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Letteratura scientifica selezionata sul tema "Sugar"

Autore: Grafiati

Pubblicato: 4 giugno 2021

Ultima modifica: 29 luglio 2024

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Articoli di riviste sul tema "Sugar"

COULSTON, ANN M., e RACHEL K. JOHNSON. "Sugar and Sugars". Journal of the American Dietetic Association 102, n. 3 (marzo 2002): 351–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0002-8223(02)90082-9.

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Debras, Charlotte, Eloi Chazelas, Bernard Srour, Emmanuelle Kesse-Guyot, Chantal Julia, Laurent Zelek, Cédric Agaësse et al. "Total and added sugar intakes, sugar types, and cancer risk: results from the prospective NutriNet-Santé cohort". American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 112, n. 5 (16 settembre 2020): 1267–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/nqaa246.

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ABSTRACT Background Excessive sugar intake is now recognized as a key risk factor for obesity, type 2 diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases. In contrast, evidence on the sugar–cancer link is less consistent. Experimental data suggest that sugars could play a role in cancer etiology through obesity but also through inflammatory and oxidative mechanisms and insulin resistance, even in the absence of weight gain. Objective The objective was to study the associations between total and added sugar intake and cancer risk (overall, breast, and prostate), taking into account sugar types and sources. Methods In total, 101,279 participants aged >18 y (median age, 40.8 y) from the French NutriNet-Santé prospective cohort study (2009–2019) were included (median follow-up time, 5.9 y). Sugar intake was assessed using repeated and validated 24-h dietary records, designed to register participants’ usual consumption for >3500 food and beverage items. Associations between sugar intake and cancer risk were assessed by Cox proportional hazard models adjusted for known risk factors (sociodemographic, anthropometric, lifestyle, medical history, and nutritional factors). Results Total sugar intake was associated with higher overall cancer risk (n = 2503 cases; HR for quartile 4 compared with quartile 1: 1.17; 95% CI: 1.00, 1.37; Ptrend = 0.02). Breast cancer risks were increased (n = 783 cases; HRQ4vs.Q1 = 1.51; 95% CI: 1.14, 2.00; Ptrend = 0.0007). Results remained significant when weight gain during follow-up was adjusted for. In addition, significant associations with cancer risk were also observed for added sugars, free sugars, sucrose, sugars from milk-based desserts, dairy products, and sugary drinks (Ptrend ≤ 0.01). Conclusions These results suggest that sugars may represent a modifiable risk factor for cancer prevention (breast in particular), contributing to the current debate on the implementation of sugar taxation, marketing regulation, and other sugar-related policies. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT03335644.

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Makarem, Nour, Elisa V. Bandera, Joseph M. Nicholson e Niyati Parekh. "Consumption of Sugars, Sugary Foods, and Sugary Beverages in Relation to Cancer Risk: A Systematic Review of Longitudinal Studies". Annual Review of Nutrition 38, n. 1 (21 agosto 2018): 17–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-nutr-082117-051805.

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High sugar intake may increase cancer risk by promoting insulin–glucose dysregulation, oxidative stress, inflammation, and body adiposity, but epidemiologic evidence is unclear. Associations between dietary sugars and lifestyle-related cancer risk from longitudinal studies were evaluated. We systematically searched PubMed, Embase, and CINAHL and identified 37 prospective cohort studies (1990–2017) reporting multivariable adjusted risk estimates for dietary sugars in relation to cancer. Of 15 and 14 studies on total sugar and sucrose respectively, 11 reported a null association in relation to cancer. Of 14 studies on fructose, 8 reported null associations, and 2 reported protective and 4 reported detrimental associations. In two of five studies on added sugars, a 60–95% increased cancer risk was observed with higher intakes. In 8 of 15 studies on sugary foods and beverages, a 23–200% higher cancer risk was observed with higher sugary beverage consumption. In conclusion, most studies were indicative of a null association, but suggestive detrimental associations were reported for added sugars and sugary beverages.

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Fernandes, Tatiana, Ana Faria e Helena Loureiro. "Sources of Free and Added Sugars and Their Nutritional Impact in Diabetic Patients". Diabetology 3, n. 4 (12 dicembre 2022): 634–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/diabetology3040049.

