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Articoli di riviste sul tema "Synthetic musk"

Autore: Grafiati

Pubblicato: 7 dicembre 2024

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1

Walczak, Maria Zofia, Angelika Ziaja e Magdalena Nowak. "Natural Musk and Synthetic Musk Analogues". Farmacja Polska 80, n. 2 (26 giugno 2024): 91–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.32383/farmpol/189362.

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Wprowadzenie: Już w czasach antycznych piżmo było cenionym surowcem zapachowym, który chętnie stosowano w kosmetykach, zapewniając produktom charakterystyczny i niepowtarzalny zapach. Naturalne piżmo pozyskiwane od samców jelenia piżmowego (Moschus berezovskii, Moschus sifanicus, Moschus moschiferus) było ważnym składnikiem recepturowym tradycyjnej medycyny chińskiej i tybetańskiej. W zachowanych recepturach znajdowane są opisy piżma jako składnika preparatów złożonych, stosowanych do reanimacji, poprawy krążenia krwi i łagodzenia bólu. Z uwagi na ochronę gatunkową jeleni piżmowych wprowadzono na rynek perfumeryjny syntetyczne analogi piżma, które wykazują podobne do piżm naturalnych właściwości zapachowe z zachowaniem niższych kosztów produkcji. Obecnie, w przemyśle kosmetycznym najczęściej stosowane są galaksolid, tonalid oraz piżmo T. Cel pracy: Celem pracy jest charakterystyka piżma naturalnego oraz syntetycznych analogów piżma w aspekcie oceny bezpieczeństwa tych związków oraz ich wpływu na organizm ludzki i środowisko naturalne. Metodyka badań: W ramach pracy dokonano przeglądu baz naukowych Scopus, PubMed, PubChem, Google Scholar, Wiley Online Library, Web of Science używając słów kluczowych, takich jak natural musk, synthetic musk, muscone, galaxolide, tonalide, musk T, safety profile, environment, adverse effects, pharmacological effects, GHS classification. Jako syntetyczne analogi piżma wybrano związki nitrowe, policykliczne, makrocykliczne oraz alicykliczne. Wyniki: Syntetyczne analogi piżma różnią się właściwościami fizykochemicznymi, trwałością, zdolnością do bioakumulacji w organizmie człowieka i środowisku naturalnym oraz profilem bezpieczeństwa. Wnioski: Z uwagi na szerokie zastosowanie syntetycznych analogów piżma w wielu produktach kosmetycznych i środkach gospodarstwa domowego, zróżnicowane właściwości fizykochemiczne, zdolność do kumulacji w tkance tłuszczowej i mleku ludzkim oraz długi czas wymagany do degradacji w środowisku naturalnym, syntetyczne analogi piżma powinny być przedmiotem zaawansowanych badań, szczególnie pod kątem oceny bezpieczeństwa.

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Zhao, Xueqi. "Chemical Constitutions of Natural Musk and Research Progress of Synthetic Musk". Highlights in Science, Engineering and Technology 55 (9 luglio 2023): 199–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/hset.v55i.9958.

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Natural musk, which is released by adult male musk deer, has vital use in medicine, cosmetics, detergents, and other fields. This paper has mentioned that as a result of its predominant composition of macrocyclic ketones, pyridine, alcohols, fatty acids, polypeptides (PEP-tides), proteins, and other desired but uncommon substances, synthetic musk was created. The synthetic musk has been divided into four groups based on its chemical composition: nitrogen-containing musks (NMs), polycyclic musks (PMs), macrocyclic musks (MMs), and alicyclic musk or linear musk (AMs). The history of the creation of compounds with musk odor, the development of four different types of synthetic musk, and the negative impact of NMs, MMs, and PMs had all been mentioned in this article. Also, the creation and use of these different musks have all been discussed in this work. Synthetic musk still struggles with the cost of production and is unable to synthesize all of the components from genuine musk. Thus, there is still a lot of potential for the development of synthetic musk.

