Tesi sul tema "Suède et Europe"
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Larsson, Eva. "Les Différences culturelles entre la Suède et la France concernant les qualités typiques dans la vie professionnelle". Thesis, University of Skövde, School of Humanities and Informatics, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:his:diva-571.
Testo completoIl y a beaucoup de livres qui essayent de décrire les cultures différentes. Ces livres traitent de choses qui sont vraiment typiquement suédoises et qui sont vraiment françaises. Il est difficile de savoir quelles choses sont vraies ou fausses.
La culture dans laquelle on passe son enfance joue un assez grand rôle dans la vie future, surtout pour la façon d’agir dans la vie professionnelle. Chaque personne a des qualités différentes et aussi chaque nationalité.
Est-ce que les livres diffusent les mêmes idées que les gens sur les caractéristiques de leurs propres pays et de l’autre pays, la Suède ou la France. Qu’est-ce que les Français pensent des Suédois et vice versa ?
Un arrière-plan de la notion de « culture » et des chapitres sur la façon dont une organisation fonctionne donneront des idées fondamentales avant d’entreprendre une comparaison entre les deux pays.
Mais aujourd’hui il y a beaucoup d’influence de toute l’Europe et le monde rétrécit toujours davantage. Cette petite recherche cherche à donner un aperçu sur la véracité prétendue ou réelle des caractéristiques particulières à chaque pays.
Jönsson-Leclerc, Alexandra. "Les politiques de la conciliation entre vie familiale et vie professionnelle en Europe : une comparaison entre la France, la Suède et le Royaume-Uni". Paris, Institut d'études politiques, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011IEPP0039.
Testo completoThis comparative analysis reconstitutes the conditions of emergence and institutionalization of public policies regarding the conciliation of family and professional life in France, Sweden and the United Kingdom at the beginning of the 20th century and during the 1960s, before questioning their evolution in the recent period of the 1990s to nowadays. Focusing on the forms and justifications by which governments have chosen to intervene in the organization of care services for young children and of parental leave measures, the analysis insists, on a first level, on the structural differences that dominate the national cases historically. On a second level, a series of recent gradual changes are demonstrated, following in the three cases a common pattern: One part forms a process of “defamiliasation”, indicating an intensified public involvement in the care of young children at the same time as an increasing variety in the provision of care services. The other part translates a process of “parentalisation”, pointing at a new public involvement in the organization of domestic care work within the family in order to favour parents’ professional participation as well as a more equal sharing of care responsibilities between women and men. The similar redefinition of the boundaries between public and private in the three countries indicates a convergence-trend, spurred by a more egalitarian public conception of gender relations. Considered in the context of an intensified European integration, this trend shows how European public policies are becoming ever more interwoven displaying a case of Europeanization where the influence of Europe can be neither certified nor excluded
Rege, Adeline. "Les voyages en Europe de l’architecte Simon-Louis Du Ry : Suède, France, Hollande, Italie (1746-1777)". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris 4, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA040173.
Testo completoFrom 1746 to 1756, Simon-Louis du Ry, the German architect with Huguenot roots, traveled to Sweden, Holland, France, and Italy to learn a trade. He returned to Italy from 1776 to 1777. During his travels, Simon-Louis du Ry maintained an intense correspondence with his family. He kept a diary of his second trip to Italy and these manuscripts are a very valuable source for the history of the mobility of artists in the Modern era. The purpose of this thesis is to analyse and edit Simon-Louis Du Ry’s travel writings. We consider travel an individual experience which is limited by material and social issues, and a way of understanding the world, others, knowledge and oneself. Our challenge is to take account of the traveler as a person, but also of the environment in which he organizes his travels. After describing these journeys (including routes, transport and accommodation, and traveler’s activities), we compare them with the travel patterns in vogue at that time: the Grand Tour, the scholar’s travel, and the artist’s travel. We aim to explore how Simon-Louis Du Ry has described his travels and the influence that his journeys have had, not only on his architectural career, but also on his cultural background, i.e. the landgraviate of Hesse-Kassel during the Enlightenment. The critical examination of Du Ry’s travel books that we offer is accompanied by a critical apparatus consisting of notes and of three indexes: geographical names, biographical names, and subjects
Boirot, Jennifer. "Experts psychiatres et crimes sexuels en Europe : De la scène judiciaire à l’action publique : Etude comparée : Angleterre, Espagne, Roumanie, Suède et France". Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015SACLV021/document.
