Articoli di riviste: "Taste buds"

1

Ki, Su Young, e Yong Taek Jeong. "Taste Receptors beyond Taste Buds". International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, n. 17 (26 agosto 2022): 9677. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms23179677.

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Taste receptors are responsible for detecting their ligands not only in taste receptor cells (TRCs) but also in non-gustatory organs. For several decades, many research groups have accumulated evidence for such “ectopic” expression of taste receptors. More recently, some of the physiologic functions (apart from taste) of these ectopic taste receptors have been identified. Here, we summarize our current understanding of these ectopic taste receptors across multiple organs. With a particular focus on the specialized epithelial cells called tuft cells, which are now considered siblings of type II TRCs, we divide the ectopic expression of taste receptors into two categories: taste receptors in TRC-like cells outside taste buds and taste receptors with surprising ectopic expression in completely different cell types.

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Eigen, Michael. "Psychoanalytic Taste Buds". Psychoanalytic Review 100, n. 5 (ottobre 2013): 665–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1521/prev.2013.100.5.665.

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Pehoushek, J. F. "Black Taste Buds". Archives of Family Medicine 9, n. 3 (1 marzo 2000): 219–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archfami.9.3.219.

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Pehoushek, J. F. "Black Taste Buds". Archives of Dermatology 135, n. 5 (1 maggio 1999): 593—b—598. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archderm.135.5.593-b.

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5

Reutter, Klaus, Friederike Boudriot e Martin Witt. "Heterogeneity of fish taste bud ultrastructure as demonstrated in the holosteans Amia calva and Lepisosteus oculatus". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences 355, n. 1401 (29 settembre 2000): 1225–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2000.0672.

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Taste buds are the peripheral sensory organs of the gustatory system. They occur in all taxa of vertebrates and are pear–shaped intra–epithelial organs of about 80 μm height and 50 μm width. Taste buds mainly consist of specialized epithelial cells, which synapse at their bases and therefore are secondary sensory cells. Taste buds have been described based on studies of teleostean species, but it turned out that the ultrastructure of teleostean taste buds may differ between distinct systematic groups and that this description is not representative of those taste buds in other main taxa of fishes, such as selachians, holosteans and dipnoans. Furthermore, it is not known how variable the micromorphologies of non–teleostean taste buds are. For this reason the taste buds of two holosteans, Lepisosteus oculatus and Amia calva , were investigated and compared. While in both species the taste buds are of the same shapes and sizes, the cellular components of their sensory epithelia differ: in Lepisosteus taste buds comprise two types of elongated light cells and one type of dark cells. In contrast, Amia taste buds contain only one type of light, but two types of dark elongated cells. Afferent synapses are common in the buds of both species, efferent synapses occur only in Lepisosteus taste buds. These differences show that even in the small group of holostean fishes the taste buds are differently organized. Consequently, a representative type of fish taste buds does not exist.

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Lowe, Fergus. "Educate their taste-buds". Primary Teacher Update 2014, n. 34 (2 luglio 2014): 12–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/prtu.2014.1.34.12.

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Farbman, Albert I. "Neurotrophins and taste buds". Journal of Comparative Neurology 459, n. 1 (4 marzo 2003): 9–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.10588.

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Shrestha, R., e N. Ranjit. "Epiglottal taste buds and different feeding habits of mammals". Journal of Institute of Medicine Nepal 37, n. 3 (31 dicembre 2015): 97–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.59779/jiomnepal.928.

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Introduction: Taste buds which occur on the laryngeal surface of epiglottis of mammals share many similarities with lingual taste buds, although their function is different. These taste buds mediate reflex action to close the laryngeal opening or initiate the cough reflex when food comes in contact with the posterior surface of the epiglottis. Methods: Repeated microscopic studies were carried out on 6 μm serial haematoxylin and eosin stained sections of epiglottides of buffalo, guinea pig, house rat, human, lamb and rabbit. Quantitative investigation was carried out on the taste buds on the rostral, middle and caudal regions of the epiglottides of each of these mammals. Relative frequency of occurrence value for comparative assessment of taste buds is proposed here. Results: The average number of taste buds was found higher in the herbivorous buffalo, goat and rabbit; while the number was lower in the omnivorous guinea pig, house rat and the human. The density of taste buds was found to be directly proportional to the feeding behaviour of mammals, showing their significant role in inducing reflexes for safe passage of bolus through the oesophagus and for prevention of the respiratory tract congestion. Conclusion: Since the number of taste buds was found higher in the herbivorous mammals, it was concluded that the bigger the volume of the bolus the higher is the density of epiglottal taste buds. These taste buds are adapted to protect the respiratory passage during swallowing and drinking by initiating the reflex action.

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Sincar, Cerasela Dorina, Camelia Ana Grigore, Silvia Martu, Liliana Lacramioara Pavel, Alina Calin, Alina Plesea Condratovici e Bianca Ioana Chesaru. "Chemical Senses Taste Sensation and Chemical Composition". Materiale Plastice 54, n. 1 (30 marzo 2017): 172–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.37358/mp.17.1.4810.

