Tesi sul tema "Television broadcasting of news – economic aspects"

Television is the favoured news source for most Australians and is regarded as having the potential to influence public opinion. From its inception however, television has been regarded as ill-suited to cover economic and business issues because of a perceived reliance on visual material and an inability to deal with complex issues. This tyranny of vision has been mitigated by technological developments such as electronic news gathering (ENG) and satellites that provide large amounts of varied material as well as improvements in production tools that assist the visual presentation of abstract concepts. The presentation of complex issues has also been enhanced by the increased skills and knowledge among newsworkers. Economic and business news has become a staple in television news programs and has evolved from ritualised reporting of data such as market indices and exchange rates to a genre that shares broader news values such as consequence, conflict, proximity, human interest, novelty, prominence, political controversy and scandal. Economic and business news also shares the normal imperatives of television such as a strong reliance on scheduled occasions and reliable and prolific sources. In between occasions of economic, business and political controversy or scandal, these programs are able to rely on a steady supply of economic, business and investment information. Dedicated economic and business segments and programs and now even whole channels meet two sets of demands. One is those of niche audiences seeking news and information on economic and business conditions, economic debate and policy making, the activities of economic and business leaders and an opportunity to hear and observe economic and business leaders. The other is from broadcasters seeking to maximise their profits by attracting viewers in the AB demographic (those with the greatest disposal income) to otherwise poorly-performing time slots, by broadcasters seeking an inexpensive and dependable supply of programming material and by broadcasters seeking to promote their institutional role and specific programs through presenting material that is followed up by other media. Economic and business reports however, continue to portray issues in a limited way that neglects business’s interaction with workers and the larger social environment. Economic events are often framed as political competition. These reports present a hierarchy of sources and privilege political and business elites. Television news favours debate that is presented by individuals as contrasting causal narratives. Political and economic sources have become adept at presenting brief causal narratives in response to the requirements of television. This approach highlights celebrities and favours the promotion of agency over structure. The increase in total economic and business reporting boosts the interdependence of television and political and economic sources. Technological development is continuing and traditional free-to-air television audiences are being eroded by pay television and the internet. Although these are altering the nature of political, economic and business debate their overall influence is difficult to determine.

Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
Television is the favoured news source for most Australians and is regarded as having the potential to influence public opinion. From its inception however, television has been regarded as ill-suited to cover economic and business issues because of a perceived reliance on visual material and an inability to deal with complex issues. This tyranny of vision has been mitigated by technological developments such as electronic news gathering (ENG) and satellites that provide large amounts of varied material as well as improvements in production tools that assist the visual presentation of abstract concepts. The presentation of complex issues has also been enhanced by the increased skills and knowledge among newsworkers. Economic and business news has become a staple in television news programs and has evolved from ritualised reporting of data such as market indices and exchange rates to a genre that shares broader news values such as consequence, conflict, proximity, human interest, novelty, prominence, political controversy and scandal. Economic and business news also shares the normal imperatives of television such as a strong reliance on scheduled occasions and reliable and prolific sources. In between occasions of economic, business and political controversy or scandal, these programs are able to rely on a steady supply of economic, business and investment information. Dedicated economic and business segments and programs and now even whole channels meet two sets of demands. One is those of niche audiences seeking news and information on economic and business conditions, economic debate and policy making, the activities of economic and business leaders and an opportunity to hear and observe economic and business leaders. The other is from broadcasters seeking to maximise their profits by attracting viewers in the AB demographic (those with the greatest disposal income) to otherwise poorly-performing time slots, by broadcasters seeking an inexpensive and dependable supply of programming material and by broadcasters seeking to promote their institutional role and specific programs through presenting material that is followed up by other media. Economic and business reports however, continue to portray issues in a limited way that neglects business’s interaction with workers and the larger social environment. Economic events are often framed as political competition. These reports present a hierarchy of sources and privilege political and business elites. Television news favours debate that is presented by individuals as contrasting causal narratives. Political and economic sources have become adept at presenting brief causal narratives in response to the requirements of television. This approach highlights celebrities and favours the promotion of agency over structure. The increase in total economic and business reporting boosts the interdependence of television and political and economic sources. Technological development is continuing and traditional free-to-air television audiences are being eroded by pay television and the internet. Although these are altering the nature of political, economic and business debate their overall influence is difficult to determine.