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A high consumption of sugar leads to an increase in caloric intake, which in turn will lead to a higher risk of developing health issues. Foods contain both naturally occurring sugars and added sugars. The World Health Organization recommends that the daily intake of free sugars be below 10% of the total daily energy intake. Food performs a key role in maintaining an adequate glycaemic control in people with diabetes. However, there is a low compliance to dietary recommendations, namely in the amount of sugar intake. This review article aims to assess and compare the intake of various types of sugars in the general population and among individuals with and without a diabetes diagnosis, identify the food sources that contribute to the intake of free and added sugars, and understand their impact on health. Studies performed on the general population found that the consumption of sugar was high, and that children and teens are more likely to exceed the recommended amounts. It was found that diabetics consume less total and added sugar than non-diabetics, as well as a less sugary drinks. Guidelines and public health policy measures aimed at limiting the intake of free and added sugars are needed in order to minimize the consumption of foods high in empty calories.

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An Godshall, Mary. "Sugars and Sugar Products". Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 87, n. 1 (1 gennaio 2004): 286–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/87.1.286.

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Clarke, Margaret A. "Sugars and Sugar Products". Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 72, n. 1 (1 gennaio 1989): 89–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/72.1.89a.

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Clarke, Margaret A. "Sugars and Sugar Products". Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 73, n. 1 (1 gennaio 1990): 124–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/73.1.124.

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Clarke, Margaret A. "Sugars and Sugar Products". Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 74, n. 1 (1 gennaio 1991): 146–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/74.1.146a.

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Clarke, Margaret A. "Sugars and Sugar Products". Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 75, n. 1 (1 gennaio 1992): 115–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/75.1.115a.

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Clarke, Margaret A. "Sugars and Sugar Products". Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 76, n. 1 (1 gennaio 1993): 140. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/76.1.140.

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Tesi sul tema "Sugar"

WANG, YI. "Sugar Control of Artemisinin Production". Digital WPI, 2006. https://digitalcommons.wpi.edu/etd-theses/460.

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The role of sugars as regulatory signals has mainly focused on their effects on plant growth, development, gene expression, and metabolism. Little, however, is known about their role in controlling secondary metabolism. Previous work in our lab showed that sugars affect the production of the sesquiterpene antimalarial drug, artemisinin, in hairy roots of Artemisia annua. In this study, sugars alone or in combination with their analogues were used to investigate if sugars control artemisinin production in Artemisia annua seedlings. Compared to sucrose, a 200% increase in artemisinin by glucose was observed. When the glucose analog, 3-O-methylglucose, which is not phosphorylated effectively by hexokinase, was added with glucose, artemisinin production was dramatically decreased but hexokinase activity was significantly increased compared to glucose. In contrast, neither mannose, which can be phosphorylated by hexokinase, nor mannitol, which can not be transported into cells had any significant effect on artemisinin yield. When different ratios of fructose to glucose were added to seedlings, artemisinin yield was directly proportional to glucose concentration. Although addition of sucrose with glucose gave inconclusive results, sucrose analogues decreased artemisinin production compared to sucrose. These results suggested that both monosaccharide and disaccharide sugars may be acting as signal molecules thereby affecting the downstream production of artemisinin. Taken together, these experiments showed that sugars clearly affect terpenoid production, but that the mechanism of their effects appears to be complex.

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Hunter, Stuart James. "Synthesis and Exploitation of Branched Sugars and Sugar Amino Acids". Thesis, University of Oxford, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.491619.