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Taste and smell are chemical senses, which means that the receptors (chemoreceptors) of these senses respond to chemical stimuli. In order for a substance to produce a taste sensation, it should be ingested in a solution or subsequently dissolved in saliva; a solid substance put in the mouth perfectly dry is tasteless. Therefore, taste receptors or taste buds occur only on wet surfaces, more precisely in the oral cavity in land vertebrates; however, in aquatic animals, these receptors are scattered all over the body. There are functionally different types of receptors for each of the primary tastes and the distribution of each type is not even on the surface of the tongue mucosa. The sweet and sour sensitive buds are located mainly on the tip of the tongue, those sensitive to acids are located on the sides of the tongue and those stimulated by the bitter taste are located towards the back of the tongue and in the epiglottis area. Taste may be generated by substances which touch the taste buds through the blood; thus, histamine injected intravenously causes a metallic taste, glucin a sweet taste, whereas jaundice may trigger a bitter taste due to the big concentration of gallbladder constituents in the blood.

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Nakamura, Tatsufumi, Naoki Matsuyama, Masato Kirino, Masanori Kasai, Sadao Kiyohara e Takanori Ikenaga. "Distribution, Innervation, and Cellular Organization of Taste Buds in the Sea Catfish, Plotosus japonicus". Brain, Behavior and Evolution 89, n. 3 (2017): 209–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000471758.

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The gustatory system of the sea catfish Plotosus japonicus, like that of other catfishes, is highly developed. To clarify the details of the morphology of the peripheral gustatory system of Plotosus, we used whole-mount immunohistochemistry to investigate the distribution and innervation of the taste buds within multiple organs including the barbels, oropharyngeal cavity, fins (pectoral, dorsal, and caudal), and trunk. Labeled taste buds could be observed in all the organs examined. The density of the taste buds was higher along the leading edges of the barbels and fins; this likely increases the chance of detecting food. In all the fins, the taste buds were distributed in linear arrays parallel to the fin rays. Labeling of nerve fibers by anti-acetylated tubulin antibody showed that the taste buds within each sensory field are innervated in different ways. In the barbels, large nerve bundles run along the length of the organ, with fascicles branching off to innervate polygonally organized groups of taste buds. In the fins, nerve bundles run along the axis of fin rays to innervate taste buds lying in a line. In each case, small fascicles of fibers branch from large bundles and terminate within the basal portions of the taste buds. Serotonin immunohistochemistry demonstrated that most of the taste buds in all the organs examined contained disk-shaped serotonin-immunopositive cells in their basal region. This indicates a similar organization of the taste buds, in terms of the existence of serotonin-immunopositive basal cells, across the different sensory fields in this species.

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Kinnamon, J. C., e S. M. Royer. "Synaptic organization of vertebrate taste buds". Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 52 (1994): 144–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100168451.

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The vertebrate taste bud is an end organ specialized to detect and transduce aqueous chemical stimuli. In mammals most taste buds are located on the tongue. Lingual taste buds are typically distributed over three fields or papillae: fungiform, foliate and circumvallate papillae. Fungiform papillae are found on raised eminences near the tip of the tongue. Each fungiform papilla contains from one to several taste buds. Foliate taste buds are located in epithelial folds (foliate papillae) of the posterolateral surfaces of the tongue. In the rear of the tongue circumvallate taste buds line the walls or trenches surrounding the mushroom-shaped circumvallate (= vallate) papillae. In fish, taste buds are more widely distributed, being located on the tongue, lips, barbels, gill rakers, palatal organ and the body surface. A typical vertebrate taste bud comprises 50 to 150 spindle-shaped cells that lie atop the basal lamina of the tongue.In most mammals, the taste bud cells can be classified as dark or light cells, based on the electron-density of their cytoplasm.

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Barlow, L. A., e R. G. Northcutt. "Taste buds develop autonomously from endoderm without induction by cephalic neural crest or paraxial mesoderm". Development 124, n. 5 (1 marzo 1997): 949–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.124.5.949.

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Although it had long been believed that embryonic taste buds in vertebrates were induced to differentiate by ingrowing nerve fibers, we and others have recently shown that embryonic taste buds can develop normally in the complete absence of innervation. This leads to the question of which tissues, if any, induce the formation of taste buds in oropharyngeal endoderm. We proposed that taste buds, like many specialized epithelial cells, might arise via an inductive interaction between the endodermal epithelial cells that line the oropharynx and the adjacent mesenchyme that is derived from both cephalic neural crest and paraxial mesoderm. Using complementary grafting and explant culture techniques, however, we have now found that well-differentiated taste buds will develop in tissue completely devoid of neural crest and paraxial mesoderm derivatives. When the presumptive oropharyngeal region was removed from salamander embryos prior to the onset of cephalic neural crest migration, taste buds developed in grafts and explants coincident with their appearance in intact control embryos. Similarly, explants from neurulae in which movement of paraxial mesoderm had not yet begun also developed taste buds after 9–12 days in vitro. We conclude that neither cranial neural crest nor paraxial mesoderm is responsible for the induction of embryonic taste buds. Surprisingly, the ability to develop taste buds late in embryonic development seems to be an intrinsic feature of the oropharyngeal endoderm that is determined by the completion of gastrulation.

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Mistretta, Charlotte, e Archana Kumari. "Hedgehog Signaling Regulates Taste Organs and Oral Sensation: Distinctive Roles in the Epithelium, Stroma, and Innervation". International Journal of Molecular Sciences 20, n. 6 (16 marzo 2019): 1341. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms20061341.