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Marchal, Mónica, e Joaquín Beltran. "Determination of synthetic musk fragrances". International Journal of Environmental Analytical Chemistry 96, n. 13 (20 ottobre 2016): 1213–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03067319.2016.1249479.

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4

Peck, Aaron M., e Keri C. Hornbuckle. "Synthetic Musk Fragrances in Lake Michigan". Environmental Science & Technology 38, n. 2 (gennaio 2004): 367–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es034769y.

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5

Upadhyay, Nabin, Qinyue Sun, Jonathan O. Allen, Paul Westerhoff e Pierre Herckes. "Synthetic musk emissions from wastewater aeration basins". Water Research 45, n. 3 (gennaio 2011): 1071–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2010.10.024.

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6

Wong, Fiona, Matthew Robson, Lisa Melymuk, Chubashini Shunthirasingham, Nick Alexandrou, Mahiba Shoeib, Edmund Luk, Paul Helm, Miriam L. Diamond e Hayley Hung. "Urban sources of synthetic musk compounds to the environment". Environmental Science: Processes & Impacts 21, n. 1 (2019): 74–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8em00341f.

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7

Peck, Aaron M., John R. Kucklick e Michele M. Schantz. "Synthetic musk fragrances in environmental Standard Reference Materials". Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry 387, n. 7 (12 agosto 2006): 2381–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00216-006-0671-3.

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8

Katuri, Guru Prasad, Xinghua Fan, Shabana Siddique, Cariton Kubwabo, Ivana Kosarac, Shelley A. Harris e Warren G. Foster. "A Selective and Sensitive Gas Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry Method for Quantitation of Synthetic Musks in Human Serum". Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 103, n. 6 (10 aprile 2020): 1461–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoacint/qsaa051.

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Abstract (sommario):

Abstract Background Synthetic musk compounds are widely used as fragrances in many consumer products; however, information on human exposure and health effects is limited. Also, analytical methods for their quantification in biological matrices are limited. Objective In this study, an integrated method was developed and validated for the analysis of selected synthetic musk compounds in human serum. Method The method is based on liquid-liquid extraction (LLE), sample clean-up by solid-phase extraction (SPE), and separation and detection by gas chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS). Results The method demonstrated good recoveries (86–105%) and high sensitivity, with low method detection limits (MDLs) ranging from 0.04 to 0.17 µg/L. The method was applied to the analysis of 10 synthetic musk compounds in 40 serum samples collected from Canadian women aged 20–44 years (20 individual samples collected in 2014 and 20 pooled samples collected in 2006). The most commonly detected compound was Galaxolide (HHCB), with median concentrations of 0.59 µg/L in samples collected in 2006, and 0.34 µg/L for samples collected in 2014. Musk ketone (MK) was not detected in any of the samples collected in 2006, but was detected in 60% of the samples collected in 2014 with a median concentration of 0.29 µg/L. Tonalide (AHTN) was detected in only one sample above its MDL (0.12 µg/L). Conclusions This is the first study in Canada to report levels of synthetic musks in human. The data generated from this study has been used in risk screening assessment by Environment and Climate Change Canada and Health Canada.

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Lee, In-Seok, Sung-Hee Lee e Jeong-Eun Oh. "Occurrence and fate of synthetic musk compounds in water environment". Water Research 44, n. 1 (gennaio 2010): 214–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2009.08.049.

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Reiner, Jessica L., Chung M. Wong, Kathleen F. Arcaro e Kurunthachalam Kannan. "Synthetic Musk Fragrances in Human Milk from the United States". Environmental Science & Technology 41, n. 11 (giugno 2007): 3815–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es063088a.

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11

McGregor, Rick, e Grant Carey. "The in situ treatment of synthetic musk fragrances in groundwater". Remediation Journal 29, n. 3 (giugno 2019): 39–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/rem.21602.

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12

Luckenbach, Till, Ilaria Corsi e David Epel. "Fatal attraction: Synthetic musk fragrances compromise multixenobiotic defense systems in mussels". Marine Environmental Research 58, n. 2-5 (agosto 2004): 215–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marenvres.2004.03.017.