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This thesis describes the synthesis of 2-C-branched carbohydrate derivatives from ketohexoses and some useful synthetic applications thereof. Chapter 1 encompasses a general introduction to branched-chain sugars, with the emphasis upon 2C- hydroxymethyl and -methyl branched sugars. Strategies for their synthesis are discussed, both from nucleophilic and electrophilic carbohydrate derivatives. Some synthetic applications of carbohydrates and consequently branched carbohydrates are highlighted, with a view to the derivatisation of a proposed chiron from the Kiliani ascension of L-sorbose, 2-C-hydroxymethyl2,3: 5,6-di-O-isopropylidene-L-gulono,1,4-lactone. In chapter 2, the Kiliani ascension of L-sorbose and two subsequent complementary di-O-isopropylidene protections of the branched-chain lactones generated (thermodynamic and kinetic) are discussed. Further studies into the same transformations of three other ketohexoses, D-fructose, D-tagatose and D-psicose are then discussed. Further useful synthetic derivatives of the three major isomeric L-sorbose-derived branched di-protected lactones: selective deprotections and cleavage of C5-C6 bonds. One major area wh!ch utilizes carbohydrate building blocks is iminosugar synthesis. Iminosugars are the major compound class of interest in the realm of glycosidase inhibition, and also have other therapeutic properties, thus making them desirable synthetic targets. The application of 2-C- . branched sugar derivatives in the synthesis of novel iminosugars is proposed. Chapter 4 describes the syntheses of eight novel 2-C- hydroxymethyl and -methyl branched iminosugars from the major thermodynamic product (2-C-hydroxymethyl-2,3 :5,6-di-O-isopropylidene-L-gulono-l ,4-lactone) obtained from the Kiliani ascension of L-sorbose, as described in chapter 2. The syntheses of two additional novel iminosugars from isomeric 2,3:5,6-di-O-isopropylidene branched derivatives is described. Some results of inhibitory activity follow the synthetic results. The last two chapters provide a general introduction to macrocycles, and some synthetic investigations into macrocycles based on open-chain sugar amino acids (SAAs). SAA-derived macrocycles are structural hybrids of macrocyclic peptides and cyclodextrins. Strategies for the synthesis of large rings and previous work on D-galactose-derived-SAA macrocycles within the group is described with a view to the extension of this work towards novel asymmetric macrocycles with functionalisable rings. Chapter 6 reports synthetic investigations into three related families of macrocycles, each based on an open-chain galacto SAA. The pure galacto SAA macrocycles are revisited and two novel families of macrocycles are born, one containing proteinogenic amino acids and the other incorporating branched-chain SAAs. The branched-chain SAA itself is derived from 2-C-hydroxymethyl-2,3 :5,6-di-O-isopropylidene-D-mannono-l ,4-lactone, the major protected Kiliani lactone derived from D-fructose. Two major improvements to the original methodology for macrocycle formation are reported. Some structural analysis of macrocylic compounds through NMR and CD spectroscopy.

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Richards, James. "Sugar Skulls". Digital Archive @ GSU, 2006. http://digitalarchive.gsu.edu/english_diss/8.

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This dissertation is a collection of four long short stories about contemporary Americans written in the mode of psychological realism. “Bare Knuckles” depicts the struggles of a young man trying to “make it” in the world of illegal boxing. “ZOSO” focuses on the breakdown of an upper-middleclass family forced to move from the rustbelt to the “New South.” In “Dusted,” a man ill-equipped to navigate through the adult world turns to substance abuse and violence as a “way out.” “Sugar Skulls” explores the fascination with death in the punk rock world.

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Stetz, Rebecca J. E. "Sugar mimics". Thesis, University of Oxford, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.343469.

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Wennerholm, Kerstin. "Influence of sugar and sugar alcohols on mutans streptococci". Göteborg, Sweden : Göteborg University, 1994. http://books.google.com/books?id=Sq1pAAAAMAAJ.

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Szarek, Mark Anthony. "Chemistry and biology of novel amino sugars and amino-sugar analogs". Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp03/NQ31955.pdf.

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PITTIA, PAOLA. "Physical state of sugar matrices and aroma-sugars interactions at nanoscale". Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Trieste, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11368/2908096.

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Stolz, Hendrik Nicolaas Petrus. "Invert sugar from sugar cane molasses : a pilot plant study". Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/1986.