Testo completoThis comparative study, both transnational and transdisciplinary, allows to sketch out a portrait of “the European forensic psychiatrist”. Observation of the dynamics in the construction of expertise provides a good understanding of the forensic psychiatrist’s role and of the issues involved in his mission at each stage of the procedure (from investigation to trial, from assignment of a case to the drafting of the forensic report). Immersion in the working routine of forensic psychiatrists (observing forensic examinations, reading reports, interviews) as well as in the daily routine of the justice system (observing hearings, reading criminal records, interviews), allows a dynamic analysis furthering knowledge on the role of the forensic psychiatrist in the criminal proceedings dealing with sexual offences. This approach confronts the rigor of criminal law ruling the criminal process with the practical realities of its enforcement. This research examines the transformation of the role of the forensic psychiatrist in public policies, under the effect of the conceptual changes that have affected the perception of sexual crime and the risk of recidivism. From the judicial arena to public policies, a new figure of the forensic psychiatrist emerges in Europe
Rege, Adeline. "Les voyages en Europe de l’architecte Simon-Louis Du Ry : Suède, France, Hollande, Italie (1746-1777)". Thesis, Paris 4, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA040173.
Testo completoFrom 1746 to 1756, Simon-Louis du Ry, the German architect with Huguenot roots, traveled to Sweden, Holland, France, and Italy to learn a trade. He returned to Italy from 1776 to 1777. During his travels, Simon-Louis du Ry maintained an intense correspondence with his family. He kept a diary of his second trip to Italy and these manuscripts are a very valuable source for the history of the mobility of artists in the Modern era. The purpose of this thesis is to analyse and edit Simon-Louis Du Ry’s travel writings. We consider travel an individual experience which is limited by material and social issues, and a way of understanding the world, others, knowledge and oneself. Our challenge is to take account of the traveler as a person, but also of the environment in which he organizes his travels. After describing these journeys (including routes, transport and accommodation, and traveler’s activities), we compare them with the travel patterns in vogue at that time: the Grand Tour, the scholar’s travel, and the artist’s travel. We aim to explore how Simon-Louis Du Ry has described his travels and the influence that his journeys have had, not only on his architectural career, but also on his cultural background, i.e. the landgraviate of Hesse-Kassel during the Enlightenment. The critical examination of Du Ry’s travel books that we offer is accompanied by a critical apparatus consisting of notes and of three indexes: geographical names, biographical names, and subjects
Le, Hérissé Alain. "Acritarches et kystes d'algues prasinophycees de l'ordovicien supérieur et du silurien de Gotland, Suède". Brest, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988BRES2012.
Testo completoChambon-Aubier, Catherine. "Dynamiques de construction des pratiques porteuses d'innovation : analyse des pratiques d'apprentissage dans les formations d'ingénieur et des pratiques professionnelles des ingénieurs-innovateurs en France, en Allemagne, en Espagne et en Suède". Thesis, Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008INPL103N/document.
