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1
Bendz-Hellgren, Malin, e Jan Stenlid. "Effects of clear-cutting, thinning, and wood moisture content on the susceptibility of Norway spruce stumps to Heterobasidion annosum". Canadian Journal of Forest Research 28, n. 5 (1 maggio 1998): 759–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x98-043.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The effects of clear-cutting and thinning as well as heartwood and sapwood moisture content on spore infection by Heterobasidion annosum (Fr.) Bref. were investigated in summer cuttings in southern and central Sweden. At five sites, 20-100 stumps in clear-cut, thinned, and precommercially thinned stands of Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) were created and left for natural spore infection. An additional 20 stumps per stump type and site were artificially inoculated with conidiospores of H. annosum. The probability of natural infection was 0.73 and 0.53 for stumps in thinned and clear-cut stands, respectively. Almost all (95%) of the artificially inoculated stumps in thinned and clear-cut stands became colonized, and no differences due to stump type were found. The probability of infection of stumps in precommercially thinned stands was lower than for the other stump types of both naturally and artificially inoculated stumps. The proportion of colonized sapwood was reduced with increasing moisture content. Stump colonization seemed unaffected by temperature, even though stump temperatures exceeded 40°C for 2 h at one site.
2
Gaitnieks, Tālis, Astra Zaļuma, Kristīne Kenigsvalde, Dārta Kļaviņa, Indulis Brauners e Tuula Piri. "Susceptibility of Small-Diameter Norway Spruce Understory Stumps to Heterobasidion Spore Infection". Forests 10, n. 6 (22 giugno 2019): 521. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f10060521.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Heterobasidion spp. cause economically important losses in conifer forests in the Northern Hemisphere, especially in Norway spruce stands. Freshly cut stumps are the main route for Heterobasidion spp. infection. Even small stumps of spruce seedlings are known to be susceptible to spore infection, however, very little is currently known about the susceptibility of small stumps of understory spruce to Heterobasidion spore infection. To determine the frequency of spore infections among stumps of understory trees, we analyzed 756 Norway spruce stumps in eight sample plots in eastern Latvia. Understory trees 35–68 years of age, with a stump diameter of 2–10 cm, were felled 33–48 weeks before sampling. In total, 514 (68%) of the spruce stumps were infected by Heterobasidion spores. The infection frequency among the plots varied from 56% to 86%. Both infection frequency and stump surface area occupied by Heterobasidion positively correlated with stump diameter, but neither correlated with the time span elapsed between felling and sampling. Colonization of trees by a competitor fungus, Phlebiopsis gigantea (Fr.) Jülich, was observed in 30 (4%) of investigated stumps, but did not have any effect on the frequency of Heterobasidion infections. Our data show that Norway spruce stumps can be highly susceptible to Heterobasidion spore infection. In order to control airborne Heterobasidion infections, stump treatment should be considered during the sporulation period of Heterobasidion spp.
3
Lewis, Katherine J., e Everett M. Hansen. "Survival of Inonotustomentosus in stumps and subsequent infection of young stands in north central British Columbia". Canadian Journal of Forest Research 21, n. 7 (1 luglio 1991): 1049–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x91-144.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Distribution of tomentosus root disease in spruce (Piceaglauca (Moench) Voss and P. glauca × engelmannii Engelm.) and pine (Pinusconforta var. latifolia Engelm.) stumps in 1- to 30-year-old harvest units, survival of Inonotustomentosus (FR) Teng in stumps, and infection of regeneration trees were examined by transect surveys and root excavations. The number of diseased stumps ranged from 8 to 71 per hectare (2.1–27.5%); these were in patches, commonly two to three stumps each. Viable mycelium was found in 80 and 53% of the 30-year-old spruce and pine stumps, respectively. Distal growth by I. tomentosus in roots ceased shortly after harvest. Narrow decay and stain columns were observed in 1- and 2-year-old spruce stumps. In older stumps, the fungus had colonized the sapwood and bark. In pine, colonization of the bark and cambium was common at all stump ages. Spruce stumps, with longer, horizontally oriented roots and a greater percentage of colonized roots, caused more infections of regeneration than pine stumps (14 and 5%, respectively, of the five regeneration trees closest to each stump). Regeneration trees had a 25% chance of infection if planted within 2 m of decayed spruce stumps and 0.5 m of decayed pine stumps. The probability of infection decreased to 10% at 3.75 and 2.75 m from spruce and pine stumps, respectively. Both spruce and pine regeneration were infected, often at points of disruption in the bark, such as a feeder root or root branch.
4
Rijks, Meta H., Erik-Jan Malta e Roderick J. Zagt. "Regeneration through sprout formation in Chlorocardium rodiei (Lauraceae) in Guyana". Journal of Tropical Ecology 14, n. 4 (luglio 1998): 463–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467498000340.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The contribution of sprouts to the long-term survival of Chlorocardium rodiei, following logging was investigated. Differently aged sprout populations on cut stumps were surveyed to determine the numbers of sprouts produced, probability of survival and growth rates. Fifty-five to 70% of the stumps produced sprouts. The proportion of stumps that sprouted was lower for the hollow stumps than for the intact ones and the number of sprouts produced per stump was reduced. No significant correlation was found between stump diameter and the number of sprouts. Some sprouts survived for at least 15 y (usually one per stump), and these had a significantly larger average diameter relative to the sprouts at younger sites. The number of sprouts and the diameter of the largest sprout showed a significant positive correlation, suggesting that the maintenance of the inherited stump root system is shared among the sprouts so that the costs per sprout are reduced. We conclude that sprouting on cut stumps may have the potential to contribute to the maintenance of C. rodiei in the canopy at logged sites.
5
Vartiamäki, Henna, Jarkko Hantula e Antti Uotila. "Effect of application time on the efficacy of Chondrostereum purpureum treatment against the sprouting of birch in Finland". Canadian Journal of Forest Research 39, n. 4 (aprile 2009): 731–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x09-009.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
To test the effect of application time on the efficacy of a biological control agent to prevent sprouting of cut stumps, birches ( Betula pendula Roth. and Betula pubescens Ehrh.) were cut and stumps treated with a decay fungus ( Chondrostereum purpureum (Pers. ex Fr.) Pouzar) at different times during one growing season. Applications were conducted at 2 week intervals. The presence of fruiting bodies was examined three times during the 2 years following treatment. Sprouting was measured twice. Fructification was most abundant 1 year after the treatment, and the frequency of stumps with fruiting bodies was highest when the stumps were treated between May and July. Treatment reduced the percentage of living stumps compared with controls, except if conducted in late autumn. The reduction was the highest on stumps treated in the middle of July; 2 years after the treatment, only 12.5% of treated stumps were resprouting compared with 74% of control stumps. Also, the number of living sprouts per stump decreased by the treatment, except if conducted in late autumn. Although the number of living sprouts per stump decreased owing to C. purpureum treatment, it had no effect on the maximum height of the sprouts.
6
Zou, Yang, Xiaoping Li e Guo Yang. "Sprout Regeneration of Shrub Willows after Cutting". Plants 9, n. 12 (1 dicembre 2020): 1684. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants9121684.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Shrub willow (Salix L. spp.) is a promising bioenergy resource crop due to its high growth rates and superb regenerative ability. Sprouting capacity is influenced by many factors, such as parent tree species and size, which are important limiting factors for stump survival or sprout growth. In this study, we aimed to quantify the survival and regeneration performance of sprouts (including sprout height, sprout diameter, sprout number, leaf morphological traits, leaf chlorophyll content, and ground part dry biomass) from the stumps of two Salix species from three diameter classes (10–15, 16–19, and 20–30 mm). An attempt was made to explore why the stump size affects the regeneration of willows by analyzing the carbon and nitrogen proportion of stumps. Stump survival did not differ between the two Salix species. However, the sprout regeneration of S. triandra was much better than that of S. suchowensis. An increase in stump diameter caused increases in the number of sprouts produced per stump, the mean height and basal diameter of sprouts per stump, the leaf chlorophyll content, and the biomass of sprouts per stump. By contrast, stump diameter did not significantly affect stump survival. The results indicate that the larger stumps store more carbon and nitrogen than small-sized stumps, which may be one of the reasons why the larger willow stumps have a stronger resprouting ability. This study provides essential information regarding the sprout regeneration of short-rotation coppice willow plantations after harvest.