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An investigation was done into the recovery of invert sugar from sugar cane molasses. A pilot plant was designed and constructed to evaluate the clarification and separation of molasses to produce invert sugar syrup. The aim of the pilot plant was to prove the process and deliver data so as to facilitate the design and prove the financial viability of a commercial plant. The pilot plant had to process 300 kg/day of molasses. The clarification of molasses by centrifugal separation, a known desludging process, did not produce a product of acceptable quality which could be used in a chromatographic separator. The results were disappointing. The product obtained was also not suitable for dead end pressure filtration. The turbidity remaining after the centrifugal separation also did not respond to a second flocculation process. Conventional settling clarification was investigated. Seven factors that could influence the consolidation and settling of suspended solids in molasses were identified, namely: the age of the diluted molasses, the temperature of the flocculated mixture, the variations across various batches of flocculant, the effect of reaction time of the phosphoric acid, the optimum flocculant dosing concentration, the optimum concentration of the molasses solution and the effect of increasing the acid dosage. The optimum conditions to clarify molasses through settling were found to be: fresh molasses, at 28 Brix and 60°C, allowing 10 min intervals between acidification with 3,75 g (as 100%) phosphoric acid/ kg dry material (assumed equal to Brix) and neutralisation with 5 g (as 100%) caustic/kg dry material (assumed equal to Brix), flocculation with any batch of flocculant 6195, dosed as a 1000 ppm solution. Commercial equipment was evaluated. The pilot plant E-cat clarifier was operated at 300 l/h and a thick sludge formed. The overflow was clear and it could be filtered. The molasses obtained was suitable for chromatographic separation. The recovery of sugars from molasses sludge has economic merit. From the evaluation of centrifugal separation and gravity separation it is clear that gravity separation again is the best method. The sweet-water obtained is consistent within the clarity requirement of 10 NTU/Brix and can be used to dilute raw molasses in the upstream processing step. The clarification process that was developed is patented. [Bekker, Stolz et.al. (2001)] A sugar recovery of 93.9 mass % at a purity of 99.7 mass % from molasses, was achieved using a simulated moving bed, ion exclusion, pilot plant. The operating conditions for this performance were: feed flow at 14 l/h and at a temperature above 60 °C; water flow at 63 l/h and at a temperature above 65 °C; extract flow at 21 l/h; raffinate flow at 56 l/h; loop flow at 78 l/h and step time at 1326 seconds. This relates to the following bed volumes of the various separation zones: Bed Volume Zone 1 = 0.694; Bed Volume Zone 2 = 0.591; Bed Volume Zone 3 = 0.661; Bed Volume Zone 4 = 0.383. There is a trade-off between purity and recovery and a reduction in water usage. A preliminary environmental impact assessment and conceptual mass balance were done. The proposed plant integrates well into the existing Komati Mill of TSB and does not pose any significant environmental threat. The plant requires certain services from the mill. The mass balance investigated the water and steam consumption of the plant. Process integration was done so as to obtain the optimum utility consumption. The utility consumption of the plant does not exceed the capacity available at the mill. A small boiler is however required to produce steam during the annual mill maintenance period. Various techniques were used in a cost estimation for the invert sugar plant. The internal rate of return (IRR) is 42% for a fixed capital investment of R94,270,000.00. The net return rate (NRR) for the project is 4%/year, the net present value (NPV) - discounted at a 30% cost-of-capital is R41,782,000.00. The net payout time (NPT) is 5.207 years. The project fulfils the financial requirements set by TSB. It is now possible and viable to desugarize cane molasses.

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Hostetter, Christina J. "Sugar allies how Hershey and Coca-Cola used government contracts and sugar exemptions to elude sugar rationing regulations /". College Park, Md. : University of Maryland, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/1903/235.

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Thesis (M.A.) -- University of Maryland, College Park, 2004.
Thesis research directed by: Dept. of History. Title from t.p. of PDF. Includes bibliographical references. Published by UMI Dissertation Services, Ann Arbor, Mich. Also available in paper.

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Fujii, Sachie. "Studies on drying of sugar solutions and stabilization of dried foods by sugars". Kyoto University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/189644.

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Libri sul tema "Sugar"

Silva, Carlos Godoy. Sugar blueberry, sugar blueberry. Buenos Aires: Nulú Bonsai, 2013.

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Tate & Lyle Sugars. Sugar from sugar cane. Bromley: Tate & Lyle Sugars, 1991.

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Jenkins, Peter T. The sugar industry and cotton crops. Hauppauge, N.Y: Nova Science Publishers, 2010.

