Letteratura scientifica selezionata sul tema "Supported by a Marine artillery detachment"

The revolt of the Left SRs (Socialist-Revolutionaries) in Moscow in July 1918 was used by the Left SR organization of the Zhizdra uezd of the Kaluga gubernia, which was supportive of the program of its Central Committee, as a pretext to remove the communists from power. The SRs counted on the fact that they held all the decision-making positions in the uezd military commissariat and were in charge of weapons. Moreover, some of the local peasants, who were the main producers of marketable bread, saw in food dictatorship and in Poor Peasants Committees a direct threat to their economic activities. They viewed the SRs as their mouthpiece and defenders of their interests and therefore supported them in their political struggle against the Bolsheviks. Having learned about the events in Moscow by early morning of July 8, 1918, the Left SRs of Zhizdra gathered several hundred peasants in the town and handed them weapons. Until July 10, the armed peasants received allowance in the uezd military commissariat. The communists of Zhizdra, having established the approximate number of armed peasants by covert observation, fled the town and left their posts. We still do not know what happened next in Zhizdra on July 8-10. On the night of July 11, an armed detachment from Kaluga arrived to help the communists of Zhizdra, but found no one, neither armed peasants, nor their leaders. This suggests that the fugitives knew the date and time of the detachment arrival in advance. Almost immediately upon his arrival, detachment commander Saltykov issued an order, announcing the establishment of martial law in the town and uezd, starting July 11. The population was ordered to hand over their weapons by 4 p.m. the following day. The uezd military commissar Trunov, who had fled, was outlawed “for counter-revolutionary actions” and was to be seized. It is worth mentioning that all this happened on the eve of the Uezd Congress of Soviets, which was to be held on July 12. The Left SRs planned to conduct and head the congress; by July 11, 25 delegates had arrived. On that day, the Zhizdra communists, no longer threatened, held a meeting and decided to thwart the congress and offered the executive committee to hold in its stead a meeting in order to inform about political events in Moscow and their local repercussions. On the same day, members of the communist faction overtook all key positions in the Uezd Executive Committee previously held by the Left SRs. As the Zikeevo volost refused to hand over weapons in peasants’ possession, Saltykov received an additional deterrent artillery gun and a group of Latvian riflemen. Having intimidated the population, the detachment entered the village of Zikeevo on July 13. There the chairman of the volost council handed over to Saltykov only 24 rifles, but promised to collect the remaining weapons and transport them to Zhizdra on the following day, July 14. Whether Saltykov received the weapons is unknown. Searches in Zhizdra on July 14 had no result. The reports of Saltykov and Evstafiev shed no light on Bolsheviks collecting weapons previously distributed by the Left SRs. Therefore, the author has good reasons to believe that not all weapons distributed to peasants by the Left SRs were collected.

Abstract Hopkins, G. A., and Forrest, B. M. 2008. Management options for vessel hull fouling: an overview of risks posed by in-water cleaning. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 65: 811–815. Hull fouling has been identified as an important pathway for the spread of non-indigenous marine species. However, the management of associated biosecurity risks has proven challenging. Left unmanaged, a fouled vessel can pose a biosecurity risk through the detachment and dispersal of viable material, and through spawning by adult taxa upon arrival in a recipient port or region. These risks can be managed effectively through the removal of the vessel to land for defouling (e.g. dry-docking). However, alternative methods are needed for small (e.g. recreational) vessels, as well as for large vessels fouled outside their dry-docking schedule. Among the various treatment options, in-water cleaning is relatively common, although some countries have placed restrictions on this method because of perceived biosecurity risks. Here, we present a conceptual framework that identifies risks posed by in-water cleaning compared with alternatives, including no management. Decisions on the appropriate management option will be influenced by many factors, including the species present, the level of fouling, and the time a vessel spends in a recipient region. It is important that any regulatory changes regarding in-water defouling be supported by relevant research that quantifies the risks associated with the various management options.