7
Pohjolainen, T. "A clinical evaluation of stumps in lower limb amputees". Prosthetics and Orthotics International 15, n. 3 (dicembre 1991): 178–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/03093649109164285.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
A study was carried out on 93 consecutive unilateral below-knee (BK) and 62 above-knee (AK) amputees. The dimensions of the amputation stumps were measured and the general condition and contralateral limb assessed at the time of prosthetic fitting. After one postoperative year, follow-up information for 124 (89%) of the surviving patients was obtained by personal contact. The observations were based on the standard formula for stump classification constructed by the International Society for Prosthetics and Orthotics. The 93 BK stumps had a mean length of 16.0 cm and the 62 AK stumps a mean length of 28.0 cm. The scar on the stump was adherent in 13% of BK and 2% of AK stumps. The scar was deeply wrinkled in 7% of BK stumps and 10% of AK stumps. The scar on the stump was most frequently adherent or deeply wrinkled in trauma patients (33%). The skin was undamaged in 93% of all the patients at the first visit and in 94% at the time of follow-up. The mobility of the stump in the proximal joint was limited at the time of prosthetic fitting in 15% of cases. Phantom pain was reported by 59% and stump pain by 5% of patients at this time. Although the phantom pain was mild in most cases, it was usually still present after one year, and 53% of the surviving patients suffered from phantom pain. At the first visit, 20% of patients had problems in their contralateral leg. During the first postoperative year, 6 contralateral BK amputations were performed in the BK group and one contralateral AK amputation in the AK group. Thus, along with examination of the stump, attention must be paid to the contralateral limb with a view to preserving it. The study supports the usefulness of the standard form and classification of amputation stumps.
8
Mujuri, Elijah, e Michael C. Demchik. "Northern Pin Oak Stump Sprouting Frequency on Scrub Oak Sites of Central Wisconsin". Northern Journal of Applied Forestry 26, n. 2 (1 giugno 2009): 83–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/njaf/26.2.83.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Abstract Stump sprouts are an important component of the regeneration for northern pin oak on scrub oak sites in Central Wisconsin, but there exists little quantitative information about their actual contribution. This study examines the occurrence of sprouting from northern pin oak stumps remaining after overstory removal in four stands in Central Wisconsin. On average, 85% of all stumps sprouted. Sprouting frequency diminished significantly (P < 0.0001) as stump diameter increased, but even the largest stumps sprouted at rates of 71% or better. With stump sprouting rates this high, coppice regeneration could fill much of the regeneration need for similar scrub oak sites.
9
Zaluma, Astra, Patrick Sherwood, Lauma Bruna, Uvis Skola, Talis Gaitnieks e Jonas Rönnberg. "Control of Heterobasidion in Norway Spruce Stands: The Impact of Stump Cover on Efficacy of Urea and Phlebiopsis gigantea and Implications for Forest Management". Forests 12, n. 6 (26 maggio 2021): 679. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f12060679.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
This study investigated the efficacy of Rotstop®, a native Latvian Phlebiopsis gigantea strain and 35% urea solution in combination with a stump cover treatment to control against natural spore infection by Heterobasidion spp. upon precommercial thinning of Norway spruce in three stands growing on former agricultural lands. The major findings were that (i) infection rates of Heterobasidion spp. on stumps treated with the native P. gigantea strain, Rotstop® or urea are similar when stumps are uncovered, and (ii) stump cover promotes stump colonization by the Latvian P. gigantea strain and Rotstop®, leading to a significantly smaller relative area colonized by Heterobasidion spp., as well greater efficiency against Heterobasidion in comparison with urea. Covering of stumps appears beneficial for controlling Heterobasidion stump colonization and may be valuable to forest owners if used in small-scale operations, but it is impractical in automatized thinnings, where managers should consider using regular Rotstop® without covering the stumps.
10
Petrice, Toby R., e Robert A. Haack. "Effects of Cutting Time, Stump Height, and Herbicide Application on Ash (Fraxinus Spp.) Stump Sprouting and Colonization by Emerald Ash Borer (Agrilus planipennis)". Northern Journal of Applied Forestry 28, n. 2 (1 giugno 2011): 79–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/njaf/28.2.79.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Abstract Efforts to eradicate or slow the spread of emerald ash borer (EAB) (Agrilus planipennis Fairmaire [Coleoptera: Buprestidae]) include cutting infested and nearby uninfested ash (Fraxinus spp.) trees. However, ash trees readily sprout after they have been cut, providing potential host material for EAB. In 2004–2005, we conducted studies to determine how different cutting times (midspring, late spring, and late summer), different cutting heights (0–5, 10–15, and 20–25 cm above the ground), and triclopyr (44% active ingredient) stump treatment of green ash (Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marsh.) trees affected subsequent stump sprouting and colonization by EAB. We also cut white ash (Fraxinus americana L.) and black ash (Fraxinus nigra Marsh.) trees 20–25 cm above the ground in late spring. Some stumps of each ash species tested sprouted and were colonized by EAB. All green ash stumps treated with triclopyr died and were not colonized by EAB. Stump sprouting was significantly lower for stumps cut in late spring compared with stumps cut in midspring or late summer. Stump sprouting did not vary significantly among cutting heights. None of the green ash stumps cut in midspring or cut 0–5 cm above the ground were colonized by EAB; however, the frequency of stump colonization by EAB did not vary significantly among cutting times or cutting heights.
11
Ota, Takayuki, Takashi Masaki, Hisashi Sugita, Tatsuo Kanazashi e Hisashi Abe. "Properties of stumps that promote the growth and survival of Japanese cedar saplings in a natural old-growth forest". Canadian Journal of Forest Research 42, n. 11 (novembre 2012): 1976–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x2012-141.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
In a natural forest that has experienced logging and lacks large fallen logs, cut stumps are expected to become a suitable substrate for regeneration. We investigated the properties of stumps that promoted the natural regeneration of coniferous species in a natural old-growth forest dominated by Cryptomeria japonica (L.f.) D. Don. A comparison of C. japonica saplings growing in three microsites (ground, stumps, and fallen logs) revealed that sapling density was highest on the stumps; 75% of saplings were distributed on stumps, which occupied only 3% of the projected forest area. The mortality of saplings during the 3-year study period did not differ significantly among the three microsites. Six properties of stumps were quantified: height, diameter at ground level, decay class, species taxon, type (i.e., cause of occurrence: logging or natural disturbance), and light conditions. Of these properties, the type of stump was the most influential. The density of saplings was significantly greater on stumps produced by logging than on naturally broken stumps. Taller stumps exhibited a significantly higher density of saplings; indeed, there were no saplings on stumps less than 60 cm in height. Saplings on stumps were concentrated in higher positions on the stump, and survivorship tended to be greater when their root location was higher. We concluded that the height of the microsite was an important factor for regeneration of C. japonica at this research site, where saplings were under competition with dense undergrowth vegetation. Most of the fallen logs were less than 60 cm in height and it appeared unlikely that they would function as regeneration sites for C. japonica.
12
Skrzecz, Iwona, Maria Bulka e Joanna Ukalska. "Effects of location of Norway spruce (Picea abies) stumps on their colonisation by insects in the mountains". Folia Forestalia Polonica 61, n. 1 (1 marzo 2019): 64–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ffp-2019-0007.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Abstract Tree stumps provide habitat for insect assemblages, which are influenced by various factors. Among these factors, physical and chemical changes of the stumps, fungi developing in the dead wood and stump size are most often reported. However there is limited information about the abundance of insects in stumps that are located on mountains where there are different microclimatic conditions. The studies pointed at the determination whether the location of Picea abies stumps in mountains at different altitudes above sea level and on mountainsides with different sun exposure has an impact on the frequency of insects colonising them. The study was carried out in the Eastern Sudety Mountains situated in south-western Poland. The stumps were in clearcuts located at the altitudes 600–700 m and 900–1000 m above sea level and on southern and northern mountainsides. The insects were collected from 0.05 m2 of bark from each stump and identified to the family, order or species level. The numbers of insects in the stumps were modelled with the use of the Poisson distribution or the negative binomial distribution and the generalised linear models. Picea abies stumps were colonised by insects from 16 families in 3 orders (Coleoptera, Diptera, Hymenoptera) in which the Coleoptera was most frequently represented by the families Cerambycidae, Curculionidae (with the sub-family Scolytinae). In the stumps located at the elevation of 900–1000 m there were 28% more insects than in the stumps at 600–700 m. The stumps located on mountainsides with northern exposure were colonised more abundantly by Cerambycidae. Numbers of Curculionidae in the stumps were affected by altitude. Most Curculionidae were found in the stumps located at the elevation 900–1000 m above sea level. The interaction of altitude and mountainside exposure showed more insects in the stumps at higher altitude, regardless of the mountainside exposure. The results showed that the total number of insects in the stumps was influenced by their location in mountains.
