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Articoli di riviste sul tema "Stretch reflex"

Autore: Grafiati

Pubblicato: 4 giugno 2021

Ultima modifica: 1 agosto 2024

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1

Cleland, C. L., and W. Z. Rymer. "Neural mechanisms underlying the clasp-knife reflex in the cat. I. Characteristics of the reflex." Journal of Neurophysiology 64, no. 4 (October 1, 1990): 1303–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1990.64.4.1303.

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Abstract (sommario):

1. The goal of this study was to characterize the clasp-knife reflex by the use of stretch and isometric contraction of ankle extensor and flexor muscles in decerebrated cats with bilateral dorsal hemisections of their spinal cords at segment T12. 2. Stretch of an extensor muscle evoked inhibition in both homonymous and synergistic extensor muscles. The similarities between homonymous and synergistic inhibition suggest that similar neural mechanisms were responsible. 3. Homonymous and synergistic clasp-knife inhibition showed several characteristic features: 1) inhibition was evoked only by la

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2

Sinkjaer, T., J. B. Andersen, and B. Larsen. "Soleus stretch reflex modulation during gait in humans." Journal of Neurophysiology 76, no. 2 (August 1, 1996): 1112–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1996.76.2.1112.

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Abstract (sommario):

1. The modulation of the short-latency stretch reflex during walking at different walking speeds was investigated and compared with the stretch reflex during standing in healthy human subjects. 2. Ankle joint stretches were applied by a system able to rotate the human ankle joint during treadmill walking in any phase of the step cycle. The system consisted of a mechanical joint attached to the subject's ankle joint and connected to a motor placed beside the treadmill by means of bowden wires. The weight of the total system attached to the leg of the subject was 900 g. 3. The short-latency sole

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3

Cleland, C. L., L. Hayward, and W. Z. Rymer. "Neural mechanisms underlying the clasp-knife reflex in the cat. II. Stretch-sensitive muscular-free nerve endings." Journal of Neurophysiology 64, no. 4 (October 1, 1990): 1319–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1990.64.4.1319.

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Abstract (sommario):

1. The goal of this study was to determine the contribution of muscular free nerve endings to the clasp-knife reflex by comparing their response properties and reflex actions to the clasp-knife reflex. 2. The responses of single muscle afferents were examined in anesthetized cats using stretch and isometric contraction of ankle extensor muscles identical to those that evoked clasp-knife inhibition in decerebrated and dorsal spinal-hemisectioned cats. 3. Fifty-three stretch-sensitive mechanoreceptor afferents were identified as free nerve ending afferents based on their conduction velocities, l

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4

Sobkowiak, Carole A. "Stretch Reflex Facts." Physiotherapy 81, no. 9 (September 1995): 575. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0031-9406(05)66710-7.

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5

Obeso, J. A., J. Artieda, and C. D. Marsden. "Stretch reflex blepharospasm." Neurology 35, no. 9 (September 1, 1985): 1378. http://dx.doi.org/10.1212/wnl.35.9.1378.

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6

Stein, R. B., I. W. Hunter, S. R. Lafontaine, and L. A. Jones. "Analysis of short-latency reflexes in human elbow flexor muscles." Journal of Neurophysiology 73, no. 5 (May 1, 1995): 1900–1911. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1995.73.5.1900.

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Abstract (sommario):

1. A motor and digital controller have been developed to apply rapid stretches to the human elbow joint. The digital controller returns the forearm to the initial position before the reflex contraction. Thus short-latency reflex responses can be cleanly separated in time from the mechanical effects of the stretch under a wide variety of loading conditions. 2. The reflex force varies linearly with the velocity of stretch over nearly 2 orders of magnitude. The reflex force also varies linearly with the tonic level of force over the entire range of forces studied (0-100 N). This contrasts sharply

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7

Nicol, Caroline, and Paavo V. Komi. "Quantification of Achilles Tendon Force Enhancement by Passively Induced Dorsiflexion Stretches." Journal of Applied Biomechanics 15, no. 3 (August 1999): 221–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jab.15.3.221.

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Abstract (sommario):

Magnitude of the reflex contribution to force enhancement was investigated in vivo during passive stretches of the Achilles tendon (AT) of one female subject. Thirty passive (5 × 6) dorsiflexions were induced by a motorized ankle ergometer. Achilles tendon force (ATF) was sensed by a buckle transducer applied surgically around the right AT. Single passive stretches resulted in a low but rather linear ATF increase in the absence of EMG (surface electrodes) activity. In the presence of reflexes, a clear ATF enhancement occurred 13–15 ms after the beginning of the EMG reflex responses. In double

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8

Miller, J. F., K. D. Paul, W. Z. Rymer, and C. J. Heckman. "5-HT1B/1D agonist CGS-12066B attenuates clasp knife reflex in the cat." Journal of Neurophysiology 74, no. 1 (July 1, 1995): 453–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1995.74.1.453.