Testo completoIn the first step of the survey, we exposed the context of our scientific question according to macro and micro-educative systems in Europe. We questioned the reality for an « engineer spirit » that could define the studied population. Then we compared the different educational systems in France, in Germany, in Spain and in Sweden through societal and cultural values impacting the higher education. We chose to study several notions and concepts such as skills, culture and innovation before detailing and exposing our scientific framework: the framework of practices and the engineer vocational paradigm. In the second step of our research, we explained our methodology based on a theoretical approach linked to our pedagogical activities. This part of our study is closed by the analysis of our data in order to test our hypothesis. To conclude we have defined the notion of “human practices supporting innovation” and the concept of “community of practices in innovation”
Salvadori, Pierre. "Des cartes, des humains et des glaces. Savoirs, empires et mondes sous les latitudes d'un Nord global (vers 1530-vers 1610)". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024SORUL137.
Testo completoThis dissertation examines the role of the globe's highest latitudes in European imperial and knowledge manoeuvres throughout a long 16th century. Far from being a peripheral space, these regions emerged both as an imperial stake and as an object - indeed, a field - of knowledge. In these spaces unknown to the ‘Ancients', whose boundaries had not been significantly pushed back except northward and around Scandinavia, there was room for experimentation. European powers excluded from the Iberian partition of the colonial globe (France, England, Denmark, Sweden, then the Netherlands) sought new worlds and empires by wagering on high latitudes against their rivals' cartographic reasoning of a longitudinal ‘englobing of the world', as the latter had circumnavigated the globe and unfolded it along an East-West axis. In Spain, Portugal, or Antwerp, efforts were made to address these challenges, or to anticipate the problem posed by these latitudes that punctured the Iberian globe, whose magnitudes had yet been experienced elsewhere as a homogeneous and connectable space. Using a double questionnaire in both imperial history and history of knowledge, together with reflections on material history and historical anthropology, this dissertation examines a series of operations involving both the spaces and environments of the high latitudes and the globe itself. It recovers the problematizations of these troubled spaces of ‘world englobement' (A. Romano), from two vantage points: learned Europe and European empires on the one hand, and the Swedish worlds of knowledge and the Vasas' early imperialism on the other. By capturing the North, empire, and knowledge in the making, across various sites (particularly Antwerp, Stockholm, Venice, Paris, London, and Amsterdam), but also in the field (whether that of Roman missionaries in the North or that of knowledge espionage far from home), this work aims to reconstruct the original world-making processes enabled by the globe's northern mediations. It also reveals particular politics of knowledge that only relatively separate different domains of learning, blending geography (sacred of profane), history (idem), natural philosophy, the art of navigation, law, as well as astrology or etymology. As an epistemological testing ground for both nature and empire, the global North affords a glimpse of both the hiccups of ‘world englobement' and the techniques of learned and imperial anxiety-relief. While the first part seeks to demonstrate what the dialectic between the Arctic passage and the great transatlantic land bridge stands for, the second part sets the construction of northern knowledge and empires against the backdrop of ice scholarly acclimatization, questioning whether ice, though absent from maps at first glance, might actually be present as a neglected resource for globe-makings. Building upon the logics observed in the earlier sections, while observing them in a Swedish context, this work ultimately re-examines, through the lens of a social and cultural history of knowledge, the first Swedish imperial projection in the 1560s-1570s. Using a peculiar terrestrial globe and the extensive lists inscribed by Erik XIV (r. 1560-1568) in the margins of his prison books after his deposition by his brothers, one can paradoxically observe the Swedish empire in the making. Pushing the dynamics of his reign further, the body of the Swedish king took a global turn, harnessing geographical knowledge as agents of his ‘recharge sacrale', thereby coming into conflict with the nobility's ‘aristocratic constitutionalism'. Thus the Swedish empire would start with a stumble, as Erik XIV was deposed in 1568, after attempting to make his political body coextensive with the new magnitudes of the earth—a deviation from established practices that would set a precedent in subsequent imperial pursuits
Girault, Camille. "Construire la naturalité nordique à la lumière de la ville. La production des espaces naturels protégés comme composante de l’urbanité à Oslo (Norvège), Göteborg, Stockholm (Suède), Copenhague (Danemark) et Helsinki (Finlande)". Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017GREAA018/document.