13
Labelle, Eric, Joachim Heppelmann e Herbert Borchert. "Application of Terrestrial Laser Scanner to Evaluate the Influence of Root Collar Geometry on Stump Height after Mechanized Forest Operations". Forests 9, n. 11 (15 novembre 2018): 709. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f9110709.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The height of tree stumps following mechanized forest operations can be influenced by machine-, tree-, terrain-, and operator-related characteristics. High stumps may pose different economic and technical disadvantages. Aside from a reduction in product recovery (often associated with sawlog potential), leaving high stumps can complicate future entries if smaller equipment with low ground clearance is used, particularly in the case where new machine operating trails are required. The objective of this exploratory study was to examine if correlations existed between the height of tree stumps following mechanized harvesting and the shape of the above-ground root collar, stump diameter, and distance to the machine operating trail. In total, 202 sample stumps of Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) and the surrounding terrain were scanned with a terrestrial laser scanner. The collected data was processed into a 3D-model and then analyzed. Stump height was compared with different characteristics such as stump diameter at the cut surface, distance to the machine operating trail, number of visible root flares per stump, and the root collar. The number of root flares per stump had a positive influence on stump diameter and height, showing a general trend of increasing diameter and height with the increasing number of root flares. Root angles also had an influence on the stump diameter. The diameter of a stump and the shape of the root collar at the cut surface together had a significant effect on stump height and the model reported explained half of the variation of stump heights. Taken together, these findings suggest that other factors than the ones studied can also contribute in influencing stump height during mechanized harvesting operations. Further investigations, including pre- and post-harvest scans of trees selected for removal, are warranted.
14
Jönsson, Mari, Jörgen Sjögren, Björn Hannrup, Anders Larsolle, Ulla Mörtberg, Maria Nordström, Bengt A. Olsson e Monika Strömgren. "A Spatially Explicit Decision Support System for Assessment of Tree Stump Harvest Using Biodiversity and Economic Criteria". Sustainability 12, n. 21 (27 ottobre 2020): 8900. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12218900.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Stump harvesting is predicted to increase with future increasing demands for renewable energy. This may affect deadwood affiliate biodiversity negatively, given that stumps constitute a large proportion of the coarse deadwood in young managed forests. Spatial decision support for evaluating the integrated effects on biodiversity and production of stump harvesting is needed. We developed a spatially explicit decision support system (called MapStump-DSS), for assessment of tree stump harvesting using biodiversity and economic criteria together with different scenarios for biodiversity conservation and bioenergy market prices. Two novel key aspects of the MAPStump-DSS is that it (1) merges and utilizes georeferenced stump-level data (e.g., tree species and diameter) directly from the harvester with stand data that are increasingly available to forest managers and (2) is flexible toward incorporating both quantitative and qualitative criteria based on emerging knowledge (here biodiversity criteria) or underlying societal drivers and end-user preferences. We tested the MAPStump-DSS on a 45 ha study forest, utilizing harvester data on characteristics and geographical positions for >26,000 stumps. The MAPStump-DSS produced relevant spatially explicit information on the biodiversity and economic values of individual stumps, where amounts of “conflict stumps” (with both high biodiversity and economical value) increased with bioenergy price levels and strengthened biodiversity conservation measures. The MAPStump-DSS can be applied in practice for any forest site, allowing the user to examine the spatial distribution of stumps and to obtain summaries for whole forest stands. Information depicted by the MAPStump-DSS includes amounts, characteristics, biodiversity values and costs of stumps in relation to different scenarios, which also allow the user to explore and optimize biodiversity and economy trade-offs prior to stump harvest.
15
Babeux, Patrice, e Yves Mauffette. "The effects of early and late spring cuts on the sprouting success of red maple (Acerrubrum) in northwestern Quebec". Canadian Journal of Forest Research 24, n. 4 (1 aprile 1994): 785–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x94-103.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Seven red maple (Acerrubrum L.) populations were selected in the Abitibi–Témiscamingue region of Quebec for a study of the influence of the cutting season, the stump age and size, on the species sprouting success at the northern limit of its range. In the spring of 1988, five red maple trees were cut at each site in May, before bud burst, and five other trees were cut in June, after full leaf expansion. The number and the biomass of sprouts produced, sprout growth, and sprout mortality were followed over a 2-year period. At the end of the first growing season (August 1988), stumps cut in May produced significantly more sprouts (53) and a higher biomass (38.9 g) than stumps cut in June (40 sprouts; 20.6 g). A second cohort of sprouts emerged from the stumps during the second growing season (1989), and the June treatment stumps (65.8 g) were then more productive than the May treatment stumps (39.0 g). Consequently, after two growing seasons, the total number and biomass of sprouts measured on the two treatments were no longer significantly different. Sprout mortality was high during the first winter (ca 60%), but much lower during the second winter (ca 30%). Stump productivity over the first 2 years was positively correlated with stump size for both treatments, and with stump age for the May treatment stumps only. Our results suggest that red maple sprouting success at the northern limit of its range is not influenced by the cutting season over a 2-year period, and that each stump has a certain sprouting potential related principally to its size.
16
Nakajima, Yoshiko, Yasumasa Nishiura, Yuki Hara, Sharula e Naoyuki Ochiai. "SIMULTANEOUS GRADUAL LENGTHENING OF PROXIMAL AND DISTAL NERVE STUMPS FOR REPAIR OF CHRONIC PERIPHERAL NERVE DEFECT IN RATS". Hand Surgery 17, n. 01 (gennaio 2012): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218810412500013.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
We investigated nerve regeneration of rat sciatic nerves after chronic injury of 15 mm-defect by the gradual lengthening of proximal and distal nerve stumps. Thirty days after the primal injury, both stumps were grasped and lengthened at a rate of 1 mm per day using external nerve-lengthening devices for 15 days. Then end-to-end neurorrhaphy was performed. After the lengthening, both stumps were evaluated by immunohistochemical analysis. Nerve regeneration was evaluated by electrophysiological and histological studies at 12 weeks after the repair. In the lengthened proximal stump, Schwann cells and axons existed along the whole nerve stump. In the lengthened distal stump, Schwann cells exist along the overall length. The whole nerve trunk was lengthened. The nerve regeneration was comparable with the delayed end-to-end suture without nerve defect. We showed the feasibility of direct gradual lengthening of proximal and distal nerve stumps for the treatment of chronic segmental nerve defect.
17
Fraser, R. G., J. D. Beale e R. J. Nevill. "Reduction of Phellinusweirii inoculum in Douglas-fir stumps by the fumigant Telone ll-B". Canadian Journal of Forest Research 25, n. 1 (1 gennaio 1995): 63–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x95-008.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Two dosages of Teione II-B (1,3-dichloropropene) at 3.4 and 6.7 mL/kg of stump and root biomass were tested to determine the efficacy in reducing Phellinusweirii (Murr.) Gilb. inoculum in infected Douglas-fir, Pseudotsugamenziesii (Mirb.) Franco, stumps. After 21 months, both doses of Teione II-B proved equally effective and significantly (p < 0.05) reduced residual P. weirii mycelium in infected roots. Fumigation reduced residual endotrophic P. weirii in the large-diameter root classes nearest the stump, but survival of the fungus was less affected with increasing distance from the stump and in the smaller root diameter classes. Treated stumps also had significantly (p < 0.05) fewer roots with ectotrophic mycelium than untreated stumps. Four weeks after application, soil samples taken near treated stumps revealed no evidence of the fumigant. These findings suggest that application of Teione II-B could be used as an effective control measure for P. weirii.
