Letteratura scientifica selezionata sul tema "Sudanese play"
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Articoli di riviste sul tema "Sudanese play"
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Dafa’Alla, Adil Ahmed. "Prospects for the aerospace industry in the Sudan". World Journal of Science, Technology and Sustainable Development 13, n. 3 (11 luglio 2016): 234–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/wjstsd-02-2016-0025.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to investigate the contribution of the Sudanese manufacturing sector to the Sudanese economy and assess the role that aerospace industry, in particular, can play as a driver for achieving sustainable development in the Sudan. Design/methodology/approach – This paper reviewed and analysed the contribution of the industrial sector to the Sudanese economy based on the comprehensive industrial survey carried out with the assistance of United Nations Industrial Development Organisation and United Nations Development Programme in 2001. It then went on to assess the role that aerospace industry can play in improving the contribution of this sector to the Sudanese and regional economy and achieving sustainable development. Evidence from global industrial views, international economic reports and experience of other countries in similar situation as the Sudan was used to support arguments. Findings – The Sudanese economy is agriculturally based. A heavy injection of industrialisation of the economy is essential in order to improve the trade balance and help the country out of the poverty zone. The aerospace industry is an important ingredient of the required dose as the global and regional demand is high and the flourishing regional economy is encouraging. The paper argues that building a flourishing aerospace industry as an important element of sustainable development plan for the Sudan is a shared responsibility of good government, quality education and well-guided investment. Practical implications – The paper is proposing a practical way to transform the character of the Sudanese economy and help it to set on a sustainable development path that will alleviate poverty and improve the standard of living of its citizens. Originality/value – The paper gives critical assessment of the role of the industrial sector in driving the Sudanese economy, which is seriously lacking in the literature. Additionally, the paper introduces building a flourishing aerospace industry in the Sudan as an important ingredient to boost the manufacturing sector, hence, improve the economy, fight poverty and a step towards achieving sustainable development.
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Babker, Asaad Ma, Itedal Abdelraheem Mohamed Ahmed, Marwan Ismail, Fathelrahman Mahdi Hassan, Ahmed L. Osman, Praveen Kumar Kandakurti e Abd Elgadir A. Altoum. "Lack of Association between Factor V Leiden G1691A, Prothrombin G20210A, MTHFC677T Mutations, and Early Recurrent Pregnancy Loss in a Group of Sudanese Women". Open Access Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences 8, B (15 agosto 2020): 553–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.3889/oamjms.2020.4384.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
BACKGROUND: Recurrent pregnancy loss is classically defined as the occurrence of three or more consecutive pregnancy loss. Recurrent pregnancy loss affects from 1-5% of the reproductive age couples. This diagnosis is both emotionally challenging and confusing for most couples, as the definitive diagnosis using conventional evaluations is found in fewer than half of the couples experiencing repeated loss.
AIM: The purpose of this study was to define the association between Factor V Leiden G1691A, Prothrombin G20210A, MTHFC677T mutations and recurrent pregnancy loss in a group of Sudanese women.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: This a retrospective analytical case control study was carried out at Omdurman Maternal Hospital, Sudan between July 2013 to July 2015. Consent was obtained from the ethical committee of the Faculty Research Board and Hospital of Omdurman Maternity Hospital (Sudan). The study included a hundred pregnant females with a history of recurrent spontaneous abortion as the (case group) and ninety-five healthy reproductive Sudanese women as the (control group). The data was collected with the help of a structured questionnaire and direct interview to collect information. Identification of point mutation in factor V Leiden G1691A, prothrombin G20210A and MTHF C677T gene by polymerase chain reaction was performed. The odds ratio and the 95% confidence interval (95%CI) were calculated for the presence of mutation case group and the control group and analyzed by SPSS program, version 17.0.
RESULTS: The frequency of prothrombin G20210A, MTHFC677T, was low overall, except for the Factor V Leiden G1691A. The differences between patients and controls had no statistical significance (P- Value>0.05).
