Tesi sul tema "Technologie – Aspect politique – Cuba"
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Calderón, Beltrán Natalia. "Technocontestations à Cuba : réparations, réappropriations et usages alternatifs de la technique". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris 8, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020PA080005.
This dissertation aims to understand the processes of resilience in the technical field in Cuba. I postulate that a specific technical culture has been forged. This culture was fostered by the superstructural elements linked to revolutionary ideology, but it is also dependent on a history of various technical breakthroughs (i.e the change in technical standards with the mass arrival of Soviet aircraft, material shortages linked to the restrictions of the Bloqueo on the transport of products and spare parts to repair the existing fleet and the sudden disappearance of Soviet factories and objects and spare parts produced, etc.). I have identified tactics put in to ensure that daily life can continue and I have referred to them as "technocontestations". The genesis of these practices is to be understood on a macro scale, by analyzing state strategies to fight imperialism on the one hand, and on the other hand, from below, by looking at popular tactics in everyday life whose origin can be found in a much more ancient form of mètis. The dialectic between these two scales, macro and micro, seemed to me to be the starting point for thinking about a regime of contestation in the technical sphere. I postulate, alongside Jacques Ellul and Andrew Feenberg, that the technical sphere constitutes an increasingly autonomous space and that the study of tools and objects allows us to have a grip on the contesting practices of the Technician System. Focusing on observing appropriations, repairs and reappropriations are all elements to be taken into account in order to understand this register of struggle and the modalities of resistance and how these can be exported to other fields
Abbas, Abbas. "Les aspects juridiques, politiques et économiques du transfert de technologie". Montpellier 1, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993MON1A001.
Renai, Mohand. "Critique de la notion de transfert technologique : cas algérien". Paris 9, 1987. https://portail.bu.dauphine.fr/fileviewer/index.php?doc=1987PA090015.
Schweitzer, Laëtitia. "Technologie, politique et psychisme : l'espace du contrôle social dans les organisations". Grenoble 3, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008GRE39059.
The media coverage of social relationships by information technology and communication (ICT) to be considered as political technologies is accompanied by an invisibilisation power and a depoliticization of standards. It promotes integration, by the subjects of an order of social practices, and organizes the traceability of human activities. But technology is not the only dimension of social control, whose effectiveness depends on the internalization of the symbolic order of dominant social relationships by the subjects. In organizations, managerial power seeking compliance behavior of employees working their representations, so that they become its relay on themselves, their colleagues and clients. Managerial devices are in the context of an economy of power based on the articulation of control and self¬ control. Think social control must lead to articulate three areas: the symbolic dimension of social relationships (order of discourse and ideology), the instrumental and technological dimension of social relationships (where the symbolic order materializes) and finally the question psychic without which we can not understand how cooperation in processes that they sometimes perceive themselves as alienating is born. Consent, even "voluntary servitude" of someones, as the revolt of some others, results meaning -that is built through mediations- the subjects assign more or less consciously what they live
Carnino, Guillaume. "L'invention de « la science » dans le second XIXe siècle : épistémologie, technologie, environnement, politique". Paris, EHESS, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011EHES0071.
"Modern science", being both pure and applied, emerges in France at the very beginning of the second industrialization, and replaces the prior "natural philosophy". Its prestige expands through various activities: World fairs, freethinkers, popular science, arts & literature, school, patent rights. . . This practical and theoretical reorganization of knowledge , is firmly connected to the structure of industrial production: scientists study in details craftsmen's "know-how" to create reproducible procedures for manufacturing. Reputed neutral and objective, science ideologically binds the progressive base of the French Third Republic: thereafter, any opposition to environmental, technological or social changes catalysed by this new regime is treated as a dangerous attitude hiding reactionary thoughts secretly rooted in a backward political agenda. Secular resistance to sacred science is subsequently considered inaccurate and excluded from the political sphere, in the same way as the religious beliefs Galileo battled with are mocked as false. Therefore, science must not be any more considered as an epistemological question, but rather as a intrinsically contradictory institution (since it is issued from a social compromise): attempts to theorize it as unified and non-historical concept always trigger the same conflicts that prevailed to its birth
Caillé, Geneviève. "Les comités nationaux d'éthique en science et technologie : au coeur d'une nouvelle forme de démocratie? Analyse de la Commission de l'éthique de la science et de la technologie du Québec (2001-2003) /". Montréal : Université du Québec à Montréal, 2005. http://accesbib.uqam.ca/cgi-bin/bduqam/transit.pl?&noMan=24218096.