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Abstract (sommario):

1. The effect of intrathecal injection of the selective serotonin (5-HT)1B/1D receptor agonist CGS-12066B maleate (825 nmol) was assessed on stretch-evoked clasp knife inhibition of hindlimb ankle extensor muscle reflex force in precollicular decerebrate cats in which neural transmission in dorsolateral spinal pathways was blocked bilaterally by focal cooling. 2. During cold block, ramp and hold stretches of the medial gastrocnemius muscle (MG) evoked only a brief reflex excitation that was followed by powerful, long-lasting inhibition (the clasp knife reflex). Both the amplitudes of peak forc

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9

Cronin, Neil J., Jussi Peltonen, Masaki Ishikawa, Paavo V. Komi, Janne Avela, Thomas Sinkjaer, and Michael Voigt. "Effects of contraction intensity on muscle fascicle and stretch reflex behavior in the human triceps surae." Journal of Applied Physiology 105, no. 1 (July 2008): 226–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.90432.2008.

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Abstract (sommario):

The aims of this study were to examine changes in the distribution of a stretch to the muscle fascicles with changes in contraction intensity in the human triceps surae and to relate fascicle stretch responses to short-latency stretch reflex behavior. Thirteen healthy subjects were seated in an ankle ergometer, and dorsiflexion stretches (8°; 250°/s) were applied to the triceps surae at different moment levels (0–100% of maximal voluntary contraction). Surface EMG was recorded in the medial gastrocnemius, soleus, and tibialis anterior muscles, and ultrasound was used to measure medial gastrocn

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10

Miller, J. F., K. D. Paul, R. H. Lee, W. Z. Rymer, and C. J. Heckman. "Restoration of extensor excitability in the acute spinal cat by the 5-HT2 agonist DOI." Journal of Neurophysiology 75, no. 2 (February 1, 1996): 620–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1996.75.2.620.

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Abstract (sommario):

1. The decerebrate cat preparation with an intact spinal cord is characterized by a high degree of excitability in extensor motoneuron pools, which is eliminated by acute spinalization. Subtype-specific agonists for serotonin (5-HT) were investigated in terms of their effectiveness in restoring the extensor excitability following spinalization. 2. Our hypothesis was that 5-HT2 receptors have the primary role in enhancement of extensor reflex excitability, whereas 5-HT1A and 5-HT1B/D receptors are relatively unimportant. Reflex excitability was assessed from the tonic levels of force and electr

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11

Misiaszek, John E., and Keir G. Pearson. "Stretch of Quadriceps Inhibits the Soleus H Reflex During Locomotion in Decerebrate Cats." Journal of Neurophysiology 78, no. 6 (December 1, 1997): 2975–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1997.78.6.2975.

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Misiaszek, John E. and Keir G. Pearson. Stretch of quadriceps inhibits the soleus H reflex during locomotion in decerebrate cats. J. Neurophysiol. 78: 2975–2984, 1997. Previously, it has been demonstrated that afferent signals from the quadriceps muscles can suppress H reflexes in humans during passive movements of the leg. To establish whether afferent input from quadriceps contributes to the modulation of the soleus H reflex during locomotion, the soleus H reflex was conditioned with stretches of the quadriceps muscle during bouts of spontaneous treadmill locomotion in decerebrate cats. We h

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12

Augé, Wayne K., and David S. Morrison. "Assessment of the Infraspinatus Spinal Stretch Reflex in the Normal, Athletic, and Multidirectionally Unstable Shoulder." American Journal of Sports Medicine 28, no. 2 (March 2000): 206–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/03635465000280021101.

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To examine neural aspects of motor control in the glenohumeral joint, this study evaluates utilization of an innate spinal segmental pathway, the spinal stretch reflex, as an investigational tool that reflects neural circuitry. The purpose of this study was to determine if this reflex could be evoked from the infraspinatus muscle, if the testing apparatus and protocol for elicitation were reliable, and if the reflex response varies between groups of subjects and therefore could be useful clinically. These reflex characteristics were evaluated in the infraspinatus muscle, since rotator cuff mus

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13

Huyghues-Despointes, Clotilde M. J. I., Timothy C. Cope, and T. Richard Nichols. "Intrinsic Properties and Reflex Compensation in Reinnervated Triceps Surae Muscles of the Cat: Effect of Activation Level." Journal of Neurophysiology 90, no. 3 (September 2003): 1537–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00718.2002.