Examines the issue of media bias in favor of the Democratic Party during the 2004 Presidential Election. To examine the most far reaching form of media in the United States, this study consisted of the three major television networks (ABC, CBS, NBC) and their weekday nightly newscasts during the entire month of October 2004. Emerging themes and strategies were compared to a study conducted at Sonoma State University of the year's most underreported yet newsworthy events. Results of the study indicate that no evidence exists to support the notion of media bias in favor of the Democratic Party in the media coverage leading up to the 2004 Presidential Election.

The purpose of this study is to investigate current issues in Turkish journalism with specific reference to television news broadcasting. It does so by combining two main theoretical approaches to the study of news production: the political economy perspective and the culturalist view, both of which are critically explored as part of the research. In collecting data, various methods were employed; interviews with journalists, and quantitative and qualitative analysis of news programmes. The study consists of two main parts. At the macro level, a review of recent changes in broadcast media around the world, and the main theoretical perspectives on news and journalism with regard to Turkish television news are followed by the examination of the historical development of journalism, and its present socio-economic and professional context in Turkey. At the micro level, the study focuses on television news. A general overview of news broadcasting in Turkey is provided to explore the significance of television news for the Turkish public. The remaining chapters of the study analyse coverage of domestic political and economic events, and foreign news stories on six main television stations, with regard to their quantitative and qualitative content. The findings indicated that the commercial, institutional, and ideological stance of television channels influenced the content of news stories. Moreover, the analysis of popular news items in news programmes, and the case studies of reality based programmes indicated a noticeable tendency for the tabloidisation and commercialisation of broadcast journalism. Therefore, the study concludes that the privatisation of the broadcast media did little to encourage or provide either diversity or qualitative improvement in the provision of news. This, it is argued, was directly related, at the structural and professional levels, to the general political and economic situation of the country, as well as the legal pressures on news media, and the failure of journalists to organise in order to establish agreed standards for broadcast journalism, and claim broader freedom from the political establishment. The thesis concludes with a critical appraisal of the relationship between the macro and micro level factors influencing journalism and news production in Turkey. These are discussed in the light of the main theoretical approaches and research findings of the present study.

Thesis (PhD)--Macquarie University, Division of Society, Culture, Media and Philosophy, Department of International Communication, 2009.
Bibliography: p. 431-447.
Introduction -- Literature review -- Methodology -- The development and the actual situation of television industry in China -- Commercial television in the U.S. and public television in the U.K. -- Results and discussion -- Conclusions and recommendations -- Bibliography.
Over the past five decades, China's television industry has gone through various historical periods, which have seen marked changes in China's political and economic spheres, indeed in Chinese society overall. Over the last thirty years, since the reform and opening up of China in 1978, transformation of the original television systems, structure and industrial market chain has been attempted concomitant with the gradual relaxation of the restrictions applicable to China's television industry. Within these circumstances, the Chinese government, media practitioners, and scholars are actively exploring long-term, feasible and sustainable approaches to the further development of the television industry in China. The research examines China's approaches to the development of its television industry, using McQuail's political, economic and social framework, the relevant political economy traditions involving the neoclassic paradigm and the heterodox approach, and the principles of media economics and the 'market chain' theory of the television industry. This thesis first presents a concise review of how television developed in China: it then seeks to map perceived changes and to ascertain the problems throughout the process. Research methods employed are secondary data analysis, in-depth interview and focus group. Chinese scholars, officials and media practitioners are the participants of interviews and focus groups. The discussion draws on previous analyses and discussions, to assess the overall picture of television industrialisation reformation in China, additionally drawing on discourses surrounding commercial television in the United States and public television in the United Kingdom for valuable reference material that will support China's television development. The significance of this research lies in its providing an insight into China's television reformation and adding, to the field of communication and development, the Chinese experience. The research expects to propose a television development pathway with Chinese characteristics, drawing on Chinese as well as Western theories.
Mode of access: World Wide Web.
xix, 461 p. ill