Bloch, Vincent. "Le joug de la lucha : l'ancrage socio-historique du régime castriste : de 1959 à nos jours". Paris, EHESS, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012EHES0053.
The limits that the State imposes on private economic activities as well as the precariousness of living conditions lie at the heart of contemporary Cuban society. Luchar is the verb that designates the way that everyone gets by in daily life and suggests that the line between lawful and unlawful activities is always ambiguous. However, the lucha is more than the Cuban version of making ends meet. It is a total social phenomenon that must be understood through the ethnographic description of practices and situations in order to comprehend the effectiveness of tacit local norms and the way that luchadores adapt to nonnegotiable constraints and perpetuate a specific sense of reality. The description of multiple experiences of la luchaprogressively leads to a synoptic view and brings to light a form of life. Luchadores are prisoners of la lucha: they accept the state of chronic indecision in which they live and the fact that the scope of their actions is extremely limited. La lucha is the modality through which society and individuals have adapted to an ensemble of rules and a sense of reality that they no longer question as long as they manage to live in the social realm. In order to do so, they continually endeavor to create and preserve routines. While deviating from the socialist legality and the ideological purity of the new man, those routines still integrate the normative objectives of the leaders. In that sense, la lucha is also what remains of the Cuban totalitarian project once the leaders have accepted the fact that their ideal – to transform society into an indivisible community – is out of reach in the short term
Croguennec-Massol, Gabrielle. "Presse, littérature et société, à Cuba au temps des guerres d'Indépendance, 1868-1898". Toulouse 2, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003TOU20036.
The two cuban Independance wars are two attempts to separate with the Spanish metropole and with Cuba becoming a state nation. This slow process is present and analysed in the press of the time, which, due to the technical development occuring in this period, is growing rapidly, becoming a privileged information media, and a way to spread ideas and culture. The literature, found in the press, includes many influences from other countries, and soon becomes a national literature. It is involved in the building process of the Cuban identity and delivers a representation of the society directly related to the daily events. From a political point of view, press conveys the identity building process, with its reticences, its contradictions and its interrogations in a society exhibiting numerous divisions coming from slavery and the presence of coloured people, rejected in a first time, then knowing attempts of seduction near the end of the century
Rieder, Bernhard. "Métatechnologies et délégation : pour un design orienté-société dans l'ère du Web 2.0". Phd thesis, Université Paris VIII Vincennes-Saint Denis, 2006. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00179980.
Nica, Dan. "Société de l'information et e-gouvernance : cas d'un pays en transition : la Roumanie". Bordeaux 3, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005BOR30002.
Saliceti, Marie-Ange. "Les politiques publiques de développement local centrées sur les technologies de l'information : de l'élaboration à la mise en oeuvre en France et dans l'Union Européenne". Montpellier 1, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998MON10037.
Philippart, Eric. "Sciences, technologie et société: cornucopians contre doomsdaywriters aux Etats-Unis". Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/212742.
Nardo, Flavia. "La "cubanía théâtrale" : la spécificité du théâtre cubain de 1959 à nos jours". Phd thesis, Université de Strasbourg, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00809641.
Casamayor, Cisneros Odette. "Lectures de Cuba : entre récit et réalité : études sur les rapports entre le récit cubain contemporain et la réalité sociale". Paris, EHESS, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002EHESA111.