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Abstract (sommario):

The manner in which activation levels influence intrinsic muscular properties and contributions of the stretch reflex were studied in homogeneous soleus (SOL) and heterogeneous gastrocnemius (G) muscles in the decerebrate cat. Intrinsic mechanical properties were represented by the initial stiffness of the muscle, measured prior to reflex action, and by the tendency of the muscle to yield during stretch in the absence of the stretch reflex. Stiffness regulation by the stretch reflex was evaluated by measuring the extent to which reflex action reduces yielding and the extent to which stiffness

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14

Sinkjaer, T., E. Toft, S. Andreassen, and B. C. Hornemann. "Muscle stiffness in human ankle dorsiflexors: intrinsic and reflex components." Journal of Neurophysiology 60, no. 3 (September 1, 1988): 1110–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1988.60.3.1110.

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Abstract (sommario):

1. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the mechanical response to stretch in normal human ankle dorsiflexors at different levels of voluntary contraction. In an active muscle, the total mechanical response is the sum of the intrinsic response from the contractile apparatus, the response from passive tissues, and the reflex mediated response. Each of these components was investigated. 2. The total incremental stiffness was defined as the ratio between the torque increment and the amplitude of the stretch. In 14 subjects the total stiffness increased from approximately 0.6 N.m/deg to appro

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15

Min, Kyeong Eun, YongSuk Lee, and Jihong Park. "Changes in Spinal-Reflex Excitability during Static Stretch and/or Explosive Contraction." Applied Sciences 11, no. 6 (March 22, 2021): 2830. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11062830.

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Abstract (sommario):

To examine individual or combined effects of static stretch and explosive contraction on quadriceps spinal-reflex excitability (the peak Hoffmann’s reflex normalized by the peak motor-response) and the latency times of the Hoffmann’s reflex and motor-response. Fourteen healthy young males randomly experienced four conditions (stretch, contraction, stretch + contraction, and control—no intervention). For the stretch condition, three sets of a 30 s hold using the modified Thomas test on each leg were performed. For the contraction condition, three trials of maximal countermovement vertical jump

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16

Sinkjaer, T., J. Nielsen, and E. Toft. "Mechanical and electromyographic analysis of reciprocal inhibition at the human ankle joint." Journal of Neurophysiology 74, no. 2 (August 1, 1995): 849–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1995.74.2.849.

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1. The purpose of the present study is to investigate how reciprocal inhibition influences the mechanical and electromyographic (EMG) properties of the ankle plantar flexors in humans during a voluntary contraction. 2. At different levels of maintained plantar flexion contractions ranging from 0 to 20 Nm, the size of the soleus EMG stretch reflex and the ankle joint stiffness (ration between the torque increment and the amplitude of the stretch) were measured in response to an imposed dorsiflexion. At matched plantar flexion contraction levels, stretch responses were compared before and after

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17

Hoffmann, Gilles, Derek G. Kamper, Jennifer H. Kahn, William Z. Rymer, and Brian D. Schmit. "Modulation of Stretch Reflexes of the Finger Flexors by Sensory Feedback From the Proximal Upper Limb Poststroke." Journal of Neurophysiology 102, no. 3 (September 2009): 1420–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.90950.2008.

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Abstract (sommario):

Neural coupling of proximal and distal upper limb segments may have functional implications in the recovery of hemiparesis after stroke. The goal of the present study was to investigate whether the stretch reflex response magnitude of spastic finger flexor muscles poststroke is influenced by sensory input from the shoulder and the elbow and whether reflex coupling of muscles throughout the upper limb is altered in spastic stroke survivors. Through imposed extension of the metacarpophalangeal (MCP) joints, stretch of the relaxed finger flexors of the four fingers was imposed in 10 relaxed strok

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18

Blackburn, J. Troy, Darin A. Padua, and Kevin M. Guskiewicz. "Muscle Stiffness and Spinal Stretch Reflex Sensitivity in the Triceps Surae." Journal of Athletic Training 43, no. 1 (January 1, 2008): 29–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4085/1062-6050-43.1.29.

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Abstract Context: Greater musculotendinous stiffness may enhance spinal stretch reflex sensitivity by improving mechanical coupling of the muscle spindle and the stretch stimulus. This heightened sensitivity would correspond with a shorter latency and higher-amplitude reflex response, potentially enhancing joint stability. Objective: To compare spinal stretch reflex latency and amplitude across groups that differed in musculotendinous stiffness. Design: Static group comparisons. Setting: Research laboratory. Patients or Other Participants: Forty physically active individuals (20 men, 20 women)

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19

Mrachacz-Kersting, N., U. G. Kersting, P. de Brito Silva, Y. Makihara, L. Arendt-Nielsen, T. Sinkjær, and A. K. Thompson. "Acquisition of a simple motor skill: task-dependent adaptation and long-term changes in the human soleus stretch reflex." Journal of Neurophysiology 122, no. 1 (July 1, 2019): 435–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00211.2019.

