Tesi sul tema "Temporal"

The contributions of the present thesis are in the domain of Pattern Mining and Knowledge Discovery, being of particular relevance for the sequential pattern mining and time-interval related pattern mining fields. In this thesis, a new efficient sequential pattern mining algorithm called VEPRECO is introduced, the contributions of which are: (i) a new representation, (ii) pre-pruning strategies and (iii) candidate selection policies which reduce the number of iterations of the algorithm. In this thesis, a new efficient algorithm for mining time interval patterns, called vertTIRP, has also been presented, combining an efficient representation of these patterns with a pairing strategy to accelerate the mining process. And finally, to open the door of mining of time interval patterns to multivariate time series, the TA4L algorithm has been introduced. TA4L transforms time series into interval-based sequences suitable for feeding time interval algorithms
Les contribucions d'aquesta tesi estan en el domini de la mineria de patrons i el descobriment del coneixement, sent de particular rellevància pels camps de mineria de patrons seqüencials i els patrons d'intervals temporals. En aquesta tesi, s'ha presentat un nou algoritme eficient de mineria de patrons seqüencials anomenat VEPRECO, les contribucions del qual són: (i) una nova representació, (ii) unes estratègies de prepoda i (iii) unes polítiques de selecció de candidats que redueixen el nombre d'iteracions de l'algoritme. En aquesta tesi, també s'ha presentat un nou algoritme eficient per minar patrons d'intervals temporals, denominat vertTIRP, el qual combina una representació eficient d'aquests patrons amb una estratègia d'aparellament per tal d’accelerar el procés de la mineria. I finalment, per obrir la porta de la mineria de patrons d'intervals temporals a sèries temporals multivariades, s'ha presentat l'algoritme TA4L. TA4L transforma sèries temporals en seqüències d’intèrvals aptes per alimentar algoritmes d'intervals temporals
Programa de Doctorat en Tecnologia

Cette thèse a exploré le traitement de l'information auditive temporelle appartenant à la gamme des millisecondes chez des patients présentant des lésions temporales unilatérales droites ou gauches ainsi que chez des sujets contrôles sans atteinte neurologique. La partie expérimentale de ce travail est précédée d'une présentation des modèles d'horloge interne ainsi que d'une description anatomofonctionnelle du lobe temporal et de son implication dans le traitement temporel. Une première partie psychophysique a été consacrée aux capacités de discrimination temporelle. L'étude 1 a révèle un déficit de la discrimination d'irrégularité (anisochronie) chez les patients caractérisés par la présence d'une lésion temporale gauche (atrophie hippocampique ou résection de la face interne du lobe temporal) lorsque les sons étaient présentés rapidement (80 ms entre le début de deux sons successifs) par opposition aux tempos plus lents (300-1000 ms). En revanche, les performances de tous les sujets semblent adéquates pour une tache de détection d'anisochronie. L'étude 2 portant sur la discrimination de durées brèves (sons continus de 80 et 300 ms) n'a révélé aucun trouble de la perception quel que soit le groupe de sujets. Les données suggèrent cependant que les patients ayant subi une résection temporale droite ou gauche utilisent une valeur de référence différente de celle des sujets sains et de la durée cible, indiquant une surestimation de cette durée. L'effet du partage attentionnel et de la présence d'un délai entre les deux sons a comparer ont également été examines. Une seconde partie expérimentale a exploré le traitement temporel dans le cadre d'une approche plus cognitive. Les résultats de l'étude 3 ont démontré que les deux groupes de patients étaient perturbes pour la reproduction de patterns rythmiques structures selon deux dimensions (la métrique et la rythmique). En revanche, il n'a pas été possible de dissocier l'effet de ces dimensions sur leurs performances. Enfin, une dernière étude a mis en évidence un déficit des patients ayant subi une résection temporale gauche dans la détection d'allongements temporels insérés dans des extraits familiers. L'ensemble de ces données suggère l'implication du lobe temporal gauche dans le traitement de l'information auditive séquentielle rapide et, dans une moindre mesure, la contribution du lobe temporal droit dans la reproduction de patterns rythmiques complexes

Les données permettant de décrire des phénomènes spatio-temporels sont de plus en plus nombreuses. Ces nouvelles données peuvent alors être éloignées de celles habituellement observées pour l'étude de certains phénomènes. Leur analyse, selon une approche hypothético-déductive telle qu'elle est majoritairement effectuée en statistique et dans les SIG, peut ainsi passer sous silence certaines informations insoupçonnées, mais pertinentes, sur les dynamiques de ces phénomènes spatio-temporels.Il peut alors être intéressant de simplement donner à voir les données, pour observer ce qu'elles ont à montrer, avant de les analyser. Ce principe est celui de l'analyse exploratoire: le procédé est de permettre à un utilisateur d'effectuer une exploration libre des données, au moyen de représentations visuelles, afin de mettre en lumière des structures ou des relations insoupçonnées. Aujourd'hui, l'analyse exploratoire est notamment possible au moyen d'environnements de visualisation, intégrant différentes représentations graphiques et cartographiques interactives.Les environnements de visualisation sont majoritairement développés de manière ad hoc, dans le cadre d'une thématique particulière. Or l'émergence constante de nouvelles données incite à promouvoir des méthodes d'analyse applicables à des phénomènes de différentes natures. En fonction de la problématique dans laquelle s'insèrent ces derniers, les dynamiques sur lesquelles va se focaliser l'analyse diffèrent. Analyser un phénomène météorologique dans un but de prévision implique de s’intéresser aux récurrences cycliques du phénomène. Analyser l'évolution d'une population pour la mise en place de politiques publiques implique d’analyser ce phénomène sur le temps long et selon différentes zones de l’espace.Notre objectif est de proposer une méthode d'analyse exploratoire des phénomènes spatio-temporels et de leurs dynamiques, indépendante du thème traité. Pour cela, nous proposons un environnement de géovisualisation, GrAPHiST (Géovisualisation pour l'Analyse des PHenomenes Spatio-Temporels), permettant l'analyse de différentes dynamiques, selon différentes échelles spatiales et temporelles (linéaires ou cycliques). Développer cet environnement implique de s’interroger sur la modélisation du changement dans l’espace, la nature des dynamiques spatio-temporelles à étudier, et les outils visuels et interactifs permettant de les identifier.Ainsi, les contributions de notre recherche se situent à plusieurs niveaux :- une modélisation générique des phénomènes spatio-temporels, sous la forme de séries événementielles;- de nouvelles méthodes de représentations graphiques et interactives, autorisant la recherche et l'identification des dynamiques spatio-temporelles, notamment: l'introduction de diagrammes temporels interactifs permettant la recherche visuelle de récurrences cycliques dans les données spatio-temporelles; l'utilisation de règles de symbologie permettant la visualisation des relations entre les composantes temporelle et spatiale des phénomènes; de nouvelles méthodes de représentations des agrégats d'événements proches, permettant d'identifier des structures dans leur distribution spatio-temporelle;- la formalisation d’une approche d'analyse exploratoire des dynamiques spatio-temporelles, déclinée en plusieurs scénarios selon l’objectif poursuivi.Nous validons notre approche en l'appliquant à l'analyse de différents jeux de données. L'objectif est de vérifier la possibilité d'identifier des dynamiques, relatives au temps linéaire ou cyclique, au moyen de GrAPHiST, et d'illustrer le caractère générique de l'approche, ainsi que les opportunités d'analyse offertes par l'environnement
Datasets allowing the description of spatio-temporal phenomena are becoming ever more numerous. These new data can be very different from those usually observed for studying spatio-temporal phenomena. An analysis through a hypothetico-deductive approach, like is mainly done in statistic and GIS domains, can ignore some unsuspected, but relevant, information about the dynamics of these spatio-temporal phenomena.It can be interesting then, to just present the data, to observe what they have to show, before analysing them. This is the principle of the exploratory data analysis: the process is to allow a user to freely explore data, through visual representations, in order to highlight unsuspected structures or relationships. Today, exploratory analysis is possible through visualization environments, which integrate different graphic or cartographic interactive representations.Visualization environments are mainly developed in an ad hoc manner, in the context of a particular thematic field. However, the constant appearance of new data encourages promoting analysis methods, which could be applied to several types of phenomena. According to the domain related to these phenomena, the analysis will be focused on different dynamics. Analysing a meteorological phenomenon, in a forecasting purpose, implies a focus on the cyclic recurrences of the phenomenon. Analysing the increase of a population, for the purpose of deciding public policies, implies an analysis of the phenomenon on a long-term, through different spatial areas.Our objective is to propose a method for the exploratory analysis of spatio-temporal phenomena and their dynamics, which would be independent of the topic. In order to achieve this, we propose a geovisualization environment, GrAPHiST (Géovisualisation pour l'Analyse des PHenomenes Spatio-Temporels; Geovisualization for spatio-temporal phenomena analysis), allowing the analysis of several dynamics, through different spatial and temporal (linear or cyclic) scales. Developing this environment implies to focus on how spatial changes are modelled, on the nature of the spatio-temporal dynamics we have to study, and on the visual and interactive tools, which allow the identification of these dynamics.So, the contributions of our research can be found at several levels:a generic modelling approach of spatio-temporal phenomena, in the form of event series;new graphical and interactive representation methods, which allow the searching and the identification of spatio-temporal dynamics, including: the introduction of interactive temporal diagrams, which allow the visual searching of cyclic recurrences in spatio-temporal data; the use of symbology rules, which allow the visualization of relationships between the spatial and temporal components of phenomena; new methods to represent aggregated closed events, which allow to identify structures in their spatio-temporal distribution;the formalization of an exploratory approach for the spatio-temporal dynamics analysis, divided into several scenarios, according to the purpose of the analysis.We validate our proposition by applying it to the analysis of several datasets. The objective is to verify the possibility to identify dynamics, related to linear or cyclic time, through the use of GrAPHiST, and to illustrate the generic aspect of the approach, as well as the analysis opportunities given by the environment

