Letteratura scientifica selezionata sul tema "Swedish language - Etymology"

The word krunn in the meaning of a certain hairdo first occurs in lexicographic sources as late as 1960. It had no etymology proposed until now. A source for this word is proposed – the Estonian-Swedish krún‘a crown; a cockscomb’. Although the short vowel and long consonant in the end is not strictly regular development, the etymology is confirmed with the original geographical distribution of the word in Estonian subdialects and parallel developments in other stems with a similarly affective meaning.

In this article, the names of Clupea harengus membras will be considered in Estonian, (Salaca) Livonian and Latvian (respectively räim, reńǵand reņģe ‘Baltic herring’). It will be shown that the source of all of these words is the Estonian-Swedish strämg (sträηg), or its preceding word shape *sträimg. The Latvian reņģe is borrowed from Estonian-Swedish through Salaca Livonian. Paul Ariste proposed an adequate etymology for the Estonian räim as early as 1933

This article is devoted to the question of the word lagom in the Swedish language and the culture of the ethnic group. The analysis revealed the etymology of the word lagom and described its role in the Swedish society, as well as presented the semantics of the word lagom with the support of its functioning at the level of the gastronomic discourse. The following research methods were used in the work: observation method, descriptive method and method of etymological analysis. The analysis of the material made it possible to conclude that the word lagom reflects the value attitudes developed by the historically developing social consciousness, the way of ethnic life, and the worldview. The word lagom , denoting the ideal amount, with the help of which the search for moderation in everything and balance in all spheres of life is carried out, has a direct bearing on gastronomy. The semantic structure of the word lagom in the Swedish gastronomic discourse is characterized by inconsistency.

Linguistics is, perhaps, the only field of scientific studies of two colleagues, who were companions on the Siberian journey – D. G. Messerschmidt and Ph. J. Strahlenberg – in which historians of science cannot reach the consensus on whom give the palm and title of the pioneer in the study of the languages of the Siberian peoples and whose contribution in the formation of comparative linguistics was more significant. The article presents the materials from the personal collection of the first researcher of Siberia, German scholar D. G. Messerschmidt, stored in the St. Petersburg Branch of the Archive of the Russian Academy of Sciences. It analyzes information about linguistic research conducted in the expedition of D. G. Messerschmidt (1719–1722) at the time when his Swedish companion Ph. J. Strahlenberg was on this voyage (till 1722). The research goal is to establish the degree of participation of both scholars in collecting and analyzing language materials. Comparison of the data from archival sources information contained in the book, published by Ph. J. Strahlenberg in Stockholm in 1730, shows that both German and Swedish researchers collected and processed language materials independently; they had different linguistic interests and research goals. For Ph. J. Strahlenberg, comparative language study and etymology issues were areas of his special interest; the priority of D. G. Messerschmidt lied in the purposeful and systematic compilation of natural science nomenclatures, comparative studies became the focus of his attention much later. At the same time, the research trajectories of the two traveling scholars inevitably intersected due to joint travel and long-time joint work – even if the travelers did not share their notes, they could not help but share ideas and conclusions.

The paper focuses on the name of the barbarian warlord that appears in the Slavic and (recently discovered) Armenian versions of the Life of St. Stephen of Sougdaia as Бравлинъ and Պրաւլիս /Praulis/, respectively. These forms seem to point to Πραῦλις or Μπραῦλις in the lost Greek Vorlage. None of the previous attempts at constructing an etymology of the name—Slavic бран(ъ)ливъ (Russian copies of the Life), Swedish Bråvalla (G. Vernadsky, N. Belyaev, and O. Pritsak), Indo-Aryan *pravlīn(а)- (O. Trubachev), Spanish Braulio (V. Vasilievsky), or Gothic *Bra(h)vila (N. Ganina)—may be considered satisfactory. Having revisited the historical and linguistic arguments, we suggest that the name given to the barbarian prince humbled by the miracle of St. Stephen in the Greek text of the Life represented, in fact, good Greek: Πραΰλιος or Πραῦλις (from πραΰς ‘mild, humble’); furthermore, we suggest that the positional voicing of Π- > Μπ- [b] in Late Middle Greek might account for the initial Б-/Պ- (West Armenian [b]) of the attested forms.