This study attempts to analyse the way foreign media organisations have used the Internet to inform, educate and mobilise citizens for participation in their national election. These foreign experiences provide a framework with which to analyse the implications for the SABC as a public broadcaster of the next elections in South Africa. The research was informed by theories of media and democracy. One of the most powerful features of the new technology is its technical ability to facilitate an interactive flow of information. This research examines the concept of cyberdemocracy and the implications for the SABC, especially as it is planning on launching an online election strategy. The democratic roles of journalism and the implications for the SABC are also discussed. As a public service broadcaster, the SABC is bound to educate, inform, and mobilise voters for participation, build community and national identity and scrutinise the poll in the interests of transparency, accountability and fair play. International journalists are advocating a new type of journalism, called public or civic journalism, which combines these roles. This research draws primarily on qualitative research methods, using a case study methodology. It draws upon direct observation and interview methodology in the fieldwork. However, it also uses some quantitative methods in the analysis of the websites and the SABC research.Finally, the research analyses the situation at the SABC and provides recommendations for the election website within this context

Thesis (MPhil)--Stellenbosch University, 2005.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Television is a powerful tool in the diffusion of information to the masses. It is therefore influential in the way society perceives and responds to children, and in so doing it has an influence on the provision and protection of children's rights. According to international and locally conducted studies children are not high on the media agenda, are seldom given a voice or status, and if they are, issues around them are mostly formulated by adults. This assignment sets out to determine whether the same conclusion can be drawn from South African free-to-air television station e-TV. In particular it seeks to establish whether e- News has been successful in placing children's rights in on the public agenda or whether it has reported on children in an ad hoc manner. Children's human rights issues have been defined in accordance with the United Nation's Children's Rights Charter and the South African Bill of Rights, which makes specific provision for the child/children. This assignment takes its lead from a Media Monitoring Project study. Like the MMP report this research is conducted within a human rights framework and concedes according to Section 28 (2) of the Constitution that "the child's best interests are of paramount importance in every matter concerning the child". The methodology employed in this assignment, while replicating a Media Monitoring Project study, also employs discourse analysis in the form of interviews and questionnaires conducted with e-News members of staff. The methodology was applied to a sample of 71 stories which included reference to a child or children and which were broadcast on e-News Live at 7 and e-News live at 10 between January and August 2004. In brief it was found that the rights to privacy, dignity and freedom of speech were satisfactorily upheld (as per the Bill of Rights), but that issues about children are mostly sourced by and commented on by adults. Furthermore it was found that children's rights do not form an implicit part of the e-News agenda. Given that a human rights framework is normative for e-News, it is recommended that children's rights be placed in context, that stories challenge stereotypes about children and that e- News should consider appointing 'children's correspondents'.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Televisie is n' kragtige medium vir die verspreiding van inligting na die samelewing. Om hierdie rede speel televisie n' invloedryke rol op die manier waarop mense met kinders omgaan en dus het dit ook n' groot invloed op die voorsiening en berskerming van kinderregte. Volgens internastionale en plaaslike studies is kinders nie hoog op die media se agenda nie. Hulle word selde status verleen en indien wel, word kwessies wat hulle raak, dikwels deur volwassenes geformuleer. Hierdie opdrag wil bepaal of hierdie gevolgtrekking ook spesifiek betrekking het op die televisiestasie, e-TV. Daar word spesifiek gefokus op e-News se agenda met betrekking tot kinderregte en of dit suksesvol genhandhaaf word of nie. Kindreregte-kwessies is gedefineer soos in die Verenigde Nasies se Handves van Kinderrregte en die Suid-Afrikaanse Hanves van Menseregte wat specifiek focus op voorsiening vir kinders. Hierdie opdrag is volg die voorbeeld van n' verslag van die Media Monitoring Project (MMP). Soos die MMP-verslag word hierdie narvorsing binne n' menseregte-raamwerk gedoen en neem ook artikel 28 (2) van die Suid-Afrikaanse Grondwet in ag, wat stipuleer dat die kind se belange van kardinale belang is asook elke aspek wat die kind betrek. Die metodologie wat in hierdie opdrag gebruik word, repliseer tegelykertyd die MMPstudie en maak gebruik van diskoersanalise in die vorm van onderhoude en vraelyste onder e- News personeellede. Hierdie metodologie maak gebruik van n' steekproefvan 71 nuusstories wat verwys na n' kind/kinders wat tussen Januarie en Augustus 2004 op e-News Live om 19hOO uitgesaai is. Ter opsomming is bevind dat privaatheidsregte, waardigheid en vryheid van spraak van kinders bevredigend benader is. Kwessies wat kinders aanraak word egter meer deur volwassenes aangespreek as deur kinders self. Daar is egter ook bevind dat kinderregte nie n' intergrale deel van e-News agenda vorm me. Gegewe dat n' menseregteraamwerk bye-News toegepas word, word dit aanbeveel dat kinderregte binne konteks geplaas word en dat berigte sal streef daarna om stereotypes oor kinders te verander en dat e-News oorweeg om kinderkorrespndente aan te stel.