O fator temporal é uma variável natural da maioria dos sistemas de informação, pois no mundo real os eventos ocorrem de maneira dinâmica, modicando continuamente os valores dos seus objetos no decorrer do tempo. Muitos desses sistemas precisam registrar essa modicação e atribuir os instantes de tempo em que cada informação foi válida no sistema. Este trabalho reúne as características relacionadas aos Bancos de Dados Temporais e Bancos de Dados Objeto-Relacionais. O objetivo primordial é propor uma forma de implementar alguns aspectos temporais, desenvolvendo um módulo que faça parte das características e funcionalidades internas de um SGBD. O módulo temporal contempla principalmente a parte de restrições de integridade temporal que é utilizada para manter a consistência da informação temporal armazenada. Para isso, é proposto um novo tipo de dado que melhor representa as marcas temporais dos objetos. Uma parte importante para a implementação desse projeto é a utilização de um SGBD objeto-relacional que possui algumas características orientadas a objetos que permitem a extensão de seus recursos, tornando-o capaz de gerenciar alguns aspectos temporais. O módulo temporal desenvolvido torna esses aspectos temporais transparentes para o usuário. Por conseqüência, esses usuários são capazes de utilizar os recursos temporais com maior naturalidade.
The temporal factor is a natural variable of the majority of the information systems, therefore in the real world the events occur in dynamic way, modifying continuously the values of its objects in elapsing of the time. Many of these systems need to register this modication and to attribute the instants of time where each information was valid in the system. This work congregates the characteristics related to the Temporal Databases and Object-Relational Databases. The primordial objective is to consider a form to implement some temporal aspects, developing a module that is part of the characteristics and internal functionalities of a DBMS. The temporal module mainly contemplates the part of restrictions of temporal integrity that is used to keep the consistency of the stored temporal information. For this, a new data type is proposed that better represent the objects timestamps. An important part for the implementation of this project is the use of a object-relational DBMS that has some object-oriented characteristics that allow the extension of its resources, becoming capable to manage some temporal aspects. The developed temporal module becomes these transparent temporal aspects for the user. For consequence, these users are capable to use the temporal resources more naturally.

Modalités de gestion du milieu temporel dans une conduite de processus multiples en situation dynamique :une recherche dans des entreprises horticoles. Cette recherche porte sur les modalités de gestion temporelle, dans des situations professionnelles tendues entre les nécessités d'une production engageant des phénomènes dynamiques multiples et une rationalisation du travail supposée faire face aux besoins économiques de l'entreprise, en l'occurrence, dans le secteur de l'horticulture. La thèse soutenue est que les travailleurs, et en particulier des chefs de culture en tant qu'encadrants intermédiaires, assurent une gestion de leur milieu temporel de travail, dans la dynamique de leur activité. Cette gestion est active dans le sens où elle intègre des cadres temporels. Ceux-ci peuvent être analysés à la fois comme des ressources et des contraintes dans leur activité. La gestion du milieu temporel peut être entravée par certaines configurations de ces cadres, qui ne permettent pas aux chefs de culture d'intégrer les risques pour la production, pour eux-mêmes ou pour les autres travailleurs. Nous proposons une structure de formalisation des cadres temporels et de leurs interrelations dans la dynamique du milieu temporel. Elle est issue d'une démarche de " dépliage " des temporalités, fondée sur une analyse ergonomique de l'activité. La modélisation des cadres et de la gestion du milieu temporel est une conceptualisation fonctionnelle pour analyser les conditions temporelles du travail en tant que ressources pour un agir temporel pragmatique dans l'activité.

Orientador: Prof. Dr. André Mascioli Cravo
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do ABC, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Neurociência e Cognição, 2016.
We constantly learn and update our predictions about when events we cause will occur. This flexibility is important to program motor actions and to estimate when errors have been made. However, the mechanisms that govern learning and updating in temporal domain are largely unknown. In order to clarify these mechanisms we had three mains objectives: 1. To describe how we learn a new temporal relation between two events and how expectation is updated based on new information; 2. To describe the neural correlates underlying temporal learning and temporal updating; 3. To investigate temporal learning in two different sensory modalities: vision and audition, in order to verify whether such processes occur independently of sensory modality. In order to achieve the objectives, we developed two different experiments with electroencephalography recordings. In the first experiment, we aimed to answer the first two objectives by developing a behavioral task in which participants had to monitor whether a temporal error had been made. Results evidenced a rapid temporal adjustment by the participants to a new temporal relation. Temporal errors evoked electrophysiological markers classically related to error coding as frontal theta oscillations and feedback-related negativity. Delta phase was modulated by behavioral adjustments, suggesting its importance in temporal prediction updating. In conclusion, low frequency oscillations appear to be modulated in error coding and temporal learning. The second experiment investigated temporal learning in two different sensory modalities. Results indicated that time perception is biased differently depending on temporal marker sensory modality. Besides, we found that intertrial phase coherence of theta oscillations was modulated by expectation on both sensory conditions. However, such result occurs on central electrodes analysis, but not on sensory electrodes analysis, indicating a supramodal mechanism of temporal prediction.

Orientador : Prof. Dr. Marcos Castilho
Co-orientador : Prof. Dr. Luis Allan Künzle
Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Federal do Paraná, Setor de Ciências Exatas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Informática. Defesa: Curitiba, 26/02/2016
Inclui referências : f. 105-108
Área de concentração: Ciência da Computação
Resumo: Sistemas reais modeláveis como sistemas dinâmicos a eventos discretos têm, em seu comportamento, fortes restrições temporais. As redes de Petri temporais são uma importante ferramenta de modelagem e análise desses sistemas. Entretanto, os principais métodos de análise existentes na literatura trabalham por enumeração exaustiva do espaço de estados, com alta complexidade computacional, sobretudo em situações de forte concorrência e paralelismo. Estes método também não são adequados para a análise de roteiros de comportamento, aumentando a imprecisão temporal dos resultados de análise, tornando-os inusáveis. O trabalho desenvolvido nesta tese consistiu em aprimorar duas abordagens já existentes, o desdobramento de redes de Petri e a análise por tempo global, de forma a superar estas limitações. O desdobramento, desenvolvido para redes de Petri sem considerações temporais, consiste em gerar uma rede de ocorrência, finita e acíclica, que contém todos os estados acessíveis da rede original, mas com um custo computacional significativamente menor. Entretanto, sua aplicação direta em redes de Petri temporais perde sequências de disparo de transições válidas e gera outras inválidas, considerando as restrições temporais da rede. A parte inicial deste trabalho teve como foco inicial identificar as limitações do uso do algoritmo original de desdobramento em redes de Petri temporais, para em seguida conceber e formalizar um procedimento de desdobramento que seja aplicável a redes temporais. Este procedimento tem como base o algoritmo original, mas já incorpora em sua estrutura elementos de análise temporal. O novo método de desdobramento obtido foi denominado de "desdobramento temporal" e a rede por ele gerada contém todas as classes de estados da rede temporal, assim como todos os caminhos ou roteiros de comportamento resultantes da dinâmica da rede. O resultado será validado mediante provas e também será apresentado um exemplo de aplicação do novo método. A segunda parte deste trabalho de pesquisa foi dedicada a construir uma metodologia de análise temporal, sobre a rede desdobrada, utilizando o método de tempo global. Este método permite a análise de roteiros de comportamento, ou sequências de disparo de transições, sem aumentar a imprecisão dos resultados e é destinado a redes acíclicas. Ou seja, adequado à rede desdobrada. A metodologia de análise proposta permite avaliar temporalmente qualquer roteiro de comportamento entre as diferentes classes de estados temporais. Os resultados obtidos foram comparados com as metodologias já existentes. Palavras-chave: Redes de Petri temporais, desdobramento temporal, análise temporal, tempo global.
Abstract: Real systems formable as dynamic discrete event systems have, in their behavior, strong time constraints. The time Petri nets are an important modeling tool and analysis of these systems. However, themainmethods existing of analysis in the literature works by exhaustive enumeration of the state space, with high computational complexity, especially in strong situations of concurrence and parallelism. Also this methods are not suitable for analysis of behavioral scripts, increasing the temporal imprecision of analysis results, making them unusable. The work in this thesis was to improve two existing approaches, the unfolding of Petri nets and the analysis by global time, concerning to overcome these limitations. The unfolding, developed for Petri nets without temporal considerations, consits in generate an occurrence net, finite and acyclic, that contain all accessible states of the original net, but with a significantly lower computational cost. Nonetheless, its direct application in time Petri nets loses the transitions firing sequences valid and generates others invalid considering the temporal net constraint. The initial part of this work had like initial focus an identification of limitations the use original algorithm of unfolding in time Petri nets, and then, develop and formalize an unfolding procedure that applies to time net. This procedure is based on the original algorithm, but it already incorporates in its structure temporal analysis elements. The new obtained unfolding method was called "timing unfolding" and the net generated contains all states class of time net, as well as all paths or behavior scripts resulting from the dynamic of the net. The result will be validated by proofs and it will be presented by an application example of the new method. The second part of this research work was dedicated to build a temporal analysis method on the unfolded net, using tthe global time method. This method allows the scripts analysis behavior, or transitions firing sequences without increasing the inaccuracy of the results and is intended to acyclic nets, that is, suited to unfolded net. The analysis methodology proposed allows to assess, temporally, any behavior script between different time states class. The results were compared with the existing methodologies. Keywords: Time Petri nets, timing unfoldings, timing analysis, global time.

