by Maria Josineide Góis(josineide@ufc.br) on 2013-10-10T13:15:57Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2010_tese_AFLima.pdf: 2587068 bytes, checksum: 68b98215413450fb8022b6261ea8294c (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2013-10-10T13:15:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2010_tese_AFLima.pdf: 2587068 bytes, checksum: 68b98215413450fb8022b6261ea8294c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010 The work entitled “Socioterminology of Wood Industry” aims essentially at developing a terminological dictionary (or specialized dictionary) on wood. The theoretical and methodological foundations and the terminographic tasks for the elaboration of the dictionary are based on the communicative theory of terminology (Cabré 2002) and especially on socioterminology (Gaudin, 1993a, 1993b). To build the dictionary, we used a corpus of over 4,000,000 words (over 11,000 pages) composed of written texts about timber activities and having different degrees of specialization (such as theses and monographs, articles , technical norms, journals and magazines) with the exception of lexicographic documents or norms published between 1976 and 2009. The result of this work is a dictionary presented in two versions, printed and electronic. The electronic version (on CD-ROM) contains 2081 lexical entries, including: i) 1089 words (685 entries and 404 variants) from wood activities covering the semantic fields: mining, raw materials, processing, machinery and equipment, facilities, products, industrial waste and market ii) 886 words composed of 247 names of timber species and 639 variants, and iii) 106 initials (abrieviations) accompanied by syntactic variants (without definition). To the electronic version we have added up to 133 illustrations. As for the printed version, the initials were organized separately, the names of timber species have been grouped in a glossary of terms (without défintions) at the end of the dictionary to make it easier for users when looking for information on the terms and names of timber species. We believe that with the increasing need for the state to monitor and control the activity of wood industry and the development of research in various disciplines on economic activity, or other areas still connected to wood industry (given that most environmental problems today are related to forest management), work in terminology, as the one presented here, seem undoubtedly of great importance not only for industry and government sectors, but also for other sciences involved in this field such as agronomy, ecology, biology, botany, zoology, wood engineering and economics. Therefore, we seek in this work to contribute to the documentation and standardization of the lexicon related to the specialized field of wood activity and to create a basis for a better communication between different fields and between public and private sectors. O trabalho Socioterminologia da Indústria Madeireira tem como objetivo fundamental a construção de um dicionário terminológico (ou dicionário especializado) da madeira. Os fundamentos teóricos e metodológicos da pesquisa e do trabalho terminográfico, para a elaboração do dicionário, se embasam na Teoria Comunicativa da Terminologia (CABRÉ, 2002) e, principalmente, na Socioterminologia (GAUDIN, 1993a e 1993b). Para a elaboração do dicionário foi usado um corpus com mais de 4 milhões de palavras (mais de 11 mil páginas), composto por textos escritos da área da atividade madeireira com vários graus de especialização (tais como teses e dissertações, artigos científicos, normas técnicas, revistas especializadas, revistas de divulgação). Todos os textos, com exceção dos de caráter lexicográfico ou leis e normas, foram publicados entre 1970 e 2009. O trabalho final resultou num dicionário apresentado em duas versões: uma digital e outra impressa. A versão digital (em CD-ROM) apresenta 2.081 entradas, das quais: i) 1.089 são constituídas por verbetes da atividade madeireira que abrangem os campos semânticos de matéria-prima, extração, processamento, máquinas ; equipamentos, instalações, produtos, resíduos e mercado, sendo 685 termos e 404 variantes correspondentes; ii) 886 são constituídas por 247 nomes de espécies de madeira e 639 variantes; e iii) 106 são siglas acompanhadas das variantes sintáticas (sem definição). A versão digital conta ainda com 133 imagens ilustrativas. Na versão impressa, por sua vez, as siglas foram organizadas à parte; os nomes das espécies de madeira foram organizados num glossário lexical (sem definição), no final do dicionário, de modo que o consulente possa, mais facilmente, obter as informações desejadas, tanto sobre os termos, quanto sobre os nomes das espécies de madeira. Acredita-se que com a necessidade cada vez maior de o Estado fiscalizar e controlar a atividade madeireira, e com o desenvolvimento de pesquisas, das mais diversas disciplinas, sobre esta atividade econômica, ou sobre outros setores, mas que de alguma forma se relacionem à atividade da indústria madeireira (pois a maioria das questões ambientais hoje passa pelas questões de manejo florestal), os estudos terminológicos, como o que aqui se apresenta, parece indiscutivelmente de grande importância, não só para o setor industrial e governamental, como também para as áreas das ciências envolvidas, como a Agronomia, Ecologia, a Biologia, a Botânica, a Zoologia, a Engenharia Florestal, a Economia. Assim sendo, pretende-se, com este trabalho, contribuir para a documentação e a normalização do léxico especializado da área da atividade madeireira e, dessa forma, criar subsídio para uma melhor comunicação entre as várias áreas envolvidas e entre o setor público e o privado.

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Müller, Alexandra Feldekircher. "Terminologia empresarial: princípios de reconhecimento e de gerenciamento." Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos, 2013. http://www.repositorio.jesuita.org.br/handle/UNISINOS/2983.