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Changing the H reflex through operant conditioning leads to CNS multisite plasticity and can affect previously learned skills. To further understand the mechanisms of this plasticity, we operantly conditioned the initial component (M1) of the soleus stretch reflex. Unlike the H reflex, the stretch reflex is affected by fusimotor control, comprises several bursts of activity resulting from temporally dispersed afferent inputs, and may activate spinal motoneurons via several different spinal and supraspinal pathways. Neurologically normal participants completed 6 baseline sessions and 24 operant

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20

Chapple, W. D. "Reflex control of dynamic muscle stiffness in a slow crustacean muscle." Journal of Neurophysiology 54, no. 2 (August 1, 1985): 403–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1985.54.2.403.

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The properties of a stretch reflex in the ventral superficial muscle of the hermit crab abdomen were studied in an isolated abdominal preparation to determine how the reflex affects the mechanical properties of the muscle and whether the reflex is controlling length, force, or stiffness. The reflex was elicited by stretch of hypodermal mechanoreceptors in the cuticle and resulted in the activation of excitor motoneurons to both circular and longitudinal layers of the muscle, thus stiffening the abdomen. The medial motoneuron of the longitudinal layer of the right fourth segment was selected fo

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21

KUSUMOTO, Hidetada, Kenzo AKAZAWA, Yuji HASE, and Katuhiko FUJII. "STUDY ON MODULATION OF STRETCH REFLEX IN MAN BY ESTIMATING STRETCH REFLEX FORCE." Biomechanisms 8 (1986): 15–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.3951/biomechanisms.8.15.

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22

Hayashi, Naoyuki, Shawn G. Hayes, and Marc P. Kaufman. "Comparison of the exercise pressor reflex between forelimb and hindlimb muscles in cats." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 281, no. 4 (October 1, 2001): R1127—R1133. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.2001.281.4.r1127.

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In thirteen cats anesthetized with α-chloralose, we compared the cardiovascular and ventilatory responses to both static contraction and tendon stretch of a hindlimb muscle group, the triceps surae, with those to contraction and stretch of a forelimb muscle group, the triceps brachii. Static contraction and stretch of both muscle groups increased mean arterial pressure and heart rate, and the responses were directly proportional to the developed tension. The cardiovascular increases, however, were significantly greater ( P < 0.05) when the triceps brachii muscles were contracted or stretche

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23

Zhang, Chaofei, Wenjun Wang, Dennis Anderson, Sishu Guan, Guofa Li, Hongyi Xiang, Hui Zhao, and Bo Cheng. "Effect of Low-Frequency Vibration on Muscle Response under Different Neurointact Conditions." Applied Bionics and Biomechanics 2019 (January 3, 2019): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/1971045.

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Stretch reflex is an important factor that influences the biomechanical response of the human body under whole-body vibration. However, there is a lack of quantitative evaluation at lower frequencies. Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate the effects of vibration on the stretch reflex and, in particular, to explore the quantitative relationship between dynamic muscle responses and low-frequency vibrations. The gastrocnemius muscle of 45 Sprague-Dawley rats was dissected. Sinusoidal vibrations of five discrete frequencies (2~16 Hz) with peak-to-peak amplitudes of 1 mm were applied to t

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24

Shinohara, Minoru, Chet T. Moritz, Michael A. Pascoe, and Roger M. Enoka. "Prolonged muscle vibration increases stretch reflex amplitude, motor unit discharge rate, and force fluctuations in a hand muscle." Journal of Applied Physiology 99, no. 5 (November 2005): 1835–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00312.2005.

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The purpose of this study was to compare the influence of prolonged vibration of a hand muscle on the amplitude of the stretch reflex, motor unit discharge rate, and force fluctuations during steady, submaximal contractions. Thirty-two young adults performed 10 isometric contractions at a constant force (5.0 ± 2.3% of maximal force) with the first dorsal interosseus muscle. Each contraction was held steady for 10 s, and then stretch reflexes were evoked. Subsequently, 20 subjects had vibration applied to the relaxed muscle for 30 min, and 12 subjects received no vibration. The muscle vibration

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25

Cleland, C. L., and W. Z. Rymer. "Functional properties of spinal interneurons activated by muscular free nerve endings and their potential contributions to the clasp-knife reflex." Journal of Neurophysiology 69, no. 4 (April 1, 1993): 1181–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1993.69.4.1181.