This study seeks to interrogate Cuban narrators in regards to their social reality. Here the literary text becomes a labyrinth to seek answers, a place in which a given social context is expressed. And the Cuban authors ? Those that reform the world, express their place in society as a result of their own Cuban experience. They may have been born, lived, or have written in Cuba. They may make claim to or dream of the Island in exile. Yet none of these circumstances define the identification to a nation. A. Carpentier, J. Lezama Lima, V. Piñera, S. Sarduy, R. Arenas, G. Cabrera Infante, L. Cabrera, J. Diaz, L. Padura, S. Paz, A. Estévez, P. -J. Gutiérrez, Z. Valdés, E. -L. Portela, and so many more. A wealth of authors not extensively studied. They seem to appear only when their prose offers a particular entryway to on a given topic: power, homosexuality, race, the condition of women, the aforementioned national identity. Because an analysis of Cuban society today is particularly focused on these very particular conditions, who exercise an important influence on one’s perception of contemporary Cuban reality. An analysis of this vision of the world and its interpretation within the works of Cuban narrators is central to our investigation. By studying these visions of the world one can begin to explain the different perceptions these authors have of their own humanity. It is, nonetheless, in society that the conflicts of being are manifested in concrete form. Becoming a part of their comprehensive description of the vision of the world, the social experiences that derive from homosexuality, nationality, feminism, race or power relations, we can then better explain the different interpretations that each author develops in regards to these conditions. What then might this set of interpretations of Cuban reality mean to the reader ? No doubt they offer some path in understanding one’s own interpretation of Cuban reality
JONARD, NICOLAS. "Heterogeneite et structures d'interactions : la diffusion des standards technologiques". Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997STR1EC07.
This ph. D. Dissertation is concerned with the general issue of aggregation. Starting from the distribution of agents in a given characteristics space, we aim at drawing conclusions about the collective behaviour of an economy. We adopt a dynamic viewpoint and consider economies where many interacting agents repeatedly choose within a finite set of technological alternatives. A technological standard is a durable good that exhibits increasing returns to adoption (for instance, information technologies, computer standards, etc). The process of adoption and diffusion of technological standards is obviously altered by increasing returns to adoption. Hence, when interaction is local, i. E. Restricted to agents neighborhoods, pay-offs are locally correlated and these interdependencies may impede macroeconomic coordination (selection of the desirable standard). Therefore, the collective behavior of the economy depends on the particular interaction structure the population of agents is endowed with. When interaction is global (as in the standard economic model), technological diversity may result from strong heterogeneity of agents expectations or a priori preferences. It turns out that, in an originally homogeneous world, local interaction, when strong enough, also provokes and sustains heterogeneity at the macroeconomic level. However, when innovation is taken into account, this conclusion may be substantially altered
Rousseau, Thomas. "Politiques et techniques de l’éclairage public pour répondre aux enjeux du développement durable en France : Acteurs, mutations et impacts urbains". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Lyon, INSA, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013ISAL0101.
The importance of having a nocturnal look on the city and of integrating artificial lighting into the urban landscape is growing at the same time as the need for a more pleasant environment in the city favouring social cohesion. At the same time, the particularly difficult social and economic climate and the ever stronger environmental considerations are forcing society and town councils to change faced with the stakes and new paradigms which are essential. In this context, urban lighting requires new approaches in the same way as the optimization of public policies devoted to transport, waste or water management. The nocturnal development in the cities cristallizes the multiple stakes and needs for change concerning the development of cultural heritage, consideration of practices, the comfort of public space, the support for cultural events, urban marking, the cost control of plans or preserving the night sky. To meet the needs and better articulate street lighting, it is imperative to take into consideration the stakes concerning the durability of street lighting. Local authorities have to find less functionalist and more qualitative approaches. It is a case of moving from street lighting to the development of urban lighting. This brings up certain questions. What are the policies and techniques of street lighting set up to meet the requirements of sustainable development ? What are the stakes ? In what way is it important to take them into account in the current socioeconomic context ? What approaches and strategies are being put into action ? Who are the key players to meet these stakes ? Are they the same ones over the whole country? Do they meet the requirements of long-term lighting ? Based on a survey of around one hundred towns in metropolitan France, our work aims at a better understanding of the consideration of durability in the public policies of lighting which seem mainly guided by economic strategies and the will to meet the requirements of the « economic » section of sustainable development. At the same time, the human and social dimension of sustainability in public lighting seems to be developing with an ever growing consideration for practices in the cities. We shall see that the tendencies of public policies on lighting are changing. What new ideas are spreading around ? What are the impacts on the city and the way of developing it ? This work also allows us to remind ourselves of the importance of lighting management in public policies and of the place of the users. The tendencies accepted by the town councils do not seem to be dictated either by the technical offer and the manufacturers or by the price of energy but rather by a combined mix of nocturnal issues depending on the size of the town, urban policies and the geographical, cultural and economic context
Barrier, Julien. "La science en projets : régimes de financement et reconfigurations du travail des chercheurs académiques : le cas des sciences et technologies de l'information et de la communication en France (1982-2006)". Paris, Institut d'études politiques, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010IEPP0053.