CONCLUSION: Our study confirms the low prevalence of inherited thrombophilias in Sudanese populations and it is unlikely that the tested thrombophilias play a role in the pathogenesis of recurrent pregnancy loss in the Sudanse population.Therefore, we conclude that the low prevalence of Factor V Leiden, prothrombin G20210A and MTHFC677T in Sudanese women with RPL and does not play a role in the pathogenesis of recurrent pregnancy loss among our population.
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Bellion-jourdan, Jérôme. "L’humanitaire et l’islamisme soudanais. Les organisations Da’wa Islamiya et Islamic African Relief Agency". Politique africaine 66, n. 1 (1997): 61–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/polaf.1997.6045.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Sudanese humanitarianism and islamism : the organizations Da'wa Islamyia and Islamic adrican relief agency. After the oil boom of the 70’s, a number of islamic humanitarian societies appeared. Sudan was one of their favorite targets. Two of them, the IARA and the Da’wa Islamiya, are closely linked to the Sudanese islamic movement. They are funded by the Gulf countries, nevertheless they pretend that their activities are purely charity driven, responding to the universal norms and values implemented by international institutions. However, they show partisan tendencies, both religiously and politically, and they thus play a peculiar role in the Sudanese islamic system.
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Ali Elhassan, Moawia Mohammed, Julián Monge-Nájera e Yuh-Shan Ho. "Bibliometrics of Sudanese scientific publications: Subjects, institutions, collaboration, citation and recommendations". Revista de Biología Tropical 70 (13 gennaio 2022): 30–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.15517/rev.biol.trop..v70i1.47392.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Introduction: Sudan is the third largest country in Africa and has rich reserves of petroleum and other ground resources, but its per capita Gross Domestic Product is only $808 and researchers work in insufficient institutional facilities and with little funding. Previous studies about its scientific productivity have been limited to specific subjects and relatively short periods, with no large analyses until now. Objective: To analyze the scientific output of Sudan in depth, considering all research areas and several decades of scientific activity. Methods: We retrieved the documents with “Sudan” in field country in the Science Citation Index Expanded for the period 1900-2019. Results: We retrieved over 9 000 publications and found that most were articles; that citation was higher for review articles and book chapters, and that this index mostly covered articles in English. Beginning in 1972, the number of publications in this database has increased rapidly. The citation lifespan indicates slow growth in the Sudanese scientific literature, and collaboration is frequent both nationally and internationally, possibly because the scarce resources make collaboration almost compulsory. Most external collaboration is done with Saudi Arabia but citation is higher for articles resulting from international megaprojects, led by Europe and the USA, in which Sudanese researchers play secondary roles. Research focusses on applied technological subjects with little innovation value. Women play a smaller role in Sudanese science. Conclusions: Our recommendations for Sudanese science include increasing the number of women in leading research positions; providing funding directly to researchers (i.e., bypassing bureaucratic bodies); increasing basic research to avoid stagnation; training Sudanese researchers for leading positions; and identifying specific research areas where Sudan can lead in its region.
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Naeem, Mahmoud Hamid Arabi, Khalafalla Ahmed Mohamed Arabi e Howida Adam El-Maeia. "Impact of Monetary Policy and its Transmission Mechanism in Sudan". Technium Social Sciences Journal 41 (9 marzo 2023): 97–129. http://dx.doi.org/10.47577/tssj.v41i1.8520.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The current paper investigates the impact of monetary policy and its transmission mechanism in Sudan, using the structural vector autoregressive (SVAR) model utilizing monthly data from Jan 2000 to the end of 2021. The findings show that Sudan's monetary transmission mechanism for credit and exchange rate channels performs poorly due to the salient features of the Sudanese economy and the financial and banking sector. The policy implication arising from this finding is; the role of the conduct approach for monetary policy should be clearly defined. Moreover, it is necessary to restore the credibility and reliability of the Central Bank of Sudan (CBOS) for conducting monetary policy. Sudan's monetary and credit policies must rely on indirect instruments, and the exchange rate should be determined by the market. The banking sector should be subjected to a program of reform and recapitalization. Other financial institutions, such as insurance companies and pension funds, must play a greater role in the economy.