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Peck, Aaron M., Emily K. Linebaugh e Keri C. Hornbuckle. "Synthetic Musk Fragrances in Lake Erie and Lake Ontario Sediment Cores". Environmental Science & Technology 40, n. 18 (settembre 2006): 5629–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es060134y.

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14

Kallenborn, Roland, Robert Gatermann, Sissel Planting, Gerhard G. Rimkus, Margrete Lund, Martin Schlabach e Ivan C. Burkow. "Gas chromatographic determination of synthetic musk compounds in Norwegian air samples". Journal of Chromatography A 846, n. 1-2 (giugno 1999): 295–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0021-9673(99)00259-9.

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15

Wang, Feng-ling, Ying Zhou, Ya-wen Guo, Li-yin Zou, Xiao-lan Zhang e Xiang-ying Zeng. "Spatial and temporal distribution characteristics of synthetic musk in Suzhou Creek". Journal of Shanghai University (English Edition) 14, n. 4 (31 luglio 2010): 306–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11741-010-0649-3.

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16

Carlsson, G., e L. Norrgren. "Synthetic Musk Toxicity to Early Life Stages of Zebrafish (Danio rerio)". Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 46, n. 1 (gennaio 2004): 102–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00244-003-2288-2.

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Seo, Chang-Dong, Hee-Jong Son, Hoon-Sik Yoom, Sang-Won Lee e Dong-Chun Ryu. "Removal Characteristics of Synthetic Musk Compounds in Water by Ozone Treatment". Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers 34, n. 2 (29 febbraio 2012): 73–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.4491/ksee.2012.34.2.073.

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18

Quednow, Kristin, e Wilhelm Püttmann. "Organophosphates and Synthetic Musk Fragrances in Freshwater Streams in Hessen/Germany". CLEAN – Soil, Air, Water 36, n. 1 (gennaio 2008): 70–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/clen.200700023.

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Rimkus, Gerhard G., Werner Butte e Harald J. Geyer. "Critical considerations on the analysis and bioaccumulation of musk xylene and other synthetic nitro musks in fish". Chemosphere 35, n. 7 (ottobre 1997): 1497–507. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0045-6535(97)00210-5.

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20

Arruda, Vitória, Manuel Simões e Inês B. Gomes. "Synthetic Musk Fragrances in Water Systems and Their Impact on Microbial Communities". Water 14, n. 5 (22 febbraio 2022): 692. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w14050692.

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Abstract (sommario):

The presence of emerging contaminants in aquatic systems and their potential effects on ecosystems have sparked the interest of the scientific community with a consequent increase in their report. Moreover, the presence of emerging contaminants in the environment should be assessed through the “One-Health” approach since all the living organisms are exposed to those contaminants at some point and several works already reported their impact on ecological interactions. There are a wide variety of concerning emerging contaminants in water sources, such as pharmaceuticals, personal care products, house-care products, nanomaterials, fire-retardants, and all the vast number of different compounds of indispensable use in routine tasks. Synthetic musks are examples of fragrances used in the formulation of personal and/or house-care products, which may potentially cause significant ecotoxicological concerns. However, there is little-to-no information regarding the effect of synthetic musks on microbial communities. This study reviews the presence of musk fragrances in drinking water and their impact on aquatic microbial communities, with a focus on the role of biofilms in aquatic systems. Moreover, this review highlights the research needed for a better understating of the impact of non-pharmaceutical contaminants in microbial populations and public health.

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Vallecillos, Laura, Francesc Borrull e Eva Pocurull. "Recent approaches for the determination of synthetic musk fragrances in environmental samples". TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry 72 (ottobre 2015): 80–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.trac.2015.03.022.

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Chase, Darcy A., Adcharee Karnjanapiboonwong, Yu Fang, George P. Cobb, Audra N. Morse e Todd A. Anderson. "Occurrence of synthetic musk fragrances in effluent and non-effluent impacted environments". Science of The Total Environment 416 (febbraio 2012): 253–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2011.11.067.