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Abstract (sommario):

1. The goal of this study was to characterize the functional properties of spinal interneurons that are excited by muscular free nerve endings and to assess their contributions to the clasp-knife reflex. 2. The patterns of activity of 82 spinal interneurons that were excited by squeezing the Achilles tendon or manipulation of the muscle surfaces, preferential stimuli for muscular free nerve endings, were extracellularly recorded in lamina V-VII of the L5-S1 spinal cord in decerebrated and spinalized cats. 3. Interneurons were uniformly excited by increases in muscular length and force. Respons

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Yavuz, Ş. Utku, Natalie Mrachacz-Kersting, Oğuz Sebik, M. Berna Ünver, Dario Farina, and Kemal S. Türker. "Human stretch reflex pathways reexamined." Journal of Neurophysiology 111, no. 3 (February 1, 2014): 602–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00295.2013.

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Reflex responses of tibialis anterior motor units to stretch stimuli were investigated in human subjects. Three types of stretch stimuli were applied (tap-like, ramp-and-hold, and half-sine stretch). Stimulus-induced responses in single motor units were analyzed using the classical technique, which involved building average surface electromyogram (SEMG) and peristimulus time histograms (PSTH) from the discharge times of motor units and peristimulus frequencygrams (PSF) from the instantaneous discharge rates of single motor units. With the use of SEMG and PSTH, the tap-like stretch stimulus ind

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Toft, E., T. Sinkjaer, and G. T. Espersen. "Quantitation of the stretch reflex." Acta Neurologica Scandinavica 79, no. 5 (May 1989): 384–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0404.1989.tb03805.x.

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Kostyukov, A. I. "Dynamic properties of stretch reflex." Neurophysiology 21, no. 5 (1990): 413–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01052871.

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Grey, Michael J., Charles W. Pierce, Theodore E. Milner, and Thomas Sinkjaer. "Soleus Stretch Reflex during Cycling." Motor Control 5, no. 1 (January 2001): 36–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/mcj.5.1.36.

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Zhang, Li-Qun, Sun G. Chung, Yupeng Ren, Lin Liu, Elliot J. Roth, and W. Zev Rymer. "Simultaneous characterizations of reflex and nonreflex dynamic and static changes in spastic hemiparesis." Journal of Neurophysiology 110, no. 2 (July 15, 2013): 418–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00573.2012.

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Abstract (sommario):

This study characterizes tonic and phasic stretch reflex and stiffness and viscosity changes associated with spastic hemiparesis. Perturbations were applied to the ankle of 27 hemiparetic and 36 healthy subjects under relaxed or active contracting conditions. A nonlinear delay differential equation model characterized phasic and tonic stretch reflex gains, elastic stiffness, and viscous damping. Tendon reflex was characterized with reflex gain and threshold. Reflexively, tonic reflex gain was increased in spastic ankles at rest ( P < 0.038) and was not regulated with muscle contraction, ind

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31

Kearney, Robert E., Mireille Lortie, and Richard B. Stein. "Modulation of Stretch Reflexes During Imposed Walking Movements of the Human Ankle." Journal of Neurophysiology 81, no. 6 (June 1, 1999): 2893–902. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1999.81.6.2893.

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Abstract (sommario):

Modulation of stretch reflexes during imposed walking movements of the human ankle. Our overall objectives were to examine the role of peripheral afferents from the ankle in modulating stretch reflexes during imposed walking movements and to assess the mechanical consequences of this reflex activity. Specifically we sought to define the changes in the electromyographic (EMG) and mechanical responses to a stretch as a function of the phase of the step cycle. We recorded the ankle position of a normal subject walking on a treadmill at 3 km/h and used a hydraulic actuator to impose the same movem

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Gregory, J. E., D. L. Morgan, and U. Proske. "Changes in size of the stretch reflex of cat and man attributed to aftereffects in muscle spindles." Journal of Neurophysiology 58, no. 3 (September 1, 1987): 628–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1987.58.3.628.

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Abstract (sommario):

1. This is a report of experiments carried out on the cat and on man, which demonstrate that conditioning of a muscle by contraction and movement can lead to changes in amplitude of stretch reflexes elicited in that muscle. 2. In triceps surae of the cat, the reflex response to a brief stretch was recorded after conditioning with a whole-muscle contraction followed by a pause at a length either 5 mm longer or shorter than the length at which the reflex was elicited. Following conditioning at the long length the reflex response was less than half as large as that following conditioning at the s

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Haftel, Valerie K., Edyta K. Bichler, T. Richard Nichols, Martin J. Pinter, and Timothy C. Cope. "Movement Reduces the Dynamic Response of Muscle Spindle Afferents and Motoneuron Synaptic Potentials in Rat." Journal of Neurophysiology 91, no. 5 (May 2004): 2164–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.01147.2003.