The study sets out to examine the television coverage of the 2002 presidential campaign in Zimbabwe by examining the extent to which the Zimbabwe Broadcasting Corporation fulfilled the mandate of public service broadcasting. The primary objective of this study is to assess how ZBC television newscasts mediated pluralistic politics in the coverage of the country's presidential election campaign, in line with the normative public sphere principles. The thesis comprises seven chapters organized, first, with an introductory chapter, which provides the general background of the study. The chapter offers the rationale for the focus on TV rather than other media fomls . There are two theoretical and contextual chapters in which the use of both qualitative and quantitative methods is explained and findings are presented. Finally, the conclusion offers recommendations about the form broadcasting might take to fulfil a public service mandate and these include the strengthening of the public service broadcasting model along normative public sphere principles. The findings of the analysed election newscasts confirm that ZBC television election news was constructed in favour of ZANU PF at the expense of voices from other social and political constituencies.
KMBT_363
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Thesis (MA)--University of Stellenbosch, 2001.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The controversy around the broadcasting of court proceedings has reigned in the United States since the 1950s, reaching a peak with the trial of O.J. Simpson, widely interpreted as an example of the destructive effect of a "media circus" on the administration of justice. In many other U.S. courtrooms, however, television and radio journalists do their work unobtrusively, professionally and to the benefit of their viewers and listeners. The King Commission of Inquiry into allegations of match-fixing in cricket gave South Africa its first experience of television and radio coverage of judicial proceedings, and lay the basis for a more liberal approach to electronic coverage of courts. The Constitution protects freedom of expression, including the freedom to receive and impart information. This has been interpreted by the High Court as conferring on radio journalists the freedom to record and broadcast the King Commission's proceedings. It is argued in this study that the High Court's reasoning could be applied with equal force to television, and to coverage of the courts. It is suggested a trial period of electronic coverage of courts, under clear guidelines for journalists and legal practitioners, may provide greater clarity on the desirability of allowing electronic coverage of courts on a permanent basis.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die netelige vraagstuk rondom die uitsaai van hofverrigtinge het alreeds in the vyftigerjare van die vorige eeu in die Verenigde State ontstaan. Die vervolging van O.J. Simpson was 'n hoogtepunt in die debat. Dié saak word gereeld voorgehou as 'n voorbeeld van die nadelige effek wat 'n "mediasirkus" op die regsproses kan uitoefen. Maar in baie ander Amerikaanse howe doen radio- en televisiejoernaliste hulle werk sonder steurnis, professioneel, en ten voordeel van hul luisteraars and kykers. The Kingkommissie van Ondersoek na beweringe van oneerlikheid in krieket was Suid-Afrika se eerste ervaring van elektroniese dekking van 'n regterlike proses, and kan moontlik die basis vorm vir 'n meer liberale benadering tot elektroniese dekking van howe. Die Grondwet waarborg vryheid van uitdrukking, insluitende die vryheid om inligting uit te stuur en te ontvang. Die Hooggeregshof het onlangs beslis hierdie vryheid beteken radiojoernaliste mag die verrigtinge van die Kingkommissie opneem en uitsaai. In hierdie studie word geargumenteer dat die Hooggeregshof se beslissing ook van toepassing kan wees op televisie, en op hofverrigtinge. Daar word voor die hand gedoen dat Suid- Afrikaanse howe vir 'n proeftydperk elekroniese dekking van hofverrigtinge toelaat, met streng reëls vir joernaliste en regspraktisyns. So 'n proefneming kan dalk groter duidelikheid verskaf oor die voor- en nadele van televisie- en radiodekking van howe op 'n permanente basis.