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The Hedgehog (Hh) pathway has regulatory roles in maintaining and restoring lingual taste organs, the papillae and taste buds, and taste sensation. Taste buds and taste nerve responses are eliminated if Hh signaling is genetically suppressed or pharmacologically inhibited, but regeneration can occur if signaling is reactivated within the lingual epithelium. Whereas Hh pathway disruption alters taste sensation, tactile and cold responses remain intact, indicating that Hh signaling is modality-specific in regulation of tongue sensation. However, although Hh regulation is essential in taste, the basic biology of pathway controls is not fully understood. With recent demonstrations that sonic hedgehog (Shh) is within both taste buds and the innervating ganglion neurons/nerve fibers, it is compelling to consider Hh signaling throughout the tongue and taste organ cell and tissue compartments. Distinctive signaling centers and niches are reviewed in taste papilla epithelium, taste buds, basal lamina, fibroblasts and lamellipodia, lingual nerves, and sensory ganglia. Several new roles for the innervation in lingual Hh signaling are proposed. Hh signaling within the lingual epithelium and an intact innervation each is necessary, but only together are sufficient to sustain and restore taste buds. Importantly, patients who use Hh pathway inhibiting drugs confront an altered chemosensory world with loss of taste buds and taste responses, intact lingual touch and cold sensation, and taste recovery after drug discontinuation.

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Saito, Takehisa, Tetsufumi Ito, Norihiko Narita, Takechiyo Yamada e Yasuhiro Manabe. "Light and Electron Microscopic Observation of Regenerated Fungiform Taste Buds in Patients with Recovered Taste Function after Severing Chorda Tympani Nerve". Annals of Otology, Rhinology & Laryngology 120, n. 11 (novembre 2011): 713–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000348941112001104.

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Objectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate the mean number of regenerated fungiform taste buds per papilla and perform light and electron microscopic observation of taste buds in patients with recovered taste function after severing the chorda tympani nerve during middle ear surgery. Methods: We performed a biopsy on the fungiform papillae (FP) in the midlateral region of the dorsal surface of the tongue from 5 control volunteers (33 total FP) and from 7 and 5 patients with and without taste recovery (34 and 29 FP, respectively) 3 years 6 months to 18 years after surgery. The specimens were observed by light and transmission electron microscopy. The taste function was evaluated by electrogustometry. Results: The mean number of taste buds in the FP of patients with completely recovered taste function was significantly smaller (1.9 ± 1.4 per papilla; p < 0.01) than that of the control subjects (3.8 ± 2.2 per papilla). By transmission electron microscopy, 4 distinct types of cell (type I, II, III, and basal cells) were identified in the regenerated taste buds. Nerve fibers and nerve terminals were also found in the taste buds. Conclusions: It was clarified that taste buds containing taste cells and nerve endings do regenerate in the FP of patients with recovered taste function.

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Kirino, Masato, Jason Parnes, Anne Hansen, Sadao Kiyohara e Thomas E. Finger. "Evolutionary origins of taste buds: phylogenetic analysis of purinergic neurotransmission in epithelial chemosensors". Open Biology 3, n. 3 (marzo 2013): 130015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsob.130015.

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Taste buds are gustatory endorgans which use an uncommon purinergic signalling system to transmit information to afferent gustatory nerve fibres. In mammals, ATP is a crucial neurotransmitter released by the taste cells to activate the afferent nerve fibres. Taste buds in mammals display a characteristic, highly specific ecto-ATPase (NTPDase2) activity, suggesting a role in inactivation of the neurotransmitter. The purpose of this study was to test whether the presence of markers of purinergic signalling characterize taste buds in anamniote vertebrates and to test whether similar purinergic systems are employed by other exteroceptive chemosensory systems. The species examined include several teleosts, elasmobranchs, lampreys and hagfish, the last of which lacks vertebrate-type taste buds. For comparison, Schreiner organs of hagfish and solitary chemosensory cells (SCCs) of teleosts, both of which are epidermal chemosensory end organs, were also examined because they might be evolutionarily related to taste buds. Ecto-ATPase activity was evident in elongate cells in all fish taste buds, including teleosts, elasmobranchs and lampreys. Neither SCCs nor Schreiner organs show specific ecto-ATPase activity, suggesting that purinergic signalling is not crucial in those systems as it is for taste buds. These findings suggest that the taste system did not originate from SCCs but arose independently in early vertebrates.

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Taruno, Akiyuki, Kengo Nomura, Tsukasa Kusakizako, Zhongming Ma, Osamu Nureki e J. Kevin Foskett. "Taste transduction and channel synapses in taste buds". Pflügers Archiv - European Journal of Physiology 473, n. 1 (16 settembre 2020): 3–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00424-020-02464-4.

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Roper, Stephen D., e Nirupa Chaudhari. "Processing Umami and Other Tastes in Mammalian Taste Buds". Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1170, n. 1 (luglio 2009): 60–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.04107.x.

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Soriano-Sánchez, Daniela, Adriana González- Villalva, Marcela Rojas-Lemus, Nelly López- Valdez, María Eugenia Cervantes-Valencia, Patricia Bizarro-Nevares, Martha Ustarroz- Cano e Teresa I. Fortoul. "Los corpúsculos gustativos y factores que afectan su función". Revista de la Facultad de Medicina 67, n. 3 (10 maggio 2024): 41–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.22201/fm.24484865e.2024.67.3.06.

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Taste is relevant because it has allowed us to discriminate between what is food and what is not, and even what can be toxic or dangerous when ingested. The search for new flavors is resent in history of mankind. Since ancient times, the spices provided new taste experiences to make meals more palatable or as a means of preserving food; the search for spices was a motivation to make voyages that led to the discovery of new lands and continents. More recently, a viral pandemic that damages the olfaction and taste senses made us to remember the relevance of the senses. Small structures, called taste buds, located in the papillae, of the tongue, are responsible of the sense of taste. There are four types of papillae that identify five tastes and one whose existence has not yet been fully proven. Taste alterations have different etiologies which will be commented on this review. Key words: ageusia, atmospheric pollution, taste, taste buds, tongue

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Barlow, L. A., C. B. Chien e R. G. Northcutt. "Embryonic taste buds develop in the absence of innervation". Development 122, n. 4 (1 aprile 1996): 1103–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.122.4.1103.