Over the last three decades, the rationales and the mechanisms for the allocation of funding to academic research have fundamentally changed in France – echoing similar evolutions occurring in most OECD countries. Project funding, as opposed to core funding, has gradually become one the main sources of support for research centers. Academics have been subjected to growing levels of accountability and urged to produce more applied knowledge, driven by the objective to contribute to industrial innovation and economic growth. Focusing on the case of research in the field of Information and Communication Technology (ICT), this dissertation seeks to understand the impact of these changes on research practices and the professional autonomy of academic researchers. While researchers’ professional autonomy has not been radically challenged, the constraints stemming from changes in funding regimes have redefined the conditions of possibility and the traditional forms of academic autonomy. As a result, they have reconfigured the organization and the contents of academic work. The role of “articulation work” has expanded to deal with changing patterns of competition for resources and the organization of industrial collaborations. In addition, researchers have developed new forms of organization of their work to deal with increasing tensions between exploration and exploitation in the production of knowledge. Last, these changes have increased the division of work within research groups, but relations between researchers remain collegial rather than managerial
Rousseau, Thomas. "Politiques et techniques de l’éclairage public pour répondre aux enjeux du développement durable en France : Acteurs, mutations et impacts urbains". Thesis, Lyon, INSA, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013ISAL0101.
The importance of having a nocturnal look on the city and of integrating artificial lighting into the urban landscape is growing at the same time as the need for a more pleasant environment in the city favouring social cohesion. At the same time, the particularly difficult social and economic climate and the ever stronger environmental considerations are forcing society and town councils to change faced with the stakes and new paradigms which are essential. In this context, urban lighting requires new approaches in the same way as the optimization of public policies devoted to transport, waste or water management. The nocturnal development in the cities cristallizes the multiple stakes and needs for change concerning the development of cultural heritage, consideration of practices, the comfort of public space, the support for cultural events, urban marking, the cost control of plans or preserving the night sky. To meet the needs and better articulate street lighting, it is imperative to take into consideration the stakes concerning the durability of street lighting. Local authorities have to find less functionalist and more qualitative approaches. It is a case of moving from street lighting to the development of urban lighting. This brings up certain questions. What are the policies and techniques of street lighting set up to meet the requirements of sustainable development ? What are the stakes ? In what way is it important to take them into account in the current socioeconomic context ? What approaches and strategies are being put into action ? Who are the key players to meet these stakes ? Are they the same ones over the whole country? Do they meet the requirements of long-term lighting ? Based on a survey of around one hundred towns in metropolitan France, our work aims at a better understanding of the consideration of durability in the public policies of lighting which seem mainly guided by economic strategies and the will to meet the requirements of the « economic » section of sustainable development. At the same time, the human and social dimension of sustainability in public lighting seems to be developing with an ever growing consideration for practices in the cities. We shall see that the tendencies of public policies on lighting are changing. What new ideas are spreading around ? What are the impacts on the city and the way of developing it ? This work also allows us to remind ourselves of the importance of lighting management in public policies and of the place of the users. The tendencies accepted by the town councils do not seem to be dictated either by the technical offer and the manufacturers or by the price of energy but rather by a combined mix of nocturnal issues depending on the size of the town, urban policies and the geographical, cultural and economic context
Juguet, Franck. "De l'imaginaire industrialiste à l'imaginaire cybernétique". Thesis, Perpignan, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019PERP0005.