Although mathematical models and laboratory experiments have shown that species interactions can generate chaos, field evidence of chaos in natural ecosystems is rare. We report on a pristine rocky intertidal community located in one of the world’s oldest marine reserves that has displayed a complex cyclic succession for more than 20 y. Bare rock was colonized by barnacles and crustose algae, they were overgrown by mussels, and the subsequent detachment of the mussels returned bare rock again. These processes generated irregular species fluctuations, such that the species coexisted over many generations without ever approaching a stable equilibrium state. Analysis of the species fluctuations revealed a dominant periodicity of about 2 y, a global Lyapunov exponent statistically indistinguishable from zero, and local Lyapunov exponents that alternated systematically between negative and positive values. This pattern indicates that the community moved back and forth between stabilizing and chaotic dynamics during the cyclic succession. The results are supported by a patch-occupancy model predicting similar patterns when the species interactions were exposed to seasonal variation. Our findings show that natural ecosystems can sustain continued changes in species abundances and that seasonal forcing may push these nonequilibrium dynamics to the edge of chaos.

Abstract Mt Etna is cut by numerous fractures (fissures and faults) of very different origin and orientation. They have been used to define the activity and the tectonic setting of the volcano. After a discussion of the proposed tectonic models for Etna, an examination of the fractures, which are linked to the high flank eruptions, was carried out based on the geological and geophysical studies of the recent eruptions (1983, 1989, 1991-93). All of these surface breaks are of strictly volcanic origin; they open and advance very slowly, in relation to the propagation of the dyke, as well as its width and depth from the volcano surface. If the dyke summit is not too far from the surface (about 200-300 m), fissures and normal faults, arranged in a graben, appear. When the dyke intersects the slope of the volcano, a flank eruption follows. Therefore, these fractures do not have a tectonic or volcano-tectonic origin: they do not cut the entire volcanic edifice, and thus cannot be used to define the rift-zones nor to characterise the tectonic regime controlling the functioning of Etna. They give information on the dyke orientation on the slopes of the volcanic edifice and cannot be used as significative markers of extension [Frazzetta and Villari, 1981; Kieffer 1983a and b; Monaco et al., 1997]. The simultaneous opening of radial fractures, according to various azimuths, is frequent and clearly indicates that, in these cases, the regional stress field is not implicated. But high on Etna, the concentration of flank eruptions, on the eastern side, and the orientation change of the fractures (fig. 6), when they travel away from the summit, have been repeatedly indicated. The repetition of flank eruptions and the azimuth changes can be explained, simply, by the closeness of the Valle del Bove [Murray, 1994], which induces a decrease of the confinement pressure. The dyke emplacements of the summit eruptions cause an eastward displacement of the higher part of Etna. Marine geophysical data indicate that this volcano is, however, not the site of a large scale lateral spreading to the Ionian sea. Consequently, an eastward detachment is present only on the superior part of the volcano (figs. 1B and 7C). In fact, an up to 100 m high and oversteepened east-facing scarp, between the towns of Vena and Presa, extends towards the south for some kilometers [Lanzafame et al., 2000]. It is made up of volcanic rocks affected by strong brecciation. Inverse faults are found in front of the scarp. The base of this one is found at the level of the pre-Etnean clays, which would have helped the displacement of the volcanics. The studies on the tectonic setting in which Etna is located has called the attention of numerous researchers. From the earliest studies, the presence of numerous normal faults has supported the idea that this volcano, as many others, is active in an extensional regime. The most recent geological and geophysical data show a more complex situation. Deep under Etna (more than 10 km), a compressive field (sigma 1 N-S) is present according to focal mechanisms [Cardaci et al.; 1990; Ferrucci et al., 1993; Cocina et al., 1997]. More superficially, instead, extension is usual. The importance of the weight of the volcanic edifice, in the spatial (horizontal and vertical) modification of the compressive stress field, must still be clarified. It is very clear, in any case, that Etna cannot be explained by an extensional regime or kinematics in extension [Monaco et al., 1997] using normal faults, which form during the flank eruptions.

This paper will develop a descriptive working definition of modularity regarding ship systems. An effort will be made to expose the underlying motivation and attractiveness of modularity in naval vessels utilizing economic salvage value and continued operational relevancy. A survey of 50 years of modern system development in support of modularity will be supported by a historical case study. The historical analogy will focus on the concurrent development of platforms and weapon systems during the age of sail. Specific focus will be given to platform developments and the advent of marine artillery and their associated technological development. The insight developed will then be applied to two modern naval corollaries.