Bibliografie tematiche / Supermarkets

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Letteratura scientifica selezionata sul tema "Supermarkets"

Autore: Grafiati
Pubblicato: 4 giugno 2021
Ultima modifica: 30 luglio 2024

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Articoli di riviste sul tema "Supermarkets"

1

Zhang, Pei, Xiu Shan Jiang e Wei Long Gai. "Research on Chinese Chine Supermarkets’ Logistics Distribution Model". Advanced Materials Research 945-949 (giugno 2014): 3199–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.945-949.3199.

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Abstract (sommario):
Chain supermarket’s development speed and level and the selection of logistics mode has the close relation, one of the main index to measure the level of modern management of a supermarket chain of enterprises is to look at the distribution level. That whether chain supermarket can choose a suitable for enterprise’s development of the logistics distribution mode or not decides the future of the enterprise’s development and survival. Through analyzing Chinese hundred chain enterprise, Jiajiayue supermarket chain, logistics mode, this paper points out the existing problems and improvement measures in Chinese chine supermarkets enterprises.
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2

Potdar, Balkrushna, John Guthrie e Juergen Gnoth. "Encouraging shoplifting prevention with quality relationships". International Journal of Retail & Distribution Management 46, n. 1 (8 gennaio 2018): 49–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijrdm-12-2016-0240.

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Purpose The cost to supermarkets from shoplifting is a growing problem. Despite huge investments in formal security measures, supermarkets experience shrinkage and face heavy financial losses. Hence, this paper explores an alternative approach to shoplifting prevention. The purpose of this paper is to propose that quality relationships between a supermarket and its customers could be a viable strategy for shoplifting prevention. A conceptual model is presented at the end of this paper for encouraging shoplifting prevention using a theory of planned behaviour perspective. Design/methodology/approach A systematic search of literature on relationship quality was conducted. Research papers were shortlisted from peer-reviewed journals published between 2007 and 2016. For the convenience of readers, studies on relationship quality are presented in six cross-checked information categories in a table. Findings This study produced two results. First, it finds three antecedents of supermarket-customer relationship quality. These are as follows: a supermarket’s participation in corporate social responsibility and cause-related marketing initiatives, a supermarket’s service quality, and a customer’s attachment to a supermarket’s place/location. Second, there are three major effective dimensions of relationship quality. These are as follows: satisfaction, trust, and commitment. The proposed model incorporates factors from both findings, to measure a supermarket-customer relationship quality that may influence intention of customers to engage in shoplifting preventive behaviour. Originality/value This research paper has reviewed the existing literature to utilise it in the context of shoplifting prevention, and developed a novel model/framework for effective shoplifting prevention with a theory of planned behaviour perspective.
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3

Pulker, Trapp, Scott e Pollard. "The Nature and Quality of Australian Supermarkets’ Policies that can Impact Public Health Nutrition, and Evidence of their Practical Application: A Cross-Sectional Study". Nutrients 11, n. 4 (15 aprile 2019): 853. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu11040853.

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Abstract (sommario):
Improving population diets is a public health priority, and calls have been made for corporations such as supermarkets to contribute. Supermarkets hold a powerful position within the food system, and one source of power is supermarket own brand foods (SOBFs). Many of the world’s largest supermarkets have corporate social responsibility (CSR) policies that can impact public health, but little is known about their quality or practical application. This study examines the nature and quality of Australian supermarkets’ CSR policies that can impact public health nutrition, and provides evidence of practical applications for SOBFs. A content analysis of CSR policies was conducted. Evidence of supermarkets putting CSR policies into practice was derived from observational audits of 3940 SOBFs in three large exemplar supermarkets (Coles, Woolworths, IGA) in Perth, Western Australia (WA). All supermarkets had some CSR policies that could impact public health nutrition; however, over half related to sustainability, and many lacked specificity. All supermarkets sold some nutritious SOBFs, using marketing techniques that made them visible. Findings suggest Australian supermarket CSR policies are not likely to adequately contribute to improving population diets or sustainability of food systems. Setting robust and meaningful targets, and improving transparency and specificity of CSR policies, would improve the nature and quality of supermarket CSR policies and increase the likelihood of a public health benefit.
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Ng’ang’a, Ann Wambui, Maureen Kangu e Joyce Ndegwa. "Seizing Capabilities and Performance of Supermarkets in Kenya". University Journal 6, n. 1 (24 giugno 2024): 23–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.59952/tuj.v6i1.318.

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In Kenya the supermarkets provide market access for the manufacturers’ and small and medium enterprises’ products. In the recent past renowned supermarket brands such as Nakumatt, Tuskys, Choppies and Uchumi have collapsed due to underperformance. This paper examines the influence of seizing capabilities on the performance of supermarkets in Kenyan cities. The study was anchored on the dynamic capability theory (DCT). The study was grounded on positivism research philosophy and adopted crossectional descriptive research design. A structured questionnaire was used to collect primary data from 629 licensed supermarkets. A sample size of 304 respondents from a population of 1258 senior managers was used. Stratified random sampling method was used to select the sample size in Nairobi, Mombasa, Kisumu, and Nakuru. Descriptive statistics such as mean and standard deviation and inferential statistics which included correlation and regression are the statistical tools that were used to analyse the data. Statistical package for social scientists (SPSS) software version 28 was utilized to explore the data. The findings demonstrated that seizing capabilities have a statistically significance (β = 0.511, t = 12.501, p < 0.05) influence on the performance of supermarkets in the Kenyan cities. The study demonstrated that it is vital for supermarkets’ management to consciously design business models and allocate resources that can facilitate the optimal exploitation of new business opportunities to add value to the supermarkets. The management should develop a resource mobilization strategy to fund long term projects that are aimed at seizing opportunities that will improve supermarket’s survival and performance.
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BAVIERA-PUIG, Amparo, Juan BUITRAGO-VERA e Carmen ESCRIBA-PEREZ. "GEOMARKETING MODELS IN SUPERMARKET LOCATION STRATEGIES". Journal of Business Economics and Management 17, n. 6 (21 dicembre 2016): 1205–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/16111699.2015.1113198.