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It has been hypothesized that taste buds are induced by contact with developing cranial nerve fibers late in embryonic development, since descriptive studies indicate that during embryonic development taste cell differentiation occurs concomitantly with or slightly following the advent of innervation. However, experimental evidence delineating the role of innervation in taste bud development is sparse and equivocal. Using two complementary experimental approaches, we demonstrate that taste cells differentiate fully in the complete absence of innervation. When the presumptive oropharyngeal region was taken from a donor axolotl embryo, prior to its innervation and development of taste buds, and grafted ectopically on to the trunk of a host embryo, the graft developed well-differentiated taste buds. Although grafts were invaded by branches of local spinal nerves, these neurites were rarely found near ectopic taste cells. When the oropharyngeal region was raised in culture, numerous taste buds were generated in the complete absence of neural elements. Taste buds in grafts and in explants were identical to those found in situ both in terms of their morphology and their expression of calretinin and serotonin immunoreactivity. Our findings indicate that innervation is not necessary for complete differentiation of taste receptor cells. We propose that taste buds are either induced in response to signals from other tissues, such as the neural crest, or arise independently through intrinsic patterning of the local epithelium.

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Suzuki, Takashi. "Cellular Mechanisms in Taste Buds". Bulletin of Tokyo Dental College 48, n. 4 (2007): 151–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.2209/tdcpublication.48.151.

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Gatta, Claudia, Valentina Schiano, Chiara Attanasio, Carla Lucini e Antonio Palladino. "Neurotrophins in Zebrafish Taste Buds". Animals 12, n. 13 (23 giugno 2022): 1613. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani12131613.

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The neurotrophin family is composed of nerve growth factor (NGF), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), Neurotrophin 3 (NT3) and NT4. These neurotrophins regulate several crucial functions through the activation of two types of transmembrane receptors, namely p75, which binds all neurotrophins with a similar affinity, and tyrosine kinase (Trk) receptors. Neurotrophins, besides their well-known pivotal role in the development and maintenance of the nervous system, also display the ability to regulate the development of taste buds in mammals. Therefore, the aim of this study is to investigate if NGF, BDNF, NT3 and NT4 are also present in the taste buds of zebrafish (Danio rerio), a powerful vertebrate model organism. Morphological analyses carried out on adult zebrafish showed the presence of neurotrophins in taste bud cells of the oropharyngeal cavity, also suggesting that BDNF positive cells are the prevalent cell population in the posterior part of the oropharyngeal region. In conclusion, by suggesting that all tested neurotrophins are present in zebrafish sensory cells, our results lead to the assumption that taste bud cells in this fish species contain the same homologous neurotrophins reported in mammals, further confirming the high impact of the zebrafish model in translational research.

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Northcutt, R. Glenn. "Taste Buds: Development and Evolution". Brain, Behavior and Evolution 64, n. 3 (2004): 198–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000079747.

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Harvey, R., e R. S. Batty. "Cutaneous taste buds in cod". Journal of Fish Biology 53, n. 1 (luglio 1998): 138–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8649.1998.tb00116.x.

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KANO, Kiyoshi, Masayuki UBE e Kazuyuki TANIGUCHI. "Glycoconjugate in Rat Taste Buds." Journal of Veterinary Medical Science 63, n. 5 (2001): 505–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1292/jvms.63.505.

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Hosley, Mark A., Stephen E. Hughes e Bruce Oakley. "Neural induction of taste buds". Journal of Comparative Neurology 260, n. 2 (8 giugno 1987): 224–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.902600206.

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Aydin, M., N. Aydin e C. Gundogdu. "Discovery of Orgasmic Pleasure Sensing Taste Roseas of Repruductive Organs: Experimental Study". Klinička psihologija 9, n. 1 (13 giugno 2016): 49. http://dx.doi.org/10.21465/2016-kp-op-0029.

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Objective: Basic mechanism of orgasmic pleasure hasn’t yet been elucidated, although there is broad similarity between taste and orgasmic sensation. Taste buds of tongue information has been established as important regulator of nutrition; however, very little is known regarding how orgasmic pleasure sensation is created and perceived in orgasm. Design and Method: Thus, we investigated whether there were taste bud-like structures stimulated by seminal fructose in the male urethra and glans penis. To confirm this hypothesis, we examined the urethral tissues of 22 male rabbits using the last modern histological stereological and histochemical techniques. Results: We discovered that the male urethra and glans penis contained many taste bud-like structures similar to the morphological features of the taste buds of the tongue. Interestingly, these taste bud-like structures resembling those of the tongue were detected in the intramural openings of the urethral lacunae and glandular surfaces. These structures have neuron-like appendages at the apical ends of rose buds in the wall of the urethra and glans. Moreover, each urethral plica contained some taste buds that were particularly more dense in the distal urethra, glans penis and vaginal surfaces. Conclusions: We discovered that pudendal nerves convey orgasmic sensation from the urethral taste buds to the taste information-computing centers in the brain. We postulated that urethral taste buds are stimulated by seminal fructose, and taste buds innervating nerves may play a predominant role in the creation of orgasmic sensation, which has not yet been studied so far.

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Ogawa, Kazuaki, e John Caprio. "Major Differences in the Proportion of Amino Acid Fiber Types Transmitting Taste Information From Oral and Extraoral Regions in the Channel Catfish". Journal of Neurophysiology 103, n. 4 (aprile 2010): 2062–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00894.2009.