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T, Jenkins Peter, a cura di. The sugar industry and cotton crops. Hauppauge, N.Y: Nova Science Publishers, 2010.

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Dineen, Jacqueline. Sugar. Hillside, N.J: Enslow Publishers, 1988.

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Abbott, George C. Sugar. London: Routledge, 1990.

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Algenis, Pérez Soto, Rufino Rayniel, Holland André, Whitney Ann, Porterfield Ellary 1989-, Tirelli Jaime, Rijo José et al., a cura di. Sugar. Culver City, Calif: Sony Pictures Home Entertainment, 2009.

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Gary, Hodges, a cura di. Sugar. Mankato, Minn: Smart Apple Media, 2011.

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Glass, Seressia. Sugar. New York: Heat, 2015.

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Zellerbach, Merla. Sugar. New York, N.Y: Ballantine Books, 1989.

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Capitoli di libri sul tema "Sugar"

Abbott, George C. "The Outlook for Sugar". In Sugar, 280–316. London: Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003292203-7.

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Abbott, George C. "Sugar Policy in Major Markets". In Sugar, 213–79. London: Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003292203-6.

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Abbott, George C. "Introduction". In Sugar, 1–10. London: Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003292203-1.

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Abbott, George C. "Towards a Policy for Sugar". In Sugar, 317–42. London: Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003292203-8.

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Abbott, George C. "Setting the Scene". In Sugar, 11–60. London: Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003292203-2.

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Abbott, George C. "International Control Measures". In Sugar, 179–212. London: Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003292203-5.

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Abbott, George C. "Organization and Structure of Production". In Sugar, 61–125. London: Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003292203-3.

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Abbott, George C. "The Marketing of Sugar". In Sugar, 126–78. London: Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003292203-4.

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Piccinini, Antonio, e Margaret Loseby. "Sugar Beet and Sugar". In Agricultural Policies in Europe and the USA, 242–54. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230597150_15.

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Eddelbuettel, Dirk. "Sugar". In Seamless R and C++ Integration with Rcpp, 103–24. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-6868-4_8.

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Atti di convegni sul tema "Sugar"

Kibalnik, O. P., e T. V. Larina. "STUDY OF THE SOURCE MATERIAL FOR THE SELECTION OF HIGH-SUGAR VARIETIES OF SUGAR SORGHUM". In Agrobiotechnology-2021. Publishing house RGAU-MSHA, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.26897/978-5-9675-1855-3-2021-99.

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Currently, the development of the selection of sugar sorghum to increase the content of water-soluble sugars in the juice of the stem is relevant. The varieties and promising lines of sorghum breeding of the Institute, collectible cultivars as producers of sugars for use as a starting material for further breeding have been identified.

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Yao, Zhihao, Zongheng Ma, Yingtong Liu, Ardalan Amiri Sani e Aparna Chandramowlishwaran. "Sugar". In ASPLOS '18: Architectural Support for Programming Languages and Operating Systems. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3173162.3173186.

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Seo, Jeong-Ah. "The Liquid Glass Transition in Sugars and Sugar Mixtures". In FLOW DYNAMICS: The Second International Conference on Flow Dynamics. AIP, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2204461.

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Juan Manuel Vargas-Ramirez, Darrin Haagenson, Shafiqur Rahman e Dennis P Wiesenborn. "Change in Fermentable Sugars in Sugar Beets Stored Anaerobically". In ASABE/CSBE North Central Intersectional Meeting. St. Joseph, MI: American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/2013.41318.

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Togo, Takuro. "Sugar coat". In SIGGRAPH Asia 2012 Computer Animation Festival. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2407603.2407668.

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Hryszko, Krzysztof, e Piotr Szajner. "POLISH SUGAR SECTOR AFTER ABOLISHING SUGAR PRODUCTION QUOTAS". In 34th International Academic Conference, Florence. International Institute of Social and Economic Sciences, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.20472/iac.2017.034.021.

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Nilsson, Staffan. "Tropical sugar beet". In 33rd Biennial Meeting of American Society of Sugarbeet Technologist. ASSBT, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.5274/assbt.2005.13.