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Choosing where to open a new outlet is a critical decision for retail firms. Building on the multiplicative competitive interaction model from retail location theory, this paper develops a geomarketing model that can be used to devise supermarket location strategies. First, attributes that explain a supermarket’s pull on consumers were determined. These attributes included objective (taken from databases and empirical observation) and subjective (based on managerial judgements) variables relating to the supermarket and its trade area. Then, geographic information system tools were used to analyse real data at a highly detailed level (road section). From a geomarketing viewpoint, the model shows that sociodemographic characteristics of the supermarket’s trade area affect firms’ location strategies. The paper also discusses improvements for calibrating and validating this model. Adding the spatial organization of supermarkets to the model yields a different consumer behaviour pattern. This geomarketing model can help managers to design supermarket location strategies according to shop features, competitors and environment, whilst estimating supermarket sales.
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de Waal, André, Erjen van Nierop e Laurens Sloot. "Analysing supermarket performance with the high-performance organisation framework". International Journal of Retail & Distribution Management 45, n. 1 (9 gennaio 2017): 57–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijrdm-03-2016-0042.

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Abstract (sommario):
Purpose The Dutch supermarket industry is dominated by a small number of powerful companies which capture the majority of sales and which compete fiercely with each other. This competition is mainly quality based, in the sense of offering increasingly more products of higher quality and striving for better distribution mechanisms. Interestingly there does not seem to be much attention for the quality of the internal supermarket organisation, i.e. quality of people, internal processes, and performance reporting. Thus there seems to be a gap in both current literature and the quality improvement attention of supermarkets which needs to be addressed, to uncover new sources of improvement. The paper aims to discuss these issues. Design/methodology/approach In this paper, the authors introduce the high-performance organisation (HPO) framework, a validated technique for evaluating the strength of the internal organisation of companies and for proposing quality improvements. The aim of the research is to test whether the HPO Framework can be used to analyse the strength and performance of supermarkets and to come up with recommendations for improvement. A questionnaire into the drivers of success of supermarkets was constructed which was send to 400 supermarket franchisers, and the received data were subsequently analysed. Findings On average the participating supermarkets are well-performing but they cannot yet be classified as high performing according to the HPO Framework. The supermarkets with the highest HPO scores indeed achieve better financial results (both in terms of revenue and margin achieved) than those of supermarkets with lower HPO scores. Finally, the authors find that larger supermarkets (in square metres floor area) outperform smaller supermarkets on all HPO factors. Research limitations/implications As the HPO Framework is shown to be useful for not only analysing the performance of the supermarkets but also to generate recommendations for improvement of those supermarkets, individual supermarkets should evaluate their performance and operations using the HPO Framework to come up with improvement recommendations tailored to their own situation. Originality/value The HPO Framework has been applied during the past years in many sectors but not yet in the supermarket industry. Thus this research provides a unique insight in this industry. In addition academic researchers can use the HPO Framework to further investigate specific areas and factors of the supermarkets, in order to add to the literature on the quality of supermarkets.
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Alam, Jahangir. "Customers’ Problems in Buying from Supermarkets in Bangladesh". CBR - Consumer Behavior Review 5, n. 2 (1 maggio 2021): 215. http://dx.doi.org/10.51359/2526-7884.2021.248812.

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Consumers' preferences, satisfaction and, loyalty towards supermarkets in Bangladesh have been studied but this study aims to identify the customers' problem in buying from the supermarkets and their socio-economic characteristics along with present scenario and economic significance of the supermarket industry in Bangladesh. The study is empirical, mixed-method has been deployed, 400 customers of the supermarkets were surveyed by mall intercept technique through a questionnaire, 6 in-depth interviews were conducted with the supermarkets' professionals and relevant articles, publication, books, reports, journals, newspapers and websites were reviewed. Descriptive statistics, chi-square tests, and factor analysis were performed in analyzing the data. There are 211 outlets of major supermarkets in Bangladesh, which are contributing 1.49 % to the GDP and generating significant employment. Upper-middle and high class, highly educated, small family are the customers who face the major problems of high cost due to additional tax, long waiting time at the payment queue, and unnecessary purchase while shopping from the supermarkets. All the demographic characteristics have a significant relationship with these problems except the marital status and family size. The supermarket industry needs to understand the customers' psychology; concentrate on enhancing the store facility, educate people on the attributes of the supermarkets and the policymakers can initiate a proper policy in operating the supermarket business in Bangladesh.
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Oroh, Franky N. S., e Stevy P. Pangemanan. "PERILAKU KONSUMEN DAGING AYAM BROILER DI PASAR TRADISIONAL DAN MODERN". Jambura Journal of Animal Science 5, n. 2 (29 maggio 2023): 58–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.35900/jjas.v5i2.19443.

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The purpose of this study was are to describe consumer behavior in buying broiler meat at the traditional and Modern Market. This research was conducted September-Oktober in Sorong City, West Papua. The sampling method used accidental sampling, and used descriptive data analysis. Variables namely Quality, Location, Price, and product information. The results of the study were obtained. First, broiler meat distribution channels at Saga supermarkets, namely from breeders to retailers and to consumers. Supermarker Saga as a Retail Merchant. The behavior of broiler meat consumers based on the quality of the meat in the Warmon market was 64%, because consumers prefer the freshness of traditional market meat. Based on location, consumers prefer Saga supermarkets as much as 74% because of complete facilities and convenience. Based on the price of broiler meat, the percentage of supermarket saga is 66% because this place sells meat according to the wishes of consumers in the form of cuts of meat at the right price. Based on information from Saga supermarkets, there were 78% due to more information on products to consumers through sosial media.
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Muturu, Elizabeth Mumbi, e Dr Thomas Mose. "EFFECT OF WORK PLACE ENVIRONMENT ON EMPLOYEE RETENTION IN SELECTED SUPERMARKETS IN KENYA." Human Resource and Leadership Journal 4, n. 1 (21 maggio 2019): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.47941/hrlj.295.