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23

Duedahl-Olesen, Lene, Tommy Cederberg, Karin Høgsbro Pedersen e Arne Højgård. "Synthetic musk fragrances in trout from Danish fish farms and human milk". Chemosphere 61, n. 3 (ottobre 2005): 422–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2005.02.004.

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Lee, In-Jung, Chul-Gu Lee, Seong-Nam Heo e Jae-Gwan Lee. "Occurrence of Synthetic Musk Compounds in Surface and Waste Waters in Korea". Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers 33, n. 11 (30 novembre 2011): 821–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4491/ksee.2011.33.11.821.

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25

Monteith, Hugh. "Into Thin Air? Where do Synthetic Musk Fragrances Go during Wastewater Treatment?" Proceedings of the Water Environment Federation 2007, n. 6 (29 luglio 2007): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.2175/193864707786542715.

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Lange, Claudia, Bertram Kuch e Jörg W. Metzger. "Occurrence and fate of synthetic musk fragrances in a small German river". Journal of Hazardous Materials 282 (gennaio 2015): 34–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2014.06.027.

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27

Lee, Hing-Biu, Thomas E. Peart e Kurtis Sarafin. "Occurrence of Polycyclic and Nitro Musk Compounds in Canadian Sludge and Wastewater Samples". Water Quality Research Journal 38, n. 4 (1 novembre 2003): 683–702. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wqrj.2003.043.

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Abstract Fragrances such as synthetic musk compounds are commonly used as additives in a wide range of consumer and personal-care products. At the end of their life cycle, most of these compounds will end up in municipal sewage systems. In this work, we report the occurrence of selected polycyclic and nitro musk compounds in sewage sludge, influent, effluent, as well as some industrial wastewater samples collected in Canada. A newly developed supercritical carbon dioxide extraction technique was used for the extraction of residual musk fragrances in the sludge. Final analysis was performed by gas chromatography/ mass spectrometry (GC/MS) using electron-impact and methane negative ion chemical ionization techniques. The results indicated that Galaxolide® (HHCB), Tonalide® (AHTN), musk xylene (MX), and musk ketone (MK) were the most common musk compounds in the Canadian environment, as they were found in every sample in this study. In the same sludge sample, levels of HHCB and AHTN (ranging from 1.3 to 26.7 μg/g) were often found to be about 1000 times higher than those of MX and MK (ranging from 1.4 to 422 ng/g). Similarly, in the sewage influent and effluent collected in Ontario, the levels of HHCB and AHTN (ranging from 159 to 2411 ng/L) were much higher than those of MX and MK (ranging from 1 to 84 ng/L). The levels of musk compounds varied widely in industrial wastewaters. In one sample collected from a detergent manufacturer, the levels of HHCB, AHTN, MX, and MK were found to be 54,200, 13,300, 5480, and 2.2 ng/L, respectively. It was also noted that the levels of MX and MK observed in the samples collected from the commercial laundries in Toronto were significantly higher than those found in domestic sewage.

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Sang, Wenjing, Yalei Zhang, Xuefei Zhou e T. C. Zhang. "Spatial and seasonal distribution of synthetic musks in sewage treatment plants of Shanghai, China". Water Science and Technology 66, n. 1 (1 luglio 2012): 201–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2012.158.

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As one kind of emerging contaminant, synthetic musks (SMs) are commonly used in varying amounts in many personal care products and have been detected in different environmental systems. Occurrence and fate of four common SMs [galaxolide (HHCB), tonalide (AHTN), musk xylene (MX) and musk ketone (MK)] were studied in different sewage treatment plants (STPs) of Shanghai, China among different seasons. Results showed that total dissolved concentrations of the four SMs were 536–3,173 ng/L in influent, 351–2,595 ng/L in effluent and 147–6,839 μg/kg dry weights in sludge. The SM concentrations varied with input sources, STP treatment processes, usage patterns, and different seasons or surveyed years of consumption. There was no significant removal of SMs in most of the sewage samples of the four STPs. Significant positive correlations were observed between concentrations of HHCB and AHTN (R2 = 0.9062, n = 12, p< 0.05), HHCB and MK (R2 = 0.7471, n = 8, p< 0.05), as well as AHTN and MK (R2 = 0.9321, n = 8, p< 0.05) in sludge samples.