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The present study investigates for the first time in any teleost the amino acid specificity and sensitivity of single glossopharyngeal (cranial nerve IX) fibers that innervate taste buds within the oropharyngeal cavity. These results are contrasted with similar data obtained from facial (cranial nerve VII) fibers that innervate extraoral taste buds. The major finding is that functional differences are clearly evident between taste fibers of these two cranial nerves. Catfishes possess the most extensive distribution of taste buds found in vertebrates. Taste buds on the external body surface are exclusively innervated by VII, whereas IX, along with the vagus (X), innervate the vast majority of taste buds within the oropharyngeal cavity. Responses to the l-isomers of alanine (Ala), arginine (Arg), and proline (Pro), the three most stimulatory amino acids that bind to independent taste receptors, were obtained from 90 single VII and 64 single IX taste fibers. This study confirmed a previous investigation that the amino acid responsive VII fibers consist of two major groups, the Ala and Arg clusters containing taste fibers having thresholds in the ηM range. In contrast, the present study indicates the amino acid responsive IX taste system is dominated by taste fibers responsive to Pro and to Pro and Arg, respectively, has a reduced percentage of Ala fibers, and is less sensitive than VII. The present electrophysiological results are consistent with previous experiments, indicating that the extraoral taste system is essential for appetitive behavior, whereas oropharyngeal taste buds are critical for consummatory behavior.

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Barlow, Linda A. "Specification of pharyngeal endoderm is dependent on early signals from axial mesoderm". Development 128, n. 22 (15 novembre 2001): 4573–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.128.22.4573.

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The development of taste buds is an autonomous property of the pharyngeal endoderm, and this inherent capacity is acquired by the time gastrulation is complete. These results are surprising, given the general view that taste bud development is nerve dependent, and occurs at the end of embryogenesis. The pharyngeal endoderm sits at the dorsal lip of the blastopore at the onset of gastrulation, and because this taste bud-bearing endoderm is specified to make taste buds by the end of gastrulation, signals that this tissue encounters during gastrulation might be responsible for its specification. To test this idea, tissue contacts during gastrulation were manipulated systematically in axolotl embryos, and the subsequent ability of the pharyngeal endoderm to generate taste buds was assessed. Disruption of both putative planar and vertical signals from neurectoderm failed to prevent the differentiation of taste buds in endoderm. However, manipulations of contact between presumptive pharyngeal endoderm and axial mesoderm during gastrulation indicate that signals from axial mesoderm (the notochord and prechordal mesoderm) specify the pharyngeal endoderm, conferring upon the endoderm the ability to autonomously differentiate taste buds. These findings further emphasize that despite the late differentiation of taste buds, the tissue-intrinsic mechanisms that generate these chemoreceptive organs are set in motion very early in embryonic development.

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Dando, Robin, Elizabeth Pereira, Mani Kurian, Rene Barro-Soria, Nirupa Chaudhari e Stephen D. Roper. "A permeability barrier surrounds taste buds in lingual epithelia". American Journal of Physiology-Cell Physiology 308, n. 1 (1 gennaio 2015): C21—C32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpcell.00157.2014.

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Abstract (sommario):

Epithelial tissues are characterized by specialized cell-cell junctions, typically localized to the apical regions of cells. These junctions are formed by interacting membrane proteins and by cytoskeletal and extracellular matrix components. Within the lingual epithelium, tight junctions join the apical tips of the gustatory sensory cells in taste buds. These junctions constitute a selective barrier that limits penetration of chemosensory stimuli into taste buds (Michlig et al. J Comp Neurol 502: 1003–1011, 2007). We tested the ability of chemical compounds to permeate into sensory end organs in the lingual epithelium. Our findings reveal a robust barrier that surrounds the entire body of taste buds, not limited to the apical tight junctions. This barrier prevents penetration of many, but not all, compounds, whether they are applied topically, injected into the parenchyma of the tongue, or circulating in the blood supply, into taste buds. Enzymatic treatments indicate that this barrier likely includes glycosaminoglycans, as it was disrupted by chondroitinase but, less effectively, by proteases. The barrier surrounding taste buds could also be disrupted by brief treatment of lingual tissue samples with DMSO. Brief exposure of lingual slices to DMSO did not affect the ability of taste buds within the slice to respond to chemical stimulation. The existence of a highly impermeable barrier surrounding taste buds and methods to break through this barrier may be relevant to basic research and to clinical treatments of taste.

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Bloomquist, Ryan F., Nicholas F. Parnell, Kristine A. Phillips, Teresa E. Fowler, Tian Y. Yu, Paul T. Sharpe e J. Todd Streelman. "Coevolutionary patterning of teeth and taste buds". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 112, n. 44 (19 ottobre 2015): E5954—E5962. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1514298112.

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Teeth and taste buds are iteratively patterned structures that line the oro-pharynx of vertebrates. Biologists do not fully understand how teeth and taste buds develop from undifferentiated epithelium or how variation in organ density is regulated. These organs are typically studied independently because of their separate anatomical location in mammals: teeth on the jaw margin and taste buds on the tongue. However, in many aquatic animals like bony fishes, teeth and taste buds are colocalized one next to the other. Using genetic mapping in cichlid fishes, we identified shared loci controlling a positive correlation between tooth and taste bud densities. Genome intervals contained candidate genes expressed in tooth and taste bud fields. sfrp5 and bmper, notable for roles in Wingless (Wnt) and bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling, were differentially expressed across cichlid species with divergent tooth and taste bud density, and were expressed in the development of both organs in mice. Synexpression analysis and chemical manipulation of Wnt, BMP, and Hedgehog (Hh) pathways suggest that a common cichlid oral lamina is competent to form teeth or taste buds. Wnt signaling couples tooth and taste bud density and BMP and Hh mediate distinct organ identity. Synthesizing data from fish and mouse, we suggest that the Wnt-BMP-Hh regulatory hierarchy that configures teeth and taste buds on mammalian jaws and tongues may be an evolutionary remnant inherited from ancestors wherein these organs were copatterned from common epithelium.