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Abstract (sommario):
Purpose: The purpose of the study was to establish the effect of work place environment on employees’ retention in selected supermarkets in Kenya. The study specifically sought to determine the effects of job satisfaction, employee relations, employees occupational health and safety and working conditions on employees’ retention in selected supermarkets in Kenya.Methodology: The study will adopt a descriptive research design. The study was undertaken in three selected supermarkets in Kenya notably; Tuskys supermarkets; Naivas supermarkets and Choppies supermarkets. The target population comprised of a total of 1500 staff working in the three selected supermarkets in Kenya. These included; 640 staff at Tuskys supermarkets 560 staff at Naivas supermarkets and 300 staff at Choppies supermarkets. The study adopted a stratified random sampling technique to select 316 respondents as the sample size for the study. Questionnaires were used as the main data collection instruments and a pilot study was conducted to pretest questionnaires for reliability. Descriptive statistics and multiple regression analysis were used to analyze the gathered data and the results were presented on tables, figures and graphs.Results: The study findings indicated that, job satisfaction, employee relations, employees’ occupational health and safety and working conditions were the key effects of work place environment that affected employees’ retention in selected supermarkets in Kenya. The study concluded that, commitment, employees’ motivation and rewards are key aspects of employee job satisfaction which influences employee turnover rates in supermarkets. The study further concluded that job satisfaction the key factor that affects employee’s retention most in supermarkets, followed by occupational health and safety, then working conditions with and lastly employee relations.Contribution to policy and practice: The study recommended that to improve on the level of employee job satisfaction, the supermarket management should offer the employee with good remuneration packages, recognize and reward the high performing employees. The supermarket management should adopt effective employee relations strategy through application of effective communication channel, use of effective conflict resolution methods, encouraging team building activities and providing better working conditions. The supermarket management should implement effective work safety procedures, increase the level of compliance with health and safety policies, implement effective work hazards and risks control methods and implement safety measures to avoid employee exposure to illness and accidents. The finally recommended that the supermarkets management should provide employees with favorable hours of work, provide flexible work schedule, increase on the employee work life balance and provide good work facilities.
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Mua, Lilian Ndinda, e Abel Anyieni. "Merchandizing Practices and Sales Performance of Supermarkets in Nakuru County, Kenya". International Journal of Current Aspects 3, n. VI (4 novembre 2019): 16–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.35942/ijcab.v3ivi.76.

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Abstract (sommario):
In Kenya, the challenges of sales performance are prevalent amongst the supermarkets. A declining sales performance was noted for Uchumi supermarket in its 2016 financial year leading to its poor financial performance. Nakumatt supermarket has also had poor sales performance in the recent years leading to its struggling financial position. Merchandizing is one of the aspects that can be utilized for the purposes of improving on sales performance. The purpose of the study is to determine the effect of merchandizing practices and sales performance of Supermarkets in Nakuru County, Kenya. The study seeks to examine the diverse aspects of merchandizing on sales performance and try to establish why the supermarkets are making losses and not profits on sales. The study specifically seek to determine the effect of customer attraction, product differentiation, product access and staff attributes on sales performance of Supermarkets in Nakuru town. This study used The Product Marketing Mix Theory, Customer Behaviour Theory and Impulse Buying Behaviour Theory. This study utilized descriptive research design to guide the study on data collection, analysis and presentation of findings. To obtain its data, the study will target the eight main supermarkets in Nakuru Town. The target population for the study was 590 staff comprising of management and supermarket line attendants. Nassiuma formula was used to determine the desired sample size for the study. A sample size of 86 respondents was selected. The study then use stratified sampling to select the supermarket line attendants into the study sample. This study used structured questionnaires to obtain its data from supermarket line attendants. Validity and reliability of research questionnaire was tested by conducting a pilot study. This study used Content validity to ascertain the validity of the research questionnaires. The study used Cronbach’s Alpha test of internal consistency to test the reliability of the study questionnaires. Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 22. This study used both descriptive and inferential statistics. The entire study used tables to present the findings. The study further concluded that there was a positive relationship between product differentiation aspects and sales performance of fast moving consumer goods in Nakuru town supermarkets. The item that had the highest mean score was that supermarket stocks products based on customer specification. It was also concluded that there was a positive relationship between product access and sales performance of fast moving consumer goods in Nakuru town supermarkets. The metric that had the highest mean score was that supermarket has presence of reliable product distribution channels throughout the year. In the context of staff attributes, the study concluded that there was a positive relationship between staff attributes and sales performance fast moving consumer goods in Nakuru town supermarkets. The statement that supermarket sales staff had sufficient knowledge on product specifications had the highest mean score. The study further concluded that merchandizing strategies, namely, customer attraction, product access, product differentiation and staff attributes significantly predicted the level of sales performance of fast moving consumer goods in Nakuru town supermarkets. Staff attributes had the highest influence on sales performance of fast moving consumer goods in Nakuru town supermarkets. The study will enable the top management of supermarkets in making decisions of merchandising. This study will also help academicians in this subject area as well future researcher for the study will add to the limited literature on merchandizing strategies and sales performance.
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Più fonti

Tesi sul tema "Supermarkets"

1

Santandreu, Ramos Miguel, e Matamalas Rafael Lucena. "Marketing strategic of Supermarkets". Thesis, Halmstad University, School of Business and Engineering (SET), 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hh:diva-2583.

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2

Li, Jie. "Logistics management in supermarkets". Thesis, University of Macau, 2004. http://umaclib3.umac.mo/record=b1636659.

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3

Lloret, Eduard. "Analysis of energy usage in supermarkets : Representation and streamlining of the global supermarket energy system". Thesis, Högskolan i Gävle, Avdelningen för bygg- energi- och miljöteknik, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-25132.