18
Ladak, Adil, Paul Schembri, Jaret Olson, Esther Udina, Neil Tyreman e Tessa Gordon. "Side-to-Side Nerve Grafts Sustain Chronically Denervated Peripheral Nerve Pathways During Axon Regeneration and Result in Improved Functional Reinnervation". Neurosurgery 68, n. 6 (1 giugno 2011): 1654–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1227/neu.0b013e31821246a8.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Abstract BACKGROUND: Progressive atrophy of Schwann cells in denervated nerve stumps is a major reason for progressive failure of functional recovery after peripheral nerve injury and surgical repair. OBJECTIVE: To examine whether side-to-side nerve bridges between an intact donor nerve and a recipient denervated distal nerve stump promote nerve growth and in turn, protect distal nerve stumps to improve axon regeneration after delayed surgical repair. METHODS: In Sprague-Dawley rats, 1 or 3 side-to-side common peroneal (CP) nerve bridges were used to bridge between the donor intact tibial (TIB) nerve and a recipient denervated CP distal nerve stump in the contralateral hind limb. No bridges were placed in control animals. After 4 months, either a fluorescent retrograde dye was applied to back-label TIB motoneurons with axons that had grown into the CP nerve stump or the proximal and distal CP nerve stumps were resutured in experimental and control animals to encourage CP nerve regeneration for 5 months. Retrograde dyes were again applied to count CP motoneurons that regenerated their axons through protected and unprotected nerve stumps. RESULTS: Significantly more donor TIB motoneurons regenerated axons into the recipient denervated CP nerve stump through 3 side-to-side CP nerve bridges compared with 1 bridge. This TIB nerve protection significantly increased the number of CP motoneurons regenerating axons through the denervated CP nerve stumps, the number of regenerated axons, and the weight of the reinnervated muscles. CONCLUSION: Multiple side-to-side nerve bridges protect chronically denervated nerve stumps to improve axon regeneration and target reinnervation after delayed nerve repair.
19
Ramdial, Donna, Artie Sewdien, Jerry Rasdan, Shermaine Critchlow, Noraisah Tjong-A-Hung, Alejandra Ospina, Verginia Wortel e Francis E. Putz. "Stump Sprout Characteristics of Three Commercial Tree Species in Suriname". Forests 11, n. 11 (24 ottobre 2020): 1130. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f11111130.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
We compared stump sprouting by three common timber species in Suriname on the basis of sprout origins on stumps, sprout densities, and sprout height:diameter ratios. We then compared some leaf and stem functional traits of 15–18-month-old resprouts and nearby conspecific saplings of the same height (0.5–3.5 m) but unknown age. Stumps of Dicorynia guianensis Amsh. (29–103 cm in diameter) produced the most sprouts (x = 9.2/stump), followed by the 50–71 cm diameter stumps of Eperua falcata Amsh. (10.6/stump), and the 30–78 cm diameter Qualea rosea Amsh. (5.9/stump); sprout density did not vary with stump diameter. Sprouts emerged from the lower, middle, and upper thirds of the stumps of all three species, but not from the vicinity of the exposed vascular cambium in Qualea. With increased resprout density, heights of the tallest sprout per stump tended to increase but height:diameter ratios increased only in Dicorynia. Compared to conspecific saplings, sprouts displayed higher height-diameter ratios, higher leaf-to-wood mass ratios (LWR), and lower wood densities, but did not differ in leaf mass per unit area (LMA) or leaf water contents. These acquisitive functional traits may reflect increased resprout access to water and nutrients via the extensive root system of the stump. That we did not encounter live stump sprouts from the previous round of selective logging, approximately 25 years before our study, suggests that stump sprouts in our study area grow rapidly but do not live long.
20
Chapman, Dan, Laurence Sistrunk e J. Benton Storey. "Potassium Nitrate Controls Pecan Sprout Regrowth in Stumps after Orchard Thinning". HortScience 30, n. 4 (luglio 1995): 842E—842. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.30.4.842e.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Stumps remaining after tree removal during orchard thinning will characteristically produce extensive shoot growth in response to the massive root systems that previously supported large trees. A 38-year-old pecan orchard was thinned from 15 × 15 m to 21 × 21 m. Stumps ranging from 45 to 65 cm in diameter were treated in seven replications with 0.19, 0.37, and 0.75 kg KNO3, respectively, per stump in drilled holes. Two controls consisted of stumps with drilled holes and intact stumps with no holes. Eight holes per stump were drilled with a 2.54-cm-diameter power auger to a depth of 15 cm. The number and weight of regrowing sprouts was measured annually. The 0.75 kg KNO3 rate significantly reduced the number and weight of sprouts regrowing the first year. The drilled stumps showed a significant decrease in new sprouts over the undrilled control. The low KNO3 rate stimulated regrowth. The key to regrowth suppression is to use a high rate of KNO3 in sufficient holes to allow penetration. KNO3 stump treatment should be a safe practice because no more than, perhaps, 2.25 kg of KNO3, depending on trunk diameter, will be used per site, which will then provide nutrients to existing trees as it dissipates.
21
Lynch, Ann M., e John R. Bassett. "Oak Stump Sprouting on Dry Sites in Northern Lower Michigan". Northern Journal of Applied Forestry 4, n. 3 (1 settembre 1987): 142–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/njaf/4.3.142.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Abstract In clearcut portions of 37 stands, stumps from northern red, northern pin, and white oak trees, averaging about 65 years old when felled, were measured to relate sprouting to stump diameter, estimated dbh, slope position, aspect, site index, and parent tree (stump) age. At least one vigorous sprout was produced by 80 and 77% of northern red and northern pin oak stumps, respectively, and sprouting was independent of stump diameter. In contrast, 54% of white oak stumps produced at least one vigorous sprout, and sprouting was related to stump diameter. Northern red and northern pin oaks sprouted least frequently on lower slopes, whereas white oaks sprouted least frequently on midslope positions. White oak sprouting was also less frequent on south-and west-facing slopes. Sprouting of white and northern pin oaks was weakly associated with site index. The sprouting of all species was related to tree age, but only white oak showed a consistent trend of decreased sprouting with increased tree age. An average of 134 oak stumps per acre produced at least one vigorous sprout. North. J. Appl. For. 4:142-145, Sept. 1987.
22
Czupy, I. "Energetic comparison of some stump-removing methods". Progress in Agricultural Engineering Sciences 10, n. 1 (1 dicembre 2014): 35–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/progress.10.2014.3.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Concerns about climate change and fossil fuel shortages are encouraging interest in stumps, as alternative energy sources. Stumps are an almost unused resource in the context of bio fuels. Stump harvesting signifies an intensification of forest management compared with conventional stem-only or above-ground biomass-only harvesting. There are many benefits of stump harvesting. These include: the production of wood fuel, fossil fuel substitution, and improved soil preparation.Removing tree trunks in Hungary has been going on according to the principle of stump extraction, which means stumps are removed by grabbing technology. Experiments have been carried out to reduce the extraction force. In the Great Hungarian Lowland, where large areas require the operation implementation, stump extraction is done by special, hydraulic driven baggers equipped with a special bucket. During operation of the equipment, we carried out measurements of the extraction force and the time requirement. The experiments are designed to carry out the measurements with different soils and different tree species. According to our proposal the suitable force and torque required to remove stumps can be significantly reduced if before the lifting the soil — root connection is loosened. One of the possible ways to implement this task is the use of vibration. Since relatively great vibration power and wide domain of frequency are necessary, therefore we prepared the loosening machinery elements of alternating-current hydraulics system. Based on constructions variants we created a tractor-mounted experimental alternating-current hydraulic stump-loosening machine. It was designed with the ability to produce horizontal vibration in order to loosen stumps.
23
Leow, Michael EL, Alphonsus KS Chong, Yeong-Pin Peng e Robert WH Pho. "Fitting very short finger stumps with silicone prosthesis: A nonsurgical method". Prosthetics and Orthotics International 37, n. 5 (7 gennaio 2013): 415–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0309364612469386.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Background and Aim: The fitting of short finger stumps with silicone prosthesis is a challenge because of the suboptimal finger–prosthesis contact due to length and distal tapering of digital stumps. The purpose of this report was to describe and evaluate the Micropore™–polyvinyl chloride tube technique for fitting short finger stumps. Technique: For a total of 10 patients, short finger stumps were fitted using the technique. A short length of polyvinyl chloride tube, trimmed and contoured to fit, was secured on the distal stump tip with Micropore tape. The prosthesis was worn over the polyvinyl chloride tube extension. Three different fitting methods were evaluated: fitting with and without the Micropore–polyvinyl chloride tube technique, and with the use of skin adhesive on the stump. Discussion: All patients achieved a very secure prosthetic fit with the Micropore–polyvinyl chloride tube technique. No incidences of prosthesis slippage were reported at the longest follow-up of 30 months. The Micropore–polyvinyl chloride tube technique is an effective method for fitting short finger stumps. Clinical relevance The Micropore–polyvinyl chloride tube technique presents a nonsurgical method for fitting short finger stumps. It can help avert late outcomes whereby patients, after having undergone surgery to enable fitting, found they no longer need prosthesis.