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Submitted by Maicon Juliano Schmidt (maicons) on 2015-03-13T14:56:07Z No. of bitstreams: 1 00000A01.pdf: 5334646 bytes, checksum: 2f63c1f50e5dbde6393029afc1f2cf1f (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-13T14:56:07Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 00000A01.pdf: 5334646 bytes, checksum: 2f63c1f50e5dbde6393029afc1f2cf1f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-04-23 Nenhuma Face à intensa divulgação da comunicação e das terminologias e à renovação terminológica das últimas décadas é que se desenvolve esta tese de doutorado cujo interesse está em avançar nos estudos da terminologia empresarial, uma área a descoberto, visando ao seu levantamento e descrição. Nessa linha, a tese objetiva, numa perspectiva mais teórica, descrever a natureza constitutiva dos termos que compõem a categoria de terminologia empresarial e as características das unidades lexicais que circulam em empresas; e, numa perspectiva mais prática, propor diretrizes metodológicas para o Gerenciamento de Terminologia Empresarial (GTE). Para tanto, o percurso teórico foi trilhado à luz da abordagem da teoria linguístico-comunicacional da Terminologia, segundo a qual o termo é visto como uma unidade da língua geral que assume o valor especializado de acordo com o seu contexto comunicativo; como tal assume todas as implicações sistêmicas e pragmáticas que isso implica, olhando fortemente para os aspectos da variação, da sinonímia, da ambiguidade, entre outros. A perspectiva aplicada da Terminologia, a Terminografia, também serviu de base para a elaboração da metodologia para o levantamento dos termos empresariais e para a criação do GTE. Com base na proposta de investigação, descreveu-se o perfil do profissional que está apto ao trabalho com a terminologia da empresa, isso porque se postulou, nesta tese, que para o trabalho com o termo empresarial e com o GTE existe a figura, assim denominada neste trabalho, do Gestor Terminológico - alguém capacitado para desenvolver diversas atividades terminográficas no interior de uma empresa, atentando sempre para as reais necessidades de comunicação da organização, sendo um profissional harmonizador de terminologia no interior de uma empresa e um profissional capaz de desenvolver diferentes tarefas. Metodologicamente, para o propósito desta tese, realizou-se o estudo de caso com a Empresa Y M&E Brasil, identificando que a terminologia da empresa era híbrida e estava constituída por dois grandes eixos terminológicos: o eixo da Terminologia de Operacionalização Administrativa e o eixo da Terminologia de Operacionalização de Processo e Produto. Este resultado serviu como um importante parâmetro para os dados que permitiram descrever a categoria terminológica empresarial, segmentada em Termo Organizacional e Termo Operacional. Como condição para o reconhecimento da categoria de terminologia empresarial, criaram-se quatro etapas metodológicas, as quais podem servir de base para trabalhos futuros. Outro importante resultado foi a elaboração das condições para a aplicação do GTE e suas principais características. Because of the intensive propagation of the communication and terminologies and the terminological renew since the last decades is developed this doctoral thesis whose interest is advance in the entrepreneur terminological studies, an unprotected area, aiming its recognition and description. In this perspective, the thesis focus, in a theoretical perspective, is recognize the terminological habits of the lexical units which are used in the enterprises, and besides, recognize the constitutive nature of the terms inserted in the entrepreneur category; additionally, in a practical perspective, the objective is suggest the methodological guidelines to the Entrepreneurial Terminology Management (ETM). To make it possible, the theoretical trajectory was based in the Terminology linguistic-communicational theory, which takes the term as a unit inside the general language that acquires a specialized value in accordance with the communicative context in which it is inserted; and, in addition, takes all the systemic and pragmatic implications, strongly sighting to the aspects related to the variation, synonymy, ambiguity, and others. The applied perspective of Terminology, the Terminography, was also used as a base to elaborate the methodology to the recognition of the terminological statute of the entrepreneurial terms and to the creation of the ETM. Based on the investigative propose, it was described the profile of the professional who is able to deal with the entrepreneur terminology, because, in this thesis, it was postulated that to work with the entrepreneurial terms and with the ETM of the company must exists the figure, as denominated in this thesis, of the Terminological Manager – someone who is able to develop lots of different terminographic activities inside the company, always keeping in mind the real communicative demands in the organization, being a professional with the ability to make the terminology inside the company harmonious, and besides, a professional who is able to develop different tasks. Methodologically, to the recognition of the statute and functioning of the terms inside the entrepreneurs and to the principles of ETM, it was done the case study with the Y M&E Brasil Company, identifying that the terminology of the company was hybrid and composed by two main terminological parts: the part of the Administrative Operation Terminology and the part of Product and Process Operation Terminology. This result serve as an important parameter to the data which allowed establishing the entrepreneur terminological category and the specificities of the entrepreneur term segmented in two – Organizational Term and Operational Term. As a condition to the recognition of the entrepreneurial terminological category, four methodological steps were created, which may serve as a base to future researches. Other relevant result was the development of the conditions to the application of the ETM and its main categories.

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