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Abstract (sommario):
The thesis performed in this research is focused on a particular type of energy system, energy systems in supermarkets. As supermarkets are high-energy using buildings, their energy system optimization has been investigated in recent years, with the main focus in the refrigeration system, which can take up to 50% of the total energy of the supermarket. However, the complexity and interconnections of the different systems increase the difficulty of the task. The aim of this work is to contribute in SuperSmart project, an EU project which main objective is to reduce the impact of the supermarket sector overall Europe, through the development of an ecolabel criteria. To simulate the energy use in supermarkets, CyberMart software is bring forward. This tool is used both to determine the parameters which have a higher impact in the supermarket energy system and perform energy representation based on those parameters. Finally, the design of the most energy efficient store is also presented. According to CyberMart, some of the most determinant parameters in the supermarket energy system are refrigeration capacities, plug in cabinets used, lights power, heating system technologies used and whether the cabinets are covered or not. Using some of these parameters plus other important characteristics from the store, two energy representations are performed. Whereas the quadratic representation provides the final results concerning heat or electricity demands with a high accuracy, the linear representation presents the increase or decrease of kWh per each parameter, enabling supermarkets owners to compare different parameters within the global system. It is concluded from these representations, which distinguish between heat recovery and floating condensing technologies, that the most important parameters in the global system are the temperature inside at winter and the refrigeration capacity. However, some unreasonable events appear, like the decline of electricity demand when the height of the building increases or the drop of heat demand with the rise of opening hours. These facts occur due to the high complexity of the global system, implying different connections between the sub-systems within CyberMart. Concerning the most energy efficient store located in Stockholm, the obtained results show the most energy efficient supermarket is composed by CO2 refrigeration and heating systems, and a R410_A air conditioning system. The optimal electricity use of each establishment size from large to small area is 382, 394, 390 and 281 kWh/m2*year respectively, with the highest values obtained in Supermarkets and Discount stores, due to their higher rate of refrigeration power per store area. Keywords: Supermarket, refrigeration system, SuperSmart, CyberMart, heating system, refrigeration capacity, plug in cabinets, lights power, heating system technology, covering of the cabinets, energy representation, heat recovery technology, floating condensing technology, air conditioning system, Discount store.
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Dou, Meng, e Esra Ekiz. "Differentiation through Aesthetics in Supermarkets". Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Företagsekonomi, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-71158.

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Abstract (sommario):
Background:This thesis strives to analyze aesthetic services used in supermarkets. Supermarkets facefierce competition and varied marketing dilemmas such as traditional marketing versusservice marketing. Nevertheless, encompassing elements from both traditionalmarketing, such as physical products, and service marketing, such as relationshipbuilding, supermarket management is challenging. Thus, it is crucial to understandconsumers’ perceptions for both services and products in order to satisfy their needs andwants and succeed in the market place. Therefore, this thesis offers a betterunderstanding of aesthetic elements used in supermarkets from customers’ perspective.Aim:The main purpose of this thesis is to investigate the applications of aesthetics insupermarkets. It intends to examine and theorize the consumer perceptions regardingaesthetic elements applied in supermarkets; to test the differentiation strategy insupermarkets, through the usage of aesthetic elements, from consumers’ perspective.Definitions:Aestheticization of daily life: it can be seen as the extension of art or the appreciation ofart on daily life. It suggests ‘the collapse of the distinction between high art and massculture, leveling out of symbolic hierarchies and cultural declassification’ (Featherstone,2007). It reflects onto business through its emphasis on beauty, sensory appeals,pleasure consumption etc. Analyzing aesthetic applications in supermarkets from acustomer perspective, this thesis finds out that from both companies’ and consumers’perspective, these applications are based on aestheticization of daily life.Completion and Results:Aesthetic elements used in supermarkets are identified in the content analysis anddiscussed in the empirical study through focus group interviews. It is found out thataesthetic services indeed improve customer satisfaction. However, the fierce pricecompetition limits supermarkets’ services to instrumental rather than expressiveperformance. Moreover, utilized aesthetic services in supermarkets tend to bestandardized, due to benchmarking processes, in consumers’ eyes, causing theseservices to lose their value to be differentiated.
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PORTILLA, GUSTAVO FERNANDO DORREGARAY. "REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS SIMULATION IN SUPERMARKETS". PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2010. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=16197@1.

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Abstract (sommario):
CONSELHO NACIONAL DE DESENVOLVIMENTO CIENTÍFICO E TECNOLÓGICO
Desenvolveu-se um modelo termodinâmico para cálculo do consumo energético e do impacto ambiental (LCCP e TEWI) em sistemas de refrigeração de supermercados para três diferentes configurações (expansão direta, fluido secundário e em cascata). O modelo termodinâmico trabalha solidário com o pacote de cálculo de propriedades REFPROP e determina diversos parâmetros de funcionamento do ciclo de refrigeração, tais como o COP e a capacidade de refrigeração. O modelo simula sistemas operando com substâncias puras ou misturas delas, podendo estas ser azeotrópicas ou não-azeotrópicas. Procede-se a uma análise do tipo BIN (Intervalo) a partir de informações climatológicas anuais de cada cidade e ao cálculo do consumo anual de energia para cada intervalo considerando-se o consumo do compressor, das bombas, se for o caso específico da utilização de fluido secundário, e também o consumo energético dos expositores frigoríficos. Realizou-se, também, uma análise da carga total (inventário) do refrigerante no supermercado. Finalmente, conhecidos o consumo energético anual, a massa total de refrigerante contido no sistema e estimativa de seu vazamento anual, e outros fatores ambientais, procedeu-se ao cálculo do LCCP (Life cycle climate performance) e do TEWI (Total equivalent warming impact), em quilogramas equivalentes de CO2. Um programa computacional, com interface baseada na plataforma Visual-Basic 6.0, com aplicações para Excel, foi desenvolvido para a solução dos sistemas de equações resultantes do modelo matémático desenvolvido. Os resultados obtidos com o código computacional foram comparados com dados de campo e de outros modelos.
A thermodynamic model was developed for the evaluation of energy consumption and environmental impact (LCCP and TEWI) of supermarket refrigeration systems operating in three different configurations (direct expansion, secondary fluid and cascade). The model simulates refrigeration systems operating with pure substances or a mixture (azeotropic or non-azeotropic) of them. A BIN analysis is carried out taking into account year-round climate data for each city and the annual energy consumption, in each time interval, of each component: compressor, pumps, freezers and coolers. Refrigerant inventory was also calculated. Finally, with the annual energy consumption, total refrigerant charge, annual leakage estimate, environmental impact indicators LCCP (Life cycle climate performance) and TEWI (Total equivalent warming impact), in kilograms equivalent of CO(2), were calculated. A computational code, with interface based on Visual Basic 6.0 platform, was developed for the solution of the resulting systems of equations that form the mathematical model. Predicted results were compared with field data and with data predicted from other models.
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Harris, D. G. "The effects of microelectronics in supermarkets". Thesis, Brunel University, 1985. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.354226.