24
Kochenderfer, Jeffrey D., James N. Kochenderfer e Gary W. Miller. "Controlling Beech Root and Stump Sprouts Using the Cut-Stump Treatment". Northern Journal of Applied Forestry 23, n. 3 (1 settembre 2006): 155–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/njaf/23.3.155.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Abstract Application costs and efficacy were determined for cut-stump treatments applied to American beech (Fagus grandifolia Ehrh.) to control root and stump sprouts in central West Virginia. Glyphosate as Glypro (53.8%) was applied to the outer 2 in. of beech stumps from trees >6.0-in. dbh within 1 hour after cutting. In addition to treatment plots, individual beech stumps were treated to determine mortality patterns. The treatments were applied in early September 2001 and evaluated 12 months after treatment. A rating system ranging from 1 to 7 (0 to 100% crown affected) based on visual estimates of symptoms was used to evaluate the efficacy of the treatments. Trees with a rating of 5 (75% crown control or greater) were considered controlled. After 12 months, more than 90% of beech root sprouts ≥1-ft tall to 5.9-in. dbh on treated plots were controlled. Complete control of stump sprouting also was achieved. An average of 93 beech stems was controlled around each treated stump. Mortality around treated stumps declined as the radial distance from stumps increased and stump size decreased. Average application cost (chemical and labor) ranged from $39.43 to 62.34 per acre depending on the basal area and number of stems treated. After two growing seasons, the number of beech root sprouts on more than 90% of the treated regeneration plots remained below levels considered as interfering according to guidelines for Allegheny hardwoods. This study demonstrated that herbicide is readily translocated from the surfaces of freshly cut beech stumps via parent root systems to attached live beech stems. The cut-stump method can be applied in areas where beech is the primary species interfering with the establishment and development of desirable regeneration.
25
Włodarczyk, Tomasz, Tomasz Żmihorski e Anna Olczyk. "Ants inhabiting stumps on clearcuts in managed forest in western Poland". Entomologica Fennica 20, n. 2 (1 giugno 2009): 121–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.33338/ef.84470.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
We studied ant communities living in stumps left on clearcuts. The clearcuts were located in a managed forest in western Poland. Depending on the study site, 10-80% of the stumps were inhabited by ant colonies. Lasius platythorax was the dominant of the community. We found the diameter of the stump to be positively related with the occurrence of some ant species. In general, oak and pine stumps were inhabited in a similar proportion. Formica fusca, however, showed a distinct preference for oaks. All species avoided each other with exception of F. fusca which preferred all species other than L. platythorax. We did not find the presence of red wood ants to significantly affect the occurrence of ant colonies in these stumps. The results of our investigations indicate that stumps left on clearcuts are convenient nest site for ants. Leaving stumps affects positively the growth of the L. platythorax population.
26
Safranyik, L., e D. A. Linton. "DISTRIBUTION OF ATTACKS ON SPRUCE STUMPS BY THE SPRUCE BEETLE, DENDROCTONUS RUFIPENNIS (KIRBY) (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE), AND EFFECTS ON THE LENGTH OF EGG GALLERIES". Canadian Entomologist 120, n. 1 (gennaio 1988): 85–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/ent12085-1.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
AbstractThe distribution of spruce beetle attacks and length of associated egg galleries were investigated on 21 spruce stumps over a 4-year period in central British Columbia. Attack density formed a distinct vertical gradient which peaked near the duff line at about one-third stump height above the mineral soil. The proportion of attacks on the stumps that were located below the duff was linearly related to the ratio of stump height below duff and total stump height above mineral soil. Attack density was significantly higher below the duff than above. A three-parameter exponential function gave satisfactory fit to the attack density gradient on normalized stump height. A discrete-step theoretical model was also developed based on assumptions regarding beetle behavior during landing and imitation of the egg gallery and the physical characteristics of the host. This model gave an excellent fit to the attack density gradient as an average process over all stumps. Average egg gallery length was a curvilinear function of attack density with maximum average egg gallery length occurring at about 0.33 attacks per 100 cm2.
27
Maurer, M. A., e M. E. Matheron. "Preplant Fumigation of Reset `Lisbon' Lemon Trees". HortScience 32, n. 3 (giugno 1997): 541C—541. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.32.3.541c.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
A field study was conducted near Mesa, Ariz., in a mature lemon grove with reset `Lisbon' lemon trees (Citrus limon) on a Carrizo citrange rootstock to determine the effects of stump removal and preplant soil fumigation on reset tree growth and development. Treatments consisted of resets planted with or without tree stumps and in addition with or without preplant Vapam. Pretreatment soil samples average 2.1 propagals of Phytophthora per gram of soil; however, after Vapam treatments, Phytophthora was not detected in the treated plots. In subsequent soil sampling for 2 years, Phytophthora was detected in only one plot treated with Vapam. Tree growth and vigor was greatest for resets that had stumps removed and preplant Vapam followed by resets with stumps present and preplant Vapam based on visual ratings and trunk diameter measurements. In addition, resets without stumps were more vigorous than resets where stumps were present.
28
Filip, Gregory M., Craig L. Schmitt e Kevin P. Hosman. "Effects of Harvesting Season and Stump Size on Incidence of Annosus Root Disease of True Fir". Western Journal of Applied Forestry 7, n. 2 (1 aprile 1992): 54–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/wjaf/7.2.54.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Abstract A high frequency (89%) of annosus root disease caused by Heterobasidion annosum was found in true fir stumps cut 5 to 10 years earlier in northeastern Oregon. Neither season of harvesting nor stump size significantly affected the amount of stump decay which averaged 51%. Another root pathogen, possibly a species of Armillaria heretofore not recorded in Oregon, was often found in H. annosum-infected stumps. Additional surveys and research are recommended in true fir forests throughout western North America. West. J. Appl. For. 7(2):54-56.
29
Abruzzo, T., G. G. Shengelaia, M. Workman, H. J. Cloft, D. A. Miller e J. E. Dion. "Effects of Endothelial Injury on the Rate of Thrombus Organization in Canine Carotid Arteries Occluded with Microcoils". Interventional Neuroradiology 9, n. 1 (marzo 2003): 7–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/159101990300900102.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Thrombus organization in canine carotid arteries occluded with platinum microcoils was studied to determine if endothelial injury created with a Xenon Chloride Excimer Laser (XEL) could acclerate endovascular fibrosis. Ten common carotid artery stumps were created in ten dogs. Each of four stumps were schematically divided into four longitudinally contiguous injury zones (thermal ablation injury, non-ablative injury, proximal and distal non-injury zones) to test the effects of ablative and non-ablative injury and to establish a set of internal controls that would account for proximity to circulating blood at the ostium of the occluded artery. Following XEL irradiation of the endothelium through an arteriotomy, each stump was embolized with microcoils. Four control stumps were subjected to sham laser procedures, and embolized in an identical fashion. Two additional stumps were embolized in the absence of sham surgery. Angiographic, gross and histologic analysis was performed after four weeks. Specimens of freshly clotted whole blood mixed with microcoils were used as an additional control. In irradiated stumps and non-irradiated stumps (sham and embolization only), angiography revealed no evidence of coil compaction or recanalization. In all irradiated stumps the thermal ablation zone contained fibrous tissue and neovascularity without unorganized thrombus. The other zones in the irradiated stumps were indistingnishable from each other and from all zones in the non-irradiated sham stumps, containing primarily unorganized thrombus. Stumps embolized in the absence of sham surgery were filled with material that was grossly and microscopically identical to specimens of freshly clotted whole blood containing microcoils. The results indicate that thermal ablation injury of the endothelium accelerates thrombus organization in canine carotid arteries occluded with platinum microcoils.