Background: Within nursing, the concepts of home and homelike have been used indiscriminately to describe characteristics of healthcare settings that resemble a home more than an institution. Objectives: The aim of this study was to investigate the concept of home ( hem in Swedish). The main questions were as follows: What does the concept of home entail etymologically and semantically? Of what significance is the meaning of the concept to caring science and nursing? Design and methods: This study had a qualitative design with a hermeneutical approach guided by Gadamer. Eriksson’s model of concept determination was partly used to determine the etymology and semantics, the essence and epistemic category of the concept of home. In this study, etymological dictionaries and 17 Swedish language dictionaries published between 1850 and 2001 were investigated. Ethical consideration: In all parts of this study, ethical guidelines have been followed concerning both gathering data from dictionaries and other sources and during the interpretation of these sources. Findings: The home, framed as the ethos of caring, can be drawn as a three-dimensional picture where the three dimensions have a common core, enclosed and inviolable. Symbolically, the picture of home can be seen as the ethos of the human being’s innermost room, the human being’s manner of being and the tone expressed in the external or abstract room where the human being lives and interacts with others. Conclusion: Based on the findings in this study, we conclude that home as ethos is an inner ethical dimension within the human being. Human beings who are in contact with their ethos, the self, feel at home and dare to follow the voice of their heart. Nurses who experience at-homeness have an ability to invite the patient into a caring relationship. The home and the feeling of being at home have significant meaning in terms of human beings’ health and well-being.

The paper presents an overview of words denoting units of measurement in the Finnish and Swedish languages. Comparative studies between these two languages seem relevant because they have been used in the neighboring regions and countries with a long history of political, cultural, and people-to-people interaction. First, the study describes metalexemes of space and distance in Swedish and Finnish. Next, using thesauri, topical dictionaries and corpora, the study applies the combination of quantitative and qualitative approaches to identify and evaluate pragmatics and communication context for utterances of measure words. Then, the paper identifies several categories of measurement words in the languages, taking etymology into consideration, such as traditional measures, SI-units, foreign units and analyzes their use in the contexts of corpora representing modern discourse. The paper highlights the differences and similarities in how Swedish and Finnish use different categories of the vocabulary items. The detailed analysis of contexts provides observations about collocations and topics of news where these measure words occur. Moreover, the study addresses the impact of Swedish and Russian on Finnish, due to the historical and political circumstances. According to the data studied, the study infers that Finnish and Swedish use all types of measurement words. However, the frequency, contexts of the occurrences and speech situations differ. Some categories tend to be used in a limited amount of topics, while others have no restrictions in usage. The study is expected to contribute to practical dimensions of working with the languages, namely teaching and translation.

ABSTRACTThe Swedish dialectal words nårot ‘worn-out’ and narg ‘a piece of wornout cloth’ have not been etymologically treated so far. I here connect them with a family of Balto-Finnic words, likewise still lacking an etymology: Finn. naarmu ˜ narvas (<*narwa−), Est. näru (<*narwo-) and narvas ˜ narmas, etc. In these Balto-Finnic words, the -v- has in most attested forms undergone a sound substitution to -m-, known to have taken place in some Germanic loan words in Balto-Finnic. I propose that the above dialectal Swedish words can be explained as old wō/wa–stems, related to West Germanic words like Ger. Narbe, OE nearwian ‘to constrain’, etc. Thus, it appears that Finn, narvas-, naarmu, Est. näru, etc. are Proto-Germanic loan words in Balto-Finnic, and that the words later died out in the Germanic languages, only to be retrievable through dialectal Norwegian and North Swedish data and reconstructable through comparison with the Balto-Finnic loan words.