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7

Ohannessian, Roupen. "Thermal Energy Storage Potential in Supermarkets". Thesis, KTH, Tillämpad termodynamik och kylteknik, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-140647.

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Abstract (sommario):
The objective of this research is to evaluate the potential of thermal energy storage in supermarkets with CO2 refrigeration systems. Suitable energy storage techniques are investigated and the seasonal storage technology of boreholes is chosen to be the focus of the study. The calculations are done for five supermarket refrigeration systems with different combinations of heating systems and borehole thermal energy storage control strategies. The two heating systems analyzed are the ground source heat pump and the heat recovery from the supermarket’s refrigeration system. The simulation results show that the introduction of thermal energy storage in the scenarios with heat pump can reduce the annual total energy by 6.3%. It is also shown that increasing the number of boreholes can decrease the life cycle cost of the system. Moreover, it is established that a supermarket system with heat recovery consumes 8.1% less energy than the one using heat pump and adding thermal energy storage on the heat recovery system further improves the energy consumption by 3.7% but may become costly.
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8

Hawthorne, Colin. "Energy conservation in swimming pools and supermarkets". Thesis, University of Ulster, 1993. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.359655.

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LINDEN, CAROLINA VAN DER. "BUYING IN ELECTRONIC SUPERMARKETS: ARE THERE BARRIERS?" PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2004. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=5159@1.

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Abstract (sommario):
PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO
O varejo é um dos segmentos industriais que mais tem sofrido mudanças nos últimos anos, graças ao advento das tecnologias de informação e de telecomunicações que revolucionaram o mercado. Nos últimos 50 anos os supermercados brasileiros evoluíram de sua primeira loja até as lojas eletrônicas. Por um lado, estas aparecem para suas proprietárias como soluções baratas para expansão. Por outro, alguns segmentos de consumidores têm muita resistência a fazer suas compras pela Internet. Muitas pessoas, usuárias de computador e de Internet, preferem ir à loja em vez de fazer suas compras pela web. A proposta deste trabalho foi realizar uma pesquisa exploratória sobre as razões que levam consumidores a não utilizarem o meio eletrônico no momento de fazer suas compras de supermercado. O objetivo foi atingido em etapas. Inicialmente os atributos característicos das lojas de supermercado foram levantados através de pesquisa de observação. A etapa seguinte foi a realização de uma pesquisa qualitativa com grupos de discussão, com a finalidade de estudar a interação dos consumidores com os sites de supermercados através do método da análise do conteúdo. Por último, foi realizada uma pesquisa quantitativa com uma amostra de consumidores, a fim de levantar e testar as barreiras. A análise dos dados obtidos na pesquisa comprovou que existem barreiras para que consumidores com acesso a computador e Internet façam compras de supermercado on- line, as quais podem ser trabalhadas pelo varejista através de mudanças em seu mix de marketing.
Retailing is an industrial segment which has changed much in the last few years because of the development of information and telecommunication technologies that brought up a revolution in the world. In the last 50 years, Brazilian supermarkets have evolved from the first brick- and-mortar store to ecommerce. On the one hand, electronic supermarkets seem like a cheap solution for the expansion of their companies. On the other, certain consumer segments have great resistance in doing their shopping on the Internet. Many people, regular computer and Internet-users, would rather go to the physical store than do their shopping in the website. The goal of this paper is to perform an exploratory research on the reasons why consumers do not use electronic media when they do their supermarket shopping. To achieve this goal we went through certain steps. First, the attributes of brick-and-mortar supermarkets were described by observatory research. The following step was a qualitative research with focus groups, with the objective of studying the interaction of consumers with supermarket websites done through discourse analysis. The last step was a quantitative research with a sample of consumers, to raise and test the barriers. The analysis of the data obtained showed the existence of barriers to online supermarket shopping for consumers with access to computers and the Internet. These barriers can be overcome by the retailer through a change in the marketing mix.
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Fredén, Daniel, e Hampus Larsson. "Forecasting Daily Supermarkets Sales with Machine Learning". Thesis, KTH, Optimeringslära och systemteori, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-276483.