30
Tappeiner II, John C., John Zasada, David Huffman e Bruce D. Maxwell. "Effects of Cutting Time, Stump Height, Parent Tree Characteristics, and Harvest Variables on Development of Bigleaf Maple Sprout Clumps". Western Journal of Applied Forestry 11, n. 4 (1 ottobre 1996): 120–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/wjaf/11.4.120.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Abstract In order to determine the effects of stump height, year of cutting, parent-tree size, logging damage, and deer browsing on bigleaf maple (Acer macrophyllum) sprout clump development, maple trees were cut to two stump heights at three different times. Stump height had the greatest impact on sprout clump size. Two years after clearcutting, the sprout clump volume for short stumps was significantly less than that for tall stumps. The sprout clump volume, area, and number of sprouts were significantly less for trees cut 1 and 2 yr before harvest than for trees cut at harvest. Sprout clump size was positively correlated with parent tree stem diameter and stump volume, and negatively correlated with the percentage of bark removed during logging. Browsing had no significant impact on average clump size. Uncut trees produced sprout clumps at their base and epicormic branches along the length of their stems; thus their crown volume averaged four to five times that of cut trees. Cutting maple in clearcuts to low stumps may reduce maple competition with Douglas-fir regeneration and still maintain maple in the next stand. West. J. Appl. For. 11(4):120-124.
31
Zaļuma, A., I. Muižnieks, T. Gaitnieks, N. Burņeviča, Ā. Jansons, J. Jansons, J. Stenlid e R. Vasaitis. "Infection and spread of root rot caused by Heterobasidion spp. in Pinus contorta plantations in Northern Europe: three case studies". Canadian Journal of Forest Research 49, n. 8 (agosto 2019): 969–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjfr-2018-0507.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
This study investigated the origins and spread patterns of Heterobasidion root disease in three Pinus contorta Dougl. ex Loudon plantations established on forest and agricultural land and subjected to three different management scenarios. Trees with decline symptoms and stumps remaining from the previous rotation were sampled for fungal isolations. Ten isolates of Heterobasidion parviporum Niemelä & Korhonen and 425 of Heterobasidion annosum (Fr.) Bref. were tested for clonality through somatic compatibility tests. The following conclusions were reached: (i) P. contorta is highly susceptible to H. annosum and H. parviporum and both pathogens cause dieback of P. contorta; (ii) H. annosum from previous-rotation P. sylvestris stumps can effectively transfer to P. contorta; (iii) the pathogens may form constantly expanding territorial clones; (iv) basidiospores of both pathogens colonise stumps of P. contorta (primary infections); (v) H. parviporum clones expanded more slowly than clones of H. annosum; (vi) clonal spread proceeded more quickly from stumps with established secondary infections than from stumps with primary infections; (vii) H. annosum can persist in pine stumps for at least 26 years; and (viii) stump treatment should be considered to control Heterobasidion primary infections.
32
Поздняков e Evgeniy Pozdnyakov. "Patch-maker around stumps". Forestry Engineering Journal 4, n. 1 (21 aprile 2014): 156–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/3361.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Design of patch-maker is presented performing soil removal around the stump for its cleaning and lowering it below ground level to improve the performance of machines for grinding stumps, improve patency of tractor units and improve subsequent silviculture works in clearings. A device for increasing coverage, reducing the time and increasing productivity, is hung on boom of telescopic hydraulic manipulator. Working bodies of а patch-maker, with the aim of improving the quality of stump cleaning from dirt, are flexible and they are elastic elements in the form of pieces of rope.
33
Shaffer, Robert M., e Richard S. Taumas. "A Comparison of Sheared and Sawhead-Felled Stump Heights on Six Nonindustrial Private Timber Sales in Southeastern Virginia". Southern Journal of Applied Forestry 16, n. 3 (1 agosto 1992): 140–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sjaf/16.3.140.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Abstract Stump heights were measured on six recently harvested nonindustrial private timber sales in the Virginia coastal plain. The tracts had been clearcut by six different logging contractors. Three of the tracts had been felled with hydraulic shears, and three had been felled with continuousdisk sawheads. Sawhead-felled stumps were found to be significantly higher than shear-felled stumps for both pine and hardwood on all tracts. Estimated stumpage revenue loss for the three sawhead-felled tracts due to high stumps and saw kerf was $12.04/ac. Both sheared and sawhead-felledstumps exhibited visible felling defects such as fiber-pull and barber-chair. South. J. Appl. For. 16(3):140-142.
34
Czupy, I., e E. Horváth-Szováti. "Vertical force requirement for stump lifting". Journal of Forest Science 59, No. 7 (28 agosto 2013): 267–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/4/2013-jfs.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
In harvest areas the soil preparation is occasionally necessary before reforestation including the removal, collection and transportation of stumps from the soil. Issues related to climate change and the shortage of fossil energy sources call for an increased rate of renewable energy sources. Using the stumps removed from the soil as fuel is a significant resource for biomass. For lifting a stump together with its roots a grab mounted on a shovel is generally used. To rationalise this operation, analyses of stump lifting time have been carried out. We tested a machine mounting one grab for stump lifting on three tree types (Scots pine, robinia and poplar) and found functions correlating stump extraction force and stump diameter, which can be used in order to choose the right machine and determine the cost of the operation.
35
Wosthi, Shailaza, Bijay Yadav, Manoj Panta e Ram Asheshwar Mandal. "Economic Loss of Timber Caused by Over Stumps and Defects in Community Forests Terai Nepal". International Journal of World Policy and Development Studies, n. 67 (9 settembre 2020): 74–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.32861/ijwpds.67.74.80.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The economic loss of timber caused by over stumps and defects is an essential issue in forest science but study regarding this is very limited in Nepal. Thus, this research was objectively conducted to assess the volume of timber loss and associated monetary loss caused by over stumps and defects in logs and reason behind this. Three community forests namely Deurali, Jay Durga and Raniphanta community forests were selected for this research. Total enumeration was done so 375 stumps and 224 defected logs were measured from15 March to 15 April, 2019. The height and diameter at the butt end were measured using simple tape and D-tape respectively. Additionally, the length and diameter of defects in log was recorded. Total thirty key informant interviews and three focus group discussions were organized to assess the major causes of over stumps and defects. The timber volume loss caused by over stumps was calculated using cylindrical volume formula and volume loss caused by defect was calculated using formula, i.e. gross volume - net volume. The price of wood was collected from community forest to calculate the monetary value of timber loss. The principal component analysis was applied to assess the major causes of over stumps and defect in log. The highest total volume loss was recorded around 15.217 m3 (28.49%) caused by over stumps and out of this, it was 53.41 m3 timber loss in Deurali community forest. The loss due to defects in tree was ranged from 128.57 to 284.21 m3 in the community forests. The monetary value of loss caused by over stump was US$ 6971.14 of Shorea robusta in Deurali community forest and it was US$ 8100.52 because of defect. The principal component analysis showed that use of saw and axe for felling the trees in the community forests was considered as highest factor of over stump and diseases and over mature trees were key factors of wood defect. The research will be useful for policy makers and scientific community to monitor the timber loss.
36
Поздняков e Evgeniy Pozdnyakov. "Efficient and environmentally friendly technologies of stumps removal on fellings". Forestry Engineering Journal 3, n. 4 (21 gennaio 2014): 146–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/2195.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Shredding of stumps below the soil surface is constrained by intense abrasion of the cutting elements as a result of their interaction with the soil particles. Therefore, to solve this problem is to remove the stump from the upper soil layer. To perform this operation as a working bodies rip-strip off elements are encouraged to use in the form of pieces of rope that will not only prepare the ground around the stump, but also clear it from adhering soil. Application of this technology will reduce the abrasion and increase grinding period of cutting elements of machines for grinding stumps, thereby increasing their productivity.
37
Kinsella, John. "Stumps". Prairie Schooner 91, n. 4 (2017): 167–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/psg.2017.0174.
Testo completo
38
Kauppi, A., K. Paukkonen e H.-L. Tela. "The role of phenols in sprouting and wood decay of birches". Canadian Journal of Forest Research 21, n. 7 (1 luglio 1991): 1066–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x91-146.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Changes in the total phenol content after coppicing of Betulapubescens Ehrh. were studied in the stumps, basal buds at different stages of growth, and sprouts of various ages to determine the role of phenols in sprouting. The phenol content of the wood at the cut surface of stumps had clearly decreased 24 h after cutting, and another apparent decrease occurred about 2 weeks later, when the suppressed buds on the stump started developing. High phenol levels were maintained the longest in the light wood of the inner parts of the stump, but remained relatively low in the brown, mycelium-containing wood. Total phenol content in the dormant basal buds was highest at the beginning, over 9% of dry weight, but rapidly fell during the bursting of buds and further growth in the sprouts. Total phenol content declined still further in the stumps, sprouts, and seedlings with age. Seasonal changes in phenol content were found in seedlings of both B. pubescens and Betulapendula Roth, with the highest levels occurring in September and March. In general, total phenol content seems to be highest in young, healthy but inactive tissues. In contrast with previous studies, injury was found to decrease total phenol content in the stumps of birches. Development of the basal buds into sprouts is inhibited by phenols, so felling is a precondition for sprouting, as it leads to a decline in the phenol content. On the other hand, a decrease in phenols in the stump seems to diminish sprouting by predisposing it to wood-rotting fungi.