This study aims to understand the new forms of social regulation that, in hampering any forms of conflictuality, tend to the normalization of the political field through cybernetics. In this respect, our dissertation develops a theoretical template at the crossroads of management theory as an attempt to neutralize politics and new forms of expression called « Governance ». Contemporary managerial techniques are the implementation of theoretical assumptions developed in the immediate post-war period with the birth of cybernetics. This new paradigm means that policy is now limited to the pursuit of efficiency and performance. However, this de-ideologisation and the culture of the results prove to be a discredit of the necessary ideolological confrontation which is at the very heart of the democratic life. This is why many signs of the weakening of democracy are to be seen in the recent years. The rise of abstention, an enduring populist vote and the crisis of the governmental parties are the most obvious ones. To different degrees, the distrust of the political institutions and actors is shared by all the democracies, even by those where the democratic system seemed to be very firmly rooted. Accordingly, politics cannot be regarded in one perspective, in line with the Westernization of the world. Social conflictuality shows a large gap between the political power that is not anymore related to real life and the popular power that no longer recognizes itself in its elites, and it makes an approach centered on cybernetics all the more relevant
Badouard, Romain. "Les"technologies politiques" du Web : une étude des plateformes participatives de la Commission Européenne et de leurs publics". Compiègne, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012COMP2027.
This Phd dissertation questions the development of e-government and e-participation mechanisms at the European Level through the lens of the evolution of governance practices. We study the design, the uses, and the effects of these mechanisms in order to understand how online participative platforms are shaped by political strategies, and also shape communication dynamics. In the very specific context of the European Union "democratic deficit", we focus on the models of political mediation that are put in practice on the Internet : can we witness the emergence of European publics online ? Are these mechanisms a place for transnational collective actions ? Do they succeed in empowering "lay" citizens or civil society Organizations ? To answer these questions, this communication study calls upon political science and science and technology studies in order to figure out what is at stake behind this "participative trend" at the European level
Mathieu, Azele. "Essays on the entrepreneurial university". Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/209923.
Universities play a major role in the national innovative capacity of a country as producers and transmitters of new knowledge (see for instance, Adams, 1990; Mansfield, 1991; Klevorick et al. 1995; Zucker et al. 1998; Cohen et al. 2002; Arundel and Geuna, 2004; Guellec and van Pottelsberghe, 2004). While European countries play a leading global role in terms of scientific output, they lag behind in the ability to convert this strength into wealth-generating innovations (this is known as the ‘European paradox’, see for instance Tijssen and van Wijk, 1999; and Dosi et al. 2005). This level of innovation may be improved by different factors; for instance, by fostering an entrepreneurial culture, or by increasing industry’s willingness to develop new products, new processes. One of these factors relies on the notion of an ‘entrepreneurial university’. Universities, in addition to the two traditional missions of research and teaching, foster their third mission of contribution to society, by improving the transfer of knowledge to the industry. New tools and regulations have been established to support universities in this process. Since the early 80’s, academic technology transfer offices (TTOs) have been created, dedicated employees have been trained and hired, incubators for the launch of new academic ventures have been set up, academic or independent pre-seed investment funds have been founded and laws related to the ownerships by university of their invented-patents have been promulgated.
But what exactly stands behind the notion of ‘entrepreneurial university’? There exist more different descriptions of a similar concept or of a similar evolution than a general agreed definition. Indeed, "(…) There is high heterogeneity, there is no such thing as a typical university, and there is no typical way to be or become an entrepreneurial university" (Martinelli et al. 2008, p.260). However some similar patterns of what is or should be an entrepreneurial university may be identified.