The “tabloid TV” news genre is a relatively new phenomenon in Uganda and Africa. The genre has been criticised for depoliticising the public by causing cynicism, and lowering the standards of rational public discourse. Despite the criticisms, the genre has been recognised for bringing ‘the private’ into a public space and one of the major ‘private’ issues on the public agenda is women and gender equality. Given these critiques, this study set out to interrogate the meanings that young working class women in Kampala make of the tabloid television news programme Agataliiko Nfuufu and to ask how these meanings relate to the contested notions of femininity in this urban space. In undertaking this audience reception study I interviewed young women between the ages of 18-35 years by means of individual in-depth interviews and focus group discussions. The study establishes that Agataliiko Nfuufu is consumed in a complex environment where contesting notions of traditionalism and modernity are at play. The study also establishes that while mediating the problems, discomforts and contestations of these young women’s lives, Bukedde TV1 operates within a specific social context and gendered environment where Agataliiko Nfuufu is consumed. The study concludes that the bulletin mediates the young women’s negotiations and contestations, but it provides them with a window into other people’s lives and affords them opportunities to compare, judge and appreciate their own. Furthermore, the gendered roles and expectations in this context have become naturalised and have achieved a taken-for-grantedness. Therefore, patriarchy has been legitimised and naturalised to the extent that the respondents define themselves largely in relation to male relatives, and marriage. While the women lament the changes that have taken place in their social contexts which disrupt the natural gender order, they construct themselves as subjects of the prevailing discourses of gender relations that see men as powerful and women as weak and in need of protection.

The present study investigates the effects of on-screen messages on viewer perceptions of source credibility and issue valence. Previous research has found that elites utilize framing in order to alter viewer perceptions and change public opinion. An experiment was conducted, which examined whether on-screen messages displayed during a presidential-news conference had any effect on the viewers' perception of sound credibility and issue valence. The results of the study indicate that on-screen messages have no effect on individuals' perceptions of source credibility and issue valence. The study also found that an individual's· political ideology plays a major role in influencing perceptions of source credibility and issue valence.