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Abstract (sommario):

Among the mechanisms that may result in modulation of the stretch reflex by the recent history of muscle contraction is the history dependence observed under some conditions in the response properties of muscle spindles. The present study was designed to test one report that in successive trials of muscle stretch-release, spindle afferent firing during stretch, i.e., the dynamic response shows no history dependence beyond the initial burst of firing at stretch onset. Firing responses of spindle afferents were recorded during sets of three consecutive trials of triangular stretch-release applie

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Nielsen, Jørgen F., Jacob B. Anderson, and Thomas Sinkjær. "Baclofen increases the soleus stretch reflex threshold in the early swing phase during walking in spastic multiple sclerosis patients." Multiple Sclerosis Journal 6, no. 2 (April 2000): 105–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/135245850000600209.

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The effect of baclofen on walking performance was examined in nine spastic multiple sclerosis patient. In addition, nine healthy subjects were tested as controls. The modulation of the short latency soleus stretch reflex was closer to normal with baclofen compared to the recordings without baclofen, the modulation index being 74% (range: 60-100) with baclofen and 62% (range: 20 -100) without baclofen, P=0.03. In healthy subject the modulation index was 100% (range: 52 -100). In the early swing phase the threshold of the soleus stretch reflex was significantly higher during baclofen medication

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Grosset, Jean-Francois, Isabelle Mora, Daniel Lambertz, and Chantal Pérot. "Changes in stretch reflexes and muscle stiffness with age in prepubescent children." Journal of Applied Physiology 102, no. 6 (June 2007): 2352–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.01045.2006.

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Abstract (sommario):

Musculo-articular stiffness of the triceps surae (TS) increases with age in prepubescent children, under both passive and active conditions. This study investigates whether these changes in muscle stiffness influence the amplitude of the reflex response to muscle stretch. TS stiffness and reflex activities were measured in 46 children (7–11 yr old) and in 9 adults. The TS Hoffmann reflex (H reflex) and T reflex (tendon jerk) in response to taping the Achilles tendon were evaluated at rest and normalized to the maximal motor response (Mmax). Sinusoidal perturbations of passive or activated musc

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Sonkodi, Balázs, Ádám Hegedűs, Bence Kopper, and István Berkes. "Significantly Delayed Medium-Latency Response of the Stretch Reflex in Delayed-Onset Muscle Soreness of the Quadriceps Femoris Muscles Is Indicative of Sensory Neuronal Microdamage." Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology 7, no. 2 (May 27, 2022): 43. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jfmk7020043.

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Abstract (sommario):

Unaccustomed or strenuous eccentric exercise is known to cause delayed-onset muscle soreness. A recent hypothesis postulated that mechano-energetic microinjury of the primary afferent sensory neuron terminals in the muscle spindles, namely a transient Piezo2 channelopathy, could be the critical cause of delayed-onset muscle soreness in the form of a bi-phasic non-contact injury mechanism. This theory includes that this microlesion could delay the medium-latency response of the stretch reflex. Our aim with this study was to investigate this hypothesis. According to our knowledge, no study has e

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37

Nielsen, J. F., and T. Sinkjær. "Guided intrathecal baclofen administration by using soleus stretch reflex in moderate-severe spastic multiple sclerosis patients with implanted pump." Multiple Sclerosis Journal 10, no. 5 (October 2004): 521–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1191/1352458504ms1092oa.

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Abstract (sommario):

We tested the hypothesis that changes in soleus stretch reflex was correlated to changes in intrathecal baclofen dose in 12 multiple sclerosis patients with moderate-severe spasticity treated with intrathecal baclofen pump. Twice patients were evaluated clinically and biomechanically. The short-latency soleus stretch reflex was elicited by rotating the ankle joint 48 with a velocity from 3.1 to 1808/s. There was a strong correlation between changes in intrathecal baclofen dose and amplitude of the short-latency stretch reflex (r=- 0.88, PB < 0.001), which means that with an increase in bacl

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38

LEMOYNE, ROBERT, FOAD DABIRI, and ROOZBEH JAFARI. "QUANTIFIED DEEP TENDON REFLEX DEVICE, SECOND GENERATION." Journal of Mechanics in Medicine and Biology 08, no. 01 (March 2008): 75–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219519408002462.