First, there is this notion of a revolution experienced by universities that now have to integrate a third mission of contributing to economic development aside of their traditional academic missions. “(…) But in the most advanced segments of the worldwide university system, a ‘second revolution’ takes off. The entrepreneurial university integrates economic development into the university as an academic function along with teaching and research. It is this ‘capitalisation of knowledge’ that is the heart of a new mission for the university, linking universities to users of knowledge more tightly and establishing the university as an economic actor in its own right” (Etzkowitz, 1998, p.833).
This revolution finds its origin in a necessary adaptation of universities to an external changing environment where modern societies put a strong emphasis on knowledge. “The concept of the entrepreneurial university envisions an academic structure and function that is revised through the alignment of economic development with research and teaching as academic missions. The transformation of academia from a ‘secondary’ to a ‘primary’ institution is a heretofore unexpected outcome of the institutional development of modern society (Mills, 1958). In consequence, the knowledge industry in modern societies is no longer a minor affair run by an intellectual elite, an activity that might be considered by pragmatic leaders as expendable; it is a mammoth enterprise on a par with heavy industry, and just as necessary to the country in which it is situated (Graham, 1998, p.129)”, quoted by Etzkowitz et al. (2000, p.329).
The notion of an ‘entrepreneurial university’ also exceeds the simple idea of the protection of academic intellectual property by patents owned by universities and their out-licensing as well as the launch of new ventures. It encompasses an overall change of how the university is organised. “In the gruesome and heady world of changing external environments, organizations – including universities – will need to seek opportunities beyond their existing competences (Hamel and Prahalad, 1989, 1994), which suggests the need for an entrepreneurial orientation (Lumpkin and Dess, 1996)”, quoted by Glassman et al. (2003, p.356). This entrepreneurial orientation will only be possible if the overall organisation of the university changes. “An entrepreneurial university, on its own, actively seeks to innovate how it goes about its business. It seeks to work out a substantial shift in organizational character so as to arrive at a more promising posture for the future. Entrepreneurial universities seek to become 'stand-up' universities that are significant actors on their own terms” (Clark, 1998, p.4).
The notion of entrepreneurial university also encompasses the concept of academic entrepreneurship in its broad sense. For a university to become entrepreneurial, individual academics also have to adapt and to behave in an entrepreneurial way. This concept is not solely conceived here as the launching of new ventures by academics (a view embraced by Shane, 2004, for instance). It relates more to the view of Stevenson, Roberts and Grousbeck (1989), referenced by Glassman et al. (2003, p.354) or “the process of creating and seizing an opportunity and pursuing it to create something of value regardless of current available resources.”
The difficulty facing universities is then to adapt to their external environment while preserving the integrity of their two traditional academic missions. However, some conceive this challenge as precisely an ability that characterise the very intrinsic university’s nature. "The uniqueness of the university,(…) lies in its protean capacity to change its shape and function to suit its temporal and sociopolitical environment while retaining enough continuity to deserve its unchanging name” (Perkin, 1984, p.18).
Furthermore, others perceive this challenge as a tension that has always been at the root of the university’s character. “The cherished view of some academics that higher education started out on the Acropolis of scholarship and was desecrated by descent into the Agora of materialistic pursuit led by ungodly commercial interests and scheming public officials and venal academic leaders is just not true for the university systems that have developed at least since 1200 A.D. If anything, higher education started in the Agora, the market place, at the bottom of the hill and ascended to the Acropolis on the top of the hill… Mostly it has lived in tension, at one and the same time at the bottom of the hill, at the top of the hill, and on many paths in between” (Kerr, 1988, p.4; quoted by Glassman, 2003, p.353).