The ability to capture the temporal dimension of a natural language text is essential to many natural language processing applications, such as Question Answering, Automatic Summarisation, and Information Retrieval. Temporal processing is a ¯eld of Computational Linguistics which aims to access this dimension and derive a precise temporal representation of a natural language text by extracting time expressions, events and temporal relations, and then representing them according to a chosen knowledge framework. This thesis focuses on the investigation and understanding of the di®erent ways time is expressed in natural language, on the implementation of a temporal processing system in accordance with the results of this investigation, on the evaluation of the system, and on the extensive analysis of the errors and challenges that appear during system development. The ultimate goal of this research is to develop the ability to automatically annotate temporal expressions, verbal events and temporal relations in a natural language text. Temporal expression annotation involves two stages: temporal expression identi¯cation concerned with determining the textual extent of a temporal expression, and temporal expression normalisation which ¯nds the value that the temporal expression designates and represents it using an annotation standard. The research presented in this thesis approaches these tasks with a knowledge-based methodology that tackles temporal expressions according to their semantic classi¯cation. Several knowledge sources and normalisation models are experimented with to allow an analysis of their impact on system performance. The annotation of events expressed using either ¯nite or non-¯nite verbs is addressed with a method that overcomes the drawback of existing methods v which associate an event with the class that is most frequently assigned to it in a corpus and are limited in coverage by the small number of events present in the corpus. This limitation is overcome in this research by annotating each WordNet verb with an event class that best characterises that verb. This thesis also describes an original methodology for the identi¯cation of temporal relations that hold among events and temporal expressions. The method relies on sentence-level syntactic trees and a propagation of temporal relations between syntactic constituents, by analysing syntactic and lexical properties of the constituents and of the relations between them. The detailed evaluation and error analysis of the methods proposed for solving di®erent temporal processing tasks form an important part of this research. Various corpora widely used by researchers studying di®erent temporal phenomena are employed in the evaluation, thus enabling comparison with state of the art in the ¯eld. The detailed error analysis targeting each temporal processing task helps identify not only problems of the implemented methods, but also reliability problems of the annotated resources, and encourages potential reexaminations of some temporal processing tasks.

The focus of the research is on the role of Temporary Help Agencies (ETT) as intermediaries in the labor market. An ETT can be defined as a service firm that hires temporary workers and sends them out to do temporary work on the premises of and under the supervision of client firms solicited from the business world. That is, their basic function consists of connecting labor demand and labor supply. However what makes the difference with respect to other labor market intermediaries (such as, for example, employment agencies) is the fact that workers contracted through ETT remain on the ETT' payroll while under the direction of the client firm, giving way to a triangular relationship between the client firm, the worker and the ETT which has broken the traditional bilaterality of labor relationships. That is, there exists a standard labor contract for a limited duration between the ETT and the worker and a commercial contract (called assignment contract) between the ETT and the firm, so that both market and employment relationships are established. Therefore, from the point of view of the worker it is as if she were subject to two different employers: the ETT, who hires the worker, and the client firm, who receives worker services.
Why the study and implications of ETT work for workers are important lie on the fact that there exists a substantial number of questions related to ETT work to which currently we have no answers and little data to explore them. In this context, this thesis is concerned with providing evidence on dynamic labor market patterns of ETT-intermediated work, on which to our knowledge no work so far has been done. In particular, the thesis is presented as follows: Chapter 1 deals with a review of the most relevant literature underlying what we know so far on ETTs as well as introducing potential research questions which are yet unresolved. Chapter 2 and chapter 3 establish the theoretical framework on which the last two chapters are based. Chapter 2 establishes a framework for analyzing the possibility that ETT-work may provide workers with opportunities for acquiring new skills and applying them in a better job to be located in the future after leaving the ETT, thus improving wage prospects. Chapter 3 develops a model in which ETTs are considered as means to attenuate information asymmetry in the labor market, which may allow workers to improve promotion chances. And, finally, Chapters 4 and 5 deal with the empirical testing of the main two hypotheses established in the previous two chapters.
El núcleo de la presente investigación consiste en analizar el papel de las Empresas de Trabajo Temporal (ETT) como intermediarios en el mercado de trabajo. Puede definirse a una ETT como una empresa de servicios que contrata trabajadores temporales para asignarlos en cesión a empresas clientes. Por tanto, su función básica consiste en conectar la demanda y la oferta de trabajo. Sin embargo, el aspecto que diferencia a estas agencias de otros intermediarios en el mercado laboral (como, por ejemplo, las agencias de empleo) radica en que los trabajadores contratados por medio de ETT pertenecen formalmente a la plantilla de la ETT mientras que trabajan bajo la dirección de la empresa cliente. Esta peculiaridad origina una relación triangular entre la empresa cliente, el trabajador y la ETT que ha roto la bilateralidad tradicional de las relaciones de empleo. Es decir, existe un contrato estándar de trabajo temporal entre la ETT y el trabajador, y un contrato de carácter mercantil (denominado contrato de puesta a disposición) entre la ETT y la empresa cliente. Por tanto, se establecen tanto relaciones mercantiles como relaciones laborales. Así, desde el punto de vista del trabajador es como si estuviera sujeto a dos empleadores distintos: la ETT, que lo contrata formalmente, y la empresa cliente, que disfruta de sus servicios laborales.

El estudio de las implicaciones que presenta la intermediación de las ETT para los trabajadores resulta importante porque existe un número sustancial de preguntas relacionadas con el trabajo a través de ETT sobre las cuales todavía no se ha ofrecido respuestas. En este contexto, la tesis aporta evidencia sobre aspectos dinámicos de la intermediación en el mercado laboral de las ETT, aspecto sobre el cual hasta el momento no se ha investigado lo suficiente. En concreto, la tesis consta de las siguientes partes: el Capítulo 1 lleva a cabo una revisión de la literatura más relevante sobre estos intermediarios e introduce preguntas de investigación que no han sido contestadas hasta el momento. Los Capítulos 2 y 3 establecen el marco teórico sobre el cual se fundamentan los dos últimos capítulos. El Capítulo 2 analiza la posibilidad de que el trabajo por medio de ETT ofrezca a los trabajadores oportunidades para adquirir nuevas habilidades y aplicarlas en mejores empleos conseguidos a través del intermediario. El Capítulo 3 desarrolla un modelo en el que las ETT son consideradas como un medio para atenuar la información asimétrica en el mercado laboral, aspecto éste que puede permitir a los trabajadores mejorar sus posibilidades de salir de la temporalidad. Finalmente los Capítulos 4 y 5 contrastan empíricamente las dos hipótesis principales presentadas en los dos capítulos previos.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES
Temporal adverb is a label given to the linguistic element that establishes the notion of temporality in texts. Precisely, it refers to temporal conjunctions, adverbs and adverbial locutions of time, with more definite syntactic and semantic specificities, establishing temporal sequencing (MARTELOTTA, 1993). In the narrative text, the temporal adverbs play the role of connectors, since they establish the temporal sequencing of the events that are listed and also function as a strategy of textual cohesion. Considering that there are differences in the use of temporal factors according to the types of text, the degree of formality and the type of record (speech and writing), and that the role of the school is to promote the expansion of the student repertoire, we developed a sequence of activities that culminated in the proposal of a Didactic Module for the treatment of this phenomenon. The activities were developed in the academic period of 2017 with the 7th grade of the Gumercindo Bessa State School, located in the municipality of Estância, state of Sergipe. Initially, we elaborated a diagnostic activity for the production of narratives written from a visual stimulus, in which we could verify that the temporal ordering of the narratives was done mainly by juxtaposition of sentences, and with few uses of temporal adverbs, which, when used, were the closest to speech, such as aí (so), e (and) and então (then) (TAVARES, 1999; BARRETO, FREITAG, 2009). After analyzing the textbook adopted in the class, we found that the treatment given to the temporal adverbs (adverbs and adverbial locutions of time) was not suitable for use, with emphasis on nomenclature. Next, we conducted an investigation of reading and writing habits in the class to identify students' likes and preferences to provide meaningful and motivated learning. Following the guidelines of the National Curriculum Parameters of Portuguese Language (BRASIL, 1998), to contribute to the expansion of the linguistic repertoire of students, based on an approach based on Functionalism of North American and Sociolinguistic, which study linguistic phenomena from of real uses (FURTADO DA CUNHA, TAVARES, 2007; GORSKI; FREITAG, 2007; 2013), we made a didactic module with the objective of working the content of temporal adverbs as a mechanism of textual cohesion in narrative texts. We elaborated a didactic module composed of five activities that stimulate the recognition and use of temporal adverbs. The structure of the teaching material is divided into two stages: theoretical basis on the selected content and the practical section with exercises - two textual productions from visual sequences, two jigsaw puzzles and a text with gaps, as well as elaborated evaluation sheets for the teacher to follow the level of student learning. After the application of the didactic module, we verified in the narratives produced by the students a more diversified repertoire of temporal adverbs, both in quantity and variety, which conferred on the texts written by the students a more formal and more distant character of orality.
Circunstanciador temporal é rótulo dado ao elemento linguístico que estabelece a noção de temporalidade nos textos. Precisamente, refere-se a conjunções temporais, advérbios e locuções adverbiais de tempo, com especificidades sintáticas e semânticas mais definidas, estabelecendo sequenciação temporal (MARTELOTTA, 1993). No texto narrativo, os circunstanciadores temporais exercem a função de conectores, pois estabelecem a sequenciação temporal dos eventos que são elencados e também funcionam como uma estratégia de coesão textual. Considerando que existem diferenças de uso de circunstanciadores temporais em função dos tipos de texto, do grau de formalidade e do tipo de registro (fala e escrita), e que o papel da escola é promover a ampliação do repertório do aluno, desenvolvemos uma sequência de atividades que culminaram com a proposta de um Módulo Didático para a abordagem deste conteúdo em sala de aula. As atividades foram desenvolvidas no período letivo de 2017 com o 7o ano do Colégio Estadual Gumercindo Bessa, localizado no município de Estância, Estado de Sergipe. Inicialmente, elaboramos uma atividade de sondagem de produção de narrativas escritas a partir de um estímulo visual, na qual pudemos constatar que a ordenação temporal das narrativas era feita principalmente por justaposição de orações, e com poucos usos de circunstanciadores temporais, que, quando usados, eram os mais próximos da fala, como o “aí”, “e” e “então” (TAVARES, 1999; BARRETO; FREITAG, 2009). Após analisarmos o livro didático adotado na turma, constatamos que o tratamento dado aos circunstanciadores temporais (advérbios e locuções adverbiais de tempo) era pouco adequado ao uso, com ênfase na nomenclatura. Em seguida, realizamos na turma uma investigação sobre hábitos de leitura e escrita, a fim de identificar gostos e preferências dos alunos, para proporcionar uma aprendizagem significativa e motivada. Seguindo as diretrizes dos Parâmetros Curriculares Nacionais de Língua Portuguesa (BRASIL, 1997), para contribuir na ampliação do repertório linguístico dos alunos, a partir de uma abordagem baseada no Funcionalismo de vertente norte-americana e na Sociolinguística, que estudam fenômenos linguísticos a partir dos usos reais (FURTADO DA CUNHA; TAVARES, 2007; GORSKI; FREITAG, 2007; 2013), confeccionamos um Módulo Didático com o objetivo de trabalhar o conteúdo dos circunstanciadores temporais como mecanismo de coesão textual em textos narrativos. Elaboramos um Módulo Didático composto por cinco atividades que estimulam o reconhecimento e uso dos circunstanciadores temporais. A estrutura do Módulo Didático está dividida em duas etapas: fundamentação teórica sobre o conteúdo selecionado e a seção prática com os exercícios – duas produções textuais a partir de sequências visuais, dois quebra-cabeças e um texto com lacunas, além de fichas de avaliação elaboradas para o professor acompanhar o nível de aprendizagem dos alunos. Após a aplicação do Módulo Didático, verificamos, nas narrativas produzidas pelos alunos, um repertório mais diversificado de circunstanciadores temporais, tanto em quantidade quanto em variedade, o que conferiu aos textos escritos pelos alunos um caráter mais formal e mais distante da oralidade.
São Cristóvão, SE