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Mejias-Brizuela, N. Y., A. Olivares-Pérez, G. Páez-Trujillo, M. P. Hernández-Garay, R. Fontanilla-Urdaneta e I. Fuentes-Tapia. "Hydrophobic sugar holograms". In Integrated Optoelectronic Devices 2008, a cura di Hans I. Bjelkhagen e Raymond K. Kostuk. SPIE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.761994.

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Hejl, William H. "Sugar Situation in the World". In American Society of Sugar Beet Technologist. ASSBT, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.5274/assbt.2007.2.

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Kraft, Thomas, Gerhard Steinrrucken, Jan Gielen, Tong Zhu e Todd Moughamer. "A sugar beet Affymetrix chip". In American Society of Sugar Beet Technologist. ASSBT, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.5274/assbt.2007.37.

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Rapporti di organizzazioni sul tema "Sugar"

Demeritt, Maurice E. Jr, e Maurice E. Jr Demeritt. Sap-Sugar Content of Grafted Sugar Maple Trees. Broomall, PA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northeastern Forest Experimental Station, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.2737/ne-rn-328.

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Granot, David, e Sarah M. Assmann. Novel regulation of transpiration by sugar signals within guard cells. United States Department of Agriculture, gennaio 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2012.7597924.bard.

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Water is the major limiting factor in agriculture and stomata, composed of two guard cells and the pore they circumscribe, are the chief gates controlling plants’ water loss. The prevailing century old paradigm was that sugars act as an osmoticum in guard cells, contributing to the opening of the stomata. In contrast, we discovered that sugars close stomata and the closure is mediated by the sugar-sensing enzyme hexokinase (HXK) that triggers the abscisic acid (ABA)-signaling pathway within the guard cells. This new discovery suggests a sugar-sensing mechanism within guard cells that controls stomatal closure, and supports the existence of a stomatal feedback mechanism that coordinates photosynthesis with transpiration.

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Lawson, Vincent. Sugar Beet Demonstration. Ames: Iowa State University, Digital Repository, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.31274/farmprogressreports-180814-1361.

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Lawson, Vincent. Sugar Beet Demonstration Plantings. Ames: Iowa State University, Digital Repository, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.31274/farmprogressreports-180814-1159.

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Lawson, Vincent. Sugar Beet Demonstration Plantings. Ames: Iowa State University, Digital Repository, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.31274/farmprogressreports-180814-852.

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Granot, David, e Richard Amasino. Regulation of Senescence by Sugar Metabolism. United States Department of Agriculture, gennaio 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2003.7585189.bard.

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Research objectives a. Analyze transgenic plants that undergo rapid senescence due to increased expression of hexokinase. b. Determine if hexokinase-induced senescence accelerates natural senescence using senescence specific promoters that drive expression of a reporter gene (GUS) and a cytokinin producing gene (IPT - isopentyl transferase). c. Isolate and analyze plant genes that suppress sugar-induced cell death (SICD) in yeast, genes that potentially are involved in programmed cell death and senescence in plants. Background to the topic Leaf senescence is a regulated process of programmed cell death (PCD) in which metabolites are recycled to other active parts of the plant. Senescence associated genes (SAGs) are expressed throughout leaf senescence. Sugar flux and metabolism is thought to playa fundamental regulatory role in senescence. We found that transgenic tomato plants with high hexokinase activity, the initial enzymatic step of sugar (hexose) metabolism, undergo rapid leaf senescence, directly correlated with hexokinase activity. These plants provide a unique opportunity to analyze the regulatory role of sugar metabolism in senescence, and its relation to cytokinin, a senescence-inhibiting hormone. In addition, we found that sugar induces programmed cells death of yeast cells in direct correlation to hexokinase activity. We proposed to use the sugar induced cell death (SICD) to isolate Arabidopsis genes that suppress SICD. Such genes could potentially be involved in senescence induced PCD in plants. Major conclusions The promoters of Arabidopsis senescence-associated genes, SAG12 and SAGI3, are expressed in senescing tomato leaves similar to their expression in Arabidopsis leaves, indicating that these promoters are good senescence markers for tomato plants. Increased hexokinase activity accelerated senescence and induced expression of pSAG12 and pSAG13 promoters in tomato plants, suggesting that sugar regulate natural senescence via hexokinase. Expression of IPT, a cytokinin producing gene, under pSAG12 and pSAG13 promoters, delayed senescence of tomato leaves. Yet, senescence accelerated by hexokinase was epistatic over cytokinin, indicating that sugar regulation of senescence is dominant over the senescence-inhibiting hormone. A gene designated SFP1, which is similar to the major super family monosaccharide transporters, is induced during leaf senescence in Arabidopsis and may be involved in sugar transport during senescence. Accordingly, adult leaves accumulate sugars that may accelerate hexokinase activity. Light status of the entire plant affects the senescence of individual leaves. When individual leaves are darkened, senescence is induced in the covered leaves. However, whole adult plant placed in darkness show delayed senescence. In a search for Arabidopsis genes that suppress SICD we isolated 8 cDNA clones which confer partial resistance to SICD. One of the clones encodes a vesicle associated membrane protein - VAMP. This is the first evidence that vesicle trafficking might be involved in cell death. Implications Increased hexokinase activity accelerates senescence. We hypothesized that, reduced hexokinase activity may delay senescence. Preliminary experiments using a hexokinase inhibitor support this possible implication. Currently we are analyzing various practical approaches to delay leaf senescence via hexokinase inhibition. .