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Cao, Xun, Xiao Zhou, Xiao-Min Liu e Li-Hong Zhou. "Liraglutide alters DPP4 in the circumvallate papillae of type 2 diabetic rats". Journal of Molecular Endocrinology 57, n. 1 (luglio 2016): 13–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/jme-16-0001.

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Liraglutide, a human glucagon-like peptide (GLP1) analog that partially inhibits dipeptidyl-peptidase 4 (DPP4), can decrease glucose levels and suppress appetite in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2DM). GLP1 and its receptor (GLP1R) also exist in the taste buds of rodents and regulate taste sensitivity. DPP4, a protease, functions in homeostasis of blood glucose, lipids, and body weight. Interactions among GLP1, GLP1R, and DPP4 likely affect taste and food-intake behavior. The aim of the present study was to investigate DPP4 expression in the taste buds of the circumvallate papillae (CV) in T2DM rats, and determine the effects of liraglutide treatment. Rats were divided into diabetic control (T2DM-C), normal control (NC), and liraglutide-treated diabetic (T2DM+LIR) groups. DPP4 localization and gene expression levels were evaluated by immunohistochemistry and quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR), respectively. DPP4 immunoreactive cells were localized in the taste buds of the rat CV. RT-qPCR showed significantly higher expression of Dpp4 mRNA in both the taste buds and hypothalamus of T2DM-C rats compared with NC rats. However, in the T2DM+LIR group, Dpp4 expression differed between the taste buds and hypothalamus, with significantly higher and lower levels compared with the T2DM-C group, respectively. Dpp4 mRNA expression is increased in the taste buds of the CV of T2DM rats. Liraglutide simultaneously upregulated (taste buds) and downregulated (hypothalamus) Dpp4 expression in T2DM rats. Therefore, DPP4 may be closely associated with the anorexigenic signaling and weight loss induced by the treatment of liraglutide in type 2 diabetic patients.

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Astbäck, Johnny, Anders FernstrÖm, Britta Hylander, Kristina Arvidson e Olle Johansson. "Taste Buds and Neuronal Markers in Patients with Chronic Renal Failure". Peritoneal Dialysis International: Journal of the International Society for Peritoneal Dialysis 19, n. 2_suppl (febbraio 1999): 315–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/089686089901902s53.

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Objective To study the number of taste buds and, with the use of specific markers for peripheral nervous tissue, to study the neuronal pattern in taste buds from 36 patients with chronic renal failure (CRF), 19 renal transplant recipients, and 40 healthy subjects. Of the patients with CRF, 17 patients had not started dialysis, 12 patients were on peritoneal dialysis, and 7 patients were on hemodialysis. Design From all subjects, two or three fungiform papillae were collected from the anterior part of the tongue. Cryostat sections were cut and inspected under light microscopy to determine the presence of taste buds. The sections were subsequently incubated with primary rabbit antibodies against protein gene product 9.5, substance P, and nerve growth factor receptor. Results Using these antibodies, no differences between the groups were observed. However, patients with CRF had fewer taste buds than control subjects. Conclusion No immunohistochemical differences were observed between patients with CRF and healthy controls. However, patients with CRF had significantly fewer fungiform taste buds, suggesting an important factor contributing to the well-known impairment of taste acuity in this patient group.

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Yilmaz, S., A. Aydin, G. Dinc, B. Toprak e M. Karan. "Investigations on the postnatal development of the foliate papillae using light and scanning electron microscopy in the porcupine (Hystrix cristata)". Veterinární Medicína 58, No. 6 (8 luglio 2013): 318–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/6868-vetmed.

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In this study SEM and light microscopy were used to investigate the structure of the foliate papillae in the porcupine. The foliate papillae consisted of about 10 or 11 clefts. The length of the foliate papillae averaged 2.79 mm and its width averaged 863 µm. Taste buds were located intraepithelial in the basal half of the papilla grooves (sulcus papillae). Every wall on each fold harboured from five to nine taste buds. There were two different cell types of taste buds: one stained light (epitheliocytus sensorius gustatorius), and the other dark (epitheliocytus sustentans). The length and width of the taste buds averaged 190.5 µm and 86 µm, respectively. The ratio of the length to the width of taste buds was 2.21. The average depth of the papilla groves was 1763 µm and its epithelial thickness was 235.5 µm. In scanning electron microscopy, the thickness of the epithelial cell borders was apparent at higher magnifications and there micro-ridges and micro-pits were apparent on the surfaces of these cells.  

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Aragona, Marialuisa, Kamel Mhalhel, Marzio Cometa, Gianluca Antonio Franco, Giuseppe Montalbano, Maria Cristina Guerrera, Maria Levanti et al. "Piezo 1 and Piezo 2 in the Chemosensory Organs of Zebrafish (Danio rerio)". International Journal of Molecular Sciences 25, n. 13 (5 luglio 2024): 7404. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms25137404.