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Osemwengie, Lantis I. "Determination of synthetic musk compounds in sewage biosolids by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry". Journal of Environmental Monitoring 8, n. 9 (2006): 897. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/b603113g.

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Garcı́a-Jares, Carmen, Marı́a Llompart, Marı́a Polo, Carmen Salgado, Susana Macı́as e Rafael Cela. "Optimisation of a solid-phase microextraction method for synthetic musk compounds in water". Journal of Chromatography A 963, n. 1-2 (luglio 2002): 277–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0021-9673(02)00649-0.

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Seo, Chang-Dong, Hee-Jong Son, Hoon-Sik Yoom, Dong-Hoon Choi e Dong-Choon Ryu. "Synthetic Musk Compounds Removal Using Biological Activated Carbon Process in Drinking Water Treatment". Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers 34, n. 3 (30 marzo 2012): 195–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.4491/ksee.2012.34.3.195.

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Wombacher, William D., e Keri C. Hornbuckle. "Synthetic Musk Fragrances in a Conventional Drinking Water Treatment Plant with Lime Softening". Journal of Environmental Engineering 135, n. 11 (novembre 2009): 1192–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)ee.1943-7870.0000085.

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Ramos, Sara, Vera Homem e Lúcia Santos. "Analytical methodology to screen UV-filters and synthetic musk compounds in market tomatoes". Chemosphere 238 (gennaio 2020): 124605. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.124605.

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Hu, Zhengjun, Yali Shi, Shengxiao Zhang, Hongyun Niu e Yaqi Cai. "Assessment of Synthetic Musk Fragrances in Seven Wastewater Treatment Plants of Beijing, China". Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 86, n. 3 (11 febbraio 2011): 302–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00128-011-0215-1.

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Homem, Vera, José Avelino Silva, Nuno Ratola, Lúcia Santos e Arminda Alves. "Prioritisation approach to score and rank synthetic musk compounds for environmental risk assessment". Journal of Chemical Technology & Biotechnology 90, n. 9 (29 gennaio 2015): 1619–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jctb.4628.

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Nair, J., H. Ohshima, C. Malaveille, M. Friesen, I. K. O'Neill, A. Hautefeuille e H. Bartsch. "Identification, occurrence and mutagenicity in Salmonella typhimurium of two synthetic nitroarenes, musk ambrette and musk xylene, in Indian chewing tobacco and betel quid". Food and Chemical Toxicology 24, n. 1 (gennaio 1986): 27–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0278-6915(86)90260-7.

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Nakata, Haruhiko. "Occurrence of Synthetic Musk Fragrances in Marine Mammals and Sharks from Japanese Coastal Waters". Environmental Science & Technology 39, n. 10 (maggio 2005): 3430–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es050199l.

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Chittiteeranon, Putcharin, Suganya Soontaros e Piamsook Pongsawasdi. "Preparation and characterization of inclusion complexes containing fixolide, a synthetic musk fragrance and cyclodextrins". Journal of Inclusion Phenomena and Macrocyclic Chemistry 57, n. 1-4 (30 gennaio 2007): 69–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10847-006-9219-6.

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Castro, Óscar, Laura Trabalón, Beat Schilling, Francesc Borrull e Eva Pocurull. "Solid phase microextraction Arrow for the determination of synthetic musk fragrances in fish samples". Journal of Chromatography A 1591 (aprile 2019): 55–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2019.01.032.

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PECK, A., e K. HORNBUCKLE. "Synthetic musk fragrances in urban and rural air of Iowa and the Great Lakes". Atmospheric Environment 40, n. 32 (ottobre 2006): 6101–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2006.05.058.

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Hu, Zhengjun, Yali Shi, Hongyun Niu e Yaqi Cai. "Synthetic musk fragrances and heavy metals in snow samples of Beijing urban area, China". Atmospheric Research 104-105 (febbraio 2012): 302–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2011.09.002.