Testo completoThrough a geographical approach to urban protected areas, this doctoral dissertation proposes to consider conservation policies as production choices of metropolitan naturality. Based on the study of five northern European metropolises (Oslo, Gothenburg, Stockholm, Copenhagen, Helsinki) in four different national contexts (Norway, Sweden, Denmark, Finland), it develops a reasoning on the foundations, practices and representations relating to spaces and spatialities of conservation. We do not propose a monographic compilation, and it is in a transversal and critical way that we invite to consider the protected space as an urban space in its own right. In the light of nordicity, this doctoral thesis questions the existence, the modalities and the specificities of a supposed Scandinavian model which would show through the conservation policies. The demonstration suggests above all a reversal of the usual patterns of conservation: here, the city is not understood as a threat to nature; rather, it is questioned as a protective factor. In return, conservation can strengthen some urban functions and may even appear to be a leverage of metropolisation. By mobilizing different forms of observation and various materials, this work of social and political geography of the environment is also a wider epistemological reflection on the notions of city and nature and on the links they maintain. By confirming the necessary overcoming of the dualisms resulting from modernity, this dissertation questions the hybrid spatial forms produced by the introduction of protective regulations within metropolitan spaces. Thus, conservation may appear as a means of regulating urbanization, but it is above all a means of enhancing the value of certain urban spaces and, as such, it can often strengthen urbanity. Among the diversity of situations encountered, preserving the urbanity of natural spaces sometimes becomes the primary objective of protection. In short, some urban protected areas are more protected urban spaces. Conservation is politically initiated, but it must nevertheless be socially validated in order to truly exist. Thus, by paying close attention to the practices of the inhabitants, this work has observed mismatches between the political objectives of conservation and their reception by city dwellers. As a result, the protected space may extend beyond the ordinary protective perimeter or be condensed in certain places: the normally established boundaries of such an object move and the lines of conservation are labile. Studying the policies for the production and conservation of natural spaces and the ways in which protected areas are appropriated thus proves to be an original and fruitful approach to urban development and metropolitan logics. Finally, this doctoral dissertation is also implicitly a reflection on the implementation of a geographical approach and on the construction of a way of being a geographer
Haque, Shahzaman. "Etude de cas sociolinguistique et ethnographique de quatre familles indiennes immigrantes en Europe : pratiques langagières et politiques linguistiques nationales & familiales". Phd thesis, Université de Grenoble, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00739776.
Testo completoEnos-Attali, Sophie. "Les politiques nationales de sécurité à l'épreuve du changement : analyse comparative de l'évolution des politiques de sécurité de trois "pays neutres" (Autriche, Finlande, Suède)". Paris, Institut d'études politiques, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009IEPP0012.
Testo completoThe comparative analysis of Austria’s, Finland’s, and Sweden’s – three small European States with a tradition of neutrality – security policies reveals a convergence towards a hybrid model, which consists both in non-alliance and active participation to the Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP) of the European Union and to the Partnership for Peace (PFP) of NATO. Such a smooth evolution reflects an adaptation to the configuration of international relations after the cold war, as well as the entrenchment of neutrality in Austrian, Finnish, and Swedish security identities. This observation leads to qualify the common idea upon which the determination of small states’ security policies would rely mainly on international data. Being a source of flexibility, the governance of the CFSP and the PFP makes the choice of the three countries possible, since it enables them to point out their own preferences while they are influenced by the cognitive frame of the EU and NATO for security matters : exploiting the interactive process of the EU and of the PFP, Vienna, Helsinki and Stockholm have managed to find a golden mean between the constraints of the new international security order and their deep attachment to the principle of non-participation to military alliances. Such an impact of the CFSP and of the PFP on the national security policies of the countries that take part to them shows that integovernmentalism is not necessary a brake upon the deepening of integration within these institutions
Kaarlõp, Liia. "Parlements et mise en oeuvre des politiques communautaires". Nice, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007NICE0042.