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The ion channels Piezo 1 and Piezo 2 have been identified as membrane mechano-proteins. Studying mechanosensitive channels in chemosensory organs could help in understanding the mechanisms by which these channels operate, offering new therapeutic targets for various disorders. This study investigates the expression patterns of Piezo proteins in zebrafish chemosensory organs. For the first time, Piezo protein expression in adult zebrafish chemosensory organs is reported. In the olfactory epithelium, Piezo 1 immunolabels kappe neurons, microvillous cells, and crypt neurons, while Calretinin is expressed in ciliated sensory cells. The lack of overlap between Piezo 1 and Calretinin confirms Piezo 1’s specificity for kappe neurons, microvillous cells, and crypt neurons. Piezo 2 shows intense immunoreactivity in kappe neurons, one-ciliated sensory cells, and multi-ciliated sensory cells, with overlapping Calretinin expression, indicating its olfactory neuron nature. In taste buds, Piezo 1 immunolabels Merkel-like cells at the bases of cutaneous and pharyngeal taste buds and the light and dark cells of cutaneous and oral taste buds. It also marks the dark cells of pharyngeal taste buds and support cells in oral taste buds. Piezo 2 is found in the light and dark cells of cutaneous and oral taste buds and isolated chemosensory cells. These findings provide new insights into the distribution of Piezo channels in zebrafish chemosensory organs, enhancing our understanding of their sensory processing and potential therapeutic applications.

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Yamamoto, Ikuyo. "Differentiation of taste buds in culture." JOURNAL OF THE STOMATOLOGICAL SOCIETY,JAPAN 54, n. 1 (1987): 271–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.5357/koubyou.54.271.

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36

HENZLER, DAVID M., e JOHN C. KINNAMON. "Ultrastructure of Mouse Fungiform Taste Buds". Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 510, n. 1 Olfaction and (novembre 1987): 359–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1987.tb43557.x.

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37

Roper, Stephen D., e Nirupa Chaudhari. "Taste buds: cells, signals and synapses". Nature Reviews Neuroscience 18, n. 8 (29 giugno 2017): 485–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrn.2017.68.

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Roper, Stephen D. "Taste buds as peripheral chemosensory processors". Seminars in Cell & Developmental Biology 24, n. 1 (gennaio 2013): 71–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.semcdb.2012.12.002.

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39

Roper, Stephen D. "Parallel processing in mammalian taste buds?" Physiology & Behavior 97, n. 5 (luglio 2009): 604–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.physbeh.2009.04.003.

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40

Law, J. S., K. Watanabe e R. I. Henkin. "Distribution of calmodulin in taste buds". Life Sciences 36, n. 12 (marzo 1985): 1189–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0024-3205(85)90237-1.

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41

Sinclair, Michael S., Isabel Perea-Martinez, Gennady Dvoryanchikov, Masahide Yoshida, Katsuhiko Nishimori, Stephen D. Roper e Nirupa Chaudhari. "Oxytocin Signaling in Mouse Taste Buds". PLoS ONE 5, n. 8 (5 agosto 2010): e11980. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0011980.

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42

Harvey, R., e R. S. Batty. "Cutaneous taste buds in gadoid fishes". Journal of Fish Biology 60, n. 3 (marzo 2002): 583–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8649.2002.tb01686.x.

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43

Ryotaro, Hayato, Kitabori Tsutomu, Miyajima Mai, Higure Yoko, Ohtubo Yoshitaka, Kumazawa Takashi e Yoshii Kiyonori. "Cell-networks in mouse taste buds". International Congress Series 1269 (agosto 2004): 53–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ics.2004.06.004.

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44

Barlow, Linda A., e R. Glenn Northcutt. "Embryonic Origin of Amphibian Taste Buds". Developmental Biology 169, n. 1 (maggio 1995): 273–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/dbio.1995.1143.

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Ren, Dong-dong, Fang-lu Chi, Yi-ke Li, Juan-mei Yang e Yi-bo Huang. "Shrinkage of ipsilateral taste buds and hyperplasia of contralateral taste buds following chorda tympani nerve transection". Neural Regeneration Research 10, n. 6 (2015): 989. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/1673-5374.158366.

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46

Mostafa, Sana, Heba M. Hakam e Amal El-motayam. "Gustatory dysfunction in relation to circumvallate papilla’s taste buds structure upon unilateral maxillary molar extraction in Wistar rats: an in vivo study". F1000Research 8 (20 settembre 2019): 1667. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.19684.1.

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Abstract (sommario):

Background: The interaction between taste sensation and dentoalveolar innervation is still under research. teeth loss can alter taste thresholds in humans, but the underlying mechanisms are still obscure. This study investigated the effect of unilateral maxillary molars extraction on the structure of circumvallate papilla in rats. Methods: Thirty-two male Wister rats, aged 3-4 months were randomly distributed into four groups (one control and 3 experimental ) each including 8 animals. The rats were euthanized 3, 6 or 9 weeks following the procedure. The changes in trough length and the taste buds structure and number of both sides of CVP were investigated using routine histological examination followed by statistical analysis. Results: the trough toward the extraction side was obviously shorter with a noticeable decrease of taste buds’ number than the non-extraction side. Taste buds were reduced in size and most of them showed signs of degeneration which was more evident in group II followed by group III, less deformity detected in group IV in comparison to the preceding 2 experimental groups. the non-extraction side of all experimental groups showed normal trough length and generally normal histology of taste buds. Conclusions: Maxillary molars extraction has a degenerative effect on the structure of taste buds and gustatory epithelium which were more marked at the extraction side and showed improvement upon elongation of follow up period

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Kumarhia, Devaki, Lianying He e Lynnette Phillips McCluskey. "Inflammatory stimuli acutely modulate peripheral taste function". Journal of Neurophysiology 115, n. 6 (1 giugno 2016): 2964–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.01104.2015.