Our lives are composed of multiple rhythms, but many of us, living in Western industrialised societies, believe that the world is moving ever faster. Many of us also feel the range of negative impacts that this supposed condition of acceleration brings to everyday life, to social interac- tions and to the natural world. From attempting to reconfigure our bodies through caffeine and other stimulants to working longer hours to manage the rush, or wondering how it is damaging our environment, we all eventually experience a sense of powerlessness regarding this supposed rule of acceleration. Acceleration, however, does not correspond to how the world is, but how it is presented for some people, in some situations. The notion of acceleration as a universalised condition is just an expression of dominant narratives of time, which are embedded in accounts of what it means to be modern or postmodern, and which have been recently demystified in the social sciences and the humanities. The world is comprised of multiple temporal expressions, which con- tinue to play important roles in our lives, despite being disregarded within dominant narratives. This thesis analyses the role of these narratives as well as different approaches to time in design. It suggests that the hegemony of such accounts has been restricting design practice in three main ways: 1. by monopolising designers’ understandings of time and precluding the exploration of alternative expressions and more recent theoretical work on time; 2. by locating temporality within technological artefacts and systems and ignoring the breadth of expressions beyond and around these technologies; and 3. by simplifying proposals for a diversification of temporal notions that would otherwise contribute to promoting more varied perceptions of rhythms. This simplification is particularly noticeable in the outcomes of the Slow Technology and Slow Design movements, which have failed to acknowledge such narratives and have become integrated in them rather than challenging them. The research proposes Temporal Design as a new perspective on time in design, one focused not on a particular rhythm or temporal expression, but on the multiplicity of ways in which we all inhabit time, in its contrasts, combinations, changes and superpositions. Temporal Design is based on three principles: 1. identifying dominant narratives and attempting to challenge them so as to reveal more nuanced expressions of time; 2. drawing attention to specific alternative temporalities; and 
3. tactically exposing networks of times so as to illustrate multiplicity and variety. The research invites designers to disturb taken-for-granted notions as a method of approaching principle (1) outlined above. It discusses the limitations of current Speculative and Critical De- sign approaches to tackling more complex issues of time, proposing instead a critical affirmative attitude toward approaching principles (2) and (3) outlined above. Temporal Design is explored in this research via three design interventions, namely the Family Clock, the Printer Clock and the TimeBots, which have been performed in both family homes and schools. The interviews conducted in the context of these interventions showed how domi- nant narratives are deeply embedded in the language used to describe temporal expressions. The interviews, however, also demonstrated how multiple temporalities are manifest beneath these concepts, how practices come together to construct multiple expressions of time and how temporal interpretations are essentially detached from issues of value. Most importantly, the interventions demonstrate how designers can foster temporal empathy, and disclose more nuanced, situated and complex temporalities and rhythms. Many authors have argued that design has the power to change perceptions of the world. By shifting the focus from individual modes to diversity, Temporal Design attempts not only to change the way designers perceive and approach time, but also to change more broadly the way designed artefacts and systems come to affect temporal perceptions among the general public. Perhaps through design, we will all come to recognise that acceleration is not the rule, but just one among many expressions of the rich temporal texture that constitutes time in the world.

The our reality is characterized by a constant progress and, to follow that, people need to stay up to date on the events. In a world with a lot of existing news, search for the ideal ones may be difficult, because the obstacles that make it arduous will be expanded more and more over time, due to the enrichment of data. In response, a great help is given by Information Retrieval, an interdisciplinary branch of computer science that deals with the management and the retrieval of the information. An IR system is developed to search for contents, contained in a reference dataset, considered relevant with respect to the need expressed by an interrogative query. To satisfy these ambitions, we must consider that most of the developed IR systems rely solely on textual similarity to identify relevant information, defining them as such when they include one or more keywords expressed by the query. The idea studied here is that this is not always sufficient, especially when it's necessary to manage large databases, as is the web. The existing solutions may generate low quality responses not allowing, to the users, a valid navigation through them. The intuition, to overcome these limitations, has been to define a new concept of relevance, to differently rank the results. So, the light was given to Temporal PageRank, a new proposal for the Web Information Retrieval that relies on a combination of several factors to increase the quality of research on the web. Temporal PageRank incorporates the advantages of a ranking algorithm, to prefer the information reported by web pages considered important by the context itself in which they reside, and the potential of techniques belonging to the world of the Temporal Information Retrieval, exploiting the temporal aspects of data, describing their chronological contexts. In this thesis, the new proposal is discussed, comparing its results with those achieved by the best known solutions, analyzing its strengths and its weaknesses.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Linguistics and Philosophy, 2012.
Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 207-213).
This dissertation proposes a theory of temporal implicatures, and applies it to the study of tense in Mbyá Guaraní. It is composed of two parts. In the first one, I discuss the analyses of temporal implicatures developed by Musan (1995, 1997) and Magri (2009). Although I argue in favor of Magri's (2009) analysis, I reject two aspects of his proposal: that tense is universally or generically quantified in individual level sentences, and that the present tense is vacuous (following Sauerland 2002). Building on the semantics of tense presented in chapter 2, I propose a revision of Magri's analysis in chapter 3, which integrates Katzir's (2008) theory of structurally defined alternatives, and relies on a more conservative non-vacuous analysis of the present. Sauerland's (2002) arguments that the present tense is vacuous are criticized in chapter 5. In the second part of the dissertation, I study the expression and interpretation of tense in Mbyá. Like its close relative Paraguayan Guarani, Mbyá has two temporal morphemes -kue and -rã that can be used either in clauses or inside noun phrases. However, the nominal uses of -kue and -rã license inferences that are not attested in their clausal uses. This lead Tonhauser (2006, 2007, 2011b) to argue that the nominal uses of -kue and -rã are not tenses, and that Paraguayan Guarani is a tenseless language. I challenge both of these claims in Mbyá. After presenting a descriptive overview of the expression of tense in Mbyá in chapter 6, I argue in chapter 7 that -kue in its clausal uses is best analyzed as a relative past tense, and -rã as a future oriented modal. I conclude that Mbyá is not a tenseless language. In chapter 8, I propose a unified analysis of nominal and clausal uses of -kue and -rã. I argue that the special properties of their nominal uses are due to the interaction between temporal implicatures and independently attested presuppositions of noun phrases. I show that these temporal implicatures are also attested in clausal uses of -kue and -rã, although they are obligatory in their nominal uses, while they can be blocked in their clausal uses. I propose an explanation of this contrast.
by Guillaume Thomas.
Ph.D.