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Abd Alfadil, Noha Ahmed, Malik Suliman Mohamed, Manal M. Ali e El Amin Ibrahim El Nima. "Characterization of Pathogenic Bacteria Isolated from Sudanese Banknotes and Determination of Their Resistance Profile". International Journal of Microbiology 2018 (24 settembre 2018): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/4375164.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Background. Banknotes are one of the most exchangeable items in communities and always subject to contamination by pathogenic bacteria and hence could serve as vehicle for transmission of infectious diseases. This study was conducted to assess the prevalence of contamination by pathogenic bacteria in Sudanese banknotes, determine the susceptibility of the isolated organisms towards commonly used antibiotics, and detect some antibiotic resistance genes.Methods. This study was carried out using 135 samples of Sudanese banknotes of five different denominations (2, 5, 10, 20, and 50 Sudanese pounds), which were collected randomly from hospitals, food sellers, and transporters in all three districts of Khartoum, Bahri, and Omdurman. Bacterial prevalence was determined using culture-based techniques, and their sensitivity patterns were determined using the Kirby–Bauer disk diffusion method. Genotypic identification was carried out using PCR and 16S rDNA sequencing. Antibiotic resistance genes of some isolates were detected using PCR technique.Results. All Sudanese banknotes were found to be contaminated with pathogenic bacteria.Klebsiella pneumoniaewas found to be the most frequent isolate (23%), whereasBacillus mycoides(15%) was the most abundant Gram-positive isolate. There was a significant relationship between the number of isolates and the banknote denomination withpvalue <0.05 (the lower denomination showed higher contamination level). Our study has isolated bacteria that are resistant to penicillins and cephalosporins. Multidrug-resistant strains harboring resistant genes (mecA,blaCTX-M, andblaTEM) were also detected.Conclusion. All studied Sudanese banknotes were contaminated with pathogenic bacteria, including multidrug-resistant strains, and may play a significant role in the transmission of bacterial infections.
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Kakouris, Georgios. "The symbolization of a snake and tree among the devotees of the zar spirit in Sudan". IJoReSH: Indonesian Journal of Religion, Spirituality, and Humanity 2, n. 1 (30 giugno 2023): 68–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.18326/ijoresh.v2i1.68-92.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
This paper deals with a symbolic interpretation of the structural position that the snake and the tree possess in the local worship of the zar spirit within the borders of Islamic Sudan. The paper at hand aims to study, via bibliographic research, how the snake Azrag Banda, a manifestation of zar, and his tree-abode are regarded as significant symbols in the Sudanese zar tumbura, a self-nominated Islamic practice and spirit-possession cult with therapeutic functions. The snake Azrag Banda and his tree play a special role in the life of the cult and are meaningful symbols due to the collective historical experience of the Sudani, the devotees of zar tumbura. As it will be shown, the main characteristic of the Sudani Self is a past of slavery and displacement and a present of living on the margins of Sudanese society. In this regard, the current article aims at indicating what the snake entity Azrag Banda and his tree-abode mean for the Sudani. Adopting an emic approach, the snake and the tree will be seen as traditional Sudanese earth symbols, which are considered able to offer protection, heal the historical stigma of slavery, help the subaltern establish their “roots” in the Sudanese ground, and thus upgrade the low social status of the Sudani. In this way, the latter is transformed into free men and genuine landowners.
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Ndoromo, Owen. "Cultural Impact and an Intimate Partner aggression in African Societies: A comparison of Rwanda and South Sudan". European Journal of Social Sciences 1, n. 3 (29 dicembre 2018): 170. http://dx.doi.org/10.26417/ejss.v1i3.p170-177.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The study investigated the role of cultural impact on South Sudanese and Rwandan women who nowadays reside in the diaspora in Finland and Belgium. It explores the cultural violence against women before and after the 1994 Rwandan genocide against the Tutsis, and after the independency of South Sudan. This argument is presented through an analysis of existing literature and documents; and through interviews with 341 respondents (166 men and 175 women) belonging to the Rwandan diaspora in Belgium and in Finland; and 420 participants (302 females and 118 males) married, divorced, single mothers in South Sudan. The results show that women and girls in South Sudan continue to be at risk of violence from cultural impact more than Rwandan women. Poverty, education, and insecurity play a huge role in promoting aggression against South Sudanese women.