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Improved sales forecasts for individual products in retail stores can have a positive effect both environmentally and economically. Historically these forecasts have been done through a combination of statistical measurements and experience. However, with the increased computational power available in modern computers, there has been an interest in applying machine learning for this problem. The aim of this thesis was to utilize two years of sales data, yearly calendar events, and weather data to investigate which machine learning method could forecast sales the best. The investigated methods were XGBoost, ARIMAX, LSTM, and Facebook Prophet. Overall the XGBoost and LSTM models performed the best and had a lower mean absolute value and symmetric mean percentage absolute error compared to the other models. However, Facebook Prophet performed the best in regards to root mean squared error and mean absolute error during the holiday season, indicating that Facebook Prophet was the best model for the holidays. The LSTM model could however quickly adapt during the holiday season improved the performance. Furthermore, the inclusion of weather did not improve the models significantly, and in some cases, the results were worsened. Thus, the results are inconclusive but indicate that the best model is dependent on the time period and goal of the forecast.
Förbättrade försäljningsprognoser för individuella produkter inom detaljhandeln kan leda till både en miljömässig och ekonomisk förbättring. Historiskt sett har dessa utförts genom en kombination av statistiska metoder och erfarenhet. Med den ökade beräkningskraften hos dagens datorer har intresset för att applicera maskininlärning på dessa problem ökat. Målet med detta examensarbete är därför att undersöka vilken maskininlärningsmetod som kunde prognostisera försäljning bäst. De undersökta metoderna var XGBoost, ARIMAX, LSTM och Facebook Prophet. Generellt presterade XGBoost och LSTM modellerna bäst då dem hade ett lägre mean absolute value och symmetric mean percentage absolute error jämfört med de andra modellerna. Dock, gällande root mean squared error hade Facebook Prophet bättre resultat under högtider, vilket indikerade att Facebook Prophet var den bäst lämpade modellen för att förutspå försäljningen under högtider. Dock, kunde LSTM modellen snabbt anpassa sig och förbättrade estimeringarna. Inkluderingen av väderdata i modellerna resulterade inte i några markanta förbättringar och gav i vissa fall även försämringar. Övergripande, var resultaten tvetydiga men indikerar att den bästa modellen är beroende av prognosens tidsperiod och mål.
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Libri sul tema "Supermarkets"

1

Ratios, ICC Business, a cura di. Supermarkets. Hampton: ICC Business Ratios, 1991.

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Ratios, ICC Business, a cura di. Supermarkets. Hampton: ICC Business Ratios, 1990.

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I.C.C. Business Ratios., a cura di. Supermarkets. Hampton: ICC Business Ratios, 1989.

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Ltd, ICC Business Publications, e ICC Information Group, a cura di. Supermarkets. 2a ed. Hampton: ICC Business Publications Ltd., 1996.

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Ratios, ICC Business, a cura di. Supermarkets. Hampton: ICC Business Ratios, 1992.

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Ltd, ICC Business Publications, e ICC Information Group, a cura di. Supermarkets. 2a ed. Hampton: ICC Business Publications Ltd., 1996.

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Group, ICC Information, a cura di. Supermarkets. Hampton: ICC Information Group, 1994.

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Ratios, ICC Business, a cura di. Supermarkets. Hampton: ICC Business Ratios, 1993.

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Ltd, Prospect Shop, a cura di. Supermarkets. 2a ed. Hampton: Prospect Shop Ltd, 2003.

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BusinessRatios, ICC, a cura di. Supermarkets. London: ICC Business Ratios, 1988.

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Capitoli di libri sul tema "Supermarkets"

1

Larke, Roy, e Michael Causton. "Food Supermarkets". In Japan — A Modern Retail Superpower, 123–36. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230511408_7.

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Liebenberg, Lauren. "Networked Financial ‘Supermarkets’". In The Electronic Financial Markets of the Future, 32–43. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781403946065_4.

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Leong-Salobir, Cecilia. "Markets and Supermarkets". In Urban Food Culture, 165–87. New York: Palgrave Macmillan US, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-51691-6_7.

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Oesterle, Eric C. "Merchandising Eggs in Supermarkets". In Egg Science and Technology, 165–84. London: Macmillan Education UK, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-09142-3_8.

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Giles, David Boarder. "The Pandemic Supermarket". In Beyond Global Food Supply Chains, 109–21. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-3155-0_9.

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AbstractDuring the COVID-19 pandemic, this chapter argues, the supermarket became one of the most important sites in which the conditions and contradictions of capitalist food chains, laid bare by the crisis, were worked through, normalized and sustained. If supermarkets and grocery stores represent the archetypal endpoint of the value chain for commercial food systems—the interface between customer and commodity, where its value is realized—the social reproduction of this cultural logic in the face of unsettled circuits of production and consumption is indeed “essential” labour. But it is essential for deeper reasons than those highlighted in public discourse. This chapter describes the labours of employees and owners in a single independent grocery store in the Melbourne Central Business District over 18 months of lockdown, recession, and personal and economic uncertainty. It captures some of the innovations, improvisations and expressions of solidarity made both possible and necessary in the anticipation of an eventual return to “business as usual”. These experiences throw into relief the supermarket’s function as a definitive node that articulates the supply chains, consumer publics and regimes of precarious migrant labour that constitute the urban food system as a domain for the expropriation, circulation and accumulation of surplus value.
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Abhiyukthana, M., C. Poovizhichelvi, P. Sindhuja, K. Srinivasan, B. Sharmila e R. Ramya. "Mobile Foolproof Billing at Supermarkets". In Wireless Communication Networks and Internet of Things, 171–78. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-8663-2_18.

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Bailey, Matthew. "Suburbanisation, supermarkets and shopping centres". In Managing the Marketplace, 22–40. Abingdon, Oxon; New York, NY: Routledge, 2020. | Series: Routledge studies in the history of marketing; 6: Routledge, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429451652-3.

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Reynolds, Robert D. "Selling Wine in and to Supermarkets". In Successful Wine Marketing, 271–77. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-29965-5_27.

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Jain, Archit, e Nitin K. Puri. "Integrated Real Time Database for Supermarkets". In Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering, 321–27. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-9523-0_36.

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Pearson, Andy. "Refrigerants and Carbon Footprint in Supermarkets". In Sustainable Retail Refrigeration, 179–97. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118927410.ch9.

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Atti di convegni sul tema "Supermarkets"

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Wu, Junyao, Liya Hu e Zhijuan Zhu. "Improvement Design of Age-friendly Supermarket Shopping Carts Based on Ergonomics". In 15th International Conference on Applied Human Factors and Ergonomics (AHFE 2024). AHFE International, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.54941/ahfe1004825.