This thesis studies Temporal Graphs, also called Temporal Networks. More specifically, the project aimed to carry out research on the properties of Temporal Graphs, both in general and in specific classes of the model, as well as examine and develop algorithms for solving problems in temporal graph theory. Temporal graphs are graphs that change -often dramatically- as time progresses, however maintaining a fixed number of vertices. We investigate a range of different temporal graph models depending on the way these changes occur, e.g., in a deterministic or probabilistic fashion, in a discrete-time or continuous-time context, etc. In particular, we examine connectivity matters in a model of temporal graphs where changes happen at random discrete moments in time. Within this framework, we also investigated a model of continuous time and developed algorithms that solve connectivity problems in that model. Furthermore, we study temporal network design issues for the discrete-time model of temporal graphs, both in cases where changes happen deterministically and in cases where changes happen at random discrete-time moments. We also introduce and investigate temporal network flows, where we define the problem of computing a maximum flow in a given temporal network and discuss efficient ways of solving it.

Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro Tecnológico. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência da Computação.
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JavaScript Object Notation (JSON) is a format for representing data. In this thesis we show how to capture the history of changes to a JSON document. Capturing the history is important in many applications, where not only the current version of a document is required, but all the previous versions. Conceptually the history can be thought of as a sequence of non-temporal JSON documents, one for each instant of time. Each document in the sequence is called a snapshot. Since changes to a document are few and infrequent, the sequence of snapshots largely duplicates a document across many time instants, so the snapshot model is (wildly) inefficient in terms of space needed to represent the history and time taken to navigate within it. A more efficient representation can be achieved by “gluing" the snapshots together to form a temporal model. Data that remains unchanged across snapshots is represented only once in a temporal model. But we show that the temporal model is not a JSON document, and it is important to represent a history as JSON to ensure compatibility with web services and scripting languages that use JSON. So we describe a representational model that captures the information in a temporal model. We implement the representational model in Python and extensively experiment with the model. Our experiments show that the model is efficient.

Since the digital revolution, there has been a significant impact on how we live, work and play. For designers, it has transformed design practices and created new opportunities. However, this can bring about new problems and challenges. How can we communicate effectively in the digital age with different media and technologies advancing so rapidly? With the overload of information from tablets, smartphones, computers and television, we often start to overlook information. From research I will argue techniques that can help with us understand information in the digital realm and prove the importance of expression within visual communication.

El Razonamiento Basado en Casos (CBR de sus siglas en inglés, Case-Based Reasoning) es una metodología para la resolución de problemas por analogía con problemas ya resueltos. La base del CBR son los casos, piezas independientes de conocimiento donde queda representada la asociación entre un problema y su solución, donde los casos se agrupan en una base de conocimiento conocida como base de casos. La cantidad de casos puede ser una señal de la experiencia de un sistema CBR resolviendo problemas del dominio. Sin embargo, tener bases de casos grandes no garantiza que el sistema CBR los resuelva mejor. Al contrario, una acumulación de muchos casos podría deteriorar el tiempo de respuesta del proceso de razonamiento y, en ciertos escenarios, afectar negativamente la correcta resolución de ciertos tipos concretos de problemas. Las tareas de Mantenimiento de Base de Casos (CBM) tienen entre sus objetivos la reducción del número de casos dentro de la base de casos sin empeorar la capacidad de resolución de problemas de proceso de razonamiento CBR. El CBM es esencial cuando CBR es utilizado en dominios de problemas dependientes del tiempo, donde el CBR tiene que incluir técnicas de representación temporal en las descripciones de sus casos. No obstante, dichas representaciones temporales implican estructuras de casos más complejas y hacen más difícil y costoso cuantificar la similitud entre casos. Esto implica tener una base de casos lo más pequeña posible, de forma que no se degrade las capacidades de resolución de problemas. Sin embargo, hasta cuanto nosotros sabemos, no se han propuesto algoritmos CBM para realizar mantenimiento en bases de casos temporales. Por ello, en esta tesis nosotros proponemos: (i) un método de evaluación para estudiar los efectos de la utilización de los algoritmos CBM en el rendimiento del sistema CBR; (ii) un marco de trabajo temporal para ser utilizado en sistema CBR temporal; y (iii) un conjunto a de algoritmos CBM temporales. Además, también proponemos un algoritmo CBM basado en una optimización multiobjetivo. Por último, nuestras propuestas e hipótesis han sido probadas con datos de un sistema de monitorización de personas mayores en el hogar. En particular, los experimentos llevados a cabo apoyan la idoneidad de nuestras propuestas de evaluación para estudiar las consecuencias de utilizar CBM en un sistema CBR. Además, los experimentos también apoyan nuestra hipótesis inicial de que es posible utilizar exitosamente las tareas de mantenimiento a bases de casos temporales utilizando nuestras propuestas de algoritmos temporales.
Case-Based Reasoning (CBR) is a problem-solving methodology that solves problems by analogy with previously solved problems. The basis of CBR is a case, an independent piece of knowledge that associates the description of a problem with its solution, where cases are retained in a knowledge-source known as a case-base. The amount of cases may be a sign of the expertise of the CBR system for solving the problem domain. However, having a large case-base does not guarantee an improvement of the problem-solving capability. On the contrary, an accumulation of many cases may lengthen the response time of the reasoning process and, in certain scenarios, negatively affect the correct solution of certain types of problem. Case-Base Maintenance (CBM) tasks reduce the number of cases within the case-base without affecting the problem-solving accuracy of the reasoning process. CBM is essential when CBR is used in time dependant domains where CBR has to include temporal representation techniques in case descriptions. Nevertheless, temporal representation implies more complex case structures and makes it more difficult and costly to quantify the similarity between cases. This means the case-base should be as small as possible without harming its problem solving capabilities. However, to our knowledge, no algorithm has been proposed to perform CBM in case-bases with temporal cases. In this thesis, we propose: (i) an evaluation method to study the effects of using CBM algorithms on CBR performance; (ii) a temporal framework for use in temporal CBR; and (iii) a set of temporal CBM algorithms. In addition, a new CBM algorithm based on a multiobjective optimization evolutionary approach is proposed. Lastly, our proposals and hypotheses are tested with data of elderly people monitored at home. In particular, the experiments conducted confirm the suitability of our proposed evaluation method to study the consequences of using CBM. Moreover, the experiments also support our initial hypothesis that it is possible to successfully perform a maintenance task on temporal case-bases with the proposed temporal CBM algorithms.

As advances in the remote sensing of fluid flows forge ahead at an impressive rate, we face an increasingly compelling question of how best to exploit this progress. Light detection and ranging (LIDAR) measurement equipment still presents the problems of having only radial (line-of-sight) wind speed measurements (Cyclops' dilemma). Substantial expanses of unmeasured flow still remain and range weighting errors have a considerable influence on LIDAR measurements. Clearly, more information needs to be extracted from LIDAR data and an estimation problem naturally arises. A key challenge is that most established estimation techniques, such as Kalman filters, cater for systems that are finite-dimensional and described by ordinary differential equations (ODEs). By contrast, many fluid flows are governed by the Navier-Stokes equations, which are nonlinear partial differential-algebraic equations (PDAEs). With this motivation in mind, this thesis proposes a novel statistical signal processing framework for the model-based estimation of a class of spatio-temporal nonlinear partial differential-algebraic equations (PDAEs). The method employs finite-dimensional reduction that converts this formulation to a nonlinear DAE form for which new unscented transform-based filtering and smoothing algorithms are proposed. Gaussian approximations are derived for differential state variables and more importantly, extended to algebraic state variables. A mean-square error lower bound for the nonlinear descriptor filtering problem is obtained based on the posterior Cramér-Rao inequality. The potential of adopting a descriptor systems approach to spatio-temporal estimation is shown for a wind field estimation problem. A basis function decomposition method is used in conjunction with a pressure Poisson equation (PPE) formulation to yield a spatially-continuous, strangeness-free, reduced-order descriptor flow model which is used to estimate unmeasured wind velocities and pressure over the entire spatial region of interest using sparse measurements from wind turbine-mounted LIDAR instruments. The methodology is validated for both synthetic data generated from large eddy simulations of the atmospheric boundary layer and real-world LIDAR measurement data. Results show that a reconstruction of the flow field is achievable, thus presenting a validated estimation framework for potential applications including wind gust prediction systems, the preview control of wind turbines and other spatio-temporal descriptor systems spanning several disciplines.

Representing time has been considered a general problem for artificial intelligence research for many years. More recently, the question of representing time has become increasingly important in representing human decision making process through connectionist expert systems. Because most human behaviors unfold over time, any attempt to represent expert performance, without considering its temporal nature, can often lead to incorrect results. A temporal feedforward neural network model that can be applied to a number of neural network application areas, including connectionist expert systems, has been introduced. The neural network model has a multi-layer structure, i.e. the number of layers is not limited. Also, the model has the flexibility of defining output nodes in any layer. This is especially important for connectionist expert system applications. A temporal backpropagation algorithm which supports the model has been developed. The model along with the temporal backpropagation algorithm makes it extremely practical to define any artificial neural network application. Also, an approach that can be followed to decrease the memory space used by weight matrix has been introduced. The algorithm was tested using a medical connectionist expert system to show how best we describe not only the disease but also the entire course of the disease. The system, first, was trained using a pattern that was encoded from the expert system knowledge base rules. Following then, series of experiments were carried out using the temporal model and the temporal backpropagation algorithm. The first series of experiments was done to determine if the training process worked as predicted. In the second series of experiments, the weight matrix in the trained system was defined as a function of time intervals before presenting the system with the learned patterns. The result of the two experiments indicate that both approaches produce correct results. The only difference between the two results was that compressing the weight matrix required more training epochs to produce correct results. To get a measure of the correctness of the results, an error measure which is the value of the error squared was summed over all patterns to get a total sum of squares.