Nevertheless, it appears that some institutions, the ones integrating the best their different missions and being the most ‘complete’ in terms of the activities they perform, will be better positioned to overcome this second revolution than other institutions. “Since science-based innovations increasingly have a multidisciplinary character and build on "difficult-to-codify" people-centred interactions, university-based systems of industry science links, which combine basic and applied research with a broader education mission, are seen as enjoying a comparative advantage relative to research institutes” (OECD, 2001 quoted by Debackere and Veugeleers, 2005, p.324). Or as stated by Geuna (1998, p.266), in his analysis of the way the different historical trajectories of European universities are influencing their ability to adapt to the current changing environment, “ (…) the renowned institutions of Cluster IV (pre-war institutions, large in size, with high research output and productivity) are in a strong position both scientifically and politically, and can exercise bargaining power in their relations with government and industry. (…) On the other side, universities in the other two clusters (new postwar universities, characterised by small size, low research output and low research orientation and productivity, whether involved in technological research or in teaching), with very low research grants from government, are pushed to rely more heavily on industrial funding. Being in a weak financial position, they may find themselves in an asymmetric bargaining relationship with industry that they may be unable to manage effectively.”
To summarize, one could attempt to define the broad notion of an ‘entrepreneurial university’ as follows. An entrepreneurial university is a university that adapts to the current changing environment that puts a stronger emphasis on knowledge, by properly integrating the third mission or the capitalisation of knowledge aside of its two traditional missions. This adaptation requires a radical change in the way the university is organised. It will require important strategic reorientation from the top but also, and mainly, it will require from the individual academics to better seize new opportunities to generate value (not only financial but also scientific or academic) given scarcer resources. Renowned and complete universities (with teaching, basic and applied research) have an edge over other institutions to overcome this second revolution.
This notion of ‘entrepreneurial university’ has drawn criticisms. For example, academics’ interactions with industry could impact negatively on research activities by reorienting fundamental research towards more applied research projects (Cohen and Randazzese, 1996; David, 2000), by restricting academic freedom (Cohen et al. 1994; Blumenthal et al. 1996; Blumenthal et al. 1997), or by potentially reducing scientific productivity (see for instance van Zeebroeck et al. 2008 for a review on this issue). The present work does not address the issue of the impact of increased interactions with the business sector on traditional academic missions nor the question of whether universities should become entrepreneurial or not. Instead, the essays start from the idea that the ‘entrepreneurial university’ notion is part of the intrinsic nature of modern universities, or at least, is a part of its evolution. Industry-university relationships are not a new phenomenon; it can be traced at least to the mid- to late-1800s in Europe and to at least the industrial revolution in the USA (Hall et al. 2001). What is evolving is the nature of such relationships that become more formal. The present analysis starts then from the general observation that some universities (and researchers) are more entrepreneurially-oriented and better accept this mission than others. From that stems the primary research question addressed in this thesis: are there characteristics or conditions leading to a smooth coexistence of traditional and new academic missions inside an entrepreneurial university? And if so, what are they?
Existing work on the entrepreneurial university is a nascent but already well developed field of research. The aimed contribution of this thesis is to analyse the topic under three specific but complementary angles. These three perspectives are explored into the four main chapters of this work, structured as follows. Chapter 1 is titled “Turning science into business: A case study of a traditional European research university”. It introduces the topic by investigating the dynamics at play that may explain the propensity of a traditional, research-oriented university to start generate entrepreneurial outputs, while being not full-fledge entrepreneurially organised. Exploring the importance of “new” entrepreneurial outputs, as defined as patents and spin-off companies, compared to other ways of transferring new knowledge to the industry, Chapter 2 reviews the literature on the variety of knowledge transfer mechanisms (KTMs) used in university-industry interactions. It is titled “University-Industry interactions and knowledge transfer mechanisms: a critical survey”. Given scarcer structural funds for academic research and increasing pressure on academics to diversify their activities in terms of being involved in patenting or spin-off launching, Chapter 3 and Chapter 4 investigate the role played by individual characteristics of researchers in attracting competitive, external funding. Chapter 3 presents stylised facts related to external fundraising at ULB and characteristics of researchers who attracted these funds over the period 1998-2008. The empirical analysis on associations between individual characteristics of researchers (intrinsic, scientific and entrepreneurial) and the extent of funds attracted from different sources (national, regional and business) is presented in Chapter 4, titled “The determinants of academic fundraising.” Chapter 5 concludes and suggests ideas for future investigation on this topic. Chapter 6, in appendix of the present work, titled “A note on the drivers of R&D intensity”, is not directly linked to the issue of the entrepreneurial university. It has been included to complement the studied topic and to put in perspective the present work. Academic research and university-industry interactions constitute important drivers of a national R&D and innovation system. Other factors are at play as well. Looking at this issue at the macroeconomic level, Chapter 6 investigates to what extent the industrial structure of a country influences the observed R&D intensity, and hence would bias the well-known country rankings based on aggregate R&D intensity.