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This paper aims to study the users’ needs of supermarket shopping carts for the elderly from the perspective of Ergonomics and provide a guideline for product improvement, so as to enhance the shopping experience of elderly users in supermarkets. Shopping carts from different supermarkets were compared and the existing problems of supermarket shopping processes and shopping carts were summarized based on the literature review and competing products analysis. Through field interviews and KANO model questionnaire surveys, the demand-orientation of form, color, material and function of age-friendly supermarket shopping carts were explored. Then the needs of age-friendly supermarket shopping carts from the aspects of user experience and human dimensions were analyzed and the product was improved. In this study, the physiological and psychological knowledge in Ergonomics were applied, which not only improved the comfort and convenience of the elderly’ s shopping experience in the supermarket to a certain extent, but also provided new ideas for the research of age-friendly design in public service facilities.
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Ramdhanie, Arti. "MACHINE LEARNING TECHNIQUES FOR THE DETECTION OF UNFAIR PRICING IN SUPERMARKETS ACROSS TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO". In International Conference on Emerging Trends in Engineering & Technology (IConETech-2020). Faculty of Engineering, The University of the West Indies, St. Augustine, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.47412/gids9258.

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The tracking of prices in monitored supermarkets across Trinidad and Tobago is done by the Ministry of Trade and Industry. This initiative involves data collection every month for 118 grocery items (“standard basket”). The task of identifying which supermarkets are non-conforming in their pricing schemes is linked to the “total basket price” (total cost of the 118 items). An outlier is defined as any datapoint that varies significantly from all other observations in a dataset. In this paper, it is any supermarket that exceeds this total basket price by 5%. The aim of this research was twofold, with the first goal being to employ feature selection methods to reduce the number of items being collected. The second goal was to create a logistic regression learning model that can identify whether supermarkets are non-conforming, given their pricing information. The dataset contained 692 datapoints and out of these, only eight (8) were classified as outliers. This is an imbalanced dataset. Resampling by SMOTE (Synthetic Minority Oversampling Technique) was used to synthetically generate data for the training set. Seven (7) feature selection methods were also investigated and their results discussed and analysed. In doing this, a more balanced dataset was achieved which was tested and validated on the unseen data (testing set). The metrics indicated that a subset of these features can be collected whilst still maintaining the supermarket outliers.
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Arthur, Paulo Henrique Gouvea, Bruno Carvalho Santos, Leandro Martha Pontes, Maycon Andrade Duarte, Adonias Pinheiro Pires e Alan Marcel Fernandes Souza. "Superpagg: Uma Ferramenta Crowdsourcing para Comparação de Preços em Supermercados". In XXV Simpósio Brasileiro de Sistemas Multimídia e Web. Sociedade Brasileira de Computação - SBC, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5753/webmedia_estendido.2019.8151.

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People often try to spend as little as possible when shopping at a supermarket. Many people can not reduce their costs when buying, either because of lack of time to research or because of the wide variety of products and prices. This article presents the Superpagg software, whose main objective is to help people to spend less on purchases in supermarkets by comparing the prices of different products in different supermarkets, so that the user can see where to pay less for the same products, allowing them to make their purchases with more economy. The results obtained were that the information presented by the software, using a limited sampling, is that the consumer saves from 2.01% to 17.64% monthly per product purchased.
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Bandara, K. G. M. B., M. Gowsiga, A. S. Asmone e R. A. A. Dilogini. "Applicability of recycling and resource recovery for solid waste of Sri Lankan supermarkets". In World Construction Symposium - 2023. Ceylon Institute of Builders - Sri Lanka, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.31705/wcs.2023.18.

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Every day, supermarkets create municipal solid waste, which makes up about 25% of all solid waste made in urban areas of Sri Lanka. Poor waste management in Sri Lankan supermarkets can have a big effect on greenhouse gas emissions, climate change, and public health by contaminating water, soil, and the air. To address this challenge, recycling, and resource recovery are two of the best sustainable waste management practices. Hence, the study aims to investigate the applicability of recycling and resource recovery techniques for Sri Lankan supermarket solid wastes. The research choice adopted in this study was a mixed method with a questionnaire survey and semi-structured interviews. A questionnaire survey with 70 participants from top-level management, middle management, and the front-line staff was conducted to identify waste types and management practices, and a semi-structured interview with three professionals who have experience in this field was conducted to validate the survey. Further statistical analysis and manual content analysis were used to analyse the data. The findings revealed that the main waste types generated by Sri Lankan supermarkets are food, plastic, polythene, paper, and cardboard. Biogas and composting were found to be the most applicable on-site resource recovery techniques for these types of waste, and other techniques such as gasification, deinking for paper recycling, and recycling of plastic and polythene waste required the involvement of third-party resource recovery plants. The study can aid researchers, practitioners, and policymakers in coming up with and using waste management policies, laws, and guidelines for Sri Lankan supermarkets and other similar contexts.
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Raghunandan, Mallikarjun e Satheesh Rao. "Billing Automation for Supermarkets". In 2017 International Conference on Current Trends in Computer, Electrical, Electronics and Communication (CTCEEC). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ctceec.2017.8455142.

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Buza, K., A. Buza e P. B. Kis. "Towards better modeling of supermarkets". In 2010 International Joint Conference on Computational Cybernetics and Technical Informatics. IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icccyb.2010.5491220.

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Riedlinger, Urs, Leif Oppermann, Yucel Uzun e Constantin Brosda. "AR Mini-Games for Supermarkets". In 2020 IEEE International Symposium on Mixed and Augmented Reality Adjunct (ISMAR-Adjunct). IEEE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ismar-adjunct51615.2020.00020.

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Korytinová, Kristína. "Changes in the Density and Location of Supermarkets in Bratislava". In EDAMBA 2021 : 24th International Scientific Conference for Doctoral Students and Post-Doctoral Scholars. University of Economics in Bratislava, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.53465/edamba.2021.9788022549301.246-254.

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The main area of research is the dynamically developing capital city Bratislava and traditional supermarkets in its territory. The aim of the article is to examine the changes in the number of supermarkets in Bratislava and its districts between 2016 and 2021. In this publication, we apply analysis and synthesis in all phases of problem solving. We also use induction, deduction and the method of comparison. Finally, we apply the entropy calculation in a figurative sense to retail geography. The result will be the density of coverage of supermarkets in Bratislava and its individual city districts as a prerequisite for future development and in-depth research devoted to this issue.
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Pathiraja, A. L. A. C., P. C. P. De Silva e A. B. Jayasinghe. "Estimate the pass-by and diverted trip impact generated by a supermarket in Colombo, Sri Lanka". In Independence and interdependence of sustainable spaces. Faculty of Architecture Research Unit, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.31705/faru.2022.6.