Natural sounds are characterized by the distribution of acoustic power over different frequency regions and/or time. This is termed spectral, temporal or spectro-temporal modulation. The auditory system is equipped with banks of filters tuned to different spectral, temporal and spectro-temporal modulation frequencies (SM, TM, STM). The sensitivity of the peripheral system to these modulations can be measured by undertaking a linear systems approach. In addition to understanding the psychophysical sensitivity, studying the neural patterns of their processing is also critical. The current study is an attempt to understand the relationship between the behavioral and neural correlates of spectral, temporal and spectro-temporal processing in ten normal hearing subjects (age range 21-27 years; mean = 23.7 years). In the behavioral experiment, sensitivity to SM, TM and STM frequencies was estimated using a 3-interval, 3-alternative, forced-choice paradigm with a 3-down-1-up tracking algorithm. In the electrophysiological experiment, Electroencephalographs (EEGs) were recorded in a change-detection paradigm in response to the same set of modulation stimuli used in the behavioral experiment presented at 20 dB sensation level (SL). The EEG data were analyzed to determine the global field power and latencies of the N1and P2 components and the amplitude of the N1-P2 complex. Although an overall parietal dominance was observed for all of the components, the N1-P2 complex was strongly lateralized to the right hemisphere in the frontal region, but the hemispheric asymmetry decreased at central and parietal regions. A highly significant but weak to moderate negative correlation between individual behavioral thresholds and N1-P2 amplitudes was observed, and this relationship also was observed when behavioral spectro-temporal transfer functions and N1-P2 amplitude transfer functions were examined together. Thus the current project reveals that a relationship exists between the behavioral measures and neural correlates and gives us hope to work towards establishing this relationship.

This thesis analyses temporal and spatio-temporal modified Holling-Tanner predator-prey models with alternative food for predators. Different types of functional responses and a density-dependent phenomenon called Allee effect(s) on the prey were considered. By using analytical and numerical analysis, the stability of the equilibrium points for the different combinations of modifications were proven. The necessary conditions for the models to undergo a different type of bifurcation were illustrated. Additionally, this thesis has provided numerical evidence where the Turing instability leads to spatio-temporal patterns in a specific version of the model.

Notre vision de l'épilepsie du lobe temporal avec sclérose hippocampique a beaucoup évolué grâce aux techniques de neuroimagerie multimodale. Initialement perçue comme maladie restreinte à la lésion, à savoir la sclérose hippocampique (SH), elle est aujourd'hui considérée comme un modèle de pathologie en réseau. Cette thèse a pour but d'approfondir les caractéristiques du réseau sous tendant cette épilepsie.Nous avons pour cela recueilli des données de connectivité structurelle, d'EEG et de données cognitives chez une cohorte de 44 patient avec SH unilatérale (22 droite, 22 gauche) et chez 28 sujets contrôle. Nous avons déterminé les régions d'intérêt corticales et le volume hippocampique avec Freesurfer et la connectivité structurelle (locale ou en réseau) avec MRtrix ou FSL.Trois principaux résultats émergent de ces études :1. La connectivité globale montre un pattern de déconnexion très marqué de l'hémisphère gauche en cas de SH gauche. La SH semble donc s'accompagner d'une atteinte de réseau plus importante lorsqu'elle se situe dans l'hémisphère dominant pour le langage.2. La connectivité hippocampo-thalamique est augmentée du côté de la SH. Cette augmentation semble dysfonctionnelle, car corrélée avec une baisse de fonctions cognitives exécutives. 3.L'EEG de ces patients révèle des anomalies interictales ipsi-latérales qui sont corrélées avec une diminution de fonctions cognitives exécutives. Nos données confirment ainsi le concept de l'épilepsie du lobe temporal en tant que pathologie de réseau. L'atteinte structurelle, mais également cognitive s'étend sur des régions à distance de l'hippocampe et affecte notamment les réseaux de langage de l'hémisphère dominant
Our vision of temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) with hippocampal sclerosis has much evolved in recent years. Initially regarded as a disease centered on a single lesion, it is now perceived as a genuine network disease, which we intended to explore with a multimodal approach. We examined structural connectivity, fMRI, EEG and cognitive dysfunction in a cohort of 44 patients with unilateral hippocampal sclerosis (HS, 22 with right, 22 with left HS) and 28 healthy age and gender matched control participants. Cortical regions of interest and hippocampal volumes were determined with Freesurfer, structural connectivity with MRtrix (pairwise disconnections and component effects with Network Based Statistics), or for hippocampal-thalamic connections with FSL. We found a pronounced pattern of disconnections most notably in the left hemisphere of patients with left TLE. Network Based Statistics showed large bi hemispheric clusters lateralized to the diseased side in both left and right temporal lobe epilepsy. We suggest that hippocampal sclerosis is associated with widespread disconnections if situated in the dominant hemisphere. We then determined streamline connections between hippocampus and thalamus and found an increase in connections in relation to the HS. This increase was seemingly dysfunctional as the number of hippocampal-thalamic connections was negatively correlated with performance in executive tasks. EEG analysis revealed predominantly ipsilateral epileptic discharge. The number of sharp waves was highly correlated with a number of executive functions depending on the frontal lobe, hence at distance of the HS. Our data thus confirms the concept of temporal lobe epilepsy as a network disease that finds its expression both in widespread, though lateralized alterations of structural connectivity and in neuropsychological dysfunction way beyond the hippocampus

[EN] Automated temporal planning deals with the construction of plans for problems specified with durative actions of possibly different duration. The goal of temporal planning is to select and schedule the actions so as to achieve the problem goals, and the optimality criteria is the plan makespan. However, many real-word application define goals with time constraints which may not be satisfied with the plan of optimal makespan. The 2006 International Planning Competition introduced the PDDL3.0 language and organized the first and only track in planning with state trajectory constraints, including time restrictions, soft constraints and preferences. Particularly, four domains that feature deadline constraints were tested at the IPC and two planners participated in such competition although no one exhibited a good performance or fully-correction in the fulfillment of deadlines. An early detection of unsolvability in temporal planning problems, specifically those with strict deadlines, is crucial for avoiding an unfruitful exploration of the search space. And this is precisely the objective of this PhD dissertation. This work contributes with a temporal landmark-based model embedded into a temporal planner that allows for a rapid and eficient identification of unsolvable problems with deadline constraints. Our model incorporates the basic model operators of PDDL3.0 for defining temporal constraints and extends the STRIPS landmark concept to a temporal context. A temporal landmark is associated to three intervals that denote the time frame of the generation, validity and necessity of the landmark in the plan, respectively. The set of temporal landmarks of a problem along with their ordering relations and temporal restrictions define a temporal landmark graph which comprises the relationships that must exist between the literals of a solution plan and, therefore, between the corresponding actions. As long as new data is incorporated in the graph, the landmarks intervals are updated and propagated accordingly, thus reflecting a more accurate picture of a solution plan. The temporal landmark model is integrated in a domain-independent temporal planner named TempLM. During the search process, TempLM uses the temporal landmark graph to prune those partial plans of the search tree that are not compliant with the information of the graph. Additionally, we present a further improvement by which a feedback routine between the landmarks graph and the plan of a node tree is established. This process is used to refine the information of the graph and likewise narrow the search. In the experimental evaluation, we show the effectiveness of the proposed approach for detecting unsolvability and solving temporal planning problems with tight deadline constraints.
[ES] El objetivo de la planificación temporal automática es la construcción de planes con acciones de diferente duración que necesitan ser programadas adecuadamente con el fin de conseguir los objetivos del problema. En planificación temporal, la optimalidad se mide como la duración del plan más corto. Sin embargo, en muchos problemas del mundo real es necesario gestionar restricciones temporales asociadas a los objetivos del problema que pueden no satisfacerse con el plan de menor duración. En la Competición Internacional de Planificación del año 2006 se presentó el lenguaje PDDL3.0 y se realizó la primera y única competición de planificadores con gestión de restricciones de trayectorias de estado y preferencias. Concretamente, en esta IPC se probaron cuatro dominios con restricciones temporales donde los objetivos deben satisfacerse dentro de un límite de tiempo establecido o deadline. Dos planificadores participaron en esta competición aunque ninguno presentó un buen comportamiento respecto al cumplimiento de los deadlines. En este tipo de problemas, especialmente cuando se trata de problemas altamente restringidos, es crucial detectar la irresolubilidad de los mismos lo antes posible, y en este punto es donde se establece nuestro objetivo. Este trabajo de tesis presenta un modelo de landmarks temporales que permite identificar rápida y eficientemente la irresolubilidad de problemas de planificación con restricciones. Nuestro modelo incorpora las restricciones temporales del lenguaje PDDL3.0 y extiende el concepto de landmark STRIPS al contexto temporal. A cada landmark temporal se le asocian tres tipos de intervalos que se actualizan y propagan de acuerdo a las relaciones de orden y restricciones temporales entre ellos. Los landmarks temporales junto con sus relaciones de orden y restricciones temporales forman un grafo de landmarks temporales donde se sintetiza las relaciones que existen entre los literales de un plan solución y, consecuentemente, entre sus correspondientes acciones. Cuando se añade nueva información al grafo, se actualizan y propagan los intervalos de los landmarks, reflejando una imagen más precisa del plan solución. Posteriormente, el modelo de landmarks temporales se integra en un planificador temporal heurístico independiente del dominio denominado TempLM. TempLM utiliza toda la información extraída del problema para podar los planes parciales en el árbol de búsqueda que no son compatibles con la información del grafo de landmarks temporales. Además, se dispone de un proceso de retroalimentación entre el grafo de landmarks temporales y el proceso de búsqueda de un plan solución que permite enriquecer el grafo y, asimismo, acotar el espacio de búsqueda. Los resultados experimentales muestran que esta aproximación detecta rápidamente problemas irresolubles y también es muy efectiva para resolver problemas con restricciones muy ajustadas.
[CAT] L'objectiu de la planificació temporal automàtica és la construcció de plans amb accions de diferent durada que necessiten ser programades adequadament amb la finalitat d'aconseguir els objectius del problema. En planificació temporal, l'optimitat es mesura com la durada del pla més curt. No obstant açò, en molts problemas del món real és necessari gestionar restriccions temporals associades als objectius del problema que poden no satisfer-se amb el pla de menor durada. En la Competició Internacional de Planificació de l'any 2006 es va presentar el llenguatge PDDL3.0 i es va realitzar la primera i única competició de planificadors amb gestió de restriccions de trajectòries d'estat i preferències. Concretament, en aquesta IPC es van provar quatre dominis amb restriccions temporals on els objectius han de satisfer-se dins d'un límit de temps establit o deadline. Dos planificadors van participar en aquesta competició encara que cap va presentar un bon comportament respecte al compliment dels deadlines. En aquest tipus de problemes, especialment quan es tracta de problemes altament restringits, és crucial detectar la irresolubilitat dels mateixos el més prompte possible, i en aquest punt és on s'estableix el nostre objectiu. Aquest treball de tesi presenta un model de landmarks temporals que permet identificar ràpida i eficientment la irresolubilitat de problemes de planificació amb restriccions. El nostre model incorpora les restriccions temporals del llenguatge PDDL3.0 i estén el concepte de landmark STRIPS al context temporal. A cada landmark temporal se li associen tres tipus d'intervals que s'actualitzen i propaguen d'acord a les relacions d'ordre i restriccions temporals entre ells. Els landmarks temporals juntament amb les seues relacions d'ordre i restriccions temporals formen un graf de landmarks temporals on se sintetitza les relacions que existeixen entre els literals d'un pla solució i, conseqüentment, entre les seues corresponents accions. Quan s'afig nova informació al graf, s'actualitzen i propaguen els intervals dels landmarks, reflectint una imatge més precisa del pla solució. Posteriorment, el model de landmarks temporals s'integra en un planificador temporal heurístic independent del domini denominat TempLM. TempLM utilitza tota la informació extreta del problema per a podar els plans parcials en l'arbre de cerca que no són compatibles amb la informació del graf de landmarks temporals. A més, es disposa d'un procés de retroalimentació entre el graf de landmarks temporals i el procés de cerca d'un pla solució que permet enriquir el graf i, així mateix, limitar l'espai de cerca. Els resultats experimentals mostren que aquesta aproximació detecta ràpidament problemes irresolubles i també és molt efectiva per a resoldre problemes amb restriccions molt ajustades.
Marzal Calatayud, EJ. (2016). Modelo de landmarks temporales para problemas de planificación temporal altamente restringidos [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/61460
TESIS