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Abstract (sommario):

The deep tendon reflex is a fundamental aspect of neurological examinations. The severity of and degree of recovery from a traumatic brain injury can be assessed by the myotatic stretch reflex. A hyperactive reflex response is correlated with spasticity, which can also be correlated with the degree of damage to the supraspinal input, in essence assessing the severity of traumatic brain injury. The myotatic stretch reflex is clinically evaluated by the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) reflex scale (0–4); however, this scale lacks temporal data and may also vary in

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39

Koussou, Axel, Raphaël Dumas, and Eric Desailly. "A Velocity Stretch Reflex Threshold Based on Muscle–Tendon Unit Peak Acceleration to Detect Possible Occurrences of Spasticity during Gait in Children with Cerebral Palsy." Sensors 24, no. 1 (December 20, 2023): 41. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s24010041.

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Abstract (sommario):

Spasticity might affect gait in children with cerebral palsy. Quantifying its occurrence during locomotion is challenging. One approach is to determine kinematic stretch reflex thresholds, usually on the velocity, during passive assessment and to search for their exceedance during gait. These thresholds are determined through EMG-Onset detection algorithms, which are variable in performance and sensitive to noisy data, and can therefore lack consistency. This study aimed to evaluate the feasibility of determining the velocity stretch reflex threshold from maximal musculotendon acceleration. Ei

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40

Chapple, W. D. "Dynamics of reflex cocontraction in hermit crab abdomen: experiments and a systems model." Journal of Neurophysiology 69, no. 6 (June 1, 1993): 1904–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1993.69.6.1904.

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Abstract (sommario):

1. Both stretch and release of the ventral superficial muscles (VSM) in the abdomen of the hermit crab, Pagurus pollicarus, activate the VSM motoneurons in the intact animal and in the isolated abdomen. 2. This reflex was studied by recording intracellularly from muscle fibers innervated by single motoneurons during stretch and release of the VSM. The three motoneurons of the right fourth segment respond to both stretch and release with a phasic burst lasting approximately 250 ms. The burst in the two tonic motoneurons has two components, a short burst lasting 10-20 ms, with a latency from the

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41

Braddom, Randall L. "Let's change deep tendon reflex to muscle stretch reflex." Muscle & Nerve 52, no. 6 (September 11, 2015): 1140. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mus.24788.

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42

Avela, Janne, Heikki Kyröläinen, Paavo V. Komi, and Daniel Rama. "Reduced reflex sensitivity persists several days after long-lasting stretch-shortening cycle exercise." Journal of Applied Physiology 86, no. 4 (April 1, 1999): 1292–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1999.86.4.1292.

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Abstract (sommario):

The mechanisms related to the acute and delayed secondary impairment of the stretch reflex function were investigated after long-lasting stretch-shortening cycle exercise. The results demonstrated a clear deterioration in muscle function immediately after fatigue, which was accompanied by a clear reduction in active and passive reflex sensitivity. For active and passive stretch reflexes, this reduction was biphasic ( P < 0.05 to P < 0.001). However, for the ratio of the electrically induced maximal Hoffmann reflex to the maximal mass compound action potential, only one significant reduct

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43

Calancie, B., and P. Bawa. "Firing patterns of human flexor carpi radialis motor units during the stretch reflex." Journal of Neurophysiology 53, no. 5 (May 1, 1985): 1179–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1985.53.5.1179.

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Abstract (sommario):

Single motor unit and gross surface electromyographic responses to torque motor-produced wrist extensions were studied in human flexor carpi radialis muscle. Surface EMG typically showed two "periods" of reflex activity, at a short and long latency following stretch, but both periods occurring before a subject's voluntary reaction to the stretch. The amplitude of EMG activity in both reflex periods increased monotonically with an increase in the torque load. The amplitude of the short-latency reflex response was very dependent on the motoneuron pool excitability, or preload. The amplitude of t

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44

Matsukawa, Kanji, and Tomoko Nakamoto. "Muscle mechanosensitive reflex is suppressed in the conscious condition: effect of anesthesia." Journal of Applied Physiology 104, no. 1 (January 2008): 82–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00938.2007.

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Abstract (sommario):

To test the hypothesis that a muscle mechanosensitive reflex is suppressed in the conscious condition, we examined the effect of anesthesia on the cardiovascular responses to passive mechanical stretch of the hindlimb triceps surae muscle in six conscious cats. The triceps surae muscle was manually stretched for 30 s by extending the hip and knee joints and subsequently by dorsiflexing the ankle joint; the lateral gastrocnemius muscle was lengthened by 19 ± 2.6 mm. Heart rate (HR) and mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) did not change significantly during passive stretch of the muscle in the co

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45

Stebbins, C. L., B. Brown, D. Levin, and J. C. Longhurst. "Reflex effect of skeletal muscle mechanoreceptor stimulation on the cardiovascular system." Journal of Applied Physiology 65, no. 4 (October 1, 1988): 1539–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1988.65.4.1539.