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Gatermann, R., S. Biselli, H. Hühnerfuss, G. G. Rimkus, M. Hecker e L. Karbe. "Synthetic Musks in the Environment. Part 1: Species-Dependent Bioaccumulation of Polycyclic and Nitro Musk Fragrances in Freshwater Fish and Mussels". Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 42, n. 4 (1 maggio 2002): 437–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00244-001-0041-2.

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43

Jo, Jungmin, Eunjin Lee, Na Rae Choi, Ji Yi Lee, Jae Won Yoo, Dong Sik Ahn e Yun Gyong Ahn. "Comparison of Sample Preparation and Detection Methods for the Quantification of Synthetic Musk Compounds (SMCs) in Carp Fish Samples". Molecules 29, n. 22 (19 novembre 2024): 5444. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules29225444.

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Abstract (sommario):

This study deals with the separation and detection methods for 12 synthetic musk compounds (SMCs), which are some of the emerging contaminants in fish samples, are widely present in environmental media, and can be considered serious risks due to their harmful effects. For the separation of co-extracted substances and the target SMCs in fish samples after ultrasonic extraction, four solid-phase extraction (SPE) sorbents were investigated. The recoveries of SMCs from 10 mL of eluent, as optimized by the elution profile, were within the acceptable range of 80–120% in all SPE types, and it was found that nitro musk and polycyclic musk compounds were separated more clearly in Florisil SPE than others (Aminopropyl, Alumina-N, PSA). Furthermore, the results of measuring the matrix effects by each SPE through the spiking experiments showed that Florisil SPE was superior. The comparison of a gas chromatograph-single quadrupole mass spectrometer (GC-SQ/MS) with selected ion monitoring (SIM) mode and GC-triple quadrupole mass spectrometer (GC-QqQ-MS/MS) with multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) modes regarding the detection method of SMCs showed that the method detection limits (MDLs) of SMCs were on average ten times lower when GC-QqQ-MS/MS with MRM mode was used. The differences between the two methods can provide essential information for selecting an analytical method in related research fields that require appropriate detection levels, such as risk assessment or pollution control.

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Hong, Ju-Hee, Jun-Yeon Lee, Hyun-Ju Ha, Jin-Hyo Lee, Seok-Ryul Oh, Young-Min Lee, Mok-Young Lee e Kyung-Duk Zoh. "Occurrence and Sources of Synthetic Musk Fragrances in the Sewage Treatment Plants and the Han River, Korea". Water 13, n. 4 (3 febbraio 2021): 392. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13040392.

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Abstract (sommario):

Levels of synthetic musk fragrances (SMFs) and various personal care products (PCPs) were measured in the Han River and its tributaries in Seoul, Korea. The most abundant SMF in all river and PCP samples was 4,6,6,7,8,8-hexamethyl-1,3,4,7-tetrahydrocyclopenta(g)sochromene (HHCB), followed by 1-(3,5,5,6,8,8-hexamethyl-6,7-dihydronaphthalen-2-yl)ethanone (AHTN), musk ketone (MK), and 1,1,2,3,3-pentamethyl-2,5,6,7-tetrahydroinden-4-one (DPMI). The most abundant SMF in both PCPs and the Han River samples was HHCB, followed by AHTN. Moving from upstream to downstream in the Han River, the median SMF concentration was 6.756, 2.945, 0.304, and 0.141 μg/L in the sewage treatment plant (STP) influents, effluents, tributaries, and mainstream, respectively, implying that effective SMF removal was achieved during the sewage treatment process, followed by dilution in the receiving water. Four STPs using advanced biological treatment processes had removal efficiencies of 58.5%, 56.8%, and 38.1% for HHCB, AHTN, and MK, respectively. The highest SMF concentrations in the tributaries were observed at locations close to the STPs. Our study confirmed that the main source of SMFs in the receiving water were sewage effluents containing untreated SMFs, which largely originate from household PCPs, especially hair care products (e.g., shampoo) and perfumes.