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A new supermarket development will produce more trips, adding to the existing traffic and eventually leading to congestion and increasing clashes on nearby roads. One of the primary lands uses in the Colombo area is the supermarket. As a result, it will affect travel demand as well as other local transportation-related concerns. To accurately assess the level of congestion and the effects of the development on the network, it is essential to estimate the actual number of trips that a new supermarket will generate. All land use trips do not just trip to that destination and return (primary trips). Some of the generated trips (pass-by trips) are already in the existing traffic, but some of the generated trips are entirely new (diverted trips). These trips should be analyzed while planning development to determine the impact on the surrounding transport network. Therefore, this research objects to calculate the proportion of primary, pass-by, and diverted trips generated by a Supermarket in Colombo, Sri Lanka. Current vehicle trips attraction/generation of the supermarket, consumer trip chain pattern and vehicle volume of the access road are the primary research input. Five supermarkets in the Colombo area were selected as case studies, and descriptive analysis using SPSS software and Microsoft Excel was used for analysis. Results indicate that on average 43.7% of Pass-by and diverted trips will be generated by a new supermarket in the Colombo area. This paper leads to calculating the real traffic impact by a Supermarket on surrounding road network based on the pass-by and diverted trips in Colombo, Sri Lanka.
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Kaushik, Prashant, Anshul Sharma e Gurjit Singh Bhathal. "Revamping Supermarkets With AI and RSSi*". In 2021 International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Smart Systems (ICAIS). IEEE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icais50930.2021.9395814.

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Rapporti di organizzazioni sul tema "Supermarkets"

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Achterberg, Eline. Towards Meaningful Human Rights Impact Assessments: From supermarket commitments to best practice action. Oxfam International, gennaio 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.21201/2024.000009.

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This discussion paper focuses on the commitments that Dutch, German and UK supermarkets made as part of the Behind the Barcodes campaign to conduct human rights impact assessments (HRIAs). To understand whether supermarkets are meaningfully implementing those commitments and to support learning, this paper analyses the HRIAs that supermarkets have published in the past four years and identifies best practice efforts and points of improvement. Oxfam also outlines key recommendations for supermarkets and other food companies to improve HRIA processes to ensure that the rights of people making our food are better protected and respected.
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Ong, S., N. Clark, P. Denholm e R. Margolis. Breakeven Prices for Photovoltaics on Supermarkets in the United States. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), marzo 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1071982.

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Fricke, Brian A., e Vishaldeep Sharma. Isolated Sub-Dehumidification Strategies in Large Supermarkets and Grocery Stores. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), ottobre 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1025844.

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Franck, Anouk, e Art Prapha. Not in This Together: How supermarkets became pandemic winners while women workers are losing out. Oxfam, giugno 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21201/2021.7437.

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Mutyasira, Vine. Impact of COVID-19 on Food Systems and Rural Livelihoods in Zimbabwe - Round 2 Report. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), dicembre 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/apra.2020.022.

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In response to COVID-19, the Government of Zimbabwe enforced a nationwide lockdown on 30 March 2020, closing most sectors of the economy, including informal markets. However, with limited cases, lockdown movement restrictions were eased and supermarkets, restaurants and vegetable markets allowed to reopen. Between 3-13 October 2020, a second-round (R2) of surveys was conducted, targeting farming communities in Mvurwi and Concession Areas of Mazowe District, to assess COVID-19 impacts on food production systems, supply chains and general livelihoods. This report summarises insights obtained from the phone-based survey, covering 102 respondents (20 female and 82 male-headed households), and 5 local key informants (councillors and extension officers). Results are compared to the earlier R1 survey carried out in late June/early July.
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Reis, Germano Glufke Reis. The role of major retailers and supermarkets in the transition from industrial animal agriculture to alternative proteins in low- and middle-income countries: The case of Brazil. Tiny Beam Fund, dicembre 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.15868/socialsector.41304.

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Armstrong, Dr Beth, Lucy King, Ayla Ibrahimi, Robin Clifford e Mark Jitlal. Food Hygiene Rating Scheme (FHRS) Food and You 2: Wave 2. Food Standards Agency, dicembre 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.46756/sci.fsa.ozf866.

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he Food Hygiene Rating Scheme (FHRS) is run in partnership between the Food Standards Agency and Local Authorities and provides information on the standards of hygiene found in food businesses at the time they are inspected. The scheme covers businesses providing food directly to consumers, such as restaurants, pubs, cafés, takeaways, hotels, hospitals, schools and other places people eat away from home, as well as supermarkets and other food shops. In Wales, the scheme also includes businesses that trade only with other businesses, for example, manufacturers. Food and You 2: Wave 2 is the first wave of data collection to include questions relating to the FHRS. The Food and You 2 survey has replaced the biennial Food and You survey (2010-2018), biannual Public Attitudes Tracker (2010-2019) and the Food Hygiene Rating Scheme (FHRS) Consumer Attitudes Tracker (2014-2019). We previously commissioned the FHRS Consumer Attitudes Tracker survey to monitor consumer awareness, attitudes towards and use of the scheme. The survey moved from a biannual basis to an annual basis from 2017 onwards. Due to differences in the question content, presentation and mode of response, direct comparisons should not be made between these earlier surveys and Food and You 2.
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Aparicio, Diego, e Alberto Cavallo. Targeted Price Controls on Supermarket Products. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, febbraio 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w24275.

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Cavallo, Alberto, Guillermo Cruces e Ricardo Perez-Truglia. Inflation Expectations, Learning and Supermarket Prices. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, ottobre 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w20576.

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Walker, D. H. Investigation of Energy-Efficient Supermarket Display Cases. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), gennaio 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/885840.

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