Проблема лингвистической вариативности остается актуальной вследствие динамичности развития национального языка. Исследование фразеологических единиц библейской этимологии в аспекте вариативности приобретает в последнее время все бóльшую значимость, поскольку отмечается факт широкой употребительности фразеологизмов, восходящих к библейским текстам и сюжетам, в разных видах дискурса. Разнообразие вариантов библейских фразеологизмов требует отслеживания, организации и структуризации типов их варьирования. Цель – выделение типов вариативности английских фразеологических единиц библейского происхождения. Теоретической основой исследования является фразеологическая концепция, выдвинутая А. В. Куниным. Материалом исследования послужили данные фразеологических словарей: 1) двуязычный «Англо-русский фразеологический словарь» А. В. Кунина, 2) «Англо-немецко-шведский словарь библейской фразеологии» Т. Н. Федуленковой и др., 3) многоязычный фразеологический словарь «Лепта библейской мудрости» З. К. Адамия и др. Анализируемые контексты, содержащие библейские фразеологические варианты, были отобраны в основном из Британского национального корпуса (British National Corpus) и новостного подкорпуса News on the Web. В качестве методов исследования были использованы метод фразеологической идентификации фразеологизмов, метод структурного, компонентного и вариативного анализа фразеологизмов, метод количественного анализа и метод контекстуального анализа. В итоге было выяснено, что наряду с языковой вариантностью фразеологическая вариативность есть результат естественного развития языка как системы. Вариантность библейских фразеологизмов не отождествляется с фразеологической синонимией. Анализ отобранных фразеологических единиц библейского происхождения позволил выделить следующие типы вариантов: простые варианты и сложные варианты (например, субстантивно-квантитативные варианты, адъективно-квантитативные варианты, вербально-квантитативные варианты) фразеологических единиц. Внутри каждой из предлагаемых групп возможно подразделение на узуальные и окказиональные варианты. Простые варианты представлены лексическими вариантами (включающими субстантивные варианты, препозитивные варианты, препозитивно-субстантивные варианты, атрибутивные варианты, глагольные варианты); грамматическими вариантами (включая морфологические варианты и морфолого-синтаксические варианты); квантитативными вариантами (с усечением и добавлением компонентов). Сокращенные части фразеологической единицы могут быть представлены тремя видами (усечение начальной части фразеологической единицы; усечение конечной части фразологизма; смешанное усечение). Выделена группа квантитативных компаративных вариантов, в которых первый союз в результате регулярного усечения становится факультативным, что приводит к появлению квантитативно-вариативных пар. Выделен тип смешанного варьирования, подразумевающий происхождение вариантов путем многократных изменений. Субстантивно-квантитативные варианты образуются путем изменения субстантивного компонента совместно с варьированием структуры фразеологической единицы за счет ее расширения переменным компонентом с предлогом. Адъективно-квантитативные варианты представлены таким набором фразеологических единиц, в которых наблюдается количественная вариантность за счет расширения компонентного состава фразеологической единицы, а также замены адъективного компонента. С помощью корпусных данных было успешно выявлено предпочтение носителями языка одних вариантов идиом другим. Вывод заключается в том, что исследуемые фразеологические единицы библейского происхождения не являются статичными, а представляют собой живые, постоянно изменяющиеся языковые единицы, широко используемые в современной английской речи. Более того, как простая, так и сложная вариативность компонент­ного состава данного фразеологизма не оказывает значительного влияния на инвариант значения фразеологической единицы. The problem of linguistic variability remains acute due to the dynamism of national language development. The study of phraseological units of biblical etymology in the aspect of their variability has recently become increasingly significant, as the fact of wide use of phraseological units derived from biblical texts and stories in various types of discourse is noted. The diversity of variants of biblical phrases requires identifying, organising and structuring the types of their variation. The aim of the research is to identify new variants of biblical phraseological units that are widely used in various discourse types (fiction, media, publicistic, historical, political). Contexts that verify the resulting data of the research were borrowed from the British National Corpus (BNC), News on the Web (NOW) and electronic dictionary Reverso Context (RC). Language material for the research was extracted out of 3 phraseological dictionaries: 1) the bilingual “English-Russian phraseological dictionary” by Alexander V. Kunin, 2) “English-German-Swedish Dictionary of Biblical Phraseology” by Tatyana N. Fedulenkova and others, 3) the multilingual phraseological dictionary “The Mite of Biblical Wisdom” by Zoya K. Adamia and others. The research methods, namely the method of the phraseological identification, the method of the structural and componential analysis, the method of the quantitative analysis and the method of contextual analysis, allow to analyse 350 phraseological units of biblical origin that are actively used in modern English and identify a set of variants that include both usual and occasional simple variants, i.e. lexical and grammatical, quantitative variants of phraseological units and mixed or complex variants of phraseological units. It was found out that along with linguistic variation, phraseological variation is the result of the natural development of language as a system. Variation of biblical phraseological units is not equaled to phraseological synonymy. The analysis of selected biblical phraseological units allowed us to identify the following types of variants: simple variants and complex variants (e.g. substantive-quantitative variants, adjectival-quantitative variants, verbal-quantitative variants) of phraseological units. Within each of the given groups, a division into usual and occasional variants is made. Simple variants are represented by lexical variants (including substantive variants, prepositional variants, prepositional-substantive variants, attributive variants, verbal variants); grammatical variants (including morphological variants and morpho-syntactical variants); quantitative variants (with truncation and addition of components). Truncated parts of a phraseological unit may be represented by three types (truncation of the initial part of the phraseological unit; truncation of the final part of the phraseological unit; mixed truncation). A group of quantitative comparative variants is distinguished, in which the first conjunction (as) as a result of regular truncation becomes optional, resulting in quantitative-variative pairs. A type of mixed variation has been identified, implying the origin of variants by multiple modifications. Substantive-quantitative variants are formed by changing the substantive component together with varying the structure of the phraseological unit by expanding it with a variable component with a preposition. Adjectival-quantitative variants are formed as the result quantitative variation (expansion of the structure of the phraseological unit) coupled with the replacement of the adjectival element. With the help of corpus data, the preference of native speakers for some variants of idioms over others was successfully revealed. The conclusion is made that the studied phraseological units borrowed from the Bible are not static, but are ‘living’, constantly changing language units, widely used in modern English speech. Moreover, both simple and complex variation in the component composition of a given phraseological unit has no significant impact on the invariant meaning of the phraseological unit.