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Manal A Ibrahim, Safa G Ali e Mahasin M Hussien. "Antioxidant activity of some Sudanese medicinal plant methanolic extracts". Journal of The Faculty of Science and Technology, n. 7 (17 agosto 2021): 110–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.52981/jfst.vi7.963.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Traditional medicines play a very important role in the health care system in Sudan, Cadaba glandulosa , Aristolochia bracteolata , Boscia senegalensis and Nymphaea lotus are used in folkloric medicine to remedy some diseases. The methanolic extracts were used to evaluate antioxidant activity to the plants which were mentioned above. B senglensis was shown high activity equal to 87+1, while N. lotus was represented 82+2. Also A. bracteolate and C. glandulosa exhibited moderate values (54+0.03 and 41+0.04 respectively).
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Ndoromo, Owen, e Jean d’Amour Banyanga. "Cultural Impact and an Intimate Partner aggression in African Societies: A comparison of Rwanda and South Sudan". European Journal of Social Sciences 6, n. 2 (10 agosto 2023): 8–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/eujss-2023-0012.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Abstract The study investigated the role of cultural impact on South Sudanese and Rwandan women who nowadays reside in the diaspora in Finland and Belgium. It explores the cultural violence against women before and after the 1994 Rwandan genocide against the Tutsis, and after the independency of South Sudan. This argument is presented through an analysis of existing literature and documents; and through interviews with 341 respondents (166 men and 175 women) belonging to the Rwandan diaspora in Belgium and in Finland; and 420 participants (302 females and 118 males) married, divorced, single mothers in South Sudan. The results show that women and girls in South Sudan continue to be at risk of violence from cultural impact more than Rwandan women. Poverty, education, and insecurity play a huge role in promoting aggression against South Sudanese women.
Libri sul tema "Sudanese play"
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Sheikh, Ahmed El. A modelling approach to forecasting: A critique of some essential aspects of the Sudanese six-year plan. [Khartoum]: Development Studies and Research Centre, Faculty of Economic & Social Studies, University of Khartoum, 1985.
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Benucci, Antonella, Giulia I. Grosso e Viola Monaci. Linguistica Educativa e contesti migratori. Venice: Fondazione Università Ca’ Foscari, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.30687/978-88-6969-570-4.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The volume, produced within the framework of the COMMIT project “Fostering the Integration of Resettled Refugees in Croatia, Italy, Portugal and Spain”, concerns the current European situation, and in particular the teaching of L2 in its relations and interdisciplinary exchanges with other scientific fields dealing with migratory phenomena; therefore, starting from the COMMIT experience, it offers a wide perspective, going beyond the borders of the countries involved in the project and identifying good practices that can be replicated in different territorial and social contexts to ensure successful social inclusion of newly arrived citizens. COMMIT is a project funded by the European Commission (DG HOME), co-financed by the Ministry of Interior and the Project Partners and managed by the Mediterranean Coordination Office of the International Organization for Migration (IOM), in Italy. The project was implemented in collaboration with the IOM Missions in Croatia, Portugal and Spain, together with the Communitas Consortium, the Adecco Foundation for Equal Opportunities and the University for Foreigners of Siena (UNISTRASI). The project activities were implemented from 1 January 2019 to 30 April 2021. The project, based on the idea that successful integration of resettled refugees occurs both by putting in place certain structural conditions and by promoting mutual exchange between resettled refugees and their host communities, aimed to support their integration into their new communities, with a special focus on women and young refugees as particularly vulnerable groups. A secure humanitarian migration route to the European Union launched in 2013 is targeted at refugees who are beneficiaries of resettlement. Several Member States, including Croatia, Italy, Portugal and Spain, have therefore established or strengthened their national resettlement and humanitarian admission programmes for resettled refugees of Syrian, Eritrean, Ethiopian or Sudanese origin. In preparation for resettlement, beneficiaries participate in a series of pre-departure cultural orientation activities. Among them, training in L2 language and culture plays a crucial role. The book hence tries to offer answers to the many challenges that characterise the field of language education in contexts marked by the presence of migrants from an interdisciplinary perspective. It provides for effective solutions for an inclusive language education, attentive to ‘vulnerable’ subjects, paying attention to the interweaving of complex individual, social, cultural and economic contexts, such as school and university training courses and reception and resettlement programmes in host societies. In particular, the current situation in Italy, regarding both teaching L2 in a school context and teaching modern languages to adult foreigners, is still lacking in interdisciplinary relations and exchanges between language teaching and other scientific fields dealing with migratory phenomena. However, in recent years a particular sensitivity and empathy towards linguistic and cultural contact have developed.