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Abstract (sommario):

To determine the potential for mechanical stimulation of skeletal muscle to contribute to the reflex cardiovascular response to static contraction (exercise reflex), we examined the cardiovascular effects caused by either passive stretch or external pressure applied to the triceps surae muscles. First, the triceps surae were stretched to an average developed tension of 4.8 +/- 0.3 kg. This resulted in increases in mean arterial pressure (MAP) of 28 +/- 7 mmHg, dP/dt of 1,060 +/- 676 mmHg/s, and heart rate (HR) of 6 +/- 2 beats/min (P less than 0.05). Additionally, increments of 0.3, 0.5, 1.0,

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46

Carter, R. R., P. E. Crago, and P. H. Gorman. "Nonlinear stretch reflex interaction during cocontraction." Journal of Neurophysiology 69, no. 3 (March 1, 1993): 943–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1993.69.3.943.

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Abstract (sommario):

1. We investigated the role of stretch reflexes in controlling two antagonist muscles acting at the interphalangeal joint in the normal human thumb. Reflex action was compared when either muscle contracted alone and during cocontraction. 2. The total torque of the flexor pollicis longus (FPL) and extensor pollicis longus (EPL) muscles was measured in response to an externally imposed extension of the interphalangeal joint. The initial joint angle and the amplitude of the extension were constant in all experiments, and the preload of the active muscle(s) was varied. Joint torque was measured at

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47

Dacko, S. M., A. J. Sokoloff, and T. C. Cope. "Recruitment of triceps surae motor units in the decerebrate cat. I. Independence of type S units in soleus and medial gastrocnemius muscles." Journal of Neurophysiology 75, no. 5 (May 1, 1996): 1997–2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1996.75.5.1997.

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Abstract (sommario):

1. We tested the hypothesis that reflex inhibition of soleus motor units reflects selective inhibition of slow-twitch (type S) motor units throughout the triceps surae. Physiological properties including type, together with firing behavior, were measured from single motor units in the medial gastrocnemius (MG) muscle of decerebrate cats with the use of intra-axonal recording and stimulation. MG unit firing was contrasted during net inhibition or excitation of the slow-twitch soleus muscle produced by ramp-hold-release stretches of MG. 2. Stretch of the MG muscle increased the firing of type S

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48

Komi, P. V., T. Horita, H. Kyr�l�inen, T. E. S. Takala, and C. Nicol. "Reduced stretch-reflex sensitivity after exhausting stretch-shortening cycle exercise." European Journal of Applied Physiology and Occupational Physiology 72-72, no. 5-6 (March 1996): 401–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00242268.

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49

Onushko, Tanya, Allison Hyngstrom, and Brian D. Schmit. "Hip proprioceptors preferentially modulate reflexes of the leg in human spinal cord injury." Journal of Neurophysiology 110, no. 2 (July 15, 2013): 297–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00261.2012.

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Abstract (sommario):

Stretch-sensitive afferent feedback from hip muscles has been shown to trigger long-lasting, multijoint reflex responses in people with chronic spinal cord injury (SCI). These reflexes could have important implications for control of leg movements during functional activities, such as walking. Because the control of leg movement relies on reflex regulation at all joints of the limb, we sought to determine whether stretch of hip muscles modulates reflex activity at the knee and ankle and, conversely, whether knee and ankle stretch afferents affect hip-triggered reflexes. A custom-built servomot

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50

Yang, Yuan, Teodoro Solis-Escalante, Jun Yao, Frans C. T. van der Helm, Julius P. A. Dewald, and Alfred C. Schouten. "Nonlinear Connectivity in the Human Stretch Reflex Assessed by Cross-Frequency Phase Coupling." International Journal of Neural Systems 26, no. 08 (October 4, 2016): 1650043. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s012906571650043x.

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Abstract (sommario):

Communication between neuronal populations is facilitated by synchronization of their oscillatory activity. Although nonlinearity has been observed in the sensorimotor system, its nonlinear connectivity has not been widely investigated yet. This study investigates nonlinear connectivity during the human stretch reflex based on neuronal synchronization. Healthy participants generated isotonic wrist flexion while receiving a periodic mechanical perturbation to the wrist. Using a novel cross-frequency phase coupling metric, we estimate directional nonlinear connectivity, including time delay, fro

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