Doctorat en Sciences économiques et de gestion
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
Da, Costa Pascal. "Un progrès technique pour le développement durable ? Recherche sur l'intensité et la direction du changement technique propre". Phd thesis, Université Panthéon-Sorbonne - Paris I, 2005. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00011528.
Akram, Muhammad Shakaib. "E-government adoption : an empirical evaluation of citizens perspective". Thesis, Aix-Marseille 3, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011AIX32083.
Globalization has increased the importance of internet as a medium of communication almost in all aspects of our lives. The current exploratory research provides an insight into the trends that exist within literature concerning the area of Electronic Government (e-government) and the potential these have for the governments, businesses, employees and citizens in perspective of the developing countries. Globally the pace of implementing e-government services is rapidly increasing; however, despite high levels of investment, a broad range of applications, and various methods of access citizens have shown relatively low levels of usage of e-government services making it an interesting area of research. To encompass the multi-dimensional nature of e-government systems the current study presents a framework of citizens’ adoption of e-government services by integrating technology acceptance and information systems (IS) success literature along with citizens’ attitudinal and societal beliefs. In the proposed framework, the qualities of e-government websites such as perceived information quality (PIQ), perceived system quality (PSYQ) and perceived service quality (PSQ) along with social influence (SI), perceived risk of terrorism (PRT) are posited to influence citizens’ adoption of e-government services (ADP) directly and indirectly through perceived ability to use (PATU), perceived functional benefit (PFB), trust in the medium (TM), trust in the government (TG) and user satisfaction (SAT). The research uses a citizen-centric approach to determine citizens’ overall acceptability/adoptability of e-government services. Although we may generalize the results to other countries, yet the primary intention of this research is to shed light on how to approach, manage and implement such projects in developing countries. The model has been examined through an empirical study using paper-based along with a web-based survey. Structural equation modeling has been used to test the proposed hypotheses. The results of the research show that perceived ability to use, perceived functional benefit, trust in medium, trust in government and user satisfaction are strong predictors of citizens’ adoption of e-government services. We also find evidence that the effect of perceived information quality and perceived system quality on adoption of e-government services is totally mediated by perceived ability to use, perceived functional benefit, trust in medium, trust in government and user satisfaction. Perceived ability to use and trust in government are found to be significant mediators on the relationship between perceived service quality and adoption of e-government services. We do not find any significant direct effect of perceived risk of terrorism on adoption of e-government services rather we find an indirect effect through perceived functional benefit. We also find that perceived ability to use, trust in medium and trust in government partially mediate the relationship between social influence and adoption of e-government services. Moreover, we find significant effect of gender, education level, experience with internet and with e-government websites on citizens’ adoption of e-government services. Age is found to have no significant effect on citizens’ adoption of e-government services. Further, the research provides some useful suggestions and implications for the academician and practitioners of e-government services assisting them in designing and implementing policies and strategies to increase the adoption of e-government services. This will also help reduce confusions in the minds of citizens, regarding e-government adoption
Nehme, Georges. "Analyse des méthodes d'enseignement des sciences économiques dans le système éducatif Libanais". Phd thesis, Université de Bourgogne, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00547879.
Amegatsevi, Kokou Sename. "L'éthique du futur et le défi des technologies du vivant". Thesis, Université Laval, 2013. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2013/30255/30255.pdf.
Bégnoche, Mélanie. "Effet modérateur des dimensions culturelles « aversion à l'incertitude » et « orientation à long terme » sur le « International Technology Acceptance Model »". Mémoire, 2006. http://www.archipel.uqam.ca/2871/1/M9362.pdf.