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Ḍahābah al-ʻilmānīyah: Masraḥīyah. [al-Kharṭūm]: [publisher not identified], 2002.
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Lobban , Jr., Richard A. Global Security Watch—Sudan. ABC-CLIO, LLC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9798400657795.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
This book provides an overview of contemporary issues in Sudan, Africa's largest nation, examining the country's history and current scene to help readers develop a deeper understanding of how much Sudan matters in today's world. With deep connections to the Sahel and savanna to the west, the African world to the south, the Horn of Africa to the east, and the Middle East to the north, Sudan is important strategically, legally, geopolitically, and militarily—but too often overlooked, or underestimated. Sudan, the country of residence of Osama bin Laden for six years, has played, and will continue to play, a significant role in worldwide security matters. An analysis of the causes, resolutions, and implications of the ongoing Sudanese conflicts (including the genocide in Darfur), this book is essential reading for policymakers, researchers, and students alike. This book considers Sudan's historical foundations, examining how the agendas of countries to the south, east, and north have influenced Sudan's people and government. The author also explains the origins and context of the Darfur conflict, laying out possible steps toward a resolution. Questions concerning Sudanese oil—where is it? how much is there? to whom does it belong?—help focus any discussion of Sudan's emerging importance in the contemporary world. Other issues—such as the influence of Islamism or the Sudanese activities of the Arab League, China, or the African Union—underline the uncertainties that confront the people of Sudan today.
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Abdel Aziz, Azza Ahmed, e Aroob Alfaki. Shifting Terrains of Political Participation in Sudan: Elements dating from the second colonial (1898–1956) period to the contemporary era. International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31752/idea.2021.70.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
This report presents elements of the development of Sudanese women’s political participation through time. It highlights several political routes from their early days until the contemporary era. The study is based on an analysis of secondary sources alongside empirical data derived from four states within Sudan, namely: Blue Nile, Central Darfur, Kassala and River Nile. Different themes are explored and they include: the meanings of political participation, women’s leadership roles, identifying structural limitations that hinder the participation of women in politics, possible avenues for women’s participation, the presence of women in politics, variations in religious interpretations and their impact on political participation, the status of the Sudanese constitution and the views of women and men on the extent that women might advance in the next elections. The report also address how the December revolution of 2018 might improve the situation for women’s political participation, since it marks a break from the earlier practices of the Islamist regime that had a severe negative impact on the freedoms of Sudanese women and their ability to engage in political activities. Political parties are considered gatekeepers for women’s access to political positions of power as they play an important role in institutionalizing women’s inclusion in politics. Ensuring that political parties in Sudan play an active role in the advancement of gender equality and the enhancement of women’s political participation is particularly important as Sudan prepares for its transition to democracy.
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Erickson, Jennifer. Race-ing Fargo. Cornell University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501751134.001.0001.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Tracing the history of refugee settlement in Fargo, North Dakota, from the 1980s to the present day, this book focuses on the role that gender, religion, and sociality play in everyday interactions between refugees from South Sudan and Bosnia-Herzegovina and the dominant white Euro-American population of the city. The book outlines the ways in which refugees have impacted this small city over the last thirty years, showing how culture, political economy, and institutional transformations collectively contribute to the racialization of white cities like Fargo in ways that complicate their demographics. The book shows that race, religion, and decorum prove to be powerful forces determining worthiness and belonging in the city and draws attention to the different roles that state and private sectors played in shaping ideas about race and citizenship on a local level. Through the comparative study of white secular Muslim Bosnians and Black Christian Southern Sudanese, the book demonstrates how cross-cultural and transnational understandings of race, ethnicity, class, and religion shape daily citizenship practices and belonging.