Este trabalho investiga elementos da narrativa jornalística contemporânea presentes na programação televisiva e discute o caráter híbrido das tecnologias da comunicação. A partir da análise de programas que retratam a tragédia acontecida na cidade de Santa Maria em janeiro de 2013,são utilizadas bases semióticas e analíticas no intuito de compreender referenciais comuns pelos quais esse tipo de comunicação opera na transmissão de suas mensagens e pontos de vista acerca do real. Traz como resultado a comprovação dos usos dessas estratégias de representação desses dentro do recorte analisado, o que serve como evidência da constante reafirmação de discursos generalistas a respeito dos fenômenos sociais, reeditados em novas bases tecnológicas.
This work investigates elements of contemporary journalistic narrative present in television programming and discusses the hybrid character of communication technologies . From the analysis of programs that depict the tragedy that took place in the city of Santa Maria in January 2013,semiotic and analytical bases are used in order to include common reference by which this type of communication operates in the transmission of messages on reality . It brings as a result the evidences of representation strategies within the analyzed cut. The conclusion serves as evidence of the constant reaffirmation of general discourse about social phenomena, reissued in new technological basis.

He Huijie.
Thesis submitted in: October 2004.
Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2005.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 157-160).
Abstracts in English and Chinese; questionnaire in Chinese.
Chapter Chapter One: --- Introduction --- p.1
An Introduction to Phoenix Satellite Television --- p.3
Television as a Medium --- p.9
Research Questions --- p.13
Chapter Chapter Two: --- Literature Review --- p.15
Review for the Sociological Approach on Media Studies --- p.15
Review of the Perspective of Political Economy of Communication --- p.21
Review for Related Chinese Communication Studies --- p.26
Chapter Chapter Three: --- Methodology --- p.31
Quantitative Research----Content Analysis --- p.31
Chapter 1. --- The Selection of Sample --- p.31
Chapter 2. --- Research Method-´ؤ-Content Analysis --- p.36
Chapter 3. --- Inter-coder Reliability --- p.39
Qualitative Research-Textual Comparison --- p.39
Chapter 1. --- The Selection of Sample --- p.39
Chapter (1) --- "SARS Reports,2003" --- p.40
Chapter (2) --- "July 1st Demonstration in Hong Kong,2003" --- p.41
Chapter 2. --- Research Method´ؤTextual Comparison --- p.42
Qualitative Research´ؤ´ؤIn-depth Interview --- p.43
Chapter 1. --- The Selection of Sample --- p.43
Chapter 2. --- Research Method----In-depth Interview --- p.44
Qualitative Research´ؤParticipant Observation --- p.45
Chapter Chapter Four: --- Content Analysis --- p.47
Frequency Analysis --- p.47
Chapter 1. --- Analysis --- p.48
Inter-coder Reliability --- p.50
Chapter 2. --- Summary --- p.52
Cross-Tabulation Analysis --- p.53
Chapter 1. --- Analysis Between the Internal Division and the Geographical Division --- p.54
Chapter 2. --- "Analysis Between the Geographical Division and the ""Political Perspective""" --- p.56
Comments --- p.59
News Favoring the Government Happening in Mainland China --- p.61
News Favoring the Government Happening in Hong Kong --- p.64
Chapter 3. --- "Analysis Between News Nature and the ""Political Perspective""" --- p.73
Summary and Questions --- p.75
Chapter Chapter Five: --- Organizational Analysis --- p.78
Chapter Part I: --- Textual Analysis and Comparison --- p.78
SARS Reports --- p.79
"Textual Comparison among TVB, Phoenix and CCTV" --- p.89
July 1 st Demonstration in Hong Kong --- p.92
"Textual Comparison among TVB, Phoenix and CCTV" --- p.102
Chapter Part II: --- Interviews Analysis --- p.105
International News & Political News --- p.105
The Pro-China Political Bias------Hong Kong Problem --- p.110
The Technique of Dealing with Sensitive News Issue --- p.113
Pressure & Self-Censorship --- p.118
Chapter Chapter Six: --- Conclusion and Discussion --- p.122
Conclusion --- p.122
Discussion --- p.126
Appendix-1 Coding Record of The Asian Journal --- p.129
Appendix-2 Inter-coder Reliability --- p.152
Appendix-3 Interview Questionnaire --- p.156
References --- p.157