39
Arsyad, Silviana, Suryo Wiyono e Elis Nina Herliyana. "Skrining Bakteri Selulolitik Asal Saluran Pencernaan Rayap Untuk Mendekomposisi Tunggul Karet". Journal of Tropical Silviculture 9, n. 3 (30 dicembre 2018): 217–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.29244/j-siltrop.9.3.217-222.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The rubber tree stump is a source of white root fungus inoculums and as a source of infection that causes the death of rubber plant. The emergence of this disease is closely related to the cleanliness of the land such as leftover trees or stumps, shrubs and bushes which stacked or still in the ground. One of the symbionts organisms found in gut of termite and play a role in the decomposition of cellulose, are bacteria. Termite are social insects that are efficiently decompose lignocelluloses with the aid of their associated microbial symbionts located in termite gut. The purpose of this study was to obtain cellulolytic bacterial isolates are derived from gut of termite and getting an cellulolytic which showed the best ability in decomposing rubber tree stumps. The result termite samples from oil palm, rubber, and dry wood contain cellulolytic bacteria characterized by clear zones around bacterial colonies. Bacterial isolates showing the ability to degrade cellulose are 31 isolates and five isolates are safe for plants, animals, or mammals. The three bacterial isolates (NK 4, NS 4, and NS 5) used in the test on rubber tree stumps able to decompose rubber tree stump. Bacterial isolates were each obtained NK 4 13.52%, NS 4 18.40% and NS 5 17.88%.Keywords: bacteria cellulolytic, rubber tree stumps, termite
40
Boston, Kevin, e Gerald Dysart. "A Comparison of Felling Techniques on Stump Height and Log Damage with Economic Interpretations". Western Journal of Applied Forestry 15, n. 2 (1 aprile 2000): 59–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/wjaf/15.2.59.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Abstract This study investigated two of the many potential sources of value loss that occur during logging operations: stump heights and butt log damage. The potential value loss was determined for manual felling and five different felling heads for logging sites located in the central north island of New Zealand. Manual felling produced the highest stumps and three different felling heads (Hultdin, Timbco, and Warratah) produced second highest stumps. The group with the lowest stumps was felled with AFM Magnum and Koehring felling heads. The Warratah felling head had the lowest incidence of butt log damage, while manual felling had the highest proportion of damaged butt logs. The majority of the damage to the butt logs was slabbing damage; all felling techniques produced little stump pull damage. A comparison of the potential value loss showed that the Koehring produced the lowest potential value loss at US$128/ac, while manual felling had the highest potential value loss at over US$420/ac. West. J. Appl. For. 15(2):59-61.
41
Guo, Xiu Li, e Yan Guo Wang. "Study on a New Type of Clearing Stump Robot". Key Engineering Materials 572 (settembre 2013): 628–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.572.628.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
A new type of clearing stump robot was developed to raise the efficiency of removing stump and reduce the damage of the ground surface in the cut over land. The robot mainly consists of a walking mechanism of a caterpillar excavator and a manipulator. It was controlled by a computer system based on the machine vision. The operating radius of the manipulator was 4-8 m, and the maximum stump cutting diameter was 0.55 m. The practical test shows that the robot can clear about 100 stumps per day (6 hours) compared to 45 similar stumps by hand-held implement. The efficiency of the robot is about 20-25 times than that of a worker. Especially, a hole of less than 1 m2 is formed by the robot compared to 10 m2 ground surface destroyed by employing another uprooter to clear a larch stump.
42
Sano, Kazufumi, e Satoru Ozeki. "Does Graft on Flap Method Work on Sequela of Fingertip Amputation?" Journal of Hand Surgery (Asian-Pacific Volume) 21, n. 03 (5 settembre 2016): 428–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s242483551672022x.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The graft on flap method, a useful option for the restoration of fresh fingertip amputation, was applied to the reconstruction of the short fingertip stumps resulting from the initial amputated stump plasties. As a modification, a nail bed graft from the big toe and a small cubic iliac bone graft were substituted for the lost tissues normally reduced as a composite graft in fresh cases. Upon follow-up ranging from 1 to 8 years, the grafted bone was found to have been resorpted in all cases. For the reconstruction of short fingertip stumps after the initial amputated stump plasties, acceptable results have not yet been achieved using the graft on flap method.
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Prasetyono, Theddeus O. H., Erythrina Permatasari e Esti Soetrisno. "Implantation of Nerve Stump Inside a Vein and a Muscle: Comparing Neuroma Formation in Rat". International Surgery 99, n. 6 (1 novembre 2014): 807–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.9738/intsurg-d-13-00184.1.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Abstract Among many techniques independently reported to manage neuroma formation, manipulation of the nerve stump inside muscle and vein is the most advantageous technique. This study aimed to enrich the basic data of macroscopic appearance and histo-pathology regarding which technique generates less neuroma: nerve stump implantation inside vein or inside muscle. An experimental study with posttest-only control-group design was conducted in 24 rats that were randomly arranged into 3 groups. One centimeter of the lateral branch of the right ischiadic nerve was cut. Group A served as the control group, where the proximal nerve stumps were left as they were after the excision; whereas the stumps of groups B and C were implanted inside muscles and veins, respectively. The samples were assessed with histologic examination after 4 weeks to measure the morphometric changes in the nerve endings. The data were statistically analyzed with t test. All rats healed uneventfully. No thrombosis was found within group C, and the stumps were free of neuroma formation. The muscle group formed smaller neuroma than the control group. Statistical analysis showed significant differences between the groups (P < 0.05). The outcome of nerve stump implantation inside the lumen of a vein is superior to the implantation inside a muscle in preventing neuroma formation.
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Sands, Benjamin A., e Marc D. Abrams. "Effects of Stump Diameter on Sprout Number and Size for Three Oak Species in a Pennsylvania Clearcut". Northern Journal of Applied Forestry 26, n. 3 (1 settembre 2009): 122–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/njaf/26.3.122.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Abstract In a 2004 clearcut of a former even-aged oak (Quercus) forest, we examined the number and maximum height of stump sprouts for three oak species in east-central Pennsylvania. The greatest number of sprouts was produced by black oak (Quercus velutina) and chestnut oak (Q.montana) as compared with white oak (Q. alba). Logistic regression showed that diameter of stumps was a significant factor in determining the probability of sprouting for black oak, and an inverse relationship between stump diameter and the number of sprouts per stump was foundfor all three species. The number of white oak sprouts peaked in the 10‐20-cm diameter class and declined on larger stumps. The number of black oak sprouts peaked in the 20‐50-cm classes, and trees in the 70‐80-cm class produced the fewest sprouts. The mean annual growthof the tallest sprout on each stump was greater for black oak and chestnut oak than white oak.
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Wall, Ron E. "The Fungus Chondrostereum purpureum as a Silvicide to Control Stump Sprouting in Hardwoods". Northern Journal of Applied Forestry 7, n. 1 (1 marzo 1990): 17–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/njaf/7.1.17.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Abstract Cultures of the fungus Chondrostereum purpureum (Fr.)Pouzar were applied to cut surfaces of hardwood stumps immediately after the trees were felled in late spring and summer and the stumps monitored for fungus infection and adventitious sprouting during the ensuing 2 years. Hardwood species inoculated were red maple, sugar maple, yellow birch, paper birch, pin cherry, trembling aspen, and beech. The fungus was applied as wheat bran cultures in a mineral oil slurry or by inverting petri dish cultures on the stump. All treatments resulted in development of sporophores of the fungus on the stump within 2 years and a concomitant reduction, as compared to the uninoculated controls, of the number of stump sprouts. The speed of stump invasion by the fungus and reduction of sprouting varied both among and within species. The feasibility of using this fungus as a biological control of regrowth after stand cleaning is discussed. North. J. Appl. For. 7(1):17-19, March 1990.