Testo completoThe increasing debates on the democratic legitimacy of the European Union have put emphasis on the issue of participation of national parliaments in the European political process. The analysts highlight the lack of legitimacy of European politics and correlate it to the exclusion of national parliaments from the European polity. The empirical data refers to countries where the parliaments strongly participate in the scrutiny of European affairs; thus EU decisions are likely to be implemented. Comparative case studies across four EU Member States – Finland, France, Italy and Sweden - will illustrate how the parliamentary participation might influence the implementation of the European politics at national level. Although these countries are characterised by different political, constitutional and cultural features, their interest in having influence on the decisions made at European level is equal
Azzouni, Anis. "Politique énergétique et énergies renouvelables en Europe du nord, dans le cadre du développement durable". Thesis, Paris 4, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA040003.
Testo completoOur new challenge is to succeed in protecting the environment; we have to reduce our energy consumption. The development of renewable energies will decrease greenhouse gases and our energy consumption. The Nordic countries have set up a different energy policy, depending on their own natural resources and know-how. It’s not easy to reduce energy consumption when needs are increasing. Political choices are very important, especially during this crisis period. We must use this new green revolution to revitalize the economy, create employment and build a good sustainable development, which respects the environment and society. The Nordic countries share the same culture, history and language, but their energy policies are different. Norway has chosen hydrocarbons, Denmark wind power, Sweden and Finland nuclear power and Iceland geothermal energy. These choices have always been an argument for the reduction of greenhouse gases, even if the reality is sometimes different. The Nordic countries are setting a good example to the world in sustainable development and showing a new way of life and thinking for the next generations
Setbon, Michel. "Analyse des processus décisionnels en santé publique dans la lutte contre l'épidémie de SIDA : les politiques comparées de dépistage de l'infection par le VIH en France, Grande-Bretagne et Suède". Paris, Institut d'études politiques, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992IEPP0010.
Testo completoDecision-making concerning HIV infection (coming before the eventuality of developing aids) and national modalities of testing are analysed as policies attempting to respond both to a public health problem, preventing the spreading of contamination, and to a public problem, the fear of contamination. That gives them a great heterogeneity, unusual regarding biological practice and explains the quarrelling and unstable character of national policies. The comparison points out national choices as a social and political construction through a decision-making-process in which different structured-interests-groups in conflict try to direct policy testing to a pattern corresponding to their strategies. In 1985 the availability of HIV test and its introduction in the blood transfusion services put an end to the non-decision period noticed in the three studied countries inducing the politicization phase during which policies testing were concived and worked out. These policies get organized around a politico-technical coalition fitting the priority objective of the policy; this aim may be : epidemiological (detecting "groups risks"), medical (detecting seropositives in order to get them into the health care system) or in a direction of primary prevention (helping individuals to reduce their risk level to avoid futur hiv infection). These choices are expressed by very well differenciated national policies, quantitatively and qualitatively : two of them are extensive (France and Sweden), the third one is selective (Great-Britain) trying to meet individuals with behavior risks
Patry, Pénélope. ""Drømmen om Europas forente stater" ("Le rêve des Etats-Unis d'Europe"). Entre internationalisme et européisme, l'autre Europe du jeune Willy Brandt en exil (1933-1947)". Thesis, Lyon, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LYSEN047/document.