Nation-building has always been considered the responsibility of a public service broadcaster while, on the other hand, commercial broadcasters are associated with profitmaking. This study was designed to investigate whether a commercially driven broadcasting venture could be used for the purposes of nation-building; The case of Lesotho Television. Established by the Lesotho Government in partnership with M-net, Lesotho Television informs, educates and entertains, thus attempting to follow the tenets of public service broadcasting. Upon its establishment in 1988, Lesotho Television was mandated to contribute in the nation-building initiatives of the Lesotho leaders. The station, which is embedded within the South African based pay-channel M-Net, was expected to positively contribute in the Lesotho Government's endeavours to re-build the nation divided along political lines. In the discussion I highlight the fact that Lesotho Television encounters some problems due to the paradoxical relationship between it and M-Net (The former aspiring to serve as a public service broadcaster while the latter is a commercial television service). Nevertheless, considering its programming and activities, Lesotho Television contributes in nation-building. Therefore, I conclude that the potential for Lesotho Television to inform, educate and entertain would seem to outweigh the limitations.
Thesis (M.A.)-University of Natal, Durban, 2001.

崔瑋.
"2006年9月"
論文(哲學碩士)--香港中文大學, 2006.
參考文獻(leaves 132-141).
"2006 nian 9 yue"
Abstracts in Chinese and English.
Cui Wei.
Can kao wen xian (leaves 132-141).
Lun wen (zhe xue shuo shi)--Xianggang Zhong wen da xue, 2006.
Chapter 第一章 --- 導言
湖南電視爲硏究個案：變革中的中國省級電視 --- p.2
結構槪述 --- p.5
Chapter 第二章 --- 文獻回顧與理論綜述
Chapter 第一節： --- 文化全球化的議題 --- p.7
Chapter 第二節： --- 中國傳媒商業化與傳媒改革 --- p.20
Chapter 第三節： --- 相關理論參考 --- p.26
Chapter 第三章 --- 硏究問題與硏究方法
Chapter 一： --- 硏究問題和硏究範疇 --- p.34
Chapter 二： --- 硏究意義 --- p.36
Chapter 三： --- 硏究方法 --- p.38
Chapter 第四章 --- 中國電視政治經濟格局與湖南電視
Chapter 一： --- 政治經濟改革中的中國省級電視：從宣傳工具到文化產業 --- p.41
Chapter 二： --- 中國電視市場的體制結構與央視的壟斷 --- p.45
Chapter 三： --- 湖南電視的體制與生產經營結構 --- p.49
Chapter 第五章 --- 硏究發現：政治經濟矛盾變遷中的湖南電視改革
第一階段：拔河期 --- p.56
第二階段：市場爲主導的“保護色´ح期 --- p.61
本章小結 --- p.81
Chapter 第六章 --- 硏究發現：文化全球化下的本土化創新
Chapter 一： --- 本土化創新發生的環境以及政經條件 --- p.84
Chapter 二： --- 全球文化對本土電視節目的影響 --- p.87
Chapter 三： --- 本土化創新的過程和模式 --- p.94
Chapter 四： --- 本土化創新循環的模型 --- p.100
Chapter 五： --- “本土化´ح後的市場 --- p.102
本章小結 --- p.113
Chapter 第七章 --- 硏究解讀：文化全球化與湖南電視
Chapter 一： --- “麥當勞´ح文化與傳媒政治經濟關係 --- p.114
Chapter 二： --- 文化全球化提升黨辦電視商業化 --- p.119
Chapter 三： --- 解讀變革中的組織傳媒產品的回饋與互動 --- p.122
Chapter 第八章 --- 總結和討論
硏究總結 --- p.125
討論 --- p.128
參考文章和書目
英文 --- p.133
中文 --- p.139
附錄
附錄一：湖南廣電大事時間脈絡表 --- p.143
附錄二 ：深度訪談人員名錄 --- p.144
附錄三：湖南衛視參考資料 --- p.146
附錄四：《超級女聲》參考資料 --- p.148