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Korzeniewicz, Robert, Marlena Baranowska, Hanna Kwaśna, Gniewko Niedbała e Jolanta Behnke-Borowczyk. "Communities of Fungi in Black Cherry Stumps and Effects of Herbicide". Plants 9, n. 9 (31 agosto 2020): 1126. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants9091126.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
So far, there have been no studies on fungal communities in Prunus serotina (black cherry) wood. Our objectives were to characterize fungal communities from P. serotina wood and to evaluate effects of glyphosate (Glifocyd 360 SL) used on P. serotina stumps on abundance, species richness and diversity of those communities. In August 2016, in the Podanin Forest District, stumps of black cherry trees left after felling were treated with the herbicide. Control stumps were treated with water. Wood discs were cut from the surface of the stumps in May and July–August 2017. Eight treatment combinations (2 herbicide treatments × 2 disc sizes × 2 sample times) were tested. Sub-samples were pooled and ground in an acryogenic mill. Environmental DNA was extracted with a Plant Genomic DNA Purification Kit. The ITS1, 5.8S rDNA region was used to identify fungal species, using primers ITS1FI2 5′-GAACCWGCGGARGGATCA-3′ and 5.8S 5′-CGCTGCGTT CTTCATCG-3′. The amplicons were sequenced using the Illumina system. The results were subjected to bioinformatic analysis. Sequences were compared with reference sequences from the NCBI database using the BLASTn 2.8.0 algorithm. Abundance of fungi was defined as the number of Operational Taxonomic Units (OTUs), and diversity as the number of species in a sample. Differences between the number of OTUs and taxa were analyzed using the chi-squared test (χ2). Diversity in microbial communities was compared using diversity indices. A total of 54,644 OTUs were obtained. Culturable fungi produced 49,808 OTUs (91.15%), fungi not known from culture had 2571 OTUs (4.70%), non-fungal organisms had 1333 (2.44%) and organisms with no reference sequence in NCBI, 934 OTUs (1.71%). The total number of taxa ranged from 120 to 319. Fungi in stump wood were significantly more abundant in July–August than in May, in stumps >5 cm diameter than in stumps <5 cm diameter, in glyphosate-treated than in untreated stumps when sampled in May, and in untreated than in glyphosate-treated stumps when sampled in July–August. Species richness was significantly greater in July–August than in May, and in stumps >5 cm diameter than in stumps <5 cm diameter, either treated or untreated, depending on size. Herbicides can therefore affect the abundance and diversity of fungal communities in deciduous tree wood. The greater frequency of Ascomycota in herbicide-treated than in untreated stumps indicates their greater tolerance of glyphosate.
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Lu, C.-C., T. Zhang, R. L. Reisdorf, P. C. Amadio, K.-N. An, S. L. Moran, A. Gingery e C. Zhao. "Biological analysis of flexor tendon repair-failure stump tissue: a potential recycling of tissue for tendon regeneration". Bone & Joint Research 8, n. 6 (giugno 2019): 232–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1302/2046-3758.86.bjr-2018-0239.r1.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Objectives Re-rupture is common after primary flexor tendon repair. Characterization of the biological changes in the ruptured tendon stumps would be helpful, not only to understand the biological responses to the failed tendon repair, but also to investigate if the tendon stumps could be used as a recycling biomaterial for tendon regeneration in the secondary grafting surgery. Methods A canine flexor tendon repair and failure model was used. Following six weeks of repair failure, the tendon stumps were analyzed and characterized as isolated tendon-derived stem cells (TDSCs). Results Failed-repair stump tissue showed cellular accumulation of crumpled and disoriented collagen fibres. Compared with normal tendon, stump tissue had significantly higher gene expression of collagens I and III, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), and insulin-like growth factor (IGF). The stump TDSCs presented both mesenchymal stem and haematopoietic cell markers with significantly increased expression of CD34, CD44, and CD90 markers. Stump TDSCs exhibited similar migration but a lower proliferation rate, as well as similar osteogenic differentiation but a lower chondrogenic/adipogenic differentiation capability, compared with normal TDSCs. Stump TDSCs also showed increasing levels of SRY-box 2 (Sox2), octamer-binding transcription factor 4 (Oct4), tenomodulin (TNMD), and scleraxis (Scx) protein and gene expression. Conclusion We found that a failed repair stump had increased cellularity that preserved both mesenchymal and haematopoietic stem cell characteristics, with higher collagen synthesis, MMP, and growth factor gene expression. This study provides evidence that tendon stump tissue has regenerative potential. Cite this article: C-C. Lu, T. Zhang, R. L. Reisdorf, P. C. Amadio, K-N. An, S. L. Moran, A. Gingery, C. Zhao. Biological analysis of flexor tendon repair-failure stump tissue: A potential recycling of tissue for tendon regeneration. Bone Joint Res 2019;8:232–245. DOI: 10.1302/2046-3758.86.BJR-2018-0239.R1.
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Anerud, von Hofsten e Eliasson. "An alternative supply system for stump biomass – coarse grinding combined with sieving of the produced hog fuel". International Journal of Forest Engineering 27, n. 2 (3 maggio 2016): 109–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14942119.2016.1166917.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Transport costs are one of the major costs in the supply chain of stumps for fuel. Stump parts are bulky and it is impossible to achieve full tonnages on trucks and trailers even though the load space is completely full. The transport economy for stumps is also negatively affected by the large amount of contaminants in the loads. Grinding the stumps at the landing and sieving of the produced hog fuel has the potential to increase load weights and reduce both the amount of contaminants and the transport costs. To evaluate such a system a series of studies were made. Results show that coarse grinding and sieving reduced both moisture and ash content in the produced fuel, thus increasing the heating value per ton delivered fuel and transforming a soil contaminated material to an acceptable fuel. Transport payloads increased substantially compared to transports of stump parts, but a transport distance of 110 km was needed before the coarse grinding system provided lower cost than the standard system with transports of stump parts and grinding at the heating plant. Further studies are needed to evaluate the total energy efficiency in the two systems. Coarse grinding and sieving is a feasible way to increase fuel quality and improve transport economy. However, total costs will in most cases be higher than for the loose stump system which renders the method preferable only in cases where the sieving process converts a non-acceptable material into an acceptable fuel.
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Masciovecchio, Stefano, Alfonso B. Di Pasquale, Guido Ranieri, Gianfranco Romano, Sara Colozzi, Gianluca Cipolloni, Gino Coletti, Giuseppe Calvisi e Luigi Di Clemente. "Peri-prostatovesicular smooth muscle tumors of undetermined malignant potential: a case report". Urologia Journal 86, n. 2 (27 settembre 2017): 99–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.5301/uj.5000272.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Introduction Smooth muscle tumors of undetermined malignant potential (STUMPs) are atypical smooth muscle tumors, most of which derived from uterine tissue. STUMPs of male genitourinary system and of the male pelvic organs are uncommon. Case description In this report, we describe the first case of peri-prostatovesicular STUMP that was treated with laparoscopic excision, in a young asymptomatic man. Conclusions In most cases, the definitive diagnosis can be made only after surgical resection and accurate histological examination. The usefulness of adjuvant chemotherapy remains unclear, and a standardized follow-up protocol has not been described.
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Orhun, H., G. Saka, E. Bilgic e B. Kavakh. "Case report: Lengthening of short stumps for functional use of prostheses". Prosthetics and Orthotics International 27, n. 2 (agosto 2003): 153–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03093640308726672.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The length of a stump plays an important role when using a prosthesis. It is essential to have an adequate length in the stump in order to apply the prosthesis. Therefore, it is necessary to attempt to lengthen short stumps. The authors have reviewed the results in 2 patients who had such lengthening of stumps one due to traumatic amputation of the forearm at 6.25cm distally from the elbow and the other due to congenital deficiency of the radius and ulna treated by the Ilizarov techinque to improve the fitting of prostheses. Sixty percent (60%) and 40% lengthening was achieved respectively. At the end of the lengthening process, sufficient stump length for the prosthesis was achieved. There were no major complications. As a result, it is believed stump lengthening is a valuable method for cosmetic and functional use of the prosthesis. The Ilizarov Technique is an effective method of lengthening of a stump and it does not require a tissue expander in selected patients. Patients have been able to use their prosthesis 6 months after surgery.