Testo completoThe fact that during his Scandinavian exile between 1933 and 1947, the young Willy Brandt has been engaged in the debate about the future Europe and even proposed concrete conditions for its realization is still largely unknown. Still, the question of Europe marked out his exile writings and was as such the focus of particular attention from the young socialist refugee in Norway as early as 1939. This doctoral thesis aims to highlight these early European ideas, the “dream of the United States of Europe”, that Willy Brandt developed during his exile. It shall question not only the role of his Scandinavian exile on the emergence of a European federal thought in Brandt’s exile writings, but also the content of his project, its particularities and furthermore its possible originality. At a time when resistance groups were massively discussing the idea of the European unification, what may characterize Brandt's proposal for Europe? And how did these first European ideas evolve during the Second World War as the contexts of conception and communication also changed. To answer these questions, this PhD thesis is based on the analysis of texts written by Willy Brandt in Scandinavia between 1933 and 1947. The corpus consists of three types of documents: books or monographs about the war and the global international context, journalistic writings (newspaper articles, brochures, pamphlets, conference manuscripts all signed by Brandt between 1933 and 1947) and personal correspondence. The objective has been to identify in all these exile writings the motive of Europe as well as any other element relating to the theme of a united Europe or likely to be part of a more general reflection on international politics and the new post-war European order. This thesis has the particularity of being based essentially on original documents and hitherto largely unexploited sources, which has required a considerable amount of archival research. Moreover, since the sources used in this PhD thesis were written in Norwegian, Swedish and German, learning two Scandinavian languages, namely Norwegian and Swedish, was necessary. This study shows that through its contextual and cultural influence, the Scandinavian exile marked the emergence and evolution of Brandt’s European ideas between 1933 and 1947. The model of a social and democratic Europe the young Brandt dreamed of and developed during the Second World War undeniably bears the imprint of Scandinavia, and in particular Scandinavian socialism. By doing so, the thesis sheds new light on Willy Brandt’s political foothold and shows the importance of his exile years in the formation of a statesman and his foreign and European policy
Die Tatsache, dass Willy Brandt während seines Exils in Skandinavien zurinternationalen Diskussion über die Zukunft eines vereinten Europas beigetragen, und sogarkonkrete Bedingungen für eine künftige Einigung des Kontinents vorgeschlagen hat, ist nochkaum beachtet worden. In seinen Exilschriften tauchte das Thema „Europa“ allerdings immerwieder auf. Vor allem ab 1939 schenkte der junge Flüchtling dem Projekt einer künftigeneuropäischen Einigung besondere Aufmerksamkeit. Zum ersten Mal wird in der vorliegendenForschungsarbeit ein eingehender Überblick über Willy Brandts Europavorstellungen im Exil,deren Ursprung und deren Entwicklung, angeboten, und zwar im Rückgriff auf ursprüngliche,zum Teil bisher unbenutzte Quellen aus deutschem und skandinavischem Archivmaterial.Die Dissertation setzt sich zum Ziel, die Entstehung und die Entwicklung von WillyBrandts frühen Europavorstellungen im besonderen Kontext des skandinavischen Exilszwischen 1933 und 1947 zu analysieren, und fragt folgendes: Inwiefern hat das Exil inSkandinavien die Entstehung und die Ausformung von Brandts außenpolitischenKonzeptionen dauerhaft geprägt? Willy Brandts journalistische und literarische Schriften aus der Exilzeit zwischen 1933und 1947, die ein umfangsreiches Archiv aus Zeitungs-, bzw. Zeitschriftenartikeln, Büchern,Broschüren und gemeinsamen Veröffentlichungen bilden, liegen der vorliegendenForschungsarbeit zugrunde. Ziel ist es gewesen, in diesen Exilschriften das Motiv „Europa“sowie jedes andere Element zu identifizieren und zu erörtern, das sich auf das Thema einesvereinten Europas beziehen oder Teil einer allgemeineren Reflexion über die internationalePolitik und die neue europäische Nachkriegsordnung sein dürfte.Die Besonderheit dieses Forschungskorpus besteht in seiner Mehrsprachigkeit. Die imRahmen des vorliegenden Forschungsprojekts benutzten Texte und Manuskripte wurdennämlich auf Deutsch aber auch auf Norwegisch und auf Schwedisch verfasst. Wichtig war esin dieser Hinsicht, die Originalfassungen heranzuziehen, und damit der gesamtenForschungsarbeit nicht nur Authentizität