Many computer vision problems, such as object classification, motion estimation or shape registration rely on solving the correspondence problem. Existing algorithms to solve spatial or temporal correspondence problems are usually NP-hard, difficult to approximate, lack flexible models and mechanism for feature weighting. This proposal addresses the correspondence problem in computer vision, and proposes two new spatio-temporal correspondence problems and three algorithms to solve spatial, temporal and spatio-temporal matching between video and other sources. The main contributions of the thesis are: (1) Factorial graph matching (FGM). FGM extends existing work on graph matching (GM) by finding an exact factorization of the affinity matrix. Four are the benefits that follow from this factorization: (a) There is no need to compute the costly (in space and time) pairwise affinity matrix; (b) It provides a unified framework that reveals commonalities and differences between GM methods. Moreover, the factorization provides a clean connection with other matching algorithms such as iterative closest point; (c) The factorization allows the use of a path-following optimization algorithm, that leads to improved optimization strategies and matching performance; (d) Given the factorization, it becomes straight-forward to incorporate geometric transformations (rigid and non-rigid) to the GM problem. (2) Canonical time warping (CTW). CTW is a technique to temporally align multiple multi-dimensional and multi-modal time series. CTW extends DTW by incorporating a feature weighting layer to adapt different modalities, allowing a more flexible warping as combination of monotonic functions, and has linear complexity (unlike DTW that has quadratic). We applied CTW to align human motion captured with different sensors (e.g., audio, video, accelerometers). (3) Spatio-temporal matching (STM). Given a video and a 3D motion capture model, STM finds the correspondence between subsets of video trajectories and the motion capture model. STM is efficiently and robustly solved using linear programming. We illustrate the performance of STM on the problem of human detection in video, and show how STM achieves state-of-the-art performance.

This project explores the possibilities in detecting changes in opinion over time. For this purpose, different techniques and algorithms in opinion mining have been studied and used as a theoretic foundation when developing strategies towards detecting changes in opinions.Different approaches to a system that detects and visualises changes in opinions have been proposed. These approaches include using machine learning techniques like the naiveBayes algorithm and opinion mining techniques based on SentiWordNet. Additionally,feature extraction techniques and the impact of burst detection have been studied.During this project, experiments have been carried out in order to test some of the techniques and algorithms. A data set containing hotel reviews and a prototype have beenbuilt for this purpose, allowing easy support for testing and validation. Results found high accuracy in opinion mining with the lexicon SentiWordNet, and the prototype can detect hotel features and possible reasons for changes in opinion. It can also show "good" and "bad" geographical areas based on hotel reviews.For commercial use, the prototype can help analyse the massive amount of hotel informa-tion published each day by customers, and can help hotel managers analyse their products. It can also be used as a more advanced hotel search engine where users can find extra information in a map user interface.

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See-Sp
Neste trabalho nós abordamos alguns dos principais aspectos relacionados a codi- cação espaço-temporal e as ferramentas algébricas envolvidas na projeção de códigos baseados em álgebras de divisão cíclica. Apresentaremos também a construção do Código de Ouro ([9], [10]), que é um código espaço-temporal perfeito
In this work we discuss some main aspects related to space-time coding and algebraic tools involved in the design of codes based on cyclic division algebras. We also present the construction of the Golden Code ([9], [10]), which is a perfect space-time code

This thesis investigates the problem of estimating the three-dimensional structure of a scene from a sequence of images. Structure information is recovered from images continuously using shading, motion or other visual mechanisms. A Kalman filter represents structure in a dense depth map. With each new image, the filter first updates the current depth map by a minimum variance estimate that best fits the new image data and the previous estimate. Then the structure estimate is predicted for the next time step by a transformation that accounts for relative camera motion. Experimental evaluation shows the significant improvement in quality and computation time that can be achieved using this technique.

Thesis (M. Eng.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 1995.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 63-67).
by Marcin Olof Szummer.
M.Eng.

L’imagerie temporelle, aussi bien que l’imagerie spatiale, peut être formulée sur la base de deux concepts fondamentaux : i) – systèmes linéaires, et ii) analyse de Fourier. Le premier but de cette thèse est de développer une technique d’algèbre des opérateurs linéaires pour traiter des systèmes d’imagerie temporelle. Cette technique nous permet de décomposer n’importe quel système d’imagerie dans une combinaison de quelques éléments simples. Le but principal de la thèse est d’explorer les possibilités d’imagerie temporelle dans le domaine quantique, c’est-à-dire pour la lumière non classique. En effet, malgré de nombreuses applications de l’imagerie temporelle pour la lumière classique, le domaine d’optique quantique est pratiquement non exploré. Ici nous traitons des deux sujets principaux. Premièrement, nous appliquons une lentille temporelle sur la base d’un mélange à quatre ondes pour la manipulation de la lumière non classique - la lumière comprimée multifréquences. Nous formulons les conditions nécessaires pour le système d’imagerie afin de préserver les propriétés non classiques, dit "squeezing", à la sortie du système. Nous proposons également un nouveau schéma de la lentille temporelle sur la base d’un mélange à quatre ondes de type Bragg contra-propageant. Nous démontrons que ce schéma possède des performances supérieures par rapport aux autres schémas tels que le schéma co-propageant et le schéma de la sommation des fréquences. Deuxièmement, nous utilisons la fonction de réponse du schéma d’imagerie temporelle afin d’étudier la résolution et le champ de vision pour l’imagerie quantique temporelle. Nous formulons des restrictions sur le schéma d’imagerie pour manipuler la lumière non classique par rapport à la manipulation de la lumière classique
Temporal imaging, like its spatial counterpart, can be formulated in terms of two concepts: i) - linear system, and ii) Fourier analysis. The first aim of this thesis is to show this nature of quantum temporal imaging by the operator algebra that we developed. This formalism allows treating a variety of quantum temporal imaging systems as combinations of a few basic operations.The main goal of this thesis is to explore the application of temporal imaging in the quantum domain. In fact, despite the variety of classical temporal imaging applications, for example, in ultrafast signal processing, applying temporal imaging to manipulate non-classical light is not yet developed. Two main topics are addressed in the thesis. Firstly, we apply the existing four-wave mixing time lens to manipulation of non-classical light such as broadband squeezed light, and formulate the conditions for preservation of squeezing at the output of the scheme. We also propose a new time lens based on counter-propagating Bragg-scattering and show that it has better performance than a time lens based on the co-propagating Bragg-scattering and the sum-frequency generation. Secondly, we use the impulse response function of the imaging system and evaluate the resolution of various schemes for quantum temporal imaging. We also investigate the restrictions of quantum temporal imaging on the resolution and the field of view as compared with similar characteristics for classical temporal imaging

Orientador: Carina Alves
Banca: Henrique Lazari
Banca: Antônio Aparecido de Andrade
Resumo: Neste trabalho nós abordamos alguns dos principais aspectos relacionados a codi- cação espaço-temporal e as ferramentas algébricas envolvidas na projeção de códigos baseados em álgebras de divisão cíclica. Apresentaremos também a construção do Código de Ouro ([9], [10]), que é um código espaço-temporal perfeito
Abstract: In this work we discuss some main aspects related to space-time coding and algebraic tools involved in the design of codes based on cyclic division algebras. We also present the construction of the Golden Code ([9], [10]), which is a perfect space-time code
Mestre