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Inflammation-mediated changes in taste perception can affect health outcomes in patients, but little is known about the underlying mechanisms. In the present work, we hypothesized that proinflammatory cytokines directly modulate Na+ transport in taste buds. To test this, we measured acute changes in Na+ flux in polarized fungiform taste buds loaded with a Na+ indicator dye. IL-1β elicited an amiloride-sensitive increase in Na+ transport in taste buds. In contrast, TNF-α dramatically and reversibly decreased Na+ flux in polarized taste buds via amiloride-sensitive and amiloride-insensitive Na+ transport systems. The speed and partial amiloride sensitivity of these changes in Na+ flux indicate that IL-1β and TNF-α modulate epithelial Na+ channel (ENaC) function. A portion of the TNF-mediated decrease in Na+ flux is also blocked by the TRPV1 antagonist capsazepine, although TNF-α further reduced Na+ transport independently of both amiloride and capsazepine. We also assessed taste function in vivo in a model of infection and inflammation that elevates these and additional cytokines. In rats administered systemic lipopolysaccharide (LPS), CT responses to Na+ were significantly elevated between 1 and 2 h after LPS treatment. Low, normally preferred concentrations of NaCl and sodium acetate elicited high response magnitudes. Consistent with this outcome, codelivery of IL-1β and TNF-α enhanced Na+ flux in polarized taste buds. These results demonstrate that inflammation elicits swift changes in Na+ taste function, which may limit salt consumption during illness.

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Tizzano, Marco, e Thomas E. Finger. "Chemosensors in the Nose: Guardians of the Airways". Physiology 28, n. 1 (gennaio 2013): 51–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/physiol.00035.2012.

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Abstract (sommario):

The G-protein-coupled receptor molecules and downstream effectors that are used by taste buds to detect sweet, bitter, and savory tastes are also utilized by chemoresponsive cells of the airways to detect irritants. Here, we describe the different cell types in the airways that utilize taste-receptor signaling to trigger protective epithelial and neural responses to potentially dangerous toxins and bacterial infection.

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Bigiani, Albertino. "Mouse Taste Cells With Glialike Membrane Properties". Journal of Neurophysiology 85, n. 4 (1 aprile 2001): 1552–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.2001.85.4.1552.

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Abstract (sommario):

Taste buds are sensory structures made up by tightly packed, specialized epithelial cells called taste cells. Taste cells are functionally heterogeneous, and a large proportion of them fire action potentials during chemotransduction. In view of the narrow intercellular spaces within the taste bud, it is expected that the ionic composition of the extracellular fluid surrounding taste cells may be altered significantly by activity. This consideration has led to postulate the existence of glialike cells that could control the microenvironment in taste buds. However, the functional identification of such cells has been so far elusive. By using the patch-clamp technique in voltage-clamp conditions, I identified a new type of cells in the taste buds of the mouse vallate papilla. These cells represented about 30% of cells patched in taste buds and were characterized by a large leakage current. Accordingly, I named them “Leaky” cells. The leakage current was carried by K+, and was blocked by Ba2+ but not by tetraethylammonium (TEA). Other taste cells, such as those possessing voltage-gated Na+ currents and thought to be chemosensory in function, did not express any sizeable leakage current. Consistent with the presence of a leakage conductance, Leaky cells had a low input resistance (∼0.25 GΩ). In addition, their zero-current (“resting”) potential was close to the equilibrium potential for potassium ions. The electrophysiological analysis of the membrane currents remaining after pharmacological block by Ba2+ revealed that Leaky cells also possessed a Cl− conductance. However, in resting conditions the membrane of these cells was about 60 times more permeable to K+ than to Cl−. The resting potassium conductance in Leaky cells could be involved in dissipating rapidly the increase in extracellular K+ during action potential discharge in chemosensory cells. Thus Leaky cells might represent glialike elements in taste buds. These findings support a model in which specific cells control the chemical composition of intercellular fluid in taste buds.

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Bahuguna, S. N., Suman Khatri, Ashish K. Chowdhary e Garima Bahuguna. "Ontogeny of feeding and digestive system in cobitidian fish Noemacheilus montanus (McClelland)". Environment Conservation Journal 13, n. 3 (20 dicembre 2012): 33–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.36953/ecj.2012.130306.

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Noemacheilus montanus is a bottom feeder water tracer fish of Himalayan region. The fish moves within the minute water capillaries in the mountain region and inhabited in small tributaries of hill stream. The incubation period spanned over 40-45 hour. After 1st day post-hatching the mouth was opened and upper and lower lips were distinguished. By second day post hatching taste buds were developed on both the lips. The larvae show rudiments of barbels on second day and which continue to grow and by 5th day post hatching these acquire slender and long shapes with many taste buds scattered all over the surface. The large numbers of taste buds secrete huge amount of mucous which is morpho-ecological adaptation in these larvae for movement as well as this protect the larvae in their habited zone. Various taste buds are also located on the upper and lower lips which are heterogeneous in shape. These taste buds greatly help this loach to locate the food and render this fish with carni-omnivorous habit enabling them to be the scavengers of the water body where they live. The pharyngeal region was distinguished from the buccal cavity by the development of the gill structure evident by 1st days post-hatch which are also having a large number of taste buds and mucous cells. These are helpful to take movement as well as respiration in the environment having less amount of water.

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