Powerful concentrations of mass media in the hands of Western countries are believed to shape a lasting picture of Islam and Muslims, most of it reflecting the interests of the society served by the media. However, the complexities and dynamics of global news reporting have weakened those arguments. This is because transnational news services, such as the BBC World News (BBCWN), CNN International (CNNI) and AI Jazeera English (AJE), are believed to represent competing paradigms and different approaches to news. In addition, through communications cross-traffic in today's global media, varieties of views and voices are thought to enter the frame and challenge the dominant common sense in the realm of public discourse. This study is an inquiry into a comparative analysis between BBCWN and AJE. BBCWN is selected to represent the mainstream Western group of global media traffic, and AJE is selected to represent the contra-flow category of global news media. The global event of the Iranian 2009 presidential election is chosen as a case study. The central question of the thesis investigates the differences and similarities in the discourses of both networks, and the factors that explain the differences and, indeed, the similarities. The news reporting of the 2009 presidential election by both networks is subjected to the qualitative method of discourse analysis. The results are then triangulated with interviews with the correspondents and editors of BBCWN and AJE. Drawing from the conceptual framework on the diversity and complexity of global media flows, and the understanding of television news as a construction of reality, this study assumes that the similarities in the BBCWN and AJE coverage are due to the practices of news-gathering; whereas the differences are explained by the nature of global competitiveness in the news marketplace and aspects of national affiliation. The results, however, show that all factors contribute to differences in the reporting of BBCWN and AJE. Although the initial reporting of the pre-election period shows convergence in the coverage of BBCWN and AJE, the findings mainly show that there was clear divergence in the reporting between both networks. The BBCWN coverage gave clear support to the opposition group discourse and was more critical of the Iranian authorities, while AJE portrayed a more balanced and detached reporting of the election. This study found that the national affiliation factor has the strongest influence in BBCWN reporting and the news-gathering factor is the most determining factor in AJE reporting.

Botswana is considered an exemplary democracy in Africa. It is imperative to assess how an enviable democracy could flourish when the most widely available mass media was not independent. The fact is, despite the fact that media has been at the heart of development in Botswana, it has often been ignored in local academic and popular discussions about democracy and governance. A 1994 seminar on the media in a democracy organized by the Mmegi Publishing Trust (Leepile, 1994), was one of the very few forums where the role of the media in Botswana was given any attention. Even then, most the presentations were not substantive, mainly providing basic information about media institutions in Botswana and laws that protect and threaten freedom of the media. Botswana's contemporary state - media nexus can only be understood within the context of a long history of media dependence and domination by neighbouring South Africa (Zaffiro, 1991) assisted by British colonisation. To appreciate the challenges of cultural production at Botswana Television (BTV) required a study of the problematic encounter between the quest for creative and professional freedom within BTV on the one hand,·and the authoritarian gaze of state power on the other hand. BTV operated under an ill-defined broadcasting model, of a state bureaucratic arm, attempting to fulfil the ethos of public service broadcasting. Through the lens of the Newsroom, in-house productions, commissioning and procurement of foreign and local content, the study shows the subtle ways in which state ownership of the media compromises freedom of expression and freedom of information in Botswana. Yet, Botswana continued to enjoy that status of Africa's exemplar of democracy. Good governance indicators consistently gave media in Botswana cursory attention, thereby reinforcing state authoritarianism in Botswana. With a media dominated by state power, Botswana still emerged as exemplary. This complicated the quest for the ideal communication environment towards democratization in the Third World, particularly in a globalizing context. In situations such as that of Botswana, where the institutions that should protect the media from government control are either absent or weak, universal ideals on media freedom are often not enough. Media practitioners are more likely to find support in the local discourses, repertoires and cultures that call upon all, regardless of status, to tolerate opposition. A local tradition of the kgotla in particular, often heralded as Botswana's indigenous form of democracy, is placed in this chapter, at the heart of much of the freedom, limited as it may be, that BTV enjoyed.
Thesis (Ph.D.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, 2007.