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45

Thomas, S. M., A. A. Bodour, K. E. Murray e E. C. Inniss. "Sorption behavior of a synthetic antioxidant, polycyclic musk, and an organophosphate insecticide in wastewater sludge". Water Science and Technology 60, n. 1 (1 luglio 2009): 145–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2009.284.

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Emerging contaminants (ECs) are chemicals that are currently unregulated due to limited understanding of health effects and limited data regarding occurrence. Wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) receive many ECs as components of influent waste and the removal of organic contaminants, such as ECs, occurs primarily by sorption to sludge. Therefore, it is important to develop measures of sorption behavior by ECs to sludge. This study evaluates sorption of three ECs: 3-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyanisole (BHA) a synthetic antioxidant, 1,3,4,6,7,8-hexahydro-4,6,6,7,8,8-hexamethyl-cyclopenta(g)-2-benzopyrane (HHCB) a polycyclic musk, and chlorpyrifos a organophosphate insecticide. Twenty-four hour laboratory-scale sorption experiments were conducted for each compound individually and then in combination, which allowed the quantification of sorption onto wastewater sludge and the affects of multiple compounds. ECs in both the liquid and solid phases were analyzed using a gas chromatograph with flame ionization detector (GC/FID). Isotherms of individual sorption behavior followed a linear trend (R2>0.9) for individual ECs, while Kd averaged 2,689 L kg−1, 27,786 L kg−1 and 31,402 L kg−1 for BHA, chlorpyrifos and HHCB, respectively. Sorption behavior for BHA was linear during combined studies with Kd of 1,766 L kg−1 or a decrease of 34%, while HHCB and chlorpyrifos followed non-linear isotherm models. Synergistic effects were observed with spike concentrations ≥25 mg L−1 for HHCB and ≥20 mg L−1 for chlorpyrifos. Kd values ranged from 16,984–6,000,000 L kg−1 for HHCB and 19,536–3,000,000 L kg−1 for chlorpyrifos. These distribution coefficients differed substantially from previously published values, mainly because few studies used sludge as the sorption media. Results suggest that HHCB and chlorpyrifos may be contained in the sludge unlike BHA, which is more available in the aqueous phase. Future investigations should evaluate WWTP processes for degrading ECs to harmless products and releases of ECs from sludge.

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Rüdel, Heinz, Walter Böhmer e Christa Schröter-Kermani. "Retrospective monitoring of synthetic musk compounds in aquatic biota from German rivers and coastal areas". J. Environ. Monit. 8, n. 8 (2006): 812–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/b602389b.

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47

Wollenberger, Leah, Magnus Breitholtz, Kresten Ole Kusk e Bengt-Erik Bengtsson. "Inhibition of larval development of the marine copepod Acartia tonsa by four synthetic musk substances". Science of The Total Environment 305, n. 1-3 (aprile 2003): 53–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0048-9697(02)00471-0.

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48

Balci, Esin, Mesut Genisoglu, Sait C. Sofuoglu e Aysun Sofuoglu. "Indoor air partitioning of Synthetic Musk Compounds: Gas, particulate matter, house dust, and window film". Science of The Total Environment 729 (agosto 2020): 138798. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138798.

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49

Gatermann, R., S. Biselli, H. Hühnerfuss, G. G. Rimkus, S. Franke, M. Hecker, R. Kallenborn, L. Karbe e W. A. König. "Synthetic Musks in the Environment. Part 2: Enantioselective Transformation of the Polycyclic Musk Fragrances HHCB, AHTN, AHDI, and ATII in Freshwater Fish". Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 42, n. 4 (1 maggio 2002): 447–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00244-001-0042-1.

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50

Košnář, Zdeněk, Filip Mercl, Abraham Demelash Chane, Lorenzo Pierdonà, Pavel Míchal e Pavel Tlustoš. "Occurrence of synthetic polycyclic and nitro musk compounds in sewage sludge from municipal wastewater treatment plants". Science of The Total Environment 801 (dicembre 2021): 149777. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.149777.

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