De nos jours, il existe de nombreuses applications liées à la vision et à l’audition visant à reproduire par des machines les capacités humaines. Notre intérêt pour ce sujet vient du fait que ces problèmes sont principalement modélisés par la classification de signaux temporels. En fait, nous nous sommes intéressés à deux cas distincts, la reconnaissance de la démarche humaine et la reconnaissance de signaux audio, (notamment environnementaux et musicaux). Dans le cadre de la reconnaissance de la démarche, nous avons proposé une nouvelle méthode qui apprend et sélectionne automatiquement les parties dynamiques du corps humain. Ceci permet de résoudre le problème des variations intra-classe de façon dynamique; les méthodes à l’état de l’art se basant au contraire sur des connaissances a priori. Dans le cadre de la reconnaissance audio, aucune représentation de caractéristiques conventionnelle n’a montré sa capacité à s’attaquer indifféremment à des problèmes de reconnaissance d’environnement ou de musique : diverses caractéristiques ont été introduites pour résoudre chaque tâche spécifiquement. Nous proposons ici un cadre général qui effectue la classification des signaux audio grâce à un problème d’apprentissage de dictionnaire supervisé visant à minimiser et maximiser les variations intra-classe et inter-classe respectivement
Nowadays, there are a lot of applications related to machine vision and hearing which tried to reproduce human capabilities on machines. These problems are mainly amenable to a temporal signals classification problem, due our interest to this subject. In fact, we were interested to two distinct problems, humain gait recognition and audio signal recognition including both environmental and music ones. In the former, we have proposed a novel method to automatically learn and select the dynamic human body-parts to tackle the problem intra-class variations contrary to state-of-art methods which relied on predefined knowledge. To achieve it a group fused lasso algorithm is applied to segment the human body into parts with coherent motion value across the subjects. In the latter, while no conventional feature representation showed its ability to tackle both environmental and music problems, we propose to model audio classification as a supervised dictionary learning problem. This is done by learning a dictionary per class and encouraging the dissimilarity between the dictionaries by penalizing their pair- wise similarities. In addition the coefficients of a signal representation over these dictionaries is sought as sparse as possible. The experimental evaluations provide performing and encouraging results

Temporal dynamics of Raman fibre lasers tend to have very complex nature, owing to great cavity lengths and high nonlinearity, being stochastic on short time scales and quasi-continuous on longer time scales. Generally fibre laser intensity dynamics is represented by one-dimensional time-series, which in case of quasi-continuous wave generation in Raman fibre lasers gives little insight into the processes underlying the operation of a laser. New methods of analysis and data representation could help to uncover the underlying physical processes, understand the dynamics or improve the performance of the system. Using intrinsic periodicity of laser radiation, one dimensional intensity time series of a Raman fibre laser was analysed over fast and slow variation time. This allowed to experimentally observe various spatio-temporal regimes of generation, such as laminar, turbulent, partial mode-lock, as well as transitions between them and identify the mechanisms responsible for the transitions. Great cavity length and high nonlinearity also make it difficult to achieve stable high repetition rate mode-locking in Raman fibre lasers. Using Faraday parametric instability in extremely simple linear cavity experimental configuration, a very high order harmonic mode-locking was achieved in ò.ò kmlong Raman fibre laser. The maximum achieved pulse repetition rate was 12 GHz, with 7.3 ps long Gaussian shaped pulses. There is a new type of random lasers – random distributed feedback Raman fibre laser, which temporal properties cannot be controlled by conventionalmode-locking or Q-switch techniques and mechanisms. By adjusting the pump configuration, a very stable pulsed operation of random distributed feedback Raman fibre laser was achieved. Pulse duration varied in the range from 50 to 200 μs depending on the pump power and the cavity length. Pulse repetition rate scaling on the parameters of the system was experimentally identified.

Studies on data mining are being pursued in many different research areas, such as Machine Learning, Statistics, and Databases. The work presented in this thesis is based on the database perspective of data mining. The main focuses are on the temporal aspects of data mining problems, especially association rule discovery, and issues on the integration of data mining and database systems. Firstly, a theoretical framework for temporal data mining is proposed in this thesis. Within this framework, not only potential patterns but also temporal features associated with the patterns are expected to be discovered. Calendar time expressions are suggested to represent temporal features and the minimum frequency of patterns is introduced as a new threshold in the model of temporal data mining. The framework also emphasises the necessary components to support temporal data mining tasks. As a specialisation of the proposed framework, the problem of mining temporal association rules is investigated. The methodology adopted in this thesis is eventually discovering potential temporal rules by alternatively using special search techniques for various restricted problems in an interactive and iterative process. Three forms of interesting mining tasks for temporal association rules with certain constraints are identified. These tasks are the discovery of valid time periods of association rules, the discovery of periodicities of association rules, and the discovery of association rules with temporal features. The search techniques and algorithms for those individual tasks are developed and presented in this thesis. Finally, an integrated query and mining system (IQMS) is presented in this thesis, covering the description of an interactive query and mining interface (IQMI) supplied by the IQMS system, the presentation of an SQL-like temporal mining language (TML) with the ability to express various data mining tasks for temporal association rules, and the suggestion of an IQMI-based interactive data mining process. The implementation of this system demonstrates an alternative approach for the integration of the DBMS and data mining functions.

This study explores the two Japanese temporal connectors mae ni and nai uchi ni that express the notion of ‘before.’ These have been claimed to differ in factuality and certainty (Kuno, 1973) and on pragmatic grounds in the form of speaker attitude (Hasegawa, 2015). Using The Balanced Corpus of Contemporary Written Japanese, this study investigates the veracity of previous findings and aims to further deepen the understanding of what sets these two temporal connectors apart. Rather than in factuality or certainty, they are found to differ in lexical aspect and predicate class tendencies, as well as the ability to express minimal scales that work similarly to negative Horn scales in the case of nai uchi ni. As these are more informative the smaller they are, this also explains the pragmatic aspects that have been identified in previous research.
Den här studien utforskar de två japanska temporala konnektorerna mae ni och nai uchi ni som uttrycker begreppet ’innan.’ Det har hävdats att dessa skiljer sig i faktiskhet och säkerhet (Kuno, 1973) och på pragmatiska grunder i form av talarattityder (Hasegawa, 2015). Den här studien använder sig av korpusen The Balanced Corpus of Contemporary Written Japanese för att undersöka sannfärdigheten i tidigare fynd och ämnar att fördjupa förståelsen om vad som skiljer dessa temporala konnektorer. Studien finner att de inte skiljer sig inom varken faktiskhet eller säkerhet utan istället i tendenser i lexikal aspekt och predikatklasser, samt förmågan att uttrycka minimala skalor liknande negativa Horn-skalor i fallet av nai uchi ni. Eftersom dessa är mer informativa ju mindre de är förklarar detta även de pragmatiska aspekter som identifierats i tidigare forskning.

&lsquo
Bag&rsquo
settlements have been a part of dynamic spatial systems, which seasonally depend on and reciprocally interact with Anatolian towns throughout centuries. This thesis presents the transforming setting of &lsquo
bag&rsquo
settlements related to changing values and meanings through an ontological assessment. Therefore, the thesis assumes that the main values of spatial organization, farmland pattern, ecological formation, settlement character, socio-cultural structure and lifestyle of the inhabitants constitute the unique entity of &lsquo
bag&rsquo
settlements. In time, the pressures of changing socio-economic conditions have destroyed the interaction between Anatolian towns and &lsquo
bag&rsquo
settlements. The thesis explains the changing role of &lsquo
bag&rsquo
settlements, changing and conflicting land uses and the loss of unique &lsquo
bag&rsquo
character in the case of Mugla-Karabaglar. Karabaglar is a &lsquo
bag&rsquo
settlement in the southwestern Turkey, where Mugla town residents live seasonally. It is a third grade natural site, the unique character, the natural and cultural assets and the lifestyle of which must be preserved. However, with transformation of the main values, meanings and practices, Karabaglar could no longer perpetuated its initial existence of being. Karabaglar is significant for two reasons: it has natural and cultural beings that need to be conserved, and as it still goes through a transformation process. The master&rsquo
s thesis of the author evaluated conservation plan of Karabaglar. Differently, this doctoral thesis evaluates the dynamics of the spatio-temporal transformation process in Karabaglar. It presents the changing role and significance of Karabaglar within the town-country continuum. This situation brings forward the conservation problematic of the character, landscape and uniqueness of Karabaglar. Within this respect, the thesis contributes to the literature of &lsquo
bag&rsquo
settlements in terms of defining their being and changing role throughout the history.

In this thesis the concept behind our notion of video sculpture is to imagine an image sequence or movie as a three dimensional volume. We then also imagine that there is a frameset that traverses the image sequence to give us what we commonly think of as a video or movie. In the ordinary sense this frameset moves through an image sequence in a completely timeparallel linear fashion. In video sculpture, we free the frameset from these bounds so that we can sample space and time in completely unorthodox ways. We can view the whenwhere in previously unforeseen perspectives. Slices of the video environment can simultaneously reveal both past and future actions within a single frame. Building on this free representation of video spacetime, we then wrest the frame once more from the present constraints of topography and/or topology. The frame can bend and twist and jump and dive. The view of a fading quadratic surface cutting through two scenes makes for a beautiful curtain transition. We present a framework and an implementation for modeling the frame as it passes through the image sequence volume object.