<p><em>Horned Finns</em>. The ‘cornuti Finni’ mentioned in the <em>Historia Norwegiae</em> have not found their explanation, because the Latin word <em>cornu</em>, from which the adjective is derived, has been understood in the strict sense of ‘horn on the head’. The Latin word, however, also means ‘hoof’ of horses or ‘cloven hoof’ of cows and goats, even of the mythologic Faunus and Pan. In December 1913 Kai Donner saw in Dudinka Avam-Samojeds, who because of their cylindrically shaped reindeer winter boots, the front of which was hoof-shaped, were called ‘hoofed men’ (in Finnish ‘kaviolliset miehet’). In the extracts of Aristeas of Proconnesus, who as early as about 625 B.C travelled in North-Eastern Asia, the <em>Aigipodes</em>, men with goats feet, are mentioned as inhabitants of Northern Siberia. In the first century A.D., Pomponius Mela knows <em>Hippopodes</em>, men with horse’s feet, in the Northmost Sarmatia. The three names, <em>cornuti Finni</em>,<em> Aigipodes</em> and <em>Hippopodes</em> find their explanation in the reindeer boots, necessary in the arctic climate. Recent photographs of the Ngasani and Nenets Samojed show that this kind of boots are still used. The fact that some arctic peoples have since ancient times got their nickname from their boots, which made them look like hoofed animals, makes it necessary to reconsider the origin of the names Lapp and Finn, the etymology of which is unclear. As the Swedish <em>lapp</em>, earlier form of modern <em>labb</em>, is of Indogermanic origin and has in several languages the meaning of the foot of a quadruped animal, it seems that the name Lapp, considered as abusive by the Sami, belongs to the arctic names given to people who because of their boots looked like men with goat’s or horse’s feet and were called, as Donner heard it, ‘hoofed men’. It remains an open question whether the ethnonym <em>Fenni</em> / <em>Finni</em> may be of similar origin.</p>