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Garrett, Peter W., Kenneth R. Dudzik e Kenneth R. Dudzik. Ray tissues as an indirect measure of relative sap-sugar concentration in sugar maple. Broomall, PA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northeastern Forest Experimental Station, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.2737/ne-rp-626.

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Sharon, Amir, e Maor Bar-Peled. Identification of new glycan metabolic pathways in the fungal pathogen Botrytis cinerea and their role in fungus-plant interactions. United States Department of Agriculture, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2012.7597916.bard.

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The involvement of glycans in microbial adherence, recognition and signaling is often a critical determinant of pathogenesis. Although the major glycan components of fungal cell walls have been identified there is limited information available on its ‘minor sugar components’ and how these change during different stages of fungal development. Our aim was to define the role of Rhacontaining-glycans in the gray mold disease caused by the necrotrophic fungus B. cinerea. The research was built on the discovery of two genes, Bcdhand bcer, that are involved in formation of UDP-KDG and UDP-Rha, two UDP- sugars that may serve as donors for the synthesis of cell surface glycans. Objectives of the proposed research included: 1) To determine the function of B. cinereaBcDh and BcEr in glycan biosynthesis and in pathogenesis, 2) To determine the expression pattern of BcDH and BcERand cellular localization of their encoded proteins, 3) Characterize the structure and distribution of Rha- containing glycans, 4) Characterization of the UDP-sugar enzymes and potential of GTs involved in glycanrhamnosylation. To address these objectives we generated a series of B. cinereamutants with modifications in the bchdhand bcergenes and the phenotype and sugar metabolism in the resulting strains were characterized. Analysis of sugar metabolites showed that changes in the genes caused changes in primary and secondary sugars, including abolishment of rhamnose, however abolishment of rhamnose synthesis did not cause changes in the fungal phenotype. In contrast, we found that deletion of the second gene, bcer, leads to accumulation of the intermediate sugar – UDP- KDG, and that such mutants suffer from a range of defects including reduced virulence. Further analyses confirmed that UDP-KDG is toxic to the fungus. Studies on mode of action suggested that UDP-KDG might affect integrity of the fungal cell wall, possibly by inhibiting UDP-sugars metabolic enzymes. Our results confirm that bcdhand bcerrepresent a single pathway of rhamnose synthesis in B. cinerea, that rhamnose does not affect in vitro development or virulence of the fungus. We also concluded that UDP-KDG is toxic to B. cinereaand hence UDP-KDG or compounds that inhibit Er enzymes and lead to accumulation of UDP-KDG might have antifungal activity. This toxicity is likely the case with other fungi, this became apparent in a collaborative work with Prof. Bart Thomma of Wageningen University, NETHERLANDS . We have shown the deletion of ER mutant in Verticillium dahlia gave plants resistance to the fungal infection.

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