Capitoli di libri sul tema "Sudanese play"
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Satti, Mohamed A. "Musical Messages". In Advances in Media, Entertainment, and the Arts, 187–203. IGI Global, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-1986-7.ch010.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
This research analyzes the political content in Sudanese music. The aim is to scrutinize and interpret the meaning of such political content and to place it in a historical context of the country's post-independence history. The songs of some of Sudan's most respected musicians of the current era such as Mohamed Al Amin, Abdel Karim Al Kabli and Mohamed Wardi are examined. Guided by framing analysis, the study employs six framing devices: nationalist/patriotic, responsibility, loyalty/allegiance, assimilation, ethnocentric and superiority frame. The aim of the investigation is to deconstruct the content of nationalistic songs to fully appreciate the roles they play in both popular culture and in the political arena. Results suggest that Sudanese popular music is high in nationalistic/patriotic and loyalty/allegiance but low in assimilation content. Results also indicate that Sudan's post-independence history is rich with songs that reflect the country's political situation.
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Day, Adam. "Resilient systems of governance: Comparing South Sudan and Congo". In States of Disorder, Ecosystems of Governance, 125–49. Oxford University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192863898.003.0008.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
This chapter argues that the Congolese and South Sudanese systems, while different in many respects, share several characteristics that tend to work against United Nations (UN)-led statebuilding. Both possess highly interdependent systems of governance with strong attractors to violence as a stabilizing aspect of the system. Both have exhibited a very limited tendency to change in the kind of linear gradualist path expected by the UN, and thus arrived at similar outcomes: the UN was unable to generate a fundamental governance transformation. This comparison in systemic terms adds significant findings to the political economy and political science research on statebuilding to date. While much of this scholarship has found the UN to be disconnected from local realities and pursuing ineffective top-down strategies, it has not explored the underlying patterns in different systems that generate resistance to change. Merely pointing to ‘corruption’ or ‘lack of political will’, or ‘local realities’ tends to punt the question rather than address it. Complexity offers insights into the patterns at play across different systems, explaining the ways in which extremely disparate systems can frustrate statebuilding.
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Gurdon, c. G. "Agriculture in the national economy". In The Agriculture of The Sudan, 148–61. Oxford University PressOxford, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198592105.003.0010.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Abstract Agriculture plays a pivotal role in the economy, providing a livelihood for over 80 per cent of the population. Its share of the labour force is still over 60 per cent and its share of total exports is over 95 per cent. The country’s efforts to achieve economic progress and transformation are dependent on the performance of the agricultural sector and Sudanese industry is also almost entirely dependent on agriculture as a source of raw materials.
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Gifkins, Jess. "Peacekeeping and the Challenge of Consent". In Inside the UN Security Council, 165–96. Oxford University PressOxford, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192869029.003.0008.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Abstract This chapter analyses the negotiations towards the hybrid UN/AU peacekeeping operation in Darfur. Security Council members sought to move away from the pre-existing AU peacekeeping operation because donors were reluctant to continue funding it, whereas UN peacekeeping is funded via assessed contributions from all UN member states. This priority aligned with civil society demands for greater civilian protection in Darfur. The authorization of the hybrid operation was a circuitous process because the Security Council first authorized UN peacekeeping, which was rejected outright by Sudan. This first attempt can be understood in terms of the external legitimation practice of ‘doing something’, whereby Western drafters prioritized taking action even though it was known in advance that Khartoum would not offer the requisite consent. It was the UN Secretariat, using its legitimated authority, that proposed the plan for hybrid peacekeeping and pitched it to both Security Council member states and Khartoum. China shifted from backing Khartoum in the first round of negotiations to lobbying Khartoum for consent in the second round of negotiations, which was instrumental in achieving Sudanese acquiescence. This shift can be understood as an external legitimation practice in that China shifted position towards one that would garner greater legitimacy from international peers. When negotiating the hybrid peacekeeping operation, Security Council members refocused on normal internal legitimation practices—unanimity and regional support—with the understanding that legitimacy was central to implementation.