The thesis consists of the following papers: (1) Tre ortnamn på Spöl-. (Tre Kulturer. 2. Medlemsbokför Johan Nordlander-sällskapet tillägnad minnet av Roland Otterbjörk 1925-1984. Umeå 1985. ISSN 0281-9546.) (2) Ortnamnen i Västerbottens län. Del 14, Vännäs kommun, A Bebyggelsenamn. Umeå 1986. ISBN 91-86372-10-6. (Övre Norrlands ortnamn. ISSN 0348-7237.) (3) Studier över yngre nybyggesnamn i Västerbottens län, särskilt i Vännäs socken. Umeå 1986. ISBN 91-7174-237-9. (Nordsvenska. 2. Skrifter utgivna av Institutionen för nordiska språk vid Umeå uni­versitet. ISSN 0282-7182.) The chief aim of the thesis is to describe and etymologize the habitative names in the parish of Vännäs in the county of Västerbotten, northern Sweden. The material used consists of place-name forms recorded in the local dialects. The material forms the basis of the author's hypotheses concerning sound changes and morphological changes and the original significance of the various place-names. The hypotheses have been tested by confronting them with historical data concerning the settlement of the area, with linguistic material, with parallel place-names and with topographical data. The purpose of the third paper is to draw further conclusions about the naming of the younger settlements (i.e. settlements from the 18th and the 19th centuries) in the county of Västerbotten as a whole. To shed light on this problem a large number of similar younger habitative names in the area have been examined. The main result of this study is that a number of the second elements of these names can be considered topographically non-motivated and suffixlike. Another result is that the interference from the authorities concerning the direct naming of the young settlements is pro­bably insignificant.
digitalisering@umu

The aim of this paper is to briefly clarify the categorization and usage of kinship terms in American and British English in comparison with the Swedish kinship terms, both considering the vocative use and the referential function. There will also be a comparison with previous studies. The Swedish language contains considerably more detailed definitions for kinship. By choosing mostly informants with experience of both language cultures, this paper will investigate and explore whether English speakers themselves experience this as a lack of kinship vocabulary, and in what circumstances supplementary explanation is needed to clarify the identities of referents and addressees.  It will further be established how and when the use of such terms can give rise to misunderstandings or confusion. Kinship terms will also be considered in connection with the present social and cultural environment. Seemingly, the use of kin terms has changed over recent decades and there appears to be etymological, lexicological and semantic causes for such misunderstandings. This essay research was conducted using interviews in which informants relate their experiences of language changes as well as regional variations with respect to how family members and relatives are addressed or referred to. Kinship terms are insightful and important within the field of genealogy and have implications for diverse disciplines such as law, church history, genetics, anthropology and popular custom. Interestingly, kinship terms can be found to be used where there is no existing kinship at all. They also have a great impact on daily communication in terms of respect and relations, and as expressions of empathy, responsibility and solidarity.     Key words: American English, anthropology, British English, communication, culture, etymology, genealogy, kinship terms, referential, relations, respect, social control, Swedish, vocatives

This paper proposes the notion that words mirror ideas, perspectives and worldviews. Etymologies and meanings of general words for ‘islands’ in a number of languagesin North and West Europe are then discussed. Here, islands are shown to be etymologicallyconstituted by the interplay between land and water, and which of these two is emphasizedvaries. In the third section, a number of Swedish island words are surveyed, in an attemptto illuminate the principle of linguistic relativity. Finally, the implications of these findingsfor island studies are discussed.

It is known to most of us that in order to succeed with a translation you need good language skills, both in the source language and in the target language. But in the work of translating a text in a specific field, the translator also needs certain knowledge of that specific domain. In this essay, I analyze to what extent one needs that knowledge, and to what extent dictionaries, secondary literature and research on the Internet can help during the translation process.   The main subject for this essay is however an analysis of the translation of astrological terms, taken from a French book on medical astrology from which I have translated three whole chapters. The target language is Swedish. These two languages have separate origins, and therefore the terminologies could differ a lot. But, since the subject – astrology – comes from Ancient Greece and doesn’t depend on neither the French nor the Swedish culture, it is more likely that the astrological technolect looks partly the same in both languages: the terminology should presumably have been borrowed from the language of the ancient Greeks.   The seven translation strategies suggested by Jean-Paul Vinay and Jean Darbelnet in Stylistique comparée du français et de l’anglais, written in the 1950’s, helped me analyze the translation. With their method, I could for example see if the translation was mostly literal or oblique, and what kind of strategy is preferable in the translation of technolects.

Léxico y semántica (Lexicon and semantics) offers ten chapters that explore the lexicon and its semantic structures from varied perspectives, all profoundly characterized by multidisciplinarity, transversality combined with a holistic research focus, such that the themes of the lexicon and semantics have been approached from a focus which begins with etymology and philology, passes through morphology and syntax in relation to the generation of meaning, and touches on computational linguistics and translation studies. The languages of study are not limited to the more common European varieties, to those related through evolution or via geographical proximity, but we further offer a de-centering through the representation of Swedish, Japanese and Arabic.