sondern auch Originalität zu verleihen. In diesemZusammenhang gehörte das Erlernen von zwei skandinavischen Sprachen, nämlichNorwegisch und Schwedisch, natürlich auch zu den Grundlagen des Projekts.Diese Studie hat gezeigt, dass das skandinavische Exil die Entstehung und dieAusformung von Brandts frühen Europavorstellungen zwischen 1933 und 1947 kontextuellund inhaltlich geprägt hat. Im Modell des sozialistischen und demokratischen Europa, wovoner im Exil träumte und das er im Laufe des Zweiten Weltkrieges weiter entwickelte, lassensich nämlich etliche programmatische, kulturelle und politische Einflüsse der skandinavischen– und insbesondere der norwegischen – Sozialdemokratie erkennen. Dabei hat die vorliegendeDissertation die Bedeutung des skandinavischen Exils für die menschliche und politischeEntwicklung des Willy Brandt sowie für die Entstehung eigener außenpolitischer, ja sogareuropäischer Konzepte beim späteren Staatsmann nachvollziehen können
Caralp, Adrien. "Economie de la défense et industries des petits Etats européens : diversité et recomposition des capacités industrielles nationales au niveau de la construction de plateformes dans un secteur en mutation". Thesis, Paris, EHESS, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017EHES0125/document.
Testo completoWhile the period that follows the end of the cold war is still characterized by a deep restructuring of the world defense industries, most of the studies focus on the changes at work within the main producing nations and a few large developing countries. By contrast, this doctoral dissertation focuses more specifically on the situation of the “small states”. Specialized literature tends to suggest that following the arms race that prevailed during the years of bipolar confrontation, only the largest powers would dominate the research and development of sophisticated armaments, while the weaker nations with significantly lower defense budgets would be reduced to playing a minor role through a core modality – their integration within the value chains of the main world producers as suppliers of systems, subsystems and components. In this framework, the ability to design and build platforms (i.e. vehicle, ship, submarine, aircraft, helicopter...) would definitively elude the “small states” and would remain the sole prerogative of the biggest powers. On the basis of the fact that several “small” European states still do have some platform-building capabilities in the military area, this dissertation investigates how the latter succeeded in retaining such a level of industrial competence. Based upon four case studies (Switzerland, Finland, Netherlands and Sweden) in three different sectors (military land, naval and aeronautics), its aim is to understand whether these industrial capabilities do constitute a legacy that will inevitably disappear in the long run, or whether they are integrated within viable strategies that might be succesfully implemented in other national trajectories. To do so, this doctoral work starts by investigating the findings of the main French researches conducted in the field of defense economics, and it subsequently uses the contributions of Michael Porter on competitive positioning and the determinants of the competitive advantage of nations in order to apply them to the study of the military industries of the “small states”
Blanc, Philippe. "La Grande-Bretagne, le Nord et la Baltique du milieu du XIXe siècle jusqu'à la Première Guerre mondiale : des relations et un regard en évolution". Thesis, Strasbourg, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016STRAG037.
Testo completoBy the middle of the 19th century, the Baltic area is regarded by the British as a far-off, underdeveloped periphery, although there exist privileged relationships linked to the romantic attraction of Scandinavia, the economic importance of the region as supplier of essential raw materials and its geographical location in the vicinity of the Russian rival of the Great Game. Considering this special link, the socio-economic potential of the Nordic countries, and the necessity to multiply Britain’s commercial outlets, the various British actors hope, after the advent of liberalism, to participate in the region’s development, and even benefit from it at economic level. Yet, if, during the second half of the nineteenth century, many British merchants, entrepreneurs, capitalists or engineers do take an active part in the takeoff and modernisation of the Baltic regions, diplomatic and economic developments, whose main features are a rising Germany, more stable relations with Russia, and a stubbornly negative trade balance, lead Britain to continually reconsider its regional role until